1925年1月中國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)第(di)四(si)次全國(guo)代表大會以后,群眾運動(dong)蓬勃發展(zhan),2月至4月,上海、青島的日本紗廠工(gong)(gong)(gong)人在中國(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)領導下,先后組織數萬工(gong)(gong)(gong)人舉行大規模罷工(gong)(gong)(gong)斗爭,取得了重大勝利,同時(shi)也遭到日本帝國(guo)主(zhu)義和北洋軍閥(fa)的鎮壓(ya)。日本帝國(guo)主(zhu)義勾結北洋軍閥(fa)政府企圖破壞工(gong)(gong)(gong)人運動(dong),醞(yun)釀新的血腥屠殺。
5月14日,上(shang)海(hai)日本(ben)紗廠工(gong)(gong)人為抗議日本(ben)資(zi)方無理(li)開(kai)除工(gong)(gong)人再(zai)度罷(ba)工(gong)(gong),日本(ben)資(zi)本(ben)家開(kai)槍(qiang)打死工(gong)(gong)人顧正紅(共產黨員(yuan)),打傷(shang)10余名工(gong)(gong)人,激起上(shang)海(hai)工(gong)(gong)人、學生和(he)市民(min)的(de)(de)強(qiang)烈(lie)憤怒(nu)。同(tong)時(shi),在(zai)上(shang)海(hai)的(de)(de)帝國(guo)主義者提(ti)出有(you)損中國(guo)主權,打擊中國(guo)民(min)族工(gong)(gong)商業(ye)的(de)(de)“四提(ti)案(an)”(增訂(ding)印刷附律,增加碼頭(tou)捐,交易所注冊(ce)及所謂“取締(di)重工(gong)(gong)法案(an)”),該(gai)決定(ding)于6月2日在(zai)上(shang)海(hai)納稅外人會上(shang)通過,引起了(le)包(bao)括(kuo)民(min)族資(zi)產階(jie)(jie)級在(zai)內的(de)(de)上(shang)海(hai)各(ge)階(jie)(jie)層(ceng)人士的(de)(de)強(qiang)烈(lie)反(fan)對(dui)。
5月28日,中(zhong)共中(zhong)央根據運動發展形勢,及時(shi)決定(ding)進一步動員群眾(zhong)開展反對帝國主義的政治斗爭。
五(wu)卅(sa)慘案的消息迅速傳遍(bian)全國,各大、中(zhong)城市(shi)紛紛罷(ba)工罷(ba)課,聲援上海人民的反(fan)帝斗爭(zheng)。從而(er)形成了(le)更(geng)大規(gui)模(mo)的五(wu)卅(sa)反(fan)帝愛國運(yun)動,嚴重(zhong)打(da)擊(ji)了(le)帝國主(zhu)義,大大提高(gao)了(le)中(zhong)國人民的覺悟,揭開(kai)了(le)大革命高(gao)漲的序幕。
帝國主(zhu)(zhu)義對中國的侵(qin)略,以經濟(ji)剝削為主(zhu)(zhu),中日(ri)甲午戰后,中國被迫簽訂(ding)馬關條約,準許日(ri)本在中國各口岸設(she)立工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang),利用中國的原料和(he)廉價勞工(gong)(gong)進行(xing)經濟(ji)侵(qin)略。其他列(lie)強隨之(zhi)跟進,紛紛在中國各口岸設(she)立工(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)。日(ri)本人(ren)(ren)僅在上(shang)海(hai)一地(di)就設(she)有23家紗廠(chang)(chang)(chang),占全上(shang)海(hai)紗廠(chang)(chang)(chang)三(san)分(fen)之(zhi)二。日(ri)本廠(chang)(chang)(chang)主(zhu)(zhu)對待工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)非常苛刻,工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)每日(ri)工(gong)(gong)作12小(xiao)時以上(shang),工(gong)(gong)資(zi)每日(ri)僅一角五分(fen),還(huan)要(yao)扣存百分(fen)之(zhi)五儲(chu)蓄廠(chang)(chang)(chang)中,需(xu)至工(gong)(gong)作滿十年方(fang)始歸還(huan),半途(tu)辭工(gong)(gong)者儲(chu)蓄金即被沒收。
2月,日商內外(wai)棉紗(sha)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)第八(ba)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)推紗(sha)間發(fa)(fa)現(xian)一名童工(gong)(gong)(gong)尸首,胸部(bu)受重傷(shang)(shang)(shang)十(shi)(shi)余(yu)處,是(shi)被紗(sha)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)日籍管理員(yuan)用鐵棍(gun)毆打死亡,工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)們目睹慘狀,群情大憤(fen),全體罷工(gong)(gong)(gong)。后經上海(hai)(hai)總(zong)商會出面調(diao)停(ting),日廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)主答允不打罵(ma)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren),同時每兩周(zhou)發(fa)(fa)放(fang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資一次,工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)即恢復(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。5月間日本各紗(sha)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)男工(gong)(gong)(gong)屢(lv)起風潮,竟將男工(gong)(gong)(gong)盡行開(kai)除,換為(wei)(wei)女(nv)工(gong)(gong)(gong),這(zhe)(zhe)一來(lai)(lai)引起22家工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的大罷工(gong)(gong)(gong)。