天文三年(1534年)6月23日,織(zhi)田信長(chang)出(chu)生(sheng)于尾張國(おわりのくに)那古野(ye)城(今名古屋市,另(ling)有(you)一(yi)說是勝幡城),幼(you)名為(wei)吉法師(shi)。是尾張守護代旗(qi)下三奉行之一(yi)的(de)織(zhi)田信秀(xiu)(おだ のぶひで)的(de)嫡(di)長(chang)子(排行第二,有(you)一(yi)庶兄織(zhi)田信廣),母為(wei)信秀(xiu)正(zheng)室土田御前,同母弟有(you)信行(信勝)、信包和(he)秀(xiu)孝(xiao)。織(zhi)田信長(chang)6歲就成為(wei)那古野(ye)城的(de)城主。
然而幼年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)從不(bu)循(xun)規(gui)蹈矩,他(ta)(ta)絲毫沒有(you)把(ba)任何禮儀(yi)舉(ju)止放在心上(shang)(shang),對(dui)于讀書之類的(de)(de)(de)功課更是不(bu)屑一(yi)顧,經常游(you)手好閑,四處尋釁(xin)滋事(shi),上(shang)(shang)樹(shu)下河,打架斗毆。當地(di)人(ren)包括親族見了這個(ge)搗(dao)蛋(dan)孩子都是大(da)(da)皺眉(mei)頭,連織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)生母土(tu)田(tian)(tian)夫人(ren)都不(bu)大(da)(da)喜(xi)歡(huan)他(ta)(ta),而是喜(xi)歡(huan)他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)弟弟織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)行(xing)。由于他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)安份,對(dui)于一(yi)向注重傳(chuan)統禮儀(yi)的(de)(de)(de)日本(ben)貴(gui)族們來說是無法容忍的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情。以至于織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)父(fu)親織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)秀(xiu)(xiu)時常被他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)頑劣成性氣(qi)得(de)七竅生煙,大(da)(da)嘆家門不(bu)幸,而織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)也獲得(de)了他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)個(ge)綽號:“尾張的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)傻瓜”。然而盡(jin)管織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)秀(xiu)(xiu)表(biao)面上(shang)(shang)不(bu)喜(xi)歡(huan)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang),但是似乎背地(di)里對(dui)于織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)溺愛從來就沒有(you)減弱過,所以這也成了織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)有(you)恃無恐(kong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)大(da)(da)原因。
織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長對(dui)鐵炮傳(chuan)入(ru)日(ri)本(ben)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種子島槍(qiang)感興趣,且(qie)不拘泥于身份地(di)位(wei),和一般人(ren)民一樣與市里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)輕(qing)人(ren)一起(qi)玩耍,這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事廣為人(ren)知。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長還是少(shao)(shao)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)期,父(fu)親(qin)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)秀(xiu)在表面上臣服于清州(zhou)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)家(jia),然而織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長只(zhi)帶了幾個人(ren)就到清州(zhou)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)家(jia)支配下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清州(zhou)城放火等行動(dong),令父(fu)親(qin)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)秀(xiu)相當(dang)吃(chi)驚(jing)。少(shao)(shao)年(nian)時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長極其大膽。三河國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戶田(tian)康光(guang)背叛今川(chuan)氏投奔織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)家(jia)時(shi)(shi),戶田(tian)將松平竹(zhu)千代(dai)(即日(ri)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)德川(chuan)家(jia)康)賣給了織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)家(jia),當(dang)時(shi)(shi)年(nian)輕(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)長和成(cheng)(cheng)為人(ren)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)松平竹(zhu)千代(dai),一起(qi)度過了少(shao)(shao)年(nian)時(shi)(shi)光(guang)。這段往事后(hou)來(lai)成(cheng)(cheng)為兩人(ren)締結了穩固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)盟關系(xi)(清州(zhou)同(tong)盟)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個助力(li)。
天文十(shi)五年(nian)(1546年(nian)),在古(gu)渡城(cheng)元服之后,改(gai)稱(cheng)為三郎信長。1548年(nian),負責教育、照顧信長的(de)平手政秀提出與(yu)信秀宿敵的(de)美濃(nong)國大(da)名,人稱(cheng)“蝮蛇”的(de)齋藤道(dao)三(さいとう どうさん)的(de)長女濃(nong)姬(のうひめ)政治聯姻的(de)策略。
天文二(er)十年(1551年),織田信秀在尾張尚(shang)未統一(yi)又有強敵(di)今川義元(yuan)(いまがわ よしもと)的內憂(you)外(wai)患下,終于因酒色過度中風而死。身(shen)為(wei)嫡長(chang)子(zi)的織田信長(chang)因而繼承家(jia)督。在織田信秀的葬(zang)禮上,織田信長(chang)一(yi)反傳統,對父親的祭壇投擲抹香而引來爭議。
天文二(er)十二(er)年(1553年),負責(ze)教育、照顧信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)平(ping)手政(zheng)秀為了(le)勸諫織田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)奇行(xing)而(er)切腹自盡。織田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)也為此感(gan)到(dao)悲(bei)嘆(tan)、找來澤彥和尚(宗恩)建(jian)立了(le)政(zheng)秀寺(si)來悼念平(ping)手政(zheng)秀的(de)(de)亡(wang)靈(但另(ling)一(yi)說是(shi)政(zheng)秀并(bing)非為了(le)死(si)諫信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)而(er)是(shi)因為其子(zi)(zi)五(wu)郎右(you)衛門(men)泛秀和信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)不和)。同年,織田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)在正德(de)寺(si)與岳父(fu)齋(zhai)(zhai)藤道(dao)三(san)會面,當時齋(zhai)(zhai)藤道(dao)三(san)察覺到(dao)被稱為“傻(sha)瓜”的(de)(de)織田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)真正才識,曾發出(chu)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)感(gan)嘆(tan):“我(wo)的(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)孫,估(gu)計以后(hou)(hou)只有為他牽馬的(de)(de)命啊”。從此之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),齋(zhai)(zhai)藤道(dao)三(san)全(quan)力支(zhi)持織田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang),并(bing)在被親子(zi)(zi)齋(zhai)(zhai)藤義龍(さいとう よしたつ)殺死(si)后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)美(mei)濃一(yi)國作為嫁妝(zhuang)送(song)給了(le)織田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)。
自從織(zhi)(zhi)田信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)秀(xiu)死后,從很久以前就對(dui)(dui)織(zhi)(zhi)田信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長行為不滿的(de)織(zhi)(zhi)田家重(zhong)臣林(lin)秀(xiu)貞、林(lin)通(tong)具、柴田勝家等人,打算廢掉放浪不羈的(de)織(zhi)(zhi)田信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長而(er)改立以聰明(ming)著稱的(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長親(qin)弟弟織(zhi)(zhi)田信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)行為織(zhi)(zhi)田家主(zhu)君。為了(le)對(dui)(dui)抗他(ta)們(men),織(zhi)(zhi)田信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長拉(la)攏森可成(cheng)(cheng)、佐佐成(cheng)(cheng)政、河尻秀(xiu)隆等人加入己方陣(zhen)營,開始了(le)骨肉相(xiang)爭。
弘治(zhi)二年(1556年)4月,齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)義龍謀殺已(yi)經隱居的親(qin)父齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)道(dao)三。齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)道(dao)三派(pai)出(chu)(chu)親(qin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)豬子兵介(jie)向織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)請求援軍。信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)雖然應邀派(pai)出(chu)(chu)了援軍,但(dan)為時已(yi)晚,齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)道(dao)三被齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)義龍手(shou)下的小牧元太殺死。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)失去齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)道(dao)三的支持后(hou),織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)行派(pai)認為這是(shi)攻擊的好機會,同年8月24日舉兵和織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)對抗,但(dan)在稻生之戰中(zhong)以落敗告終。隨后(hou),織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)雖包圍了守末森城不(bu)出(chu)(chu)的信(xin)(xin)(xin)行,在經由親(qin)生母土田(tian)(tian)(tian)御前的中(zhong)介(jie)后(hou),赦免了織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)行、柴田(tian)(tian)(tian)勝家等(deng)人(ren)。
弘(hong)治三年(nian)(1557年(nian)),織(zhi)田信(xin)行(xing)再(zai)度企圖謀(mou)反。在稻(dao)生之戰后,和織(zhi)田信(xin)長有所聯系的(de)柴田勝(sheng)家密告此事。織(zhi)田信(xin)長知道(dao)信(xin)行(xing)謀(mou)反一事后,詐病將信(xin)行(xing)騙(pian)出清州城,并派自己最信(xin)賴的(de)河尻秀(xiu)隆將其(qi)暗(an)殺。
當時(shi),尾(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)守護(hu)斯(si)(si)波(bo)氏的(de)(de)權(quan)勢(shi)開(kai)始沒落,因此尾(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)下四郡(jun)的(de)(de)守護(hu)代織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)大(da)和守家(jia)主君織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)友(you)掌握了(le)實權(quan)。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)的(de)(de)父親(qin)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)秀雖是織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)友(you)旗下三奉行的(de)(de)其(qi)中之一,卻憑借其(qi)智勇來拓展對尾(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)國中西部的(de)(de)支配權(quan)。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)秀死后(hou),織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)繼(ji)任。信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)友(you)則支持信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)行繼(ji)任家(jia)督之位而與(yu)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)敵對,并擬定謀(mou)殺(sha)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)的(de)(de)計(ji)劃(hua)。只(zhi)是,早已被信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)友(you)視(shi)為傀(kui)儡政權(quan)的(de)(de)尾(wei)張(zhang)(zhang)守護(hu)斯(si)(si)波(bo)義(yi)統(tong)卻把(ba)謀(mou)殺(sha)計(ji)劃(hua)事先(xian)密告(gao)給織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)。對此感到暴怒(nu)的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)友(you),趁斯(si)(si)波(bo)義(yi)統(tong)與(yu)嫡(di)男(nan)斯(si)(si)波(bo)義(yi)銀帶兵前(qian)往河川打獵(川獵或川狩)的(de)(de)時(shi)候,殺(sha)害(hai)了(le)斯(si)(si)波(bo)義(yi)統(tong)。
因此,斯波(bo)義(yi)銀與其(qi)弟毛(mao)利秀(xiu)賴、津川義(yi)冬等斯波(bo)一族則逃往織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)之處(chu)尋求保(bao)護,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)將織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)友(you)列(lie)為殺害(hai)斯波(bo)義(yi)統的謀反者,并(bing)命令叔父織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)光(guang)(守山城主)殺害(hai)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)友(you)。于是(shi)尾(wei)張下四郡的守護代清州織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)家滅亡,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)庶家的織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)成為織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)家的首領。
