1576年(nian)2月(yue)10日(萬歷四年(nian)正月(yue)十一(yi)日),毛(mao)文龍(long)(long)出(chu)生于浙(zhe)江杭州府錢塘縣(xian)忠孝巷。祖父(fu)(fu)毛(mao)玉(yu)山,原在山西(xi)經營官鹽,后因(yin)生意需(xu)要,舉家(jia)遷往杭州。父(fu)(fu)親毛(mao)偉(wei)(wei),棄(qi)商從儒,納捐為監生,娶妻沈(shen)氏。沈(shen)家(jia)乃杭州望族,有“杭州甲族,以沈(shen)為最”之稱(cheng)。毛(mao)偉(wei)(wei)與(yu)沈(shen)氏共育四子(zi)(zi),第三子(zi)(zi)夭折,余(yu)為長子(zi)(zi)毛(mao)文龍(long)(long)、次子(zi)(zi)毛(mao)仲龍(long)(long)、四子(zi)(zi)毛(mao)云龍(long)(long)。
毛(mao)文龍九歲時,毛(mao)偉病故,其母(mu)時年二十六歲,攜(xie)子依弟(di)沈光祚居住。沈光祚是杭州名宦,萬(wan)歷乙末科進士,歷仕開(kai)封府(fu)推官(guan)、山東(dong)布政使(shi)、順天府(fu)尹(yin)等職,后毛(mao)文龍從軍,曾得這位母(mu)舅提攜(xie)、推薦(jian)。
毛文(wen)龍(long)幼(you)時,受(shou)母家之影響,亦曾接受(shou)傳統的(de)儒家正(zheng)統教(jiao)育“幼(you)從學(xue),習經生(sheng)(sheng)業(ye)(ye)”,但對(dui)四書五經始終(zhong)不(bu)感(gan)興趣,而喜讀兵法書“恥學(xue)舉子業(ye)(ye),好孫(sun)吳兵法”,因此(ci)在重文(wen)輕武的(de)明末(mo),很難取得像樣的(de)功(gong)名,也(ye)因此(ci)一(yi)直未娶。直到三(san)十多歲成為(wei)軍官后(hou),始歸家完婚,娶一(yi)山西士族女(nv)子張氏(shi)為(wei)妻(qi)。張氏(shi)不(bu)能生(sheng)(sheng)育,后(hou)又(you)在遼陽納(na)一(yi)妾文(wen)氏(shi),生(sheng)(sheng)子毛承斗(dou)。遼陽被后(hou)金攻(gong)占后(hou),文(wen)氏(shi)死于戰亂,毛承斗(dou)被人(ren)救出(chu),送往杭(hang)州,張氏(shi)撫之如己出(chu)。
1605年(nian)(萬(wan)歷三(san)十(shi)三(san)年(nian)春(chun)),毛文龍過繼(ji)給遼(liao)(liao)東鞍(an)山(shan)的(de)伯(bo)父毛得(de)春(chun)為嗣子,遂只身北上(shang),先順道入京(jing)拜訪了(le)(le)母舅沈光祚,被(bei)其薦于寧遠伯(bo)李(li)成梁帳下,開始了(le)(le)在遼(liao)(liao)東的(de)軍事生涯。當(dang)時努爾哈赤不斷兼并女真各部落,遼(liao)(liao)東形(xing)勢日漸緊張,毛文龍對山(shan)川(chuan)形(xing)勢和敵情(qing)都加(jia)意考(kao)察,同年(nian)九月,參加(jia)了(le)(le)遼(liao)(liao)東的(de)武舉考(kao)試,“列名第六(liu)”,被(bei)任命為安山(shan)百戶,不久又升千總,1608年(nian)(萬(wan)歷三(san)十(shi)六(liu)年(nian)),升叆(ai)陽(yang)守備(bei)。
后(hou)來,以都司之(zhi)職率兵(bing)援助朝(chao)鮮(xian),逗(dou)留(liu)在(zai)(zai)遼(liao)東一(yi)(yi)帶(dai),遼(liao)東失陷后(hou),從海(hai)路逃(tao)回,乘守(shou)備空虛殺死后(hou)金鎮江(jiang)的(de)守(shou)將(jiang),向巡(xun)(xun)撫王化貞做了(le)報(bao)告(gao),沒有(you)告(gao)訴(su)經略熊(xiong)廷弼,由此(ci)兩人(ren)開始有(you)了(le)怨恨。袁可(ke)立(li)接任登萊巡(xun)(xun)撫后(hou),加升(sheng)毛文(wen)龍(long)為(wei)總兵(bing)官,逐漸加升(sheng)到左都督,掛起(qi)將(jiang)軍印(yin),賜尚(shang)方寶劍,像內地一(yi)(yi)樣在(zai)(zai)皮(pi)島上設立(li)軍鎮。皮(pi)島又叫(jiao)東江(jiang),在(zai)(zai)登、萊沿(yan)岸(an)(an)的(de)大海(hai)中,全長(chang)八(ba)十里(li),不生(sheng)長(chang)草(cao)木,遠離(li)海(hai)岸(an)(an),靠近(jin)北岸(an)(an),北岸(an)(an)與后(hou)金界只相隔(ge)八(ba)十里(li)的(de)海(hai)面,他(ta)的(de)東北海(hai)就屬于朝(chao)鮮(xian)了(le)。
縱觀明代巡(xun)撫(fu)(fu)(fu)節(jie)鎮登(deng)萊,袁(yuan)可(ke)立是唯一(yi)從大局出發長時間(jian)有效支(zhi)持毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文(wen)龍(long)的登(deng)萊巡(xun)撫(fu)(fu)(fu),是前后幾(ji)任(ren)登(deng)萊巡(xun)撫(fu)(fu)(fu)中(zhong)對(dui)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文(wen)龍(long)支(zhi)持力度最(zui)大的一(yi)任(ren)。甚至在地(di)震時還在向朝廷(ting)上疏請(qing)求“預籌毛(mao)(mao)(mao)帥(shuai)之(zhi)接濟”。天(tian)啟二年五月(yue)初(chu)二日,楊(yang)嗣昌剛上任(ren)就(jiu)替袁(yuan)可(ke)立向皇(huang)帝(di)請(qing)餉道:“撫(fu)(fu)(fu)臣袁(yuan)可(ke)立受命方(fang)新,請(qing)發帑金(jin)二十萬安(an)兵散民(min),似(si)非(fei)得已(yi)。惟在圣明裁定(ding),賜予若干。”袁(yuan)可(ke)立上任(ren)不到(dao)十個月(yue),毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文(wen)龍(long)就(jiu)被加秩進(jin)階(jie)直賜尚方(fang)劍。
