大云(yun)山(shan)(shan)漢墓(mu),位置在(zai)(zai)盱眙縣馬壩鎮云(yun)山(shan)(shan)村的(de)大云(yun)山(shan)(shan)頂,在(zai)(zai)2009年底由南(nan)京博物(wu)院考古研究所進行考古勘(kan)探與發(fa)掘(jue),取得了重大考古發(fa)現。現已確(que)認(ren)大云(yun)山(shan)(shan)頂部是(shi)漢代的(de)一座規(gui)模宏大的(de)陵園,總面積(ji)達25萬平方(fang)米(mi),考古顯示周邊曾有(you)500米(mi)見方(fang)的(de)圍墻,里面曾經(jing)有(you)密集的(de)建筑群(qun),陵園東(dong)門尚有(you)道路、闕基(ji)等(deng)遺跡存在(zai)(zai)。經(jing)過鑒定,這是(shi)一處西(xi)漢早期的(de)規(gui)格(ge)極高的(de)夫妻同(tong)冢異穴合(he)葬墓(mu),墓(mu)主(zhu)人是(shi)江都王(wang)劉非。
原來這(zhe)是(shi)一處極(ji)為壯觀的陵園式諸侯王級別的西漢古墓(mu)群(qun),墓(mu)園內發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有大(da)(da)墓(mu)3座(zuo),武器坑(keng)2座(zuo),車(che)馬(ma)坑(keng)1座(zuo),各種等級的陪葬(zang)墓(mu)13座(zuo)。大(da)(da)云(yun)山(shan)漢墓(mu)正南方2公(gong)里處為江蘇省文(wen)物保護單位“東(dong)陽城遺址(zhi)”,它與小云(yun)山(shan)、青墩山(shan)三(san)山(shan)相連,山(shan)頂海拔73.6米(mi),是(shi)洪澤湖東(dong)部地區的唯一山(shan)地。自(zi)上世紀七十年代以來,在此發(fa)現(xian)(xian)很多漢墓(mu)并出(chu)土大(da)(da)量珍(zhen)貴文(wen)物。
1號墓(mu)(mu)、2號墓(mu)(mu)中均發現(xian)(xian)黃腸題湊(cou)、金(jin)縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣(yi)和玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)(也稱玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)匣),這(zhe)是漢(han)代最高(gao)級別的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬。全國發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃腸題湊(cou)墓(mu)(mu)僅(jin)14座(在(zai)江蘇(su),這(zhe)是繼(ji)揚州天山漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)以后第二(er)次發現(xian)(xian)黃腸題湊(cou)),全國發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)縷玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)衣(yi)僅(jin)8套,全國發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)棺(guan)僅(jin)2具。這(zhe)些漢(han)代大(da)墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)主皆(jie)為(wei)西漢(han)諸侯王(wang)或王(wang)后,因(yin)此,大(da)云山1號墓(mu)(mu)、2號墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主人(ren)必定是西漢(han)早(zao)期(qi)地位十分(fen)顯赫的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)物(wu)。
金縷玉衣
金縷玉衣
大云山1號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)處漢(han)代大型豎穴巖(yan)坑(keng)(keng)木(mu)(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)南北(bei)(bei)長35米(mi)(mi)、東(dong)西(xi)(xi)寬26米(mi)(mi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)個深塘里,當(dang)地稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)龍塘,南北(bei)(bei)雙斜坡墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道,南墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道長40米(mi)(mi)、寬8-21米(mi)(mi),北(bei)(bei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道被開山采石(shi)破壞,殘長30米(mi)(mi)、寬12-16米(mi)(mi)。東(dong)漢(han)和(he)(he)唐宋時(shi)期這里多次被盜(dao)(dao)挖過(guo),盜(dao)(dao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)賊盜(dao)(dao)走部分(fen)財寶后(hou)還(huan)曾放(fang)火焚燒棺(guan)木(mu)(mu)。盡管如此,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)內(nei)依然可(ke)(ke)見(jian)(jian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)絲楠木(mu)(mu)整齊(qi)地碼(ma)砌在(zai)棺(guan)室(shi)外(wai)(wai)圍,能(neng)(neng)看出每(mei)根金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)絲楠木(mu)(mu)直徑(jing)都(dou)在(zai)30厘米(mi)(mi)左右。 這種在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬中(zhong)(zhong)槨(guo)室(shi)周圍用(yong)(yong)貴(gui)重木(mu)(mu)材堆壘的(de)(de)(de)框壁(bi)結構就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)著名的(de)(de)(de)“黃(huang)腸題湊(cou)”。1號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)棺(guan)木(mu)(mu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)梓木(mu)(mu)材質,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)了(le)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)衣”和(he)(he)“玉(yu)(yu)棺(guan)”。“玉(yu)(yu)衣”也(ye)稱(cheng)(cheng)“玉(yu)(yu)匣”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)代高規格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)殮服,外(wai)(wai)觀與(yu)人體形狀相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)穿戴者高貴(gui)身(shen)份的(de)(de)(de)象征。其中(zhong)(zhong)以黃(huang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)絲線連結方形玉(yu)(yu)片的(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)衣”,用(yong)(yong)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)線、銅(tong)(tong)線編織玉(yu)(yu)片的(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)“銀(yin)(yin)(yin)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)衣”、“銅(tong)(tong)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)衣”。