接著,織(zhi)田信(xin)長與同族犬山(shan)城主織(zhi)田信(xin)清(qing)(qing)等,擊敗(bai)清(qing)(qing)州織(zhi)田家的(de)宿(su)敵織(zhi)田一(yi)(yi)門(men)宗家的(de)上(shang)四郡守護代織(zhi)田信(xin)安(an)(浮野(ye)之戰),并(bing)將其放逐。而被立為新的(de)傀儡守護的(de)斯(si)波義銀(yin),卻和斯(si)波一(yi)(yi)族的(de)石橋氏、同為足利(li)一(yi)(yi)門(men)的(de)吉良氏密謀討伐織(zhi)田信(xin)長,察覺到(dao)此事的(de)織(zhi)田信(xin)長,則將斯(si)波義銀(yin)放逐至斯(si)波氏宗家足利(li)將軍家所在的(de)京都(dou)。至此,織(zhi)田信(xin)長在永祿二(er)年(1559年)確立了(le)對整(zheng)個尾(wei)張國(guo)的(de)支配權(quan)。
今(jin)(jin)川(chuan)義(yi)元早就有舉(ju)兵上(shang)洛之(zhi)心,于天文二十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(1554年(nian)(nian))和甲斐國(今(jin)(jin)山梨縣)守護武田晴(qing)信(xin)(武田信(xin)玄),以及相(xiang)模國(約當今(jin)(jin)神(shen)奈川(chuan)縣)小田原(yuan)城(cheng)主北條氏康組成“甲駿相(xiang)三(san)國同盟(meng)”,斷絕(jue)了(le)(le)領國北面和東面的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)顧之(zhi)憂,開始積極(ji)籌劃向西(xi)進(jin)軍(jun)。永祿三(san)年(nian)(nian)(1560年(nian)(nian)),在織(zhi)田信(xin)長初步安(an)定尾(wei)張國之(zhi)后(hou),東海道大名(ming)今(jin)(jin)川(chuan)義(yi)元(いまがわ よしもと)親自率軍(jun)攻入(ru)尾(wei)張國境內(nei),今(jin)(jin)川(chuan)義(yi)元對今(jin)(jin)川(chuan)家(jia)進(jin)行了(le)(le)掃境出動的(de)(de)(de)全動員。當時今(jin)(jin)川(chuan)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)領地駿河、遠江、三(san)河,三(san)國的(de)(de)(de)石高在七(qi)十萬石上(shang)下,今(jin)(jin)川(chuan)義(yi)元做了(le)(le)全動員,集(ji)結了(le)(le)20000到25000的(de)(de)(de)兵力。先(xian)鋒(feng)大將井伊(yi)直(zhi)盛沿東海道一(yi)路西(xi)進(jin),其中包(bao)括德(de)川(chuan)家(jia)康(とくがわ いえやす)。
永祿三(san)年(nian)(1560年(nian))5月19日,織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)率領4000兵力(li)(li)出陣,此時(下午1時),桶狹間一帶突然下起了大(da)雨。織(zhi)田軍(jun)的(de)士兵們(men)大(da)喜,于桶狹間偷(tou)襲今川義(yi)元(yuan),今川義(yi)元(yuan)戰(zhan)死、今川軍(jun)因而(er)敗退。戰(zhan)后,原本稱霸東海(hai)道的(de)今川氏從(cong)此沒落,而(er)獲勝的(de)織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)則在(zai)中日本和(he)近畿(ji)地方迅速擴張勢(shi)力(li)(li),奠(dian)定(ding)其日后掌握日本中央政權的(de)權力(li)(li)基(ji)礎(chu)。
之(zhi)后三河國(guo)的(de)松(song)平元(yuan)康(德川家康)接受了(le)織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)的(de)私下求和(he),在兩國(guo)將軍(jun)隊撤離邊界與厘清彼此(ci)的(de)國(guo)界之(zhi)后,織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)邀請松(song)平元(yuan)康前往(wang)尾張(zhang)的(de)清洲城締結盟(meng)(meng)約,史稱“清州同盟(meng)(meng)”。清州同盟(meng)(meng)的(de)訂立,穩(wen)定了(le)織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)的(de)東翼不(bu)被威脅,至此(ci),織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)開始專心向西發展勢力。
桶狹間合戰(おけはざまのたたかい)之(zhi)后(hou),織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)開始針對(dui)(dui)殺害(hai)與織(zhi)田家(jia)(jia)同(tong)盟的(de)齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)道三而成(cheng)為美濃國(guo)領主的(de)齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)義(yi)(yi)龍(long)。齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)義(yi)(yi)龍(long)為一勇將,即便是(shi)織(zhi)田軍也(ye)難以(yi)擊敗。然而永祿四年(1561年)齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)義(yi)(yi)龍(long)突然死(si)去,由(you)嫡男(nan)齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)龍(long)興繼任家(jia)(jia)督,齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)家(jia)(jia)的(de)家(jia)(jia)臣們內部(bu)開始分裂,織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)得以(yi)在對(dui)(dui)齋(zhai)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏戰上取得優勢。
永祿(lu)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1564年(nian)(nian)(nian)),織田信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)將(jiang)(jiang)妹(mei)(mei)妹(mei)(mei)阿市嫁給北近江的淺井長(chang)(chang)政(あざいながまさ)締(di)結同盟,以強化(hua)對齋藤(teng)氏的牽制。永祿(lu)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1566年(nian)(nian)(nian)),織田信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)進攻(gong)墨俁受(shou)阻,命令(ling)木下藤(teng)吉郎(日(ri)后的羽柴(chai)秀(xiu)吉)建立墨俁城,并以該城為據點(dian)。隨著西美濃三人(ren)眾(zhong)(稻葉一鐵(tie)、氏家卜全、安藤(teng)守(shou)就)、其相關(guan)者(竹(zhu)中(zhong)半(ban)兵衛等)、其它如(ru)蜂(feng)須賀(he)正勝、前野(ye)長(chang)(chang)康(kang)、金森長(chang)(chang)近等人(ren)加入信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)陣營,終于在永祿(lu)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1567年(nian)(nian)(nian))于伊勢長(chang)(chang)島擊敗齋藤(teng)龍興,將(jiang)(jiang)美濃國(guo)納入版圖(tu)。成(cheng)為統治(zhi)尾張美濃兩國(guo)的大(da)名(ming)時(shi),織田信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)時(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)33歲(sui)。
織(zhi)田信長(chang)取得美(mei)濃(nong)后(hou),采用(yong)中國周朝立于岐(qi)山后(hou),打(da)倒(dao)殷朝統(tong)一(yi)天下(xia)(xia)的故(gu)事,將美(mei)濃(nong)國舊主土岐(qi)氏齋(zhai)藤氏的據點井之口(kou)改名(ming)為岐(qi)阜(ぎふじょう)。此(ci)時(shi)開(kai)始使(shi)用(yong)“天下(xia)(xia)布武”(てんかふぶ)印,并正式以統(tong)一(yi)全日(ri)本(ben)為目標。永祿十年(1567年)11月(yue)9日(ri),正親町天皇正式封織(zhi)田信長(chang)為“古今無雙名(ming)將”予以褒(bao)獎。
永(yong)(yong)祿八年(nian)(1565年(nian)),以京都(dou)為(wei)中(zhong)心(xin)掌控畿內的權力(li)者管領細川氏(shi)的執事三(san)(san)好(hao)(hao)(hao)氏(shi),實(shi)權被(bei)有(you)力(li)武(wu)將三(san)(san)好(hao)(hao)(hao)長(chang)逸、三(san)(san)好(hao)(hao)(hao)政康(kang)、巖(yan)成(cheng)友通(tong)等三(san)(san)好(hao)(hao)(hao)三(san)(san)人眾與(yu)松永(yong)(yong)久(jiu)秀(xiu)所(suo)把握(wo)。意圖使(shi)室町幕府權力(li)復活的第13代將軍(jun)足(zu)利義(yi)(yi)輝與(yu)三(san)(san)好(hao)(hao)(hao)氏(shi)的對立日趨(qu)嚴(yan)重,終(zhong)遭(zao)暗(an)殺(sha)。接(jie)著三(san)(san)好(hao)(hao)(hao)氏(shi)擁立足(zu)利義(yi)(yi)輝的堂弟(di)足(zu)利義(yi)(yi)榮為(wei)第14代將軍(jun)以作為(wei)其傀(kui)儡(lei)。松永(yong)(yong)久(jiu)秀(xiu)等人進一(yi)步欲暗(an)殺(sha)足(zu)利義(yi)(yi)輝之弟(di)足(zu)利義(yi)(yi)昭(zhao)(あしかが よしあき),足(zu)利義(yi)(yi)昭(zhao)在(zai)細川藤孝、和(he)田惟政等幕僚的支(zhi)援下逃出(chu)了(le)京都(dou)投(tou)奔越前國的朝倉義(yi)(yi)景。足(zu)利義(yi)(yi)昭(zhao)在(zai)看不到朝倉義(yi)(yi)景有(you)討伐(fa)三(san)(san)好(hao)(hao)(hao)氏(shi)的動靜后失去了(le)耐心(xin)。
永祿十一年(nian)(1568年(nian))7月,足利義昭開(kai)始接近美濃,織田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)承諾為足利義昭討伐(fa)三好氏(shi)的(de)同時(shi),將(jiang)養女雪(xue)姬嫁給武田(tian)(tian)信(xin)玄(xuan)(xuan)的(de)四男武田(tian)(tian)勝賴(lai),藉此(ci)與美濃國(guo)(guo)相(xiang)鄰的(de)甲斐戰國(guo)(guo)大名(ming)武田(tian)(tian)信(xin)玄(xuan)(xuan)締結(jie)同盟(meng)。但(dan)雪(xue)姬于產下武田(tian)(tian)信(xin)勝后逝(shi)世,為此(ci)織田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)讓嫡男織田(tian)(tian)信(xin)忠(zhong)與武田(tian)(tian)信(xin)玄(xuan)(xuan)六(liu)女松(song)姬約(yue)定婚約(yue)以保持友好關系,此(ci)作法也應用至(zhi)周圍(wei)各勢力(li)以鞏固本國(guo)(guo)內外。
9月,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)以天下(xia)布武的(de)(de)(de)大義(yi)名分,擁(yong)立(li)足(zu)利(li)義(yi)昭為(wei)(wei)第15代(dai)將(jiang)軍(jun)并開始上(shang)(shang)洛(luo)。對抗織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)上(shang)(shang)洛(luo)的(de)(de)(de)南近江戰國大名六角義(yi)賢、六角義(yi)治父子(zi)(zi),在織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)猛攻(gong)下(xia),觀音寺城遭攻(gong)陷并逃(tao)(tao)亡伊賀,至(zhi)(zhi)此(ci)六角氏(shi)(shi)(shi)滅亡。此(ci)后六角氏(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)展開反抗織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)游擊(ji)戰。見(jian)到織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)前往京(jing)都的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)洛(luo)行(xing)動(dong),執(zhi)中央政(zheng)治牛耳的(de)(de)(de)三好義(yi)繼(ji)、松永久秀等人(ren)了解到織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)實力(li)而臣服,其(qi)它(ta)隸屬于三好三人(ren)眾的(de)(de)(de)勢力(li)多數逃(tao)(tao)亡至(zhi)(zhi)阿(a)波。剩下(xia)如(ru)池田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)勝正等人(ren)也投降織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)。至(zhi)(zhi)此(ci),從三好長(chang)慶以來,執(zhi)掌(zhang)中央政(zheng)治的(de)(de)(de)三好松永政(zheng)權面臨織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)閃電般迅速的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)洛(luo)僅半個(ge)月就垮臺,擁(yong)立(li)足(zu)利(li)義(yi)昭為(wei)(wei)第15代(dai)將(jiang)軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)所建立(li)的(de)(de)(de)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)政(zheng)權誕生。此(ci)時,足(zu)利(li)義(yi)昭勸(quan)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)擔任副將(jiang)軍(jun)之位,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)看(kan)透(tou)了將(jiang)軍(jun)家的(de)(de)(de)盤算并謝(xie)絕之。此(ci)時,開始對伊勢的(de)(de)(de)侵攻(gong),永祿十一(yi)年(nian)(1568年(nian))神(shen)戶(hu)具盛投降,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)將(jiang)三男織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)孝送往神(shen)戶(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)其(qi)養子(zi)(zi)。
永祿十二(er)年(1569年),織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長和伊(yi)(yi)勢(shi)國(guo)(guo)司(si)北畠(畠)具(ju)教(jiao)開戰。具(ju)教(jiao)奮(fen)戰后仍居劣(lie)勢(shi),于是接受織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長開出的條(tiao)件而(er)投降。該(gai)條(tiao)件是“織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長次男(nan)(nan)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)雄作(zuo)為(wei)具(ju)教(jiao)嫡男(nan)(nan)北畠(畠)具(ju)房的養子(zi)(zi)”。此后,伊(yi)(yi)勢(shi)國(guo)(guo)為(wei)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)氏(shi)所支配。天正四年(1576年),織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長打(da)破對北畠(畠)親子(zi)(zi)人(ren)身安(an)全的承諾,北畠(畠)具(ju)教(jiao)與次子(zi)(zi)長野具(ju)藤一同被(bei)殺,北畠(畠)具(ju)房數(shu)年后在幽禁中死去。織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長對伊(yi)(yi)勢(shi)的神(shen)(shen)(shen)戶(hu)具(ju)盛(sheng)(sheng)亦采同樣(yang)的政(zheng)策(ce)。神(shen)(shen)(shen)戶(hu)氏(shi)接受織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)孝成為(wei)神(shen)(shen)(shen)戶(hu)家養子(zi)(zi)后,神(shen)(shen)(shen)戶(hu)具(ju)盛(sheng)(sheng)被(bei)軟禁。