袁可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)御文龍(long)(long)(long)多得牽(qian)制(zhi)之(zhi)功,毛(mao)文龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)主(zhu)要戰績和榮譽都是在這(zhe)一(yi)時期取得的(de)。袁可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)于天啟三(san)(san)年三(san)(san)月(yue)十(shi)二日令沈有容(rong)大兵(bing)(bing)出海(hai),“囑(zhu)以相機(ji)進止以固榆關(guan),以聯(lian)毛(mao)帥(shuai)。”《明(ming)熹(xi)宗悊皇帝實錄》卷三(san)(san)十(shi)三(san)(san):“(天啟三(san)(san)年)四(si)月(yue)丁卯,平遼總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)毛(mao)文龍(long)(long)(long)塘報言:‘見今各(ge)兵(bing)(bing)已兩月(yue)乏(fa)糧(liang),嗷嗷待哺(bu),乞賜兵(bing)(bing)餉接(jie)(jie)濟。’登萊巡撫袁可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)具疏為請,且言各(ge)島(dao)守凍淮兵(bing)(bing)已報,開洋、三(san)(san)山(shan)島(dao)未發之(zhi)眾亦已陸續(xu)登舟,總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)沈有容(rong)統率(lv)精銳于三(san)(san)月(yue)十(shi)二日出海(hai),舳艫(lu)相接(jie)(jie),奴(nu)酋膽寒。但恐(kong)糧(liang)糈匱乏(fa),兵(bing)(bing)難用命。乞敕該部及(ji)山(shan)東布政司(si)將(jiang)應(ying)(ying)用錢糧(liang)速行給(gei)發。”彭孫貽(yi)《山(shan)中聞(wen)見錄》36頁:“巡撫袁可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)使(shi)總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)沈有容(rong)以舟師赴島(dao)上,與毛(mao)文龍(long)(long)(long)連(lian)兵(bing)(bing)應(ying)(ying)之(zhi)。”袁可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)設(she)計(ji)策反(fan)后(hou)金(jin)(jin)女(nv)婿(xu)劉愛(ai)塔(ta),令毛(mao)文龍(long)(long)(long)、沈有容(rong)聯(lian)兵(bing)(bing)策應(ying)(ying),夜(ye)襲金(jin)(jin)州,收(shou)復旅(lv)順(shun),連(lian)克(ke)金(jin)(jin)、復、蓋三(san)(san)衛(wei)及(ji)紅嘴、望(wang)海(hai)、永寧等多堡要地,收(shou)復遼南(nan)海(hai)島(dao)疆(jiang)土千余里,后(hou)金(jin)(jin)“四(si)衛(wei)已空其(qi)三(san)(san),沿海(hai)四(si)百余里之(zhi)地奴(nu)盡棄之(zhi)而(er)不敢據,所(suo)余者(zhe)酉虜千人而(er)已。”使(shi)登萊、旅(lv)順(shun)、皮島(dao)、石城、寬叆等地連(lian)為一(yi)條弧線,對(dui)后(hou)金(jin)(jin)形成了一(yi)道(dao)大大向(xiang)前延伸的(de)屏(ping)障和包圍圈(quan),是明(ming)清戰爭史上僅有的(de)敢于主(zhu)動(dong)出擊(ji)叫戰開疆(jiang)復土的(de)戰略(lve)進攻階段。
毛(mao)文(wen)龍在袁(yuan)可立(li)(li)的(de)扶持(chi)下不(bu)(bu)斷被(bei)加秩(zhi)晉階,開始(shi)恃功自傲,而(er)(er)其(qi)時朝(chao)官對毛(mao)文(wen)龍的(de)質疑聲浪日高。天啟三(san)(san)年十月,皇(huang)帝嘉獎道(dao):“巡撫(fu)僉都(dou)御史袁(yuan)可立(li)(li)厥治(zhi)行(xing)勞(lao)哉(zai),賜汝朱提文(wen)蟒。汝嘉而(er)(er)毛(mao)帥驕愎不(bu)(bu)協,蠱于(yu)兵,滿蒲、昌城襲報用敢獻功。”“乃(nai)滿浦、昌城之(zhi)捷,謂兵不(bu)(bu)滿千,未交一(yi)戰(zhan),不(bu)(bu)遺一(yi)矢,而(er)(er)使(虜(lu))自相踐踏,其(qi)被(bei)炮(pao)死(si)者二萬有(you)余(yu),馬之(zhi)走死(si)者三(san)(san)萬有(you)余(yu),止余(yu)真夷二萬。公(gong)(gong)(袁(yuan)可立(li)(li))心頗疑之(zhi),私(si)謂敷實而(er)(er)后報,不(bu)(bu)失(shi)于(yu)慎。”“于(yu)是移檄東(dong)江,核其(qi)虛實。而(er)(er)毛(mao)帥嫉公(gong)(gong)如(ru)仇,嗾言官尋(xun)端中之(zhi)。”奉(feng)旨核查他的(de)戰(zhan)報和軍餉,由此(ci)為毛(mao)帥所(suo)忌恨。
這時(shi)忽然(ran)就有(you)(you)一個閹黨(dang)宋(song)(song)禎漢(han)茍合自己的幾個同年(nian)東林(lin)人士(shi)宋(song)(song)師襄(xiang)、方有(you)(you)度、龐尚廉等(deng)組成的利益(yi)集團(tuan)利用和(he)做大了(le)毛文龍和(he)袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)立(li)的矛盾,輪番惡意攻(gong)擊袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)立(li),以至于天啟(qi)皇帝(di)看不(bu)(bu)(bu)過去,公開打抱不(bu)(bu)(bu)平切責道:“大臣(chen)去留悉聽上裁,言官(guan)論人當存(cun)大體,不(bu)(bu)(bu)必連章摶擊。”時(shi)朝(chao)(chao)中黨(dang)派(pai)相攻(gong)者無虛(xu)日,袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)立(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)參與黨(dang)爭(zheng)公正立(li)朝(chao)(chao)。他(ta)沒(mei)有(you)(you)意氣(qi)用事,而是(shi)(shi)“力柔其(毛文龍)骨”,勸(quan)毛“臣(chen)子(zi)勿欺”,“公(袁(yuan)可(ke)(ke)立(li))故奇其(毛文龍)膽(dan)智。”他(ta)認為毛文龍的存(cun)在事關(guan)明金戰爭(zheng)大局,不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)隨便找個人就能(neng)替代的,最后是(shi)(shi)自己選擇了(le)“功成身退”,連上七疏辭(ci)官(guan)。
袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)在很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)壓(ya)力下(xia)核(he)查毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)“滿浦(pu)、昌(chang)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)捷”的(de)(de)戰報使二人產(chan)生(sheng)矛盾(dun)并被人發(fa)酵導致袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)下(xia)臺,對(dui)毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)、袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)和大(da)(da)(da)明三方都(dou)是一(yi)個(ge)全輸無一(yi)贏的(de)(de)結局,甚(shen)至(zhi)可(ke)以(yi)說自此(ci)成為(wei)(wei)遼(liao)戰總局由盛轉衰的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)轉折(zhe)點也不(bu)為(wei)(wei)過。所(suo)以(yi)即使是總體肯定(ding)毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)戰績的(de)(de)董其(qi)昌(chang)在談到袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)離任登(deng)萊(lai)這個(ge)事(shi)(shi)情上對(dui)毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)也有(you)(you)微詞,至(zhi)少毛(mao)在策略和結果上都(dou)是全盤皆輸的(de)(de)。袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)一(yi)直(zhi)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)江毛(mao)帥鼓與呼(hu),募兵(bing)(bing)籌餉(xiang),殫精竭慮,直(zhi)到袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)下(xia)臺八(ba)(ba)個(ge)月(yue)后還在朝中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)搖(yao)旗吶喊(han)請功(gong)請餉(xiang)。他說道:“奴酋逆天順犯,于今七(qi)載(zai),賴毛(mao)帥倡義屢(lv)獲奇捷,大(da)(da)(da)張撻伐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)(山江敘功(gong))。據(ju)所(suo)報功(gong)級解驗(yan)前后大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)三十(shi)(shi)余(yu)戰,斬首(shou)共一(yi)千九(jiu)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)級,數逾上捷者(zhe)共五次(ci),總獲器械、弓(gong)箭等件共五萬。當我圣(sheng)主宵旰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,人心危懼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日,海外有(you)(you)此(ci)奇功(gong),其(qi)應(ying)陛(bi)應(ying)賞應(ying)恤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官兵(bing)(bing)相應(ying)敕部(bu),行巡(xun)按(an)御史(shi)覆勘,再為(wei)(wei)議序以(yi)侯(hou)俞(yu)旨施(shi)行。”(王在晉《三朝遼(liao)事(shi)(shi)實錄(lu)·卷十(shi)(shi)三·甲子十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)》346頁(ye))從(cong)袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)此(ci)份題(ti)本時間(jian)天啟四年十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)看,此(ci)時已經是袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)離任登(deng)萊(lai)巡(xun)撫八(ba)(ba)個(ge)月(yue)后。甚(shen)至(zhi)連滿人在“文(wen)字(zi)獄”中(zhong)編(bian)修(xiu)的(de)(de)《明史(shi)》都(dou)對(dui)袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)褒貶道:“毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)居海外,屢(lv)以(yi)虛言逛中(zhong)朝,登(deng)萊(lai)巡(xun)撫袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)每代為(wei)(wei)奏(zou)請。”(《明史(shi)》)可(ke)見袁(yuan)可(ke)立(li)(li)(li)兩頭受氣(qi),處境十(shi)(shi)分尷尬。他對(dui)毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)的(de)(de)東(dong)江戰略的(de)(de)積極態度并沒有(you)(you)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)自己下(xia)臺而有(you)(you)任何改變。
袁(yuan)可立(li)核查毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)(long)是迫于朝官(guan)的(de)(de)壓力而為,是當時(shi)的(de)(de)文(wen)官(guan)統御(yu)武(wu)將(jiang)體制和(he)東江軍(jun)鎮兵餉長(chang)期不足(zu)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個瓶頸(jing)縮影,并沒有(you)影響到(dao)袁(yuan)可立(li)對毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)(long)支持的(de)(de)初衷(zhong)和(he)遼海(hai)大(da)反攻既定戰略(lve)(lve)。