一(yi)(yi)套(tao)“金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)衣”要用(yong)(yong)兩千多玉(yu)(yu)片和(he)(he)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)數量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),而且每(mei)塊玉(yu)(yu)片的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)和(he)(he)形狀都(dou)經過(guo)嚴(yan)密設(she)計和(he)(he)精(jing)細加工,因此造價(jia)十分(fen)昂(ang)貴(gui),通(tong)常是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)帝王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)專用(yong)(yong)品。玉(yu)(yu)棺(guan),即在(zai)木(mu)(mu)制棺(guan)木(mu)(mu)上鑲(xiang)貼玉(yu)(yu)片之棺(guan)。1號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)藏槨(guo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樅木(mu)(mu),這里幸存(cun)(cun)了(le)大量(liang)文物,分(fen)藏在(zai)“兩層樓”中(zhong)(zhong):上層是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)裝(zhuang)滿兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)馬車,下層是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)鼎(ding)等生活器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具。隨葬兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)為(wei)實用(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)明器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩種。明器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)較小(xiao),只有(you)實用(yong)(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)真實大小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)之一(yi)(yi)。實用(yong)(yong)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)大多精(jing)美,種類(lei)有(you)戟(ji)、矛、劍、鈹、錐、弩機、箭(jian)鏃(zu)、鐵(tie)鋌、鎧甲(jia)等。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)出土(tu)了(le)編鐘(zhong)、編磬、镈、銅(tong)(tong)鼎(ding)、鎏金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)龍首銅(tong)(tong)樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)架、錯(cuo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)嵌玉(yu)(yu)石(shi)瑪瑙銅(tong)(tong)鎮、銅(tong)(tong)甑、銅(tong)(tong)虎、酒筒、錢(qian)柜、銅(tong)(tong)俳優(you)俑、銅(tong)(tong)祖、銅(tong)(tong)鏡、帶鉤、純銀(yin)(yin)(yin)傘柄(bing)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)纓(ying)絡、紅黃(huang)綠(lv)等各(ge)色寶石(shi)、環(huan)柄(bing)包(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)鐵(tie)刀、銅(tong)(tong)燈(deng)、各(ge)種精(jing)美玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)耳杯、陶(tao)壺……真可(ke)(ke)謂金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)、銀(yin)(yin)(yin)、銅(tong)(tong)、鐵(tie)、陶(tao)、玉(yu)(yu)、漆(qi)木(mu)(mu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)各(ge)種器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具一(yi)(yi)應俱全,禮器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、生活器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具應有(you)盡有(you),幾(ji)(ji)(ji)乎(hu)把(ba)生前奢華精(jing)致的(de)(de)(de)生活原封不動地搬到了(le)地下宮殿中(zhong)(zhong)。值(zhi)得注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),一(yi)(yi)個箭(jian)箙(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)300支箭(jian),而箭(jian)鏃(zu)的(de)(de)(de)品種竟有(you)15種,幾(ji)(ji)(ji)乎(hu)涵蓋了(le)當(dang)時(shi)遠(yuan)程射擊(ji)和(he)(he)近程射擊(ji)的(de)(de)(de)所有(you)箭(jian)鏃(zu)品種,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主人對兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)愛和(he)(he)專業顯而易見(jian)(jian)。2號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)與(yu)1號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)并列(lie)、相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)隔13米(mi)(mi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)發(fa)現(xian)了(le)黃(huang)腸題湊(cou)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)縷(lv)玉(yu)(yu)衣和(he)(he)玉(yu)(yu)棺(guan),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主的(de)(de)(de)夫人。7號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)坑(keng)(keng)位于陵(ling)園內(nei)東(dong)南區域,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)未盜(dao)(dao)掘的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)座大型豎穴巖(yan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),南北(bei)(bei)長26米(mi)(mi),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)最寬處達18米(mi)(mi),坑(keng)(keng)內(nei)木(mu)(mu)槨(guo)保存(cun)(cun)基本完(wan)好,南北(bei)(bei)長約15米(mi)(mi),可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)主的(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)輩。