永祿十二年(1569年)1月,趁(chen)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)率領織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)力(li)(li)返(fan)回美濃(nong)的(de)空隙(xi)時,三(san)(san)好三(san)(san)人眾(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)齋藤龍(long)興等(deng)美濃(nong)浪(lang)人眾(zhong)(zhong)共謀(mou)襲擊足利(li)(li)(li)義昭(zhao)御(yu)所(suo)所(suo)在(zai)的(de)六(liu)(liu)條(tiao)本國(guo)寺(六(liu)(liu)條(tiao)合(he)戰(zhan))。織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)在(zai)大雪(xue)中堪稱神速的(de)行軍(jun)(jun)(jun),僅用兩(liang)天(tian)(tian)援軍(jun)(jun)(jun)就抵(di)(di)達京(jing)都(dou)(當時從(cong)岐阜(fu)到京(jing)都(dou)需歷(li)時3天(tian)(tian)),而在(zai)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)抵(di)(di)達前,由于(yu)(yu)淺井長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)政援軍(jun)(jun)(jun)與(yu)明(ming)智光秀的(de)奮戰(zhan)擊退了三(san)(san)好齋藤軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。呼應三(san)(san)好軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)入(ru)江(jiang)春景于(yu)(yu)高槻城遭(zao)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)進攻。入(ru)江(jiang)春景投降后(hou),織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)不再原(yuan)諒其背叛而處(chu)刑之。同(tong)一天(tian)(tian),織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)要求堺市交(jiao)出兩(liang)萬(wan)貫的(de)矢錢(軍(jun)(jun)(jun)費),要求商人們服從(cong)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)家。此(ci)動作讓(rang)堺會(hui)合(he)眾(zhong)(zhong)(商人聯合(he)會(hui))原(yuan)先仰賴三(san)(san)好三(san)(san)人眾(zhong)(zhong)抵(di)(di)抗織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),在(zai)三(san)(san)好三(san)(san)人眾(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)擊退后(hou),臣服于(yu)(yu)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。如(ru)此(ci)一來,織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)成功地(di)擴大于(yu)(yu)畿內的(de)勢力(li)(li)。同(tong)年,織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)限(xian)制(zhi)足利(li)(li)(li)義昭(zhao)的(de)幕(mu)府將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)權力(li)(li),訂(ding)立了稱為(wei)“殿中御(yu)掟”9條(tiao)的(de)掟書(公布法或(huo)公定法)之后(hou)又追加了7條(tiao)昭(zhao)告天(tian)(tian)下,并讓(rang)足利(li)(li)(li)義昭(zhao)承認(ren)這項命令。但(dan)因此(ci)事(shi)使得足利(li)(li)(li)義昭(zhao)與(yu)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)對立已然成形(xing)。
永祿十三年(1570年)4月,織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)為了討(tao)伐數度無視上(shang)洛命令(ling)的(de)(de)越(yue)前大名朝倉(cang)(cang)義(yi)景,打(da)破(po)了與淺(qian)井(jing)(jing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)政同盟時(shi)的(de)(de)約(yue)定(不(bu)得(de)進攻淺(qian)井(jing)(jing)氏的(de)(de)盟友(you)朝倉(cang)(cang)氏),并與盟友(you)德(de)(de)川(chuan)家康一起進軍越(yue)前。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)、德(de)(de)川(chuan)聯軍逐步攻擊朝倉(cang)(cang)氏各個城池,進逼到金崎(qi)城時(shi),淺(qian)井(jing)(jing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)政突出兵救援朝倉(cang)(cang)氏,織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)察覺淺(qian)井(jing)(jing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)政叛變后,開始進行撤退,導(dao)致聯軍陷(xian)入(ru)退路被(bei)截的(de)(de)危機(ji)。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)在負責斷后的(de)(de)殿軍池田(tian)(tian)(tian)恒(heng)興(殿軍總大將)、明智光秀(xiu)、木下秀(xiu)吉(即日后的(de)(de)豐(feng)臣(chen)秀(xiu)吉)等(deng)(deng)人的(de)(de)奮戰之(zhi)下(此(ci)即金崎(qi)之(zhi)戰),終于得(de)以(yi)逃回京都。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)返回京都時(shi),據言(yan)身邊只剩(sheng)下約(yue)10人。將軍足(zu)利(li)義(yi)昭趁此(ci)機(ji)會與織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)對(dui)立白熱(re)化,發布了打(da)倒織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)命令(ling)到各國,包括(kuo)朝倉(cang)(cang)義(yi)景、淺(qian)井(jing)(jing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)政、武田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)玄(xuan)、毛利(li)輝元(yuan)、三好三人眾(zhong),甚至比(bi)睿山延歷(li)寺(si)、石(shi)山本愿(yuan)寺(si)、雜(za)賀眾(zhong)等(deng)(deng)寺(si)廟勢力都被(bei)找(zhao)來,組成了“信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)包圍(wei)(wei)網”(のぶながほういもう)。為對(dui)抗包圍(wei)(wei)網,織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)開始討(tao)伐淺(qian)井(jing)(jing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)政。
永祿(lu)十三年(1570年)6月(yue),在近江姊川(chuan)河(he)原聯(lian)(lian)合(he)德川(chuan)家康(kang)軍(jun)與淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)、朝(chao)倉(cang)(cang)聯(lian)(lian)軍(jun)對戰(zhan)(姊川(chuan)之(zhi)戰(zhan))。會戰(zhan)中織田軍(jun)一度(du)因淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)方先鋒磯野員昌突破了自軍(jun)13段備的11段而陷入苦戰(zhan),幸有賴德川(chuan)軍(jun)擊(ji)破朝(chao)倉(cang)(cang)軍(jun)后聯(lian)(lian)手夾(jia)擊(ji)淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)軍(jun),終于擊(ji)潰淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)、朝(chao)倉(cang)(cang)聯(lian)(lian)軍(jun)。
元龜元年(nian)(nian)(1570年(nian)(nian))8月(yue),織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)出(chu)兵(bing)(bing)討伐于(yu)攝(she)津舉兵(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)三(san)好三(san)人(ren)眾(zhong),因石山(shan)本(ben)愿寺的(de)(de)(de)援軍(jun)(jun)等(deng)原因而苦戰。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)本(ben)隊在(zai)攝(she)津國與(yu)三(san)好三(san)人(ren)眾(zhong)對陣(zhen)時,淺(qian)井長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)政(zheng)、朝倉義(yi)景、延歷寺等(deng)3萬聯軍(jun)(jun)進攻近江坂(ban)本(ben),抵抗聯軍(jun)(jun)攻勢的(de)(de)(de)近江織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)敗(bai)于(yu)人(ren)數(shu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)劣(lie)勢,信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)重(zhong)臣(chen)(chen)中(zhong)名將森可(ke)成與(yu)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)弟織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)治(zhi)因此(ci)戰死(si)。為此(ci)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)于(yu)9月(yue)23日(ri)(ri)凌晨神速從攝(she)津本(ben)隊返回近江,慌(huang)亂的(de)(de)(de)淺(qian)井長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)政(zheng)、朝倉義(yi)景等(deng)人(ren)于(yu)比睿山(shan)布(bu)陣(zhen)抵抗織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)則(ze)在(zai)近江國志賀與(yu)淺(qian)井、朝倉聯軍(jun)(jun)對峙(志賀之(zhi)(zhi)陣(zhen))。然而此(ci)時受命(ming)于(yu)本(ben)愿寺法主顯如(ru)的(de)(de)(de)伊勢長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)島一向一揆眾(zhong)舉起(qi)叛(pan)旗,織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)之(zhi)(zhi)弟織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)、重(zhong)臣(chen)(chen)坂(ban)井政(zheng)尚(shang)因此(ci)喪(sang)命(ming),織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)也陷入進退(tui)不得的(de)(de)(de)窘(jiong)(jiong)境。為打開窘(jiong)(jiong)境,織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)奏(zou)請正親町天皇(huang)頒布(bu)敕(chi)令。12月(yue)13日(ri)(ri),因天皇(huang)敕(chi)令而成功(gong)與(yu)淺(qian)井、朝倉軍(jun)(jun)和解(jie)。此(ci)時據(ju)大久保忠教所記載的(de)(de)(de)“三(san)河物語”中(zhong),提到(dao)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)對朝倉義(yi)景的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法是“天下是朝倉大人(ren)所有,我將不再(zai)(zai)妄想(xiang)”。元龜二年(nian)(nian)(1571年(nian)(nian))9月(yue),織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)數(shu)度(du)要求僧兵(bing)(bing)撤退(tui),發出(chu)多次“避難勸告(gao)”,后(hou)放火燒(shao)掉(diao)仍持續抵抗的(de)(de)(de)比睿山(shan)延歷寺,即火燒(shao)比睿山(shan)(ひえいざん),此(ci)舉堅定了武田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)玄(たけだ しんげん)上(shang)洛的(de)(de)(de)決心。成為佛敵后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),一向一揆以及淺(qian)井、朝倉方面再(zai)(zai)度(du)出(chu)兵(bing)(bing)。
元龜三(san)年(nian)(1572年(nian))7月(yue),織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)嫡(di)男(nan)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)忠(zhong)初次(ci)出(chu)(chu)陣。此時(shi)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)和(he)淺(qian)井、朝(chao)倉聯(lian)軍(jun)(jun)之間有持續不斷的(de)(de)(de)小規模戰(zhan)斗,但戰(zhan)況(kuang)漸(jian)漸(jian)對織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)一方有利。8月(yue),朝(chao)倉軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)將(jiang)前(qian)波吉繼、富田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)長(chang)(chang)(chang)繁、戶田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)與次(ci)等(deng)人投(tou)降織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)。10月(yue),甲斐的(de)(de)(de)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)玄(xuan)呼(hu)應足利義昭的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)兵(bing)邀請,終于開始(shi)上洛。武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)總(zong)兵(bing)力(li)3萬,大(da)(da)軍(jun)(jun)開始(shi)侵攻(gong)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)領(ling)(ling)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)東美濃與德(de)(de)(de)(de)川(chuan)領(ling)(ling)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)遠(yuan)江、三(san)河(he)。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、德(de)(de)(de)(de)川(chuan)軍(jun)(jun)開始(shi)抵抗。但在武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)將(jiang)秋(qiu)山信(xin)(xin)友進攻(gong)東美濃的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)村(cun)城時(shi),城主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)遠(yuan)山景任(直廉)病死。景任遺孀巖(yan)村(cun)殿(信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)叔母)將(jiang)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)五男(nan)坊丸(wan)(日后的(de)(de)(de)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)勝(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang))收為養子,并立織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)勝(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)為城主(zhu)抵抗來軍(jun)(jun),秋(qiu)山信(xin)(xin)友對巖(yan)村(cun)殿使出(chu)(chu)結(jie)(jie)婚(hun)的(de)(de)(de)談和(he)條(tiao)件。實際上巖(yan)村(cun)殿的(de)(de)(de)女兒雪姫和(he)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)勝(sheng)賴結(jie)(jie)婚(hun)生(sheng)下武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)勝(sheng),巖(yan)村(cun)殿跟武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏也可說有姻(yin)親(qin)關系。因此,巖(yan)村(cun)殿開城投(tou)降并和(he)秋(qiu)山信(xin)(xin)友結(jie)(jie)婚(hun),把坊丸(wan)做為人質送往(wang)甲斐,令東美濃大(da)(da)半落入武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)支配。同年(nian),武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)大(da)(da)舉出(chu)(chu)征,目標(biao)是德(de)(de)(de)(de)川(chuan)軍(jun)(jun)三(san)河(he)的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)地(di),德(de)(de)(de)(de)川(chuan)軍(jun)(jun)于一言坂(ban)之戰(zhan)為武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)大(da)(da)敗,接著(zhu)連遠(yuan)江、三(san)河(he)諸(zhu)城都一一陷落,戰(zhan)況(kuang)逐漸(jian)對德(de)(de)(de)(de)川(chuan)軍(jun)(jun)不利。信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)為挽救戰(zhan)況(kuang),派(pai)出(chu)(chu)由佐久間信(xin)(xin)盛、平手(shou)泛秀(xiu)領(ling)(ling)兵(bing)的(de)(de)(de)3000名(ming)援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)到(dao)三(san)河(he),但在12月(yue)遠(yuan)江三(san)方原之戰(zhan)(みかたがはらのたたかい)中,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、德(de)(de)(de)(de)川(chuan)聯(lian)軍(jun)(jun)被武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)大(da)(da)敗,平手(shou)泛秀(xiu)戰(zhan)死,結(jie)(jie)果(guo)援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)未(wei)能解(jie)救德(de)(de)(de)(de)川(chuan)軍(jun)(jun),退回歧阜。