千軍(jun)易得一(yi)(yi)(yi)將(jiang)難(nan)(nan)求,袁(yuan)可立(li)支持毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)(long),說(shuo)到(dao)底是因為毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)(long)能打仗,這(zhe)正是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個戰略(lve)(lve)家(jia)的(de)(de)眼光(guang)和(he)獨到(dao)之處(chu),而非站在遠(yuan)處(chu)隔岸觀(guan)火(huo)指手畫腳之輩所能相(xiang)比。袁(yuan)可立(li)去(qu),毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)(long)無人能御(yu),且再(zai)想通過袁(yuan)可立(li)這(zhe)個大(da)神(shen)級人物合法(fa)討(tao)要糧餉以難(nan)(nan)似上青天,導致了(le)后(hou)來一(yi)(yi)(yi)系列(lie)悲劇事件的(de)(de)發生,這(zhe)可能也是毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)(long)和(he)當時(shi)的(de)(de)明廷(ting)所始(shi)料未及(ji)的(de)(de)。
袁可立(li)離任(ren)僅(jin)僅(jin)半(ban)年(nian)(nian),缺乏有效(xiao)調(diao)度和(he)策應的(de)大(da)(da)將張盤戰死,接(jie)著努(nu)爾哈(ha)赤大(da)(da)舉遷都沈陽,又半(ban)年(nian)(nian)孫督師發生柳河之敗,明清軍事對(dui)峙形勢因(yin)袁可立(li)的(de)離任(ren)而急轉直下。前后對(dui)比,天壤有別。
朝(chao)中(zhong)有識(shi)之(zhi)士對(dui)袁可立(li)離任前后遼南戰略態勢的急轉(zhuan)直下對(dui)毛文龍提出了質疑。《明(ming)熹(xi)宗(zong)悊皇(huang)帝(di)實錄》卷之(zhi)六十(shi):“天啟五年六月(yue)壬午(wu),毛文龍孤提一(yi)旅駐札平島,……滿浦諸戰屢(lv)奏斬獲,動輙以(yi)百(bai)千(qian)計,即韓白之(zhi)智劉(liu)岳之(zhi)勇當(dang)不(bu)過(guo)是(shi)。去(qu)歲金州被削旅順(shun)夫陷,數月(yue)以(yi)來絕無(wu)后著,豈先后智愚勇怯為兩截(jie)人(ren),與其在朝(chao)廷不(bu)得不(bu)信,其在士論(lun)不(bu)得不(bu)疑。……而不(bu)虞(yu)正哲人(ren)所(suo)戒,合無(wu)遣(qian)智膽文臣(chen)(chen)一(yi)員閱(yue)視(shi)整頓。”自袁可立(li)下臺后,明(ming)朝(chao)并不(bu)缺(que)“文臣(chen)(chen)一(yi)員”,缺(que)的只是(shi)袁可立(li)那樣的節(jie)鎮(zhen)良(liang)臣(chen)(chen)。
到了這(zhe)(zhe)個時候,袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)就以閱(yue)兵為(wei)名,乘船到達雙島,毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)前來(lai)(lai)會面。袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)同他(ta)設(she)宴(yan)飲酒、行樂,每(mei)每(mei)到半夜(ye)才罷,毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)沒有(you)覺察袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)的意思。袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)同他(ta)商量(liang)更(geng)(geng)改營(ying)制,設(she)立監司,毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)很(hen)不高(gao)興。袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)用離職返鄉勸(quan)說他(ta),毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)回答說:“以前有(you)這(zhe)(zhe)個意思,但現在只有(you)我(wo)了解東(dong)部戰(zhan)事(shi),等東(dong)部戰(zhan)爭完(wan)畢,朝鮮(xian)衰弱(ruo),可(ke)以一(yi)舉而占(zhan)有(you)。”袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)更(geng)(geng)加不高(gao)興,就在六(liu)月五日這(zhe)(zhe)天邀(yao)請(qing)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)來(lai)(lai)觀看將(jiang)士(shi)們射箭,先(xian)在山(shan)上設(she)了帷(wei)帳(zhang),命令參將(jiang)謝(xie)尚政等安排身穿鎧甲的士(shi)兵埋(mai)伏(fu)在帳(zhang)外。毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)來(lai)(lai)后(hou),他(ta)手(shou)下的士(shi)兵不能進帳(zhang)里(li)來(lai)(lai)。袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)說:“我(wo)明天出(chu)發,海外的事(shi)情全寄托在您身上了,請(qing)受我(wo)一(yi)拜。”互相拜見之(zhi)后(hou),一(yi)起(qi)登上山(shan)來(lai)(lai)。袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)問起(qi)他(ta)隨從軍官(guan)的姓名,多(duo)是(shi)姓毛(mao)(mao)(mao)的。毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)說:“這(zhe)(zhe)些人(ren)都是(shi)我(wo)的孫子。”袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)笑了,說道:“你們在海外勞苦(ku)多(duo)日,每(mei)月祿米(mi)也只有(you)那(nei)么一(yi)斛,說起(qi)來(lai)(lai)痛心呢,也請(qing)受我(wo)一(yi)拜,大家都為(wei)國(guo)家盡力。”這(zhe)(zhe)些人(ren)都叩頭道謝(xie)。
袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)就此詰問(wen)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)幾(ji)樁違令的(de)(de)(de)事情,毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)做了(le)(le)對抗(kang)性的(de)(de)(de)辯(bian)解。袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)高聲喝(he)斥(chi)他(ta),讓人(ren)扒下他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)帽子和袍帶,把(ba)他(ta)捆(kun)了(le)(le)起(qi)來,毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)仍(reng)很(hen)倔(jue)強。袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)說:“你(ni)有(you)(you)(you)(you)十二(er)(er)條(tiao)該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)斬(zhan)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)罪(zui),知(zhi)(zhi)道嗎?按我(wo)朝祖宗定下來的(de)(de)(de)制度,大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)領兵在外,必(bi)須接(jie)受文(wen)(wen)(wen)官(guan)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)視。你(ni)在這邊一(yi)(yi)人(ren)專(zhuan)制,軍馬(ma)錢糧(liang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)不(bu)(bu)接(jie)受核查,一(yi)(yi)該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。大(da)臣的(de)(de)(de)罪(zui)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)比欺騙(pian)君主更大(da)的(de)(de)(de),你(ni)送(song)上(shang)奏章全都(dou)(dou)(dou)蒙騙(pian),殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)害投降的(de)(de)(de)士兵和難民(min),假(jia)冒戰功,二(er)(er)該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。大(da)臣沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)(jiang)領,有(you)(you)(you)(you)則必(bi)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。你(ni)上(shang)書說在登州駐兵取(qu)南京易(yi)如反掌,大(da)逆(ni)不(bu)(bu)道,三該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。每(mei)年餉銀(yin)幾(ji)十萬,不(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)給(gei)(gei)士兵,每(mei)月只(zhi)散(san)發(fa)(fa)(fa)三斗半米,侵(qin)占軍糧(liang),四(si)該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。擅自在皮島開設(she)馬(ma)市,私自和外國人(ren)來往,五該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。部(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)幾(ji)千人(ren)都(dou)(dou)(dou)冒稱是你(ni)的(de)(de)(de)同姓(xing)(xing)(xing),副將(jiang)(jiang)以下都(dou)(dou)(dou)隨意發(fa)(fa)(fa)給(gei)(gei)布帛上(shang)千匹(pi),走卒、轎夫都(dou)(dou)(dou)穿著(zhu)品官(guan)官(guan)服和袍帶,六該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。從寧遠返回途(tu)中,劫掠商船,自己做了(le)(le)盜賊(zei),七該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。強娶民(min)間女子,不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)法紀,部(bu)下效(xiao)仿,使(shi)得(de)(de)百姓(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)安于家,八該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。驅使(shi)難民(min)遠遠去幫(bang)你(ni)盜竊人(ren)參,不(bu)(bu)聽(ting)從的(de)(de)(de)就被餓死(si),島上(shang)白骨(gu)累(lei)累(lei),九該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。用車送(song)金(jin)子到京師,拜魏(wei)忠賢為父,并在島上(shang)雕(diao)塑他(ta)加(jia)冕冠的(de)(de)(de)肖像,十該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。鐵山一(yi)(yi)戰敗北,喪師不(bu)(bu)計其(qi)數(shu)(shu),卻掩(yan)敗為功,十一(yi)(yi)該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。設(she)鎮八年,不(bu)(bu)能收(shou)復一(yi)(yi)寸土地,坐(zuo)地觀望,姑息養敵,十二(er)(er)該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)。”宣布完后,毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)喪魂失魄,說不(bu)(bu)出話(hua)來,只(zhi)是叩頭(tou)(tou)(tou)請免(mian)他(ta)一(yi)(yi)死(si)。袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)召他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)來說:“毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)這樣的(de)(de)(de)罪(zui)狀,該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)不(bu)(bu)該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)他(ta)?”