此外(wai)(wai),位于陵(ling)園北(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)與(yu)西(xi)(xi)墻(qiang)外(wai)(wai)的(de)(de)(de)3號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)坑(keng)(keng)、6號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)坑(keng)(keng)內(nei)還(huan)出土(tu)了(le)大量(liang)明器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)類(lei)鐵(tie)戟(ji)、鐵(tie)劍、銅(tong)(tong)弩機、箭(jian)鏃(zu)、箭(jian)箙(fu)、盾牌等各(ge)類(lei)兵(bing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。
玉棺細部
玉棺細部
而其中(zhong)出土的(de)一件(jian)銅鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)更(geng)令人(ren)稱(cheng)奇。據(ju)介紹,鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)是一種兩面帶刃,形(xing)狀似劍,裝(zhuang)有長(chang)(chang)柄的(de)長(chang)(chang)兵器(qi),通常(chang)由鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)首、木(mu)柲和銅鐓(dui)三部分組成,屬于步(bu)兵類武器(qi)。鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)在(zai)作戰時(shi)主要用于直刺和砍殺,盛行于春(chun)秋(qiu)戰國到(dao)西(xi)漢(han)(han)時(shi)期(qi),西(xi)漢(han)(han)中(zhong)期(qi)以(yi)后逐漸(jian)消失。大云山(shan)漢(han)(han)墓(mu)發現的(de)銅鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)其帶刃的(de)前端類似短劍,長(chang)(chang)約(yue)30厘米。雖然距今至少已有2100年,但黑色(se)的(de)鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)身仍泛出幽暗的(de)光芒,鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)尖和鋒刃似乎并(bing)沒(mei)有缺損。另外鈹(pi)(pi)(pi)身上(shang)的(de)暗花紋(wen),更(geng)是令人(ren)嘖嘖稱(cheng)嘆。這些黑色(se)卷云紋(wen)雖然清晰可見(jian),但手摸上(shang)去(qu)卻很光滑,絲毫(hao)感覺不到(dao)紋(wen)路(lu)的(de)存在(zai)。
考古專家(jia)介紹說,這(zhe)叫暗(an)花(hua)紋(wen),是(shi)極(ji)少數精致的劍、戈、矛上所(suo)飾(shi)的菱形(xing)(xing)、米(mi)字(zi)形(xing)(xing)及火(huo)焰狀幾(ji)何裝飾(shi),只在春秋戰國時(shi)期吳(wu)越地區所(suo)出(chu)的兵器見(jian)到(dao),是(shi)吳(wu)越青銅兵器鑄(zhu)造中特有的絕技(ji)(ji)。暗(an)花(hua)紋(wen)技(ji)(ji)術早已(yi)(yi)失傳,再(zai)加(jia)上發現量極(ji)少,技(ji)(ji)術上對暗(an)花(hua)紋(wen)尚無法(fa)完(wan)全復(fu)制,這(zhe)些花(hua)紋(wen)究竟是(shi)怎么形(xing)(xing)成的,如(ru)今已(yi)(yi)成謎(mi)。
大云山(shan)漢墓(mu)在盱眙縣(xian)馬壩(ba)鎮云山(shan)村的大云山(shan)頂(ding)上有(you)個水塘,當(dang)地(di)人叫“龍塘”。南京博物院考古(gu)研究所在2009年底開始經(jing)過(guo)近(jin)1年的考古(gu)勘探與發掘,取得(de)了重大考古(gu)發現。
2009年(nian)初(chu),一(yi)伙盜墓(mu)(mu)(mu)賊在大(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)頂部挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)古墓(mu)(mu)(mu),連喪四條人(ren)命,驚動了(le)(le)當地政府和文(wen)物(wu)(wu)部門(men)。經(jing)(jing)國家(jia)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)局批準(zhun),南(nan)京博物(wu)(wu)院和盱眙縣人(ren)民政府投入巨(ju)資(zi),2009年(nian)上半年(nian)開始對(dui)(dui)大(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)進行(xing)搶(qiang)救性挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)。經(jing)(jing)過一(yi)年(nian)多(duo)的(de)(de)鉆(zhan)探、發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue),現已確(que)認(ren)大(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)頂部原來是漢(han)代的(de)(de)一(yi)座規模宏大(da)(da)的(de)(de)陵園,總面(mian)積(ji)達(da)25萬平方米,考(kao)古顯示周邊曾有(you)500米見方的(de)(de)圍墻,里(li)面(mian)曾經(jing)(jing)有(you)密(mi)集的(de)(de)建(jian)筑群,陵園東門(men)尚(shang)有(you)道(dao)路(lu)、闕基(ji)等遺跡存(cun)在。已發(fa)現南(nan)北走向(xiang)的(de)(de)三(san)(san)座大(da)(da)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),還有(you)13座陪(pei)葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),以及武器坑和車馬坑。從墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)規模、形制及出土文(wen)物(wu)(wu)來看,這(zhe)是一(yi)處西漢(han)早期(qi)的(de)(de)規格極高的(de)(de)夫妻(qi)同冢異穴合葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。自2010年(nian)7月中旬起,考(kao)古現場(chang)連續三(san)(san)次對(dui)(dui)外開放,包括央(yang)視、江蘇(su)衛視在內(nei)的(de)(de)全國數十家(jia)媒體聚(ju)焦大(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan),對(dui)(dui)此進行(xing)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)連續報道(dao),在社會上掀起了(le)(le)游(you)覽大(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)的(de)(de)熱(re)潮,一(yi)股股人(ren)流涌入尚(shang)在考(kao)古發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)(jue)中的(de)(de)大(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan),特別是大(da)(da)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主身份已成(cheng)為社會各界的(de)(de)熱(re)門(men)話題。