元龜四年(1573年),武(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)軍繼續西上,從遠江開(kai)始進攻三河(he)。2月,開(kai)始攻擊三河(he)的野(ye)田(tian)(tian)城,而(er)將軍足利義昭則在(zai)三好義繼及松永(yong)久秀等人協助下舉(ju)兵(bing)呼應武(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)玄的上洛行動。兩面受敵的織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)長為解決困境,4月5日(ri),經正親町天皇出(chu)面(發(fa)出(chu)敕(chi)令)與(yu)足利義昭和解。接著4月12日(ri),正當武(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)玄一舉(ju)上洛之時突然病死于信(xin)(xin)濃國駒場(今長野(ye)縣(xian)下伊那郡阿(a)智村(cun)),武(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)軍帶回(hui)信(xin)(xin)玄遺體(ti)返回(hui)甲斐。
由(you)于武田信(xin)玄死去(qu),織田信(xin)長(chang)得(de)以趁勢(shi)重(zhong)整軍備。接著元龜四(si)年(1573年)7月,舉起叛旗后守在二條城(cheng)、槙島(dao)城(cheng)的足利義昭遭織田信(xin)長(chang)擊敗,從京(jing)都被放(fang)逐、至此室町時代終(zhong)結。
元(yuan)龜四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1573年(nian)(nian)(nian))7月(yue)28日,織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)奏請朝廷將年(nian)(nian)(nian)號從元(yuan)龜改為天正。天正元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1573年(nian)(nian)(nian))8月(yue),織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)命細川藤孝討伐守在淀城的(de)三(san)好(hao)三(san)人(ren)眾其(qi)中一(yi)人(ren)巖成友通(tong),友通(tong)遭擊(ji)敗。同月(yue),織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)率領3萬兵力行軍至越前,于刀根坂之戰擊(ji)敗朝倉軍。攻(gong)下朝倉氏后,轉(zhuan)往攻(gong)擊(ji)于小(xiao)谷城的(de)淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)久政(zheng)(zheng)、淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)政(zheng)(zheng)父(fu)(fu)子,在信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)攻(gong)擊(ji)下,小(xiao)谷城陷(xian)落(luo),淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)久政(zheng)(zheng),淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)政(zheng)(zheng)父(fu)(fu)子皆剖(pou)腹自殺,織(zhi)田信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)將淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)政(zheng)(zheng)之子萬福丸處死(si),淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)氏滅亡。在此時,帶回了嫁給淺(qian)(qian)井(jing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)之妹阿市。
天(tian)正(zheng)元年(1573年)9月(yue)24日(ri),織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信長(chang)(chang)以尾張美濃伊(yi)勢軍(jun)隊為(wei)中(zhong)心,率領3萬兵力往伊(yi)勢長(chang)(chang)島(dao)行軍(jun)。織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)軍(jun)在瀧川一(yi)益等(deng)人的(de)活躍下(xia),約(yue)半個月(yue)就一(yi)一(yi)攻陷(xian)長(chang)(chang)島(dao)周邊的(de)敵城(cheng),但由于(yu)長(chang)(chang)島(dao)的(de)一(yi)向(xiang)一(yi)揆(kui)強烈(lie)抵(di)抗,厭(yan)惡(e)長(chang)(chang)期戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信長(chang)(chang)開始(shi)于(yu)10月(yue)25日(ri)撤(che)退。而在撤(che)退途中(zhong),受到一(yi)揆(kui)軍(jun)的(de)追擊,導致織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)軍(jun)苦(ku)戰(zhan)(zhan)、林新次郎通政戰(zhan)(zhan)死。11月(yue),河(he)內(nei)國的(de)三(san)好(hao)義(yi)(yi)繼(ji)配(pei)合足利義(yi)(yi)昭開始(shi)叛亂。織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信長(chang)(chang)以佐(zuo)久間信盛為(wei)總大(da)將,將軍(jun)隊送往河(he)內(nei),三(san)好(hao)義(yi)(yi)繼(ji)的(de)三(san)家老因懼怕信長(chang)(chang)的(de)實力背叛了義(yi)(yi)繼(ji),三(san)好(hao)義(yi)(yi)繼(ji)于(yu)天(tian)正(zheng)元年(1573年)11月(yue)16日(ri)自殺,至此三(san)好(hao)氏滅亡。
天正(zheng)元年(1573年)12月26日(ri),于大(da)和(he)的(de)松永(yong)久(jiu)秀(xiu)終也無計可施(shi),獻出多聞(wen)山城(cheng)并投降織(zhi)田信長(chang)。結果武田信玄病(bing)死僅(jin)不(bu)到一年,加入(ru)信長(chang)包圍網的(de)大(da)名(ming)、大(da)部分皆為織(zhi)田信長(chang)所擊敗(bai)。
天(tian)(tian)正二年(1574年)1月,攻下(xia)朝(chao)倉(cang)氏后,越前(qian)(qian)雖(sui)成為(wei)(wei)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)家領土,但(dan)地頭武(wu)(wu)士與本愿寺(si)門徒卻掀起(qi)叛亂(luan),富田(tian)(tian)(tian)長(chang)(chang)繁(fan)在(zai)一(yi)乘谷殺害了(le)守護代前(qian)(qian)波吉(ji)繼(桂田(tian)(tian)(tian)長(chang)(chang)俊)。接著呼應此(ci)叛亂(luan),甲(jia)斐的(de)武(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)勝賴也(ye)出兵攻打東美濃(nong)。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)決定(ding)與織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)忠一(yi)起(qi)迎擊武(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun),但(dan)在(zai)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)援軍(jun)抵達(da)前(qian)(qian),東美濃(nong)的(de)明智城已被攻陷(xian)。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)為(wei)(wei)避免與武(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)正面沖突而撤退到岐阜(fu)。3月,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)上洛并受任從三(san)位、參議的(de)官位。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)奏請正親町天(tian)(tian)皇表示欲收割(ge)蘭奢待(一(yi)種高級香料)。據言,這是(shi)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)為(wei)(wei)了(le)讓各國知(zhi)道(dao)他與正親町天(tian)(tian)皇之間有密(mi)切關系(xi)所(suo)采取的(de)行動(dong),天(tian)(tian)皇則也(ye)下(xia)了(le)勅令(ling)允許之。由此(ci)契機各國大名知(zhi)道(dao)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)的(de)實力為(wei)(wei)朝(chao)廷所(suo)承認,尤其是(shi)從奧州派往信(xin)長(chang)(chang)處表示友(you)好的(de)使者也(ye)增加(jia)了(le)。
7月(yue),織(zhi)田信長率領3萬大軍(jun),從水陸(lu)路方(fang)面完全包圍了(le)伊勢長島,切斷了(le)敵方(fang)兵(bing)(bing)糧補(bu)給。在一(yi)揆軍(jun)巧妙的(de)戰(zhan)術(shu)下,擊殺了(le)織(zhi)田信長同(tong)父(fu)異母的(de)弟弟織(zhi)田信廣。但8月(yue)后(hou)一(yi)揆軍(jun)陷入兵(bing)(bing)糧不(bu)足(zu)的(de)狀況,在織(zhi)田軍(jun)猛(meng)攻下大鳥居城也被攻陷一(yi)揆軍(jun)超過1000人以上戰(zhan)死(si),戰(zhan)況因此(ci)更(geng)往(wang)織(zhi)田軍(jun)有(you)利的(de)方(fang)向發展。
9月29日(ri),兵糧缺乏的長(chang)(chang)島(dao)城(cheng)門(men)(men)徒(tu)投降,并(bing)向織(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)請求讓其搭船從大坂方(fang)面退(tui)兵,織(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)亦(yi)(yi)接受之。然而(er)織(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)興(xing)、織(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)廣等備受織(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)信(xin)(xin)賴的兄弟被(bei)(bei)殺害(hai),加上一(yi)(yi)揆軍(jun)的退(tui)卻速(su)度(du)遲緩(huan),于(yu)是織(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)下令鐵炮同時射擊搭船的門(men)(men)徒(tu)。一(yi)(yi)揆軍(jun)方(fang)面亦(yi)(yi)被(bei)(bei)激(ji)怒,有一(yi)(yi)部分反過來襲擊織(zhi)田(tian)軍(jun),此(ci)時織(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)之弟織(zhi)田(tian)秀成等人戰死。接下來織(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)針對(dui)困守中江城(cheng)、屋長(chang)(chang)島(dao)城(cheng)的長(chang)(chang)島(dao)門(men)(men)徒(tu),從城(cheng)堡周圍開始(shi)包(bao)圍,最后攻破之。此(ci)時,據傳一(yi)(yi)揆軍(jun)有2萬人為織(zhi)田(tian)軍(jun)所殺害(hai)。經此(ci)戰后,織(zhi)田(tian)信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)成功(gong)地平(ping)定長(chang)(chang)島(dao)門(men)(men)徒(tu)們(men)的叛亂。
天(tian)正三年(nian)(nian)(1575年(nian)(nian))1月(yue),長島門(men)徒們懲罰了協助殺(sha)害長俊但之后反(fan)戈一(yi)擊(ji)的(de)(de)富田長繁等地頭武士、將越前(qian)做(zuo)為屬于一(yi)揆的(de)(de)國土。接(jie)著受(shou)顯如命(ming)令前(qian)往越前(qian)赴任的(de)(de)守護代(dai)為下(xia)間賴(lai)照(zhao),但由于賴(lai)照(zhao)的(de)(de)惡政(zheng)更甚于前(qian)代(dai)領(ling)主桂田長俊,一(yi)揆眾的(de)(de)內部持(chi)續(xu)分裂。
天正三年(nian)(1575年(nian))4月,武(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)勝賴(lai)為(wei)討伐于武(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)玄死后即背叛武(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)家(jia)成(cheng)為(wei)德(de)川(chuan)家(jia)康家(jia)臣(chen)的(de)奧(ao)平貞(zhen)(zhen)昌(chang),率領15000人的(de)兵(bing)(bing)力前往(wang)攻(gong)擊(ji)貞(zhen)(zhen)昌(chang)所在(zai)城長(chang)(chang)(chang)篠(xiao)(xiao)城。但奧(ao)平軍(jun)的(de)善戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)使武(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)在(zai)進攻(gong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)篠(xiao)(xiao)城上花了超出(chu)預期(qi)以上的(de)時間仍無法攻(gong)下。此時織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)于5月12日(ri)(ri)率領3萬大軍(jun)從岐阜出(chu)兵(bing)(bing),5月17日(ri)(ri)在(zai)三河的(de)野田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)與德(de)川(chuan)家(jia)康軍(jun)8000兵(bing)(bing)會合(he)。擴大為(wei)38000兵(bing)(bing)力的(de)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)德(de)川(chuan)連合(he)軍(jun)于5月18日(ri)(ri)布(bu)陣于設樂(le)原。接(jie)著(zhu)5月21日(ri)(ri),織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)德(de)川(chuan)聯合(he)軍(jun)與武(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)開戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(長(chang)(chang)(chang)篠(xiao)(xiao)之戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan))。在(zai)此戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong),織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)將(jiang)鐵炮(pao)隊分成(cheng)三隊、采用節(jie)省裝填彈(dan)藥時間的(de)三段(duan)射擊(ji)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)法。(有一部分人認為(wei)此戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)法真偽未定)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)、德(de)川(chuan)連合(he)軍(jun)在(zai)此場對(dui)武(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)的(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役中(zhong)獲得壓(ya)倒(dao)性的(de)勝利。同(tong)時在(zai)武(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)大軍(jun)下成(cheng)功防衛了長(chang)(chang)(chang)筱城的(de)奧(ao)平貞(zhen)(zhen)昌(chang),領受(shou)信(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)所賜的(de)“信(xin)”字,改(gai)名為(wei)信(xin)昌(chang)。