大(da)家都(dou)(dou)(dou)怕得(de)(de)唯唯諾諾,誰敢反對?中間有(you)(you)(you)(you)稱道毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)數(shu)(shu)年勞苦的(de)(de)(de),袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)訓斥(chi)說:“毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)本是一(yi)(yi)個平(ping)民(min)百姓(xing)(xing)(xing)罷(ba)了(le)(le),官(guan)做得(de)(de)最高,全家都(dou)(dou)(dou)得(de)(de)以蔭封,足夠報他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)辛勞了(le)(le),他(ta)怎么就這樣悖亂違逆(ni)呢!”接(jie)著(zhu)就磕(ke)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)請求皇帝的(de)(de)(de)旨意說:“我(wo)今(jin)天殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)以整頓軍紀。將(jiang)(jiang)領中間有(you)(you)(you)(you)和毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)一(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de),都(dou)(dou)(dou)要殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)了(le)(le)他(ta)們。我(wo)不(bu)(bu)能成功的(de)(de)(de)話(hua),請皇上(shang)也(ye)像殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)一(yi)(yi)樣殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)了(le)(le)我(wo)。”于是取(qu)下尚方寶劍在帳前把(ba)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)砍了(le)(le)下來。出來告訴(su)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)(jiang)士們說:“只(zhi)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)(sha)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)(long)一(yi)(yi)個人(ren),其(qi)他(ta)人(ren)都(dou)(dou)(dou)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)罪(zui)。”
這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時候,毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)麾下(xia)兇猛強悍的(de)官(guan)兵有(you)(you)(you)(you)數(shu)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),都怕袁崇(chong)煥(huan)的(de)威(wei)風(feng),沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)一個敢亂(luan)動(dong)的(de)。袁崇(chong)煥(huan)命人(ren)(ren)(ren)用(yong)(yong)(yong)棺材(cai)埋了(le)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)。第二天,用(yong)(yong)(yong)肉酒等祭品(pin)祭奠他(ta)(ta)說:“昨天殺(sha)你,是(shi)(shi)朝廷(ting)的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv);今天我祭奠你,是(shi)(shi)出(chu)于(yu)同僚、友人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)感情。”并為他(ta)(ta)落下(xia)了(le)淚。接著分撥毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)的(de)士兵二萬(wan)八千(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為四協,任用(yong)(yong)(yong)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)的(de)兒子承祚、副將陳繼盛、參將徐敷奏、游擊劉(liu)光祚為首領。收(shou)回(hui)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)的(de)敕印、尚方寶劍,令繼盛代(dai)他(ta)(ta)掌管。又(you)(you)犒勞軍士,傳檄安撫各島人(ren)(ren)(ren)民,全部(bu)(bu)廢(fei)除了(le)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)的(de)苛政。回(hui)到鎮上(shang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后,把毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)一事上(shang)書報告皇帝(di),末尾說:“毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)作(zuo)為大(da)將,不(bu)是(shi)(shi)我可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)擅(shan)(shan)自誅殺(sha)的(de),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)我謹席橐待(dai)罪。”當時是(shi)(shi)崇(chong)禎二年(1624)五月。