一(yi)揆眾(zhong)的內部(bu)持續(xu)分裂之(zhi)后,視此(ci)(ci)為(wei)好機會的織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)在(zai)長(chang)篠之(zhi)戰結(jie)束(shu)后,于8月(yue)行軍(jun)前(qian)往越(yue)前(qian)。一(yi)揆軍(jun)雖抵抗了織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)軍(jun),但在(zai)已內部(bu)分裂的情況(kuang)下,一(yi)揆眾(zhong)無法同心(xin)合(he)作迎敵。以(yi)下間賴照與朝倉景(jing)健等人為(wei)首(shou)、約有12250人的越(yue)前(qian)加賀門徒(tu)在(zai)戰役中為(wei)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)軍(jun)所殺(sha)。此(ci)(ci)時,信(xin)長(chang)在(zai)給村井(jing)貞(zhen)勝的信(xin)件中,記下了越(yue)前(qian)的慘(can)狀:“到(dao)處都是死尸、一(yi)點空地也(ye)無。真想讓你(ni)看到(dao)此(ci)(ci)景(jing)”。記載(zai)此(ci)(ci)時從軍(jun)的前(qian)田(tian)(tian)利家(jia)行為(wei)的石版(ban)還存在(zai)著。寫著:“一(yi)揆奮起、此(ci)(ci)后前(qian)田(tian)(tian)又左衛門大人活擒一(yi)揆千(qian)人。依法處刑(xing)(xing)以(yi)磔刑(xing)(xing)、下熱湯、下油鍋。如此(ci)(ci)等事。一(yi)筆(bi)記下”。于是越(yue)前(qian)再(zai)度(du)成為(wei)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)領土,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)將越(yue)前(qian)8郡賜給柴田(tian)(tian)勝家(jia)時,據言信(xin)長(chang)曾指示(shi)勝家(jia)經營北國(guo)的法則(ze)。
天正三年(nian)(nian)(1575年(nian)(nian))11月4日,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)敘任(ren)權大納言(yan),11月7日任(ren)右(you)近衛大將。11月28日,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)讓(rang)(rang)出織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)家(jia)家(jia)督(du)之位給嫡男織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)忠(zhong),同時也讓(rang)(rang)出美濃、尾(wei)張等領地于(yu)原則上隱居(ju)。只是織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)仍然處(chu)于(yu)執行(xing)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)家(jia)政治軍事的立場(chang)。次年(nian)(nian)1月,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)于(yu)琵(pi)琶湖湖岸,開始(shi)(shi)親身指揮建(jian)筑安土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。于(yu)天正七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(1579年(nian)(nian))建(jian)成了五層七(qi)重(zhong)且豪華(hua)絢爛的安土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。據言(yan)安土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)部極為通風。耶穌(su)教(jiao)會(hui)的傳教(jiao)士在寄回母國的信(xin)上贊嘆:“即使歐洲也沒有如(ru)此豪華(hua)的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡”。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)把岐阜城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)讓(rang)(rang)給織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)忠(zhong),并遷入其新筑于(yu)南近江(今滋(zi)賀縣(xian))的安土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)長(chang)就以此為據點(dian)開始(shi)(shi)邁(mai)向(xiang)一統天下之路。
天(tian)(tian)(tian)正四年(1576年)1月(yue)(yue),與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)友好(hao)的(de)丹波(bo)的(de)波(bo)多野秀治舉起叛旗。接著石(shi)山(shan)本(ben)(ben)愿寺(si)(si)(si)也再次舉兵,再一(yi)次反織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)動(dong)作開(kai)(kai)始增強。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)于(yu)4月(yue)(yue)派大(da)將明(ming)智光秀、荒木村重(zhong)、原(yuan)田(tian)(tian)(tian)直(zhi)政(zheng)率領(ling)3萬軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊前往大(da)坂(ban)。但(dan)于(yu)葦原(yuan)之(zhi)戰中(zhong)大(da)敗(bai),以(yi)原(yuan)田(tian)(tian)(tian)直(zhi)政(zheng)為(wei)首有1000人(ren)(ren)以(yi)上(shang)戰死(si)。大(da)坂(ban)的(de)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)石(shi)山(shan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)猛烈攻(gong)勢下(xia),困(kun)守于(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)寺(si)(si)(si)堡壘(lei),遭石(shi)山(shan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)包(bao)(bao)圍,織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)因(yin)此陷(xian)入困(kun)境。5月(yue)(yue)5日,織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)前往若(ruo)江城發出動(dong)員令,卻只(zhi)召(zhao)集(ji)到3000人(ren)(ren)左右。而(er)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)于(yu)5月(yue)(yue)7日早上(shang)、親(qin)自(zi)在(zai)前頭率領(ling)此3000人(ren)(ren)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊、攻(gong)向包(bao)(bao)圍天(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)寺(si)(si)(si)堡壘(lei)的(de)15000人(ren)(ren)的(de)石(shi)山(shan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(天(tian)(tian)(tian)王(wang)寺(si)(si)(si)堡壘(lei)之(zhi)戰)。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)本(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)雖在(zai)激烈戰斗中(zhong)負傷,但(dan)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)本(ben)(ben)人(ren)(ren)的(de)出陣使得(de)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)士氣高昂,最后(hou)(hou)得(de)以(yi)成功擊敗(bai)石(shi)山(shan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)從水(shui)陸路包(bao)(bao)圍石(shi)山(shan)御坊以(yi)斷(duan)絕兵糧。但(dan)在(zai)7月(yue)(yue)13日、石(shi)山(shan)本(ben)(ben)愿寺(si)(si)(si)援軍(jun)(jun)(jun)毛(mao)利(li)村上(shang)水(shui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)800艘(sou)出現并擊敗(bai)了(le)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)水(shui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(木津川之(zhi)戰)后(hou)(hou)、毛(mao)利(li)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將兵糧彈藥搬入石(shi)山(shan)。此時(shi)人(ren)(ren)稱越(yue)后(hou)(hou)之(zhi)龍的(de)大(da)名上(shang)杉謙信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)開(kai)(kai)始與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)敵(di)對(dui)。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)杉謙信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),原(yuan)本(ben)(ben)為(wei)對(dui)抗武田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)玄此一(yi)共同(tong)(tong)(tong)敵(di)人(ren)(ren),于(yu)永祿十(shi)五年(1572年)締結了(le)同(tong)(tong)(tong)盟。在(zai)武田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)玄病死(si)后(hou)(hou),上(shang)杉謙信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)為(wei)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)一(yi)再地(di)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)一(yi)向宗勢力抗爭的(de)行動(dong)所激怒,因(yin)此于(yu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)正四年(1576年)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)山(shan)本(ben)(ben)愿寺(si)(si)(si)和解(jie),并解(jie)除(chu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)盟,明(ming)白地(di)表示與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)對(dui)立。以(yi)上(shang)杉謙信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)為(wei)盟主,毛(mao)利(li)輝元(yuan)、石(shi)山(shan)本(ben)(ben)愿寺(si)(si)(si)、波(bo)多野秀治、紀州雜賀(he)眾等反信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)者同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)步調地(di)開(kai)(kai)始行動(dong)。
針對此狀(zhuang)況,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)在(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)正五年(1577年)2月(yue)(yue)率領(ling)大軍(jun)前往討伐(fa)紀州雜(za)賀(he)眾,由于毛利村上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)水軍(jun)于背(bei)后(hou)援助(zhu)雜(za)賀(he)眾及謙(qian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)進攻(gong)能(neng)(neng)登等(deng)原因(yin),到了3月(yue)(yue),雜(za)賀(he)眾領(ling)袖(xiu)雜(za)賀(he)孫一(yi)投(tou)降(jiang),但沒有提供人質(zhi)給織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),只是在(zai)(zai)形式上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)維持和睦,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)從紀伊撤(che)兵(bing)(bing)。此時,在(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)登七(qi)尾(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)續連一(yi)邊承(cheng)受上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)謙(qian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)攻(gong)擊(ji)一(yi)邊派(pai)(pai)兒子(zi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)連龍向(xiang)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)求援軍(jun)。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)派(pai)(pai)柴田(tian)(tian)勝家(jia)為總(zong)大將(jiang)率領(ling)3萬(wan)為前行軍(jun)隊(dui)、自己(ji)率領(ling)本(ben)(ben)隊(dui)18000人為后(hou)軍(jun)出陣(zhen)。但9月(yue)(yue)15日七(qi)尾(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)淪陷(xian),9月(yue)(yue)23日前軍(jun)遭上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)謙(qian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)所率領(ling)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)軍(jun)所敗(bai)(手(shou)取川之戰(zhan)(zhan))。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)知道戰(zhan)(zhan)況后(hou),為避免與(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)謙(qian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)正面沖突,返回了安(an)土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。大和的(de)(de)松永(yong)久(jiu)(jiu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)見到織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)困境,與(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)謙(qian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)呼(hu)應而(er)舉兵(bing)(bing)反叛。得(de)知久(jiu)(jiu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)謀反的(de)(de)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)從加(jia)賀(he)撤(che)兵(bing)(bing)、派(pai)(pai)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)忠為總(zong)大將(jiang),大軍(jun)前往信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)貴山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于10月(yue)(yue)擊(ji)敗(bai)了松永(yong)久(jiu)(jiu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。松永(yong)久(jiu)(jiu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內天(tian)(tian)守閣放(fang)火自殺。但在(zai)(zai)對上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)謙(qian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)居于不(bu)利立場的(de)(de)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),面臨(lin)毛利氏、石山本(ben)(ben)愿寺的(de)(de)攻(gong)勢再次陷(xian)入困境。10月(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)擊(ji)敗(bai)松永(yong)久(jiu)(jiu)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)后(hou),在(zai)(zai)丹(dan)波龜山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)抵抗(kang)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)內藤定(ding)政(zheng)病(bing)死(si)。龜山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、籾(ni)井城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、笹(笹)山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)丹(dan)波諸(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),旋即為織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)軍(jun)所攻(gong)下。天(tian)(tian)正六年(1578年)3月(yue)(yue)13日,上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)謙(qian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)突然死(si)去。因(yin)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)謙(qian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)沒有子(zi)嗣,于是養子(zi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景勝與(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景虎開始爭奪起(qi)繼承(cheng)權。在(zai)(zai)此時,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)軍(jun)則攻(gong)下了上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)領(ling)土的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)登、加(jia)賀(he)。而(er)由于上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)杉(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)謙(qian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)死(si),信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)包圍網再次崩壞。
進入天(tian)正年號后(hou),織田(tian)家(jia)已具備延伸(shen)至多(duo)方面勢力(li)的(de)兵力(li)與財力(li)。織田(tian)信長賜予屬下武(wu)將(jiang)戰國大(da)名級的(de)領土,給予高度的(de)統(tong)治(zhi)自由并命令其攻略周(zhou)邊(bian)勢力(li)。上杉謙信死后(hou),歷經家(jia)督之爭得以繼承家(jia)督的(de)是(shi)上杉景勝(sheng)。織田(tian)信長針(zhen)對(dui)上杉勢力(li)派(pai)出(chu)柴田(tian)勝(sheng)家(jia)、前田(tian)利(li)家(jia)、佐佐成政等人(ren),對(dui)武(wu)田(tian)勝(sheng)賴(lai)則派(pai)出(chu)嫡男織田(tian)信忠、瀧川一益(yi)、森長可等人(ren),對(dui)波多(duo)野秀(xiu)(xiu)治(zhi)則是(shi)派(pai)明(ming)智光秀(xiu)(xiu)、細川藤孝等人(ren),對(dui)毛(mao)利(li)輝元則派(pai)出(chu)羽柴秀(xiu)(xiu)吉(ji),對(dui)石山本愿寺則派(pai)佐久間信盛。
天正六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1578年(nian)(nian)(nian))10月(yue)(yue),荒(huang)木村(cun)重(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)有(you)岡城背叛織(zhi)田信(xin)(xin)長(chang)。謀(mou)反(fan)原因到現今仍是(shi)個謎(mi),重(zhong)(zhong)用村(cun)重(zhong)(zhong)的織(zhi)田信(xin)(xin)長(chang)亦感(gan)驚愕,甚至勸村(cun)重(zhong)(zhong)改變心意。村(cun)重(zhong)(zhong)不從(cong)并(bing)和(he)本(ben)愿寺攜手抵抗信(xin)(xin)長(chang)。但村(cun)重(zhong)(zhong)的家臣中川(chuan)清秀、高山重(zhong)(zhong)友投降織(zhi)田信(xin)(xin)長(chang)后,織(zhi)田信(xin)(xin)長(chang)方處(chu)于(yu)優(you)勢(shi)。11月(yue)(yue)6日,第二次木津川(chuan)之戰中,織(zhi)田信(xin)(xin)長(chang)利用鐵(tie)甲(jia)船戰術(shu)大(da)敗毛利水軍,在(zai)無法受到毛利的援助(zhu)下,石(shi)山本(ben)愿寺與(yu)荒(huang)木村(cun)重(zhong)(zhong)遭(zao)孤立。為此村(cun)重(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)天正七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1579年(nian)(nian)(nian))9月(yue)(yue)拋棄妻子從(cong)有(you)岡城逃出(chu)。有(you)岡城陷落后,荒(huang)木一族大(da)半(ban)被處(chu)刑。而天正七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1580年(nian)(nian)(nian))4月(yue)(yue),在(zai)正親町天皇(huang)勅令和(he)森長(chang)可(ke)一族的調停下,本(ben)愿寺以有(you)利的條件取得和(he)解,并(bing)從(cong)大(da)坂(ban)退(tui)兵。
天正(zheng)七年(nian)(1579年(nian)),織田信(xin)(xin)雄(xiong)于伊勢(shi)外(wai)筑(zhu)護衛城遭伊賀國(guo)人(ren)的(de)(de)妨害,為此感到憤怒(nu)的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)雄(xiong)自作(zuo)主張地進攻伊賀國(guo),大敗而回(hui)。織田信(xin)(xin)長嚴厲地斥責織田信(xin)(xin)雄(xiong)的(de)(de)同(tong)時,對(dui)伊賀國(guo)人(ren)的(de)(de)敵意亦(yi)逐漸升(sheng)高(gao)(第(di)一(yi)次(ci)天正(zheng)伊賀之亂)。同(tong)年(nian),織田信(xin)(xin)長命令盟友德川(chuan)(chuan)家(jia)康(kang)的(de)(de)正(zheng)室筑(zhu)山殿(瀨名姬)及二人(ren)所生嫡子松(song)平信(xin)(xin)康(kang)切腹(fu)。理由(you)是因為德川(chuan)(chuan)信(xin)(xin)康(kang)的(de)(de)12條罪行、筑(zhu)山殿與武田勝(sheng)賴勾結等(deng)。不論是那個理由(you),德川(chuan)(chuan)家(jia)臣團內分成順從信(xin)(xin)長派(濱松(song)派,擁護德川(chuan)(chuan)家(jia)康(kang))與反信(xin)(xin)長派(岡崎派,擁立松(song)平信(xin)(xin)康(kang))互相爭執(zhi)起(qi)來,最終德川(chuan)(chuan)家(jia)康(kang)讓兩人(ren)自殺。
在上(shang)杉(shan)謙信死后(hou),織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍對上(shang)杉(shan)氏的(de)(de)戰況轉向(xiang)優(you)勢(shi)(shi),逐次攻下(xia)了(le)(le)能登、加賀,甚至(zhi)進(jin)攻到了(le)(le)越中。天正七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1579年(nian)(nian)(nian))夏(xia)天,波多野(ye)秀治(zhi)投降(jiang)(jiang)后(hou)遭處(chu)刑。在毛(mao)利的(de)(de)攻擊下(xia),加入織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)陣營的(de)(de)山中鹿(lu)之介等(deng)尼子氏再興勢(shi)(shi)力被消滅。接著播磨的(de)(de)別所(suo)長治(zhi)謀反,初期雖陷入苦戰,但(dan)終(zhong)究攻勢(shi)(shi)得以進(jin)展。天正七(qi)(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1579年(nian)(nian)(nian)),毛(mao)利軍于備前的(de)(de)宇喜多直家投降(jiang)(jiang)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信長,至(zhi)此織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍與毛(mao)利軍的(de)(de)優(you)劣情勢(shi)(shi)完(wan)全(quan)逆轉。
天(tian)正八年(1580年),織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)氏取得(de)播(bo)磨、但(dan)馬。8月,織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信長放逐織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)家(jia)歷代老臣佐久(jiu)間信盛(sheng)與其嫡(di)男佐久(jiu)間正勝(sheng)(信榮)。織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)(tian)信長發出懲罰令給信盛(sheng),理由為(wei)對本愿寺之(zhi)戰上毫(hao)無成果等(deng)理由。接著(zhu)對林秀(xiu)貞、安藤(teng)守就(jiu)、丹羽(yu)氏勝(sheng)也以無能、從前就(jiu)想謀反等(deng)理由放逐之(zhi)。天(tian)正九年(1581年),羽(yu)柴秀(xiu)吉(ji)斷絕鳥取城的兵糧(liang)供給,而攻下了因幡,接著(zhu)攻下巖屋城取得(de)淡路。
天正(zheng)九年(nian)(nian)(1581年(nian)(nian))為(wei)(wei)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信長(chang)(chang)(chang)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)力的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)盛期(qi)。2月28日,織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)信長(chang)(chang)(chang)于(yu)(yu)京都天皇內(nei)(nei)殿的(de)(de)東邊馬(ma)場舉行(xing)(xing)一(yi)大(da)展示,即所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)(de)京都軍(jun)(jun)馬(ma)演(yan)練(lian),此(ci)演(yan)練(lian)為(wei)(wei)以信長(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)(wei)首的(de)(de)織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)家一(yi)門、丹羽長(chang)(chang)(chang)秀(xiu)、山內(nei)(nei)一(yi)豐等織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)團的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)容(rong)展示。此(ci)時(shi)的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)馬(ma)演(yan)練(lian),正(zheng)親町(ding)天皇亦有出席。同時(shi)德(de)川(chuan)家康也終(zhong)于(yu)(yu)3月23日得以奪回為(wei)(wei)武(wu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)占(zhan)領(ling)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)天神城。此(ci)時(shi)在紀州的(de)(de)雜賀(he)眾(zhong)開(kai)始(shi)內(nei)(nei)部分裂,支持信長(chang)(chang)(chang)派(pai)的(de)(de)鈴(ling)木孫一(yi)與(yu)反信長(chang)(chang)(chang)派(pai)的(de)(de)土(tu)橋平次等人互相爭(zheng)斗,導(dao)致(zhi)雜賀(he)眾(zhong)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)力衰退。接著針(zhen)對高(gao)(gao)野(ye)山于(yu)(yu)1581年(nian)(nian)藏匿荒木村重(zhong)殘黨與(yu)足(zu)利義昭密通等與(yu)信長(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)(wei)敵(di)的(de)(de)動作,信長(chang)(chang)(chang)派(pai)出數十名使者欲和平地解決此(ci)事,而高(gao)(gao)野(ye)山方面(mian)卻不合理地將(jiang)信長(chang)(chang)(chang)派(pai)去(qu)的(de)(de)使者全(quan)(quan)部殺(sha)害。被激(ji)怒的(de)(de)信長(chang)(chang)(chang)逮捕織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)領(ling)地中數百名高(gao)(gao)野(ye)山僧人,并命令河(he)(he)內(nei)(nei)、大(da)和的(de)(de)各大(da)名包圍高(gao)(gao)野(ye)山。5月,織(zhi)田(tian)(tian)(tian)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)攻勢(shi)(shi)(shi)凌厲,并趁防守(shou)越中的(de)(de)上杉軍(jun)(jun)武(wu)將(jiang)河(he)(he)田(tian)(tian)(tian)長(chang)(chang)(chang)親突然(ran)死去(qu)的(de)(de)空隙,行(xing)(xing)軍(jun)(jun)至(zhi)越中,占(zhan)領(ling)了大(da)部分的(de)(de)土(tu)地。
天正十(shi)年(1582年)2月(yue)1日,武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)玄(xuan)的(de)女婿木曾(ceng)義昌向織田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長提出投(tou)奔織田(tian)(tian)家(jia)(jia)的(de)請求。織田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長答應后,于2月(yue)3日向信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)忠(zhong)發出針(zhen)對(dui)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)的(de)大動員令。于是(shi)(shi)德(de)川家(jia)(jia)康從(cong)駿(jun)河、北(bei)條氏直從(cong)關東、金(jin)森(sen)長近從(cong)飛(fei)驒、信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)忠(zhong)從(cong)木曾(ceng)處(chu)各自(zi)開始進攻武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)領(ling)土。其(qi)兵力數量,據言超出十(shi)萬以上。面對(dui)此(ci)境的(de)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)軍,伊那城的(de)守(shou)將下條伊豆守(shou)遭城兵放(fang)逐而獻城給織田(tian)(tian)軍、接(jie)著(zhu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)濃松尾城主小笠原信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)嶺、駿(jun)河田(tian)(tian)中城主依田(tian)(tian)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)蕃、駿(jun)河江尻城主穴(xue)山信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)君等人爭(zheng)先恐后地(di)投(tou)降織田(tian)(tian)軍,于是(shi)(shi)連有組織地(di)抵抗都沒有的(de)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)軍就此(ci)敗(bai)亡。信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)長出陣討伐武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)3月(yue)8日、當天信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)忠(zhong)占領(ling)了甲府,3月(yue)11日在(zai)甲斐東部的(de)田(tian)(tian)野(ye)除去了武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)勝(sheng)賴、信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)勝(sheng)父子,至此(ci)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)田(tian)(tian)氏滅亡。