莊(zhuang)烈帝(di)突然聽到這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個消息,大(da)吃一驚,但想到毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)既已死去,當時又(you)(you)靠著袁崇(chong)煥(huan),所以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)就以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)贊揚的(de)態度下(xia)詔(zhao)書褒獎他(ta)(ta)。不(bu)久又(you)(you)傳旨公開毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)的(de)罪行(xing),用(yong)(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)穩定袁崇(chong)煥(huan)的(de)心;毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)埋伏(fu)在(zai)京城(cheng)的(de)爪牙,也命令法(fa)(fa)(fa)司加(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)搜(sou)捕。袁崇(chong)煥(huan)又(you)(you)上(shang)書說:“毛(mao)(mao)(mao)文龍(long)(long)一介匹(pi)夫,不(bu)守法(fa)(fa)(fa)竟至于(yu)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種程度,是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為海外便(bian)(bian)于(yu)作(zuo)亂(luan)。他(ta)(ta)的(de)部(bu)(bu)隊連老帶幼一起算有(you)(you)(you)(you)四萬(wan)七千(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren),假稱十萬(wan),并且中(zhong)間有(you)(you)(you)(you)很(hen)多(duo)百姓(xing),兵還(huan)不(bu)到兩(liang)萬(wan),擅(shan)(shan)自設(she)將領千(qian)(qian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。現在(zai)不(bu)便(bian)(bian)于(yu)再設(she)總帥,就以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)繼盛代(dai)行(xing)其事,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣算來是(shi)(shi)方便(bian)(bian)的(de)。”崇(chong)禎回(hui)答可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。
皇(huang)太極(ji)繼位后(hou),改(gai)變了(le)努爾哈(ha)赤過去的做法(fa),重用漢官,善待(dai)漢人,后(hou)金統治(zhi)日漸穩固;不久后(hou),崇(chong)禎(zhen)即位,銳意(yi)遼(liao)事,但性情(qing)過急。毛(mao)文龍(long)在此一階段(duan)改(gai)變反間(jian)策略,以投(tou)降(jiang)歸順后(hou)金為餌,誘捕后(hou)金重要(yao)官員(yuan),希望邀(yao)寵(chong)于崇(chong)禎(zhen),于是有了(le)與后(hou)金的書信往來。
董其昌:“毛文龍以(yi)二百人奪鎮江,擒逆賊,獻之闕下,不(bu)費國(guo)家一(yi)把鐵(tie)、一(yi)束草、一(yi)斗糧(liang)。立此奇功(gong),真奇俠絕倫,可以(yi)寄邊事(shi)者!如此膽(dan)略,夫豈易得?使今(jin)有三文龍,奴可擄(lu),遼(liao)可復,永(yong)芳、養性可坐縛而釁之鼓(gu)下矣(yi)。”
袁可立:“奴酋逆天順犯,于(yu)今(jin)七(qi)載(zai)。賴(lai)毛帥倡義,屢獲奇捷(jie),大(da)(da)張撻(ta)伐(fa)之氣。據所(suo)報(bao)功(gong)(gong)級解驗,前后大(da)(da)小三十余戰,斬首共一千九十七(qi)級數逾,上捷(jie)者共五(wu)(wu)次,總獲器械、弓(gong)箭(jian)等件共五(wu)(wu)萬(wan)。當我(wo)圣主宵(xiao)旰之時,人心危(wei)懼之日,海外有此奇功(gong)(gong),其應(ying)陛應(ying)賞應(ying)恤之官兵相應(ying)敕部(bu),行(xing)巡按御史覆勘,再為議序,以候俞旨施行(xing)。”
陳良訓(xun):“今日(ri)所恃海外長(chang)城者(zhe),非毛文龍者(zhe)乎?”
高汝栻:“寧遠之役,奴擁眾入(ru)犯而終有內顧之慮者,殆(dai)文龍牽制之力歟(yu)。”
吳惟英:“昨(zuo)夜營(ying)星(xing)色黯然(ran),訃音忽向路人傳。但(dan)嗟韓信成擒日,不(bu)見蒙恬御敵年。功業已沉沙磧雨(yu),精(jing)靈猶鎖海門煙。好收戰骨鴟夷里,歸葬(zang)西湖岳墓邊(bian)。”
錢(qian)謙益:“鴨綠江頭建鼓旗,間關百戰壯軍威。青天自許(xu)孤(gu)忠在(zai),赤(chi)手親擒叛將(jiang)歸。夜靜舉(ju)烽(feng)連(lian)鹿島,月明傳(chuan)箭過(guo)鼉(tuo)磯。紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)肉食皆臣(chen)子,絕域看君臥鐵衣。”
袁可(ke)立(li):“不交一鋒,致(zhi)奴死二萬余人,馬三萬匹,其數(shu)終(zhong)有不可(ke)考(kao)。”
朝鮮備邊司(si):“毛(mao)將所(suo)為(wei)(wei),不思甚矣。賊沖宣川,不過數百騎(qi),曾不發一只(zhi)箭,駢首就戮,有(you)同群羊之見猛虎,其無膽勇,據此可想(xiang)。為(wei)(wei)今計(ji)莫(mo)若藏蹤秘跡,使虜不得(de)窺覘去留。”
柳(liu)公亮:“以其(qi)兵力(li)觀之(zhi),似無剿胡之(zhi)勢。張晚去時結(jie)陣(zhen)以見(jian)之(zhi),而軍皆疲(pi)劣。雖或見(jian)小利而動,恐難舉大事(shi)耳。”
李景稷:“毛之軍勢疲甚(shen),其(qi)(qi)意只欲安(an)座島中(zhong),享其(qi)(qi)富貴(gui)而已。”
薛國觀:“今歲正月,敵傾巢(chao)入犯,雖稍挫兇鋒,而攻(gong)圍屠掠(lve)逍遙內地(di)者直二十余(yu)日,迨班師(shi)而東,演沈陽,復圖再(zai)至,文龍一似不(bu)知有牽(qian)制者。”
潘士聞:“故智將動有成算(suan),勇(yong)將所(suo)向無敵,未有翱翔海上(shang)八(ba)年,未復一城一池而可(ke)以言智;敵來(lai)深慝(ni)窮島,敵去仍言牽(qian)制而可(ke)以言勇(yong)。”
楊國(guo)棟:“設文龍于(yu)海外,原為牽制不敢(gan)西向(xiang)也,數次過河,屢(lv)犯寧錦(jin),全不知(zhi)覺,牽制安在?!”