甲斐(fei)武田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)氏滅亡后,即(ji)(ji)使(shi)原先(xian)隸屬武田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)者(zhe)表示順從信(xin)長(chang)之意,信(xin)長(chang)仍(reng)(reng)不容情(qing)地將武田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)一(yi)(yi)族(zu)徹底鏟(chan)除,即(ji)(ji)所謂“狩獵武田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”的信(xin)長(chang)令。德川(chuan)家康(kang)與一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)織田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)重臣難以接受(shou)信(xin)長(chang)的命令,拼命地隱匿武田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)的遺(yi)臣。江(jiang)戶時(shi)(shi)代以后仍(reng)(reng)存(cun)在(zai)的武田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)相關一(yi)(yi)族(zu)幾乎都是于“狩獵武田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)”時(shi)(shi)被藏匿起來的遺(yi)臣末裔。民(min)間傳說(shuo)(shuo)在(zai)最后一(yi)(yi)次攻(gong)打武田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)時(shi)(shi),明智光秀(xiu)說(shuo)(shuo)出“能來到這里,我們(men)的努(nu)力也是值得的”這句話激怒了(le)信(xin)長(chang),信(xin)長(chang)則說(shuo)(shuo)“你做了(le)什(shen)么(me)”,之后懲(cheng)罰(fa)了(le)光秀(xiu)。(有信(xin)長(chang)將光秀(xiu)的頭抓去撞欄桿等(deng)情(qing)節(jie)。懲(cheng)罰(fa)說(shuo)(shuo)的情(qing)節(jie)不一(yi)(yi),詳見(jian)明智光秀(xiu))另(ling)外織田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)軍在(zai)攻(gong)打藏匿武田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)遺(yi)臣的塩山惠林寺(si)時(shi)(shi),惠林寺(si)因拒絕交(jiao)人而遭放火(huo)燒寺(si)。當時(shi)(shi)惠林寺(si)住持快川(chuan)紹喜臨終前所說(shuo)(shuo)“安禪未必須山水,滅卻心頭火(huo)自涼”的話,仍(reng)(reng)流傳至今。
武田氏(shi)滅(mie)亡后,信(xin)長在駿河派(pai)德(de)川(chuan)家康、上野為(wei)瀧川(chuan)一益、甲斐(fei)是河尻秀(xiu)隆、北(bei)信(xin)濃(nong)為(wei)森(sen)長可、南信(xin)濃(nong)為(wei)毛利(li)秀(xiu)賴以(yi)壓制北(bei)條(tiao)(tiao)氏(shi)直,并實施如以(yi)往信(xin)玄、謙信(xin)一樣的徹(che)底和平(ping)外交政策來保持和北(bei)條(tiao)(tiao)的同(tong)盟關系。在此時的信(xin)長軍團已可說(shuo)是無人(ren)可敵。
天正(zheng)十年(1582年)夏天,織田信長(chang)(chang)準備派三(san)男神戶信孝、重臣(chen)丹羽長(chang)(chang)秀(xiu)(xiu)等軍團進攻四國的(de)長(chang)(chang)宗(zong)我部元親。關于明智(zhi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)秀(xiu)(xiu)的(de)異心,有一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)是光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)秀(xiu)(xiu)認為自己(ji)未被(bei)賦予(yu)(yu)進攻四國的(de)任務(wu),而開始有“自己(ji)被(bei)放(fang)置一(yi)(yi)旁。會(hui)不會(hui)像林秀(xiu)(xiu)貞、佐久間信盛父(fu)子一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)被(bei)放(fang)逐。”的(de)被(bei)害妄想。另一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)是,光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)秀(xiu)(xiu)以前曾受信長(chang)(chang)命令(ling)負責與長(chang)(chang)宗(zong)我部元親的(de)和(he)睦(mu)工作,為此命令(ling)奔走以改善彼此關系(xi)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)秀(xiu)(xiu)將屬下(xia)齋藤利(li)三(san)之(zhi)妹嫁予(yu)(yu)元親。但結果(guo)卻往武力討伐的(de)方向發(fa)展,光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)秀(xiu)(xiu)因此感到名譽受損、倍感屈辱。
天正十年(1582年)5月15日。德川(chuan)家康(kang)為了駿河(he)國領地增加(jia)的(de)(de)宴(yan)會抵達安(an)土城。織田信(xin)(xin)長(chang)派(pai)明(ming)智(zhi)光秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)負(fu)責接(jie)待,明(ming)智(zhi)光秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)從(cong)15日到17日專注(zhu)于接(jie)待德川(chuan)家康(kang)。在德川(chuan)家康(kang)停留的(de)(de)這段(duan)期間,正在攻打備中高(gao)松(song)城的(de)(de)羽(yu)柴(chai)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)吉(ji)(ji)派(pai)使者向信(xin)(xin)長(chang)要求援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),并提(ti)到“毛利軍(jun)(jun)(jun)有率大(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)往(wang)高(gao)松(song)城救援(yuan)的(de)(de)動作(zuo)”。織田信(xin)(xin)長(chang)答應(ying)派(pai)兵(bing)后,解除(chu)明(ming)智(zhi)光秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)接(jie)待任務,改命(ming)其帶兵(bing)前(qian)往(wang)援(yuan)助羽(yu)柴(chai)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)吉(ji)(ji)。據《明(ming)智(zhi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)記》所記載(zai),因光秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)準(zhun)備的(de)(de)接(jie)待餐宴(yan)質量(liang)不佳,織田信(xin)(xin)長(chang)令其隨從(cong)森蘭丸(wan)敲光秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)頭。
5月29日,織田信長(chang)(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)準備出(chu)兵遠征毛利而前往(wang)京(jing)都(dou)(dou)(dou)、之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)則逗留于(yu)本(ben)能(neng)寺(si)(si)(si)。但派(pai)往(wang)援助秀(xiu)吉的(de)(de)明(ming)智(zhi)光(guang)秀(xiu)軍卻(que)突然迅速出(chu)現于(yu)京(jing)都(dou)(dou)(dou),并于(yu)6月2日襲擊(ji)本(ben)能(neng)寺(si)(si)(si)。當(dang)時,因(yin)屬下(xia)(xia)兵力(li)對(dui)信長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)信賴較(jiao)深,誓言(yan)效忠(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)智(zhi)光(guang)秀(xiu)的(de)(de)人很少的(de)(de)緣故,光(guang)秀(xiu)于(yu)進(jin)攻(gong)本(ben)能(neng)寺(si)(si)(si)時,并沒有(you)(you)告(gao)訴部(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)攻(gong)擊(ji)的(de)(de)目(mu)標是(shi)信長(chang)(chang)。據言(yan)率領森蘭丸(wan)、坊(fang)丸(wan)、力(li)丸(wan)、伴正林(lin)等(deng)約100人的(de)(de)信長(chang)(chang)本(ben)身(shen)亦(yi)持槍奮(fen)戰,負傷后(hou)(hou)(hou)返回房內縱火(huo)自殺,享年49歲。當(dang)時本(ben)能(neng)寺(si)(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大火(huo)燒毀,通說(shuo)是(shi)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)信長(chang)(chang)已死于(yu)寺(si)(si)(si)中(zhong),但明(ming)智(zhi)光(guang)秀(xiu)的(de)(de)女婿明(ming)智(zhi)秀(xiu)滿遍尋(xun)不(bu)到信長(chang)(chang)遺體(ti),有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)信長(chang)(chang)遺體(ti)已被仰(yang)慕信長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)僧侶與(yu)部(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)秘密地埋葬了。其長(chang)(chang)子織田信忠(zhong)(zhong)得知消息后(hou)(hou)(hou),與(yu)村井貞勝于(yu)附近的(de)(de)二條御所(suo)(suo)抵抗明(ming)智(zhi)軍,最(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)亦(yi)不(bu)敵自殺。而黑人兵彌助在本(ben)能(neng)寺(si)(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)變中(zhong),直到最(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)都(dou)(dou)(dou)和信長(chang)(chang)一(yi)(yi)同(tong)奮(fen)戰。為(wei)(wei)(wei)光(guang)秀(xiu)所(suo)(suo)擒后(hou)(hou)(hou),赦免后(hou)(hou)(hou),被強行送至耶穌(su)會。
壓制將軍
永祿(lu)十一年(1568年)6月,足利(li)義昭辭別朝倉義景(jing),25日(ri)到達岐(qi)阜,居(ju)于(yu)立政寺(si)。在義昭遍邀(yao)豪族,共襄(xiang)盛舉的同時,信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)也緊鑼密鼓(gu)地籌(chou)備上洛之事(shi),9月7日(ri),信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)率領(ling)尾張、美濃、北伊勢(shi)再加上三(san)河德(de)川家康派遣的援軍(jun)(jun),共計6萬大軍(jun)(jun)奔赴京(jing)都,途中淺(qian)井長(chang)政也領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)加入。織田信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)挾足利(li)義昭入主京(jing)都的第二年(1569年),二者(zhe)的矛(mao)盾就(jiu)從一封文書暴(bao)露了出來。“信(xin)(xin)(xin)長(chang)于(yu)正月十四日(ri)制訂幕府(fu)殿中規定。
第(di)(di)一(yi)條,將(jiang)軍(jun)近侍的(de)體制(zhi)如前(qian);第(di)(di)二條,幕(mu)府需通過武家傳奏(zou)奏(zou)請朝廷(ting);第(di)(di)三條,規定守衛的(de)配(pei)置;第(di)(di)四條,幕(mu)臣不(bu)得居住于皇宮側近;第(di)(di)五條,不(bu)得將(jiang)政務上奏(zou)天皇;第(di)(di)六條,應盡量(liang)聽取奉(feng)(feng)行(xing)人(ren)的(de)意見;第(di)(di)七條,處(chu)理政務的(de)日子,依循(xun)舊例;第(di)(di)八(ba)條,未經申請,奉(feng)(feng)行(xing)人(ren)不(bu)得面見將(jiang)軍(jun);第(di)(di)九條,不(bu)得召見諸寺主持(chi)、坊(fang)官(guan)、僧兵、醫師。即使步卒、樂師,接到將(jiang)軍(jun)詔命后亦不(bu)得擅自(zi)覲見,應靜待安排。”
這一(yi)由信長制訂并署名,表面上(shang)經過足利(li)義昭(zhao)同(tong)意,針(zhen)對(dui)幕(mu)府(fu)(fu)行(xing)動的規范,極大(da)縮小(xiao)了(le)將(jiang)軍的行(xing)動空間,“在向天下昭(zhao)示義昭(zhao)的幕(mu)府(fu)(fu)不過是傀儡(lei)政權(quan)的同(tong)時,也(ye)顯示出(chu)(作為(wei)中央政府(fu)(fu)的)織(zhi)田政權(quan)實(shi)質上(shang)是與(yu)義昭(zhao)的幕(mu)府(fu)(fu)同(tong)時建立的。”2月,信長還(huan)調集尾張、美濃、伊(yi)勢、近江、伊(yi) 賀、若狹、山(shan)城、丹波(bo)、河(he)內、和(he)泉(quan)、攝津(jin)十一(yi)國人夫,耗時70日修建二條城作為(wei)將(jiang)軍居所,但此舉與(yu)其說是出(chu)于對(dui)義昭(zhao)尊嚴(yan)的維護,莫如(ru)說是為(wei)了(le)夸示信長的威(wei)勢。
元龜元年(1570年),信長(chang)對(dui)義昭(zhao)制(zhi)訂5條規(gui)定(ding),迫其承認(ren),內容(rong)如(ru)下(xia)(xia):第(di)一,將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)向諸大名發(fa)出的(de)書狀,必須附有信長(chang)的(de)副(fu)狀。第(di)二,此前將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)的(de)一切命令均作廢,重新議定(ding)。第(di)三,封賞臣下(xia)(xia)時,若將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)無地可賞,可取信長(chang)領地予之(zhi)。第(di)四,天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)事悉數由信長(chang)處理,可對(dui)諸侯(hou)進行征伐,不必過問將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)。第(di)五,如(ru)今正值平定(ding)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)際,將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)應(ying)盡心(xin)仕奉(feng)朝廷。
如此一(yi)來(lai),以合乎法(fa)理的形式,信長一(yi)舉奪取(qu)了足(zu)利義昭作為將軍(jun)的所有權力,成功將“天下(xia)之事”收歸掌中,但(dan)也(ye)自此與足(zu)利義昭的矛盾愈發不可(ke)調和(he)。
家臣統制
天正(zheng)元年(1573年),織(zhi)田信長流放(fang)將軍(jun)足利義昭后,織(zhi)田政(zheng)權(quan)完全獨立,并(bing)作(zuo)為(wei)統一(yi)的中央政(zheng)權(quan)開始成長,信長終于將“一(yi)元支配權(quan)”命名為(wei)“一(yi)職支配”,并(bing)以此為(wei)核心(xin),組織(zhi)不斷擴大的領(ling)地(di)和家(jia)臣(chen)團,其對武士(shi)統治的意義不下于源賴朝草創武家(jia)政(zheng)治和足利尊(zun)氏設置守(shou)護大名。
天(tian)正元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1573年(nian)(nian))7月10日,在織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信長(chang)(chang)授予(yu)(yu)細川(chuan)藤(teng)孝的(de)(de)朱(zhu)印(yin)狀中(zhong)提到,“山城國之內,桂川(chuan)以(yi)西之事,交由汝一(yi)(yi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)置。”同(tong)年(nian)(nian)8月2日,細川(chuan)藤(teng)孝致書東(dong)寺,“此(ci)次信長(chang)(chang)授予(yu)(yu)桂川(chuan)以(yi)西之地,上久世(shi)、上野(ye)兩莊園(yuan)仍屬(shu)貴(gui)寺八幡宮領(ling)地,不可混淆(xiao)。貴(gui)寺所(suo)(suo)納錢(qian)糧(liang)遵(zun)循舊例(li),不得(de)有違。”將(jiang)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)地區中(zhong)重重疊(die)(die)疊(die)(die)的(de)(de)統(tong)治(zhi)權(quan)經過整合形成“一(yi)(yi)元(yuan)支(zhi)配(pei)權(quan)”,以(yi)一(yi)(yi)國或(huo)者一(yi)(yi)郡為單(dan)位賦予(yu)(yu)家(jia)臣,在織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)政權(quan)中(zhong),獲得(de)該地所(suo)(suo)有職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)的(de)(de)家(jia)臣被稱(cheng)為“一(yi)(yi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)有”,而(er)其所(suo)(suo)持的(de)(de)權(quan)力(li),便是“一(yi)(yi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)支(zhi)配(pei)”。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)9月,織(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)信長(chang)(chang)將(jiang)滅亡(wang)的(de)(de)淺(qian)井(jing)(jing)家(jia)舊領(ling)第(di)賜予(yu)(yu)羽柴(chai)秀吉,“江北淺(qian)井(jing)(jing)家(jia)舊領(ling)由羽柴(chai)筑(zhu)前守秀吉一(yi)(yi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)置,授予(yu)(yu)朱(zhu)印(yin)狀。”在荒木(mu)村重統(tong)領(ling)攝(she)津一(yi)(yi)國時,褒獎其“在本年(nian)(nian)與將(jiang)軍(jun)作戰時,克盡忠(zhong)節。在此(ci)授予(yu)(yu)攝(she)津國一(yi)(yi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)支(zhi)配(pei)。”其實(shi),早在元(yuan)龜年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian),佐久間(jian)(jian)信盛統(tong)治(zhi)近江野(ye)洲、栗(li)太兩郡,明(ming)(ming)智光秀統(tong)治(zhi)志賀郡時,其所(suo)(suo)轄邊境劃(hua)分就極為嚴明(ming)(ming),并將(jiang)當(dang)地豪族進藤(teng)氏的(de)(de)勢力(li)完全按所(suo)(suo)在地切分給佐久間(jian)(jian)、明(ming)(ming)智。“一(yi)(yi)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)支(zhi)配(pei)”的(de)(de)授予(yu)(yu),并不意(yi)味(wei)著信長(chang)(chang)失(shi)去(qu)了對封臣領(ling)內的(de)(de)控制,只與信長(chang)(chang)之間(jian)(jian)存(cun)在主(zhu)從關系。
尊奉朝廷
織田信(xin)長(chang)(chang)對(dui)朝廷政策的(de)考慮有兩種完(wan)全相反的(de)假說(shuo)(shuo),其一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)是“信(xin)長(chang)(chang)視(shi)朝廷為(wei)天(tian)下布武的(de)障礙并考慮廢除(chu)(chu)朝廷”,另一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)是“信(xin)長(chang)(chang)為(wei)實施自己(ji)的(de)政策而有效利用朝廷的(de)權威以使(shi)其正當化、至(zhi)少在(zai)本(ben)(ben)能(neng)寺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變前(qian),信(xin)長(chang)(chang)跟朝廷的(de)關系都比日(ri)后的(de)豐臣秀吉(ji)、德(de)川(chuan)家康還要密切。”在(zai)此稱前(qian)者為(wei)“輕視(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)”,稱后者為(wei)“尊重(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)”。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)以對(dui)織田信(xin)長(chang)(chang)與朝廷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)事(shi)情有如此分(fen)歧(qi)的(de)解釋,原因在(zai)于(yu)本(ben)(ben)能(neng)寺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變中有一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)是朝廷參與除(chu)(chu)去信(xin)長(chang)(chang),以及(ji)殘存史(shi)料并不完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)緣(yuan)故。
據(ju)“輕視說”,織田信長(chang)對(dui)朝廷(ting)的(de)政策(ce)是(shi)出錢也(ye)出口,并(bing)(bing)想要擁立(li)一個聽(ting)從(cong)自己的(de)話(hua)、像傀儡一般(ban)的(de)天皇(huang)。天正元年(nian)(1573年(nian))開始就(jiu)對(dui)正親(qin)町(ding)天皇(huang)提出讓(rang)位的(de)要求(qiu)。但(dan)正親(qin)町(ding)天皇(huang)是(shi)老練的(de)天皇(huang),并(bing)(bing)非是(shi)個對(dui)織田信長(chang)言聽(ting)計從(cong)的(de)人物,加上當時織田信長(chang)在各地的(de)強(qiang)敵環伺,天皇(huang)拒絕后即(ji)明(ming)快地不再要求(qiu)。天正九(jiu)年(nian)(1581年(nian))的(de)京都軍馬演練,除(chu)了展現織田軍的(de)軍事(shi)實力(li)外,也(ye)可說是(shi)對(dui)正親(qin)町(ding)天皇(huang)的(de)施壓。
據“尊重說”,希望讓(rang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)反倒是(shi)(shi)正親町天(tian)皇(huang)。在當(dang)時若只(zhi)憑天(tian)皇(huang)個人(ren)的(de)意(yi)思并無法讓(rang)位(wei)(wei)(wei),從天(tian)皇(huang)讓(rang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)后到新(xin)天(tian)皇(huang)就(jiu)任等(deng)(deng)諸種(zhong)儀式、營建(jian)原(yuan)本(ben)天(tian)皇(huang)退(tui)位(wei)(wei)(wei)后的(de)居所,以及為(wei)此(ci)而準備的(de)移轉(zhuan)費用(天(tian)皇(huang)退(tui)位(wei)(wei)(wei)后的(de)居所稱為(wei)仙洞御所,通常比京都(dou)中心的(de)居所還需要(yao)更(geng)大的(de)土地,包括(kuo)移轉(zhuan)周圍公家的(de)房子、寺院等(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)一一完成,才有(you)可能實現。也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)說能讓(rang)天(tian)皇(huang)讓(rang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)者,必須負擔龐大的(de)經費。而于天(tian)正年間能做到此(ci)事的(de)人(ren)只(zhi)有(you)信(xin)長,反過來(lai)說即使天(tian)皇(huang)希望讓(rang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)給織田信(xin)長,只(zhi)要(yao)織田信(xin)長不同(tong)意(yi),讓(rang)位(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)不可能的(de)。
天(tian)正九年(1581年)的(de)京都軍(jun)馬演練后,正親町天(tian)皇(huang)向信長(chang)傳(chuan)達希望退位之意,根(gen)據朝廷內部(bu)資料的(de)《御(yu)湯(tang)殿(dian)上日(ri)記》中記載(zai)到(dao)同年3月(yue)24日(ri)若讓(rang)(rang)位一旦決(jue)定則(ze)(ze)“可喜(xi)可賀”,而《兼見卿記》則(ze)(ze)記載(zai)于(yu)4月(yue)1日(ri)轉(zhuan)為中止。這可認為是信長(chang)最終并沒有(you)同意接受天(tian)皇(huang)的(de)讓(rang)(rang)位。之后,羽柴(豐臣(chen))秀吉被以(yi)建造(zao)仙洞(dong)御(yu)所的(de)功勞的(de)表面理由升為關白(bai)。
織田信長掌權期間(jian),撤除國境上不必要的(de)(de)關(guan)所(收取過路關(guan)稅的(de)(de)檢(jian)查站)、透(tou)過檢(jian)地以確立對領(ling)土的(de)(de)支配、讓農民與兵力分離以設(she)立常備軍。設(she)立樂市鼓勵商業。積極(ji)鼓勵自由貿(mao)易,獎勵技術革新(xin)。織田信長還推行了新(xin)的(de)(de)大名制度(du),使各地的(de)(de)地方制度(du)更加(jia)完(wan)善。
織(zhi)田(tian)信長(chang)還與南蠻(man)人進行貿(mao)易(yi)(史稱(cheng)南蠻(man)貿(mao)易(yi)),不僅給織(zhi)田(tian)信長(chang)帶來(lai)了經(jing)濟上的(de)(de)(de)利益,西方(fang)先進的(de)(de)(de)實用科學,如數學、地理學、醫學、天(tian)文學、造(zao)船術等(deng)也(ye)傳入了日(ri)(ri)本,也(ye)使日(ri)(ri)本人大開眼(yan)界(jie)。同(tong)時(shi),隨著大炮的(de)(de)(de)傳入,改變了戰術和(he)城池的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造(zao)。天(tian)正(zheng)三年(1575年),在(zai)長(chang)篠(xiao)、設樂原戰役中,織(zhi)田(tian)信長(chang)大量而(er)巧(qiao)妙(miao)地運(yun)用了大炮,擊(ji)破武田(tian)信玄勇(yong)猛的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)騎(qi)軍團“騎(qi)馬隊”。
天下布武
天下(xia)(xia)布(bu)(bu)武(wu)之(zhi)意(yi)為(wei)“于(yu)天之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)、遍(bian)布(bu)(bu)武(wu)力”。通常解釋(shi)成“以(yi)(yi)武(wu)力取(qu)得天下(xia)(xia)”,但研(yan)究則是(shi)解釋(shi)成“以(yi)(yi)武(wu)家的(de)政權(quan)來(lai)支配天下(xia)(xia)”的(de)意(yi)思(si)居多。如上所述信長將自己所在地改(gai)名(ming)岐(qi)(qi)阜(fu)時,即開始(shi)用(yong)“天下(xia)(xia)布(bu)(bu)武(wu)”印,岐(qi)(qi)阜(fu)的(de)命名(ming)是(shi)取(qu)自中國周文王于(yu)岐(qi)(qi)山(shan)為(wei)根據地、日后君臨天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)意(yi)(阜(fu)為(wei)山(shan)丘(qiu)之(zhi)意(yi)),由此可窺信長志向。日后以(yi)(yi)岐(qi)(qi)阜(fu)為(wei)根據地,展開往后長達15年的(de)統(tong)一日本之(zhi)路。日本中世紀的(de)權(quan)力關系在公家、寺家、武(wu)家之(zhi)間有復雜(za)的(de)關聯。
信(xin)長的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)標天下(xia)布武(wu),可認為(wei)(wei)其(qi)帶有(you)為(wei)(wei)廢(fei)除公(gong)家(jia)(jia)、寺家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)權力并正(zheng)式建立武(wu)家(jia)(jia)政權的(de)(de)(de)意味。為(wei)(wei)了實現此目(mu)(mu)標,針(zhen)對(dui)寺家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)政策則擊潰一向一揆(kui)、于石(shi)山合(he)戰擊敗本(ben)愿寺的(de)(de)(de)顯如等人。而室(shi)町(ding)幕府(fu)位于京(jing)都,此一地理條件導致與公(gong)家(jia)(jia)間的(de)(de)(de)深厚關系。
兵農分離
織田(tian)信長(chang)充分(fen)發揮尾(wei)張、美濃兩國的(de)地理優勢——人(ren)口(kou)(kou)多(duo)且物產(chan)豐盛,建立(li)起兵農分(fen)離的(de)制度。由于當時(shi)各(ge)大名經常(chang)交戰,農工業人(ren)口(kou)(kou)都(dou)被調集為兵,糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)(shi)短缺,必須(xu)尋找商人(ren)外(wai)買。織田(tian)信長(chang)把(ba)多(duo)余的(de)糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)(shi)對(dui)外(wai)賣出(chu)以(yi)聚斂(lian)財(cai)富,把(ba)過剩的(de)失業人(ren)口(kou)(kou)專(zhuan)門組織成(cheng)士兵,使(shi)之專(zhuan)業化,因此農民可(ke)以(yi)專(zhuan)心(xin)生產(chan),軍人(ren)的(de)素質也提高,糧(liang)(liang)食(shi)(shi)與金(jin)錢的(de)儲備更(geng)多(duo),也得(de)到更(geng)有效的(de)管理。
檢地制度
織(zhi)田信長(chang)為了(le)確保(bao)家臣與士兵的俸祿不會短缺(que),同時為了(le)防止(zhi)地方諸(zhu)勢力(li)擁兵自(zi)重,構(gou)成內部(bu)不安(an)定的因(yin)素,于是(shi)采取“檢(jian)地”,就是(shi)縮小諸(zhu)勢力(li)的領地,透過固定對(dui)諸(zhu)勢力(li)援助的方式,使這些諸(zhu)勢力(li)逐漸降低其主體(ti)性,不但增加了(le)自(zi)己(ji)的收成,也降低了(le)境(jing)內發生暴(bao)動(dong)的可能性。
織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田信(xin)長雖(sui)稱(cheng)其信(xin)仰(yang)宗(zong)(zong)教為法(fa)華宗(zong)(zong),但在(zai)對一(yi)(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)(yi)揆、延歷寺的(de)政(zheng)策以及在(zai)安(an)土城的(de)石(shi)(shi)壁(bi)上(shang)采用地藏菩薩、墓石(shi)(shi)等事,都顯示出(chu)其矛盾。織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田信(xin)長的(de)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)歐洲(zhou)在(zai)進入近代(dai)時(shi)(shi)期,正是處于于宗(zong)(zong)教勢力激烈斗(dou)爭的(de)時(shi)(shi)期。日本的(de)寺院擁有廣大(da)的(de)莊園,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田信(xin)長在(zai)施行土地測量之后,將多出(chu)來的(de)土地與(yu)予沒(mei)收。寺院如(ru)果(guo)反抗,他即將其莊園全部(bu)沒(mei)收,賜(si)給他的(de)部(bu)下(xia)。在(zai)戰爭后,逐漸(jian)走向(xiang)(xiang)中央集權國(guo)家。換言之,織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田信(xin)長的(de)對手除了戰國(guo)武將之外(wai),他還要阻止“本愿寺法(fa)王共和(he)國(guo)”、“一(yi)(yi)向(xiang)(xiang)宗(zong)(zong)信(xin)徒共和(he)國(guo)”、“農民共和(he)國(guo)”的(de)誕生(sheng)。
一般認為可(ke)能織(zhi)田信(xin)長并(bing)非否定(ding)宗教(jiao),而是考慮將其視為天下布武事業(ye)的(de)(de)一環,將現存宗教(jiao)與(yu)政(zheng)治(zhi)分離、或(huo)(huo)政(zheng)治(zhi)上的(de)(de)宗教(jiao)統一。安土城內安置了(le)一個信(xin)長化身稱為“梵(fan)山”的(de)(de)大石,將其做為御(yu)神(shen)體(神(shen)圣的(de)(de)物體或(huo)(huo)神(shen)的(de)(de)化身),并(bing)要求(qiu)家臣、領地人民去膜拜。(出自Luis Frois的(de)(de)《日(ri)本史》)關于宗教(jiao)政(zheng)策,有(you)人提(ti)出“入(ru)城時的(de)(de)詢(xun)問、征收入(ru)城費等事,在傳教(jiao)士的(de)(de)眼中,看來只如同寺廟的(de)(de)香火錢”的(de)(de)意見。
神戶良政:信(xin)長公是個很講義(yi)氣(qi)的(de)人(ren)。
日本王(wang)國記:偉(wei)人信(xin)長的(de)死,他的(de)勇(yong)氣,寬(kuan)容,之前(qian)的(de)高雅等,令所有人惋惜。
傳教士(shi)路(lu)易斯·弗洛伊(yi)斯:“信(xin)長聚集全國(guo)的(de)(de)神(shen)像(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)佛像(xiang)(xiang),他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)并(bing)不是(shi)要崇拜這(zhe)些(xie)偶像(xiang)(xiang),而是(shi)要這(zhe)些(xie)神(shen)佛崇拜他(ta)(ta)。他(ta)(ta)認為自(zi)己就是(shi)神(shen),在他(ta)(ta)上面(mian)沒有創造萬(wan)物的(de)(de)神(shen)。”他(ta)(ta)輕蔑(mie)(mie)所(suo)有日本王侯,恰如對下(xia)僚(liao)一般(ban)越過肩膀與(yu)他(ta)(ta)們說話。而人(ren)們恰如對絕對君主那樣服從他(ta)(ta)。即使(shi)戰運背(bei)于自(zi)己,他(ta)(ta)也是(shi)心氣廣闊,很有耐心。他(ta)(ta)有很好(hao)的(de)(de)理性和(he)明(ming)晰的(de)(de)判斷力,但卻是(shi)針對一切禮拜、尊崇神(shen)及佛并(bing)且所(suo)有異教的(de)(de)占卜和(he)迷信(xin)的(de)(de)慣習之(zhi)輕蔑(mie)(mie)者。
織田市:“既(ji)美麗又殘酷的人。”
徐光(guang)啟:信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)為人(ren)雄杰,多智(zhi)略;前是六十(shi)六洲各有君長(chang)(chang)、不相統一(yi),至信(xin)(xin)長(chang)(chang)征伐四(si)出略,皆臣伏,無敢異。此人(ren)智(zhi)計叵測,十(shi)倍秀吉;假之數年,必為我大患。