王永光:“海外(wai)之師為(wei)牽制也,有須彌(mi)島(dao)之退,又有攻掠海州(zhou)之報,以牽奴者而(er)牽于奴,文龍伎倆已窮(qiong)。”
姜曰(yue)廣:“其(qi)言牽制,非也,鞭長不及(ji)馬(ma)腹(fu)也。……東(dong)江之師,非荒忽苑在(zai),胡馬(ma)久蹴之,同鐵山盡矣。”
《李朝實(shi)錄》:“蟄居(ju)孤島,徒(tu)事張皇。”“今則(ze)徒(tu)享(xiang)富貴,無意進(jin)取(qu)。識者(zhe)皆憂(you)其終(zhong)不(bu)利(li)于中原,而為我國(guo)之深患。”“有(you)同群羊(yang)之見(jian)猛虎”。
談(tan)遷《國榷》:“將東江偏(pian)隅果(guo)足懾建虜之魄乎?曰:非也(ye)!皮島(dao)去建虜較遠(yuan),牽制本影響,而(er)建虜善疑(yi),得略為(wei)瞻顧,或未(wei)即決計而(er)南響也(ye)。”“漸驕恣,所上事多浮夸,索餉又過多,歲百二(er)十萬,兵(bing)(bing)二(er)十萬,朝論多疑(yi)而(er)厭(yan)之,以身握重兵(bing)(bing),又居海島(dao),莫能難也(ye)。”
夏(xia)允彝《幸(xing)存錄》:“但(dan)漸驕恣,所(suo)上事多(duo)浮夸,索餉又過多(duo),朝論多(duo)疑(yi)而厭(yan)之者。以其(qi)身權重(zhong)兵,又居(ju)海島中(zhong),莫(mo)能(neng)難也(ye)。崇煥初斬文龍,上亦甚(shen)喜(xi)之,褒諭倍至(zhi),不(bu)嫌其(qi)矯詔。”
毛九華:“再至(zhi)萊登則(ze)有可異焉(yan)(yan),舳(zhu)舮相(xiang)望,精(jing)甲耀(yao)日(ri)(ri)。又(you)放兵四掠,嘯聚芒(mang)碭,馳驟(zou)淄(zi)墨(mo)。臣,登萊人也,毛文(wen)龍(long)兩至(zhi)登郡,暗窺(kui)形(xing)勢,登萊將有不(bu)測之(zhi)憂,幸(xing)督師談笑誅之(zhi),以(yi)絕后患。”(全文(wen)如下:其再至(zhi)登州(zhou),則(ze)尤可異焉(yan)(yan)。舳(zhu)艫相(xiang)望、精(jing)甲耀(yao)目(mu),非王浚之(zhi)平江南(nan)戈船下瀨(lai),豈呂蒙之(zhi)襲荊(jing)州(zhou)白衣搖櫓。一時(shi)各(ge)州(zhou)縣城門日(ri)(ri)閉(bi),人心(xin)惶(huang)惶(huang)。道(dao)臣王廷試(shi)婉(wan)言遜(xun)謝,今兵卒登岸(an),殺奪之(zhi)尋端逐(zhu)隙(xi),不(bu)曰受(shou)我(wo)參(can)貂若干,則(ze)曰受(shou)我(wo)商人領狀若干,不(bu)發一文(wen),復邀至(zhi)廟島,厲目(mu)相(xiang)視(shi),五部內(nei)不(bu)知所置。幸(xing)而小船遁歸,直至(zhi)臣鄉撫按急(ji)為設處,始飽欲而去。稍拂其意(yi),即不(bu)謂(wei)文(wen)龍(long)此時(shi)遂破歷下,以(yi)開巷攻(gong)祝阿以(yi)發跡,又(you)放兵四掠,嘯聚芒(mang)碭,馳驟(zou)淄(zi)墨(mo)圮(pi)顧,登萊一帶,首遭(zao)其屠戮矣!追論及此,文(wen)龍(long)之(zhi)心(xin)可誅,而肉(rou)足食乎?)張(zhang)岱《石匱(kui)書后集》:“文(wen)龍(long)僻處海(hai)島,去女真遠甚;揜襲戰功(gong),以(yi)罔當寧。恐羽書不(bu)合,故急(ji)邸報耳。掩飾支吾,久當自敗(bai)。毛文(wen)龍(long)以(yi)幺魔小卒,焉(yan)(yan)可上(shang)比(bi)鄂王!”
《明季(ji)北略》:“遼民苦虐于北,時欲竄歸中朝,歸路甚艱(jian),百計疾走,數(shu)日方(fang)抵(di)關,文龍(long)必掩殺之(zhi),以充(chong)虜報(bao)功,是其大惡。又驕恣,所上事(shi)多(duo)浮舉,索(suo)餉又過多(duo),朝論多(duo)疑(yi)而(er)厭之(zhi),以方(fang)握重兵(bing),又居海(hai)島中,莫能難也。崇煥初斬文龍(long),上甚喜(xi),嘉諭(yu)倍至。”
孟森(sen)《明史講義》:“毛(mao)文龍(long)東江(jiang)(jiang)之兵(bing),始以(yi)朝廷無的餉而(er)借(jie)口通商,以(yi)違禁物與敵為(wei)(wei)市,敵乃大(da)得其助,而(er)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥治兵(bing),請管東江(jiang)(jiang)之餉,而(er)文龍(long)拒之,以(yi)與敵通市為(wei)(wei)利,又(you)不(bu)欲以(yi)領餉而(er)暴露其兵(bing)額也(ye)。崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥斬文龍(long),編制其兵(bing),核實其餉,東江(jiang)(jiang)正可有(you)為(wei)(wei),乃身即(ji)被(bei)戮,毛(mao)兵(bing)亦無所依(yi)賴,自相(xiang)屠殺,相(xiang)率降清(qing)。論者(zhe)又(you)以(yi)此(ci)為(wei)(wei)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥之罪,不(bu)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)殺崇(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)煥者(zhe)之罪,至今尚(shang)糾紛不(bu)已,是用揭(jie)之。”