由(you)上海(hai)(hai)各團體調(diao)停(ting),以(yi)(yi)改良工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)待遇(yu),發(fa)(fa)還儲金為(wei)(wei)條件恢復(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,不料(liao)內外(wai)棉紗(sha)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)第八(ba)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)又開(kai)除工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)數十(shi)(shi)名,工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)不服,推舉代表顧正(zheng)(zheng)紅(hong)等八(ba)人(ren)向廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)主交涉,在交涉中發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)爭執,日人(ren)突然開(kai)槍射殺顧正(zheng)(zheng)紅(hong),其余(yu)七人(ren)受傷(shang)(shang)(shang),受傷(shang)(shang)(shang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)向公(gong)共租界工(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)局(ju)請求援助,工(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)局(ju)不僅不予(yu)以(yi)(yi)公(gong)平(ping)處理,反而控以(yi)(yi)擾亂治安罪名,這(zhe)(zhe)一來(lai)(lai)群情更為(wei)(wei)憤(fen)激。
從學生運(yun)動到全面的(de)反帝愛國斗爭(zheng)。
5月22日上海各(ge)團體開會追悼顧(gu)正(zheng)紅,上海各(ge)大學(xue)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)均往參加,路經公(gong)共租界(jie)時有四人(ren)被捕(bu)。于是(shi)上海學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)會開會,決議(yi)組織演(yan)講隊(dui),出發租界(jie)宣(xuan)傳。5月30日學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)聯合(he)會分派(pai)多隊(dui)在租界(jie)內(nei)游行講演(yan),當天(tian)下午,一(yi)部分學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在南京(jing)路被捕(bu),其余(yu)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)及群眾(zhong)共千余(yu)人(ren),徒手(shou)隨(sui)至捕(bu)房(fang)門口,要求釋放被捕(bu)者,英捕(bu)頭愛伏生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)竟下令(ling)開槍向群眾(zhong)射擊(ji),當場死學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)四人(ren),重傷30人(ren),租界(jie)當局更調集軍隊(dui),宣(xuan)布戒嚴,任意槍擊(ji),上海的大學(xue)校(xiao)竟遭封閉,這就是(shi)“五卅慘(can)案”。慘(can)案發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)后全國(guo)震(zhen)動,北(bei)京(jing)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)第二天(tian)即響應,全國(guo)各(ge)大都市學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也先(xian)后罷課,風起云涌,進行反(fan)帝國(guo)主義示威運動,民意沸騰。
當(dang)夜,中(zhong)共中(zhong)央立(li)即召集會議,決定擴(kuo)大斗爭規模,號召上(shang)海(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)民舉(ju)行罷(ba)(ba)(ba)工、罷(ba)(ba)(ba)課、罷(ba)(ba)(ba)市(shi),以抗(kang)議英帝國主義的大屠殺(sha)。在共產黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)蔡和(he)森、李(li)立(li)三、劉少奇等的領導(dao)下(xia),31日(ri)晚(wan)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)有組(zu)織的20余萬工人(ren)(ren)成立(li)了上(shang)海(hai)(hai)總工會,并(bing)選舉(ju)李(li)立(li)三為委員長。6月1日(ri),上(shang)海(hai)(hai)全市(shi)的總罷(ba)(ba)(ba)工、總罷(ba)(ba)(ba)課和(he)總罷(ba)(ba)(ba)市(shi)開始了,其中(zhong)包(bao)括20余萬工人(ren)(ren)的總同盟罷(ba)(ba)(ba)工,5萬學生罷(ba)(ba)(ba)課,絕大部分商人(ren)(ren)參加罷(ba)(ba)(ba)市(shi)。
6月7日,由上海(hai)總工(gong)會(hui)、全(quan)國學生聯合(he)會(hui)、上海(hai)學生聯合(he)會(hui)和各馬路商(shang)界(jie)總聯合(he)會(hui)推舉(ju)代表,組(zu)成(cheng)“工(gong)商(shang)學聯合(he)委員(yuan)會(hui)”,提出了(le)懲(cheng)辦兇手并(bing)賠償、取消領(ling)事(shi)裁判(pan)權,永(yong)遠撤出駐滬的(de)英、日海(hai)陸(lu)軍等(deng)17項(xiang)交涉條(tiao)件(jian)。同時運動繼續發(fa)展和擴大,北(bei)京、天津、南京、青島(dao)、杭(hang)州、開封、鄭州、重慶(qing)等(deng)全(quan)國各大城(cheng)市和幾百個城(cheng)鎮的(de)人(ren)民,紛(fen)紛(fen)游行示(shi)威,罷工(gong),罷課,罷市,通電(dian),捐款,表示(shi)支(zhi)援,形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)全(quan)國規模的(de)反帝怒潮,并(bing)得到(dao)國際工(gong)人(ren)階級的(de)支(zhi)援。
6月(yue)1日(ri)北京外交部向駐京公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)團(tuan)領袖意(yi)國公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)出(chu)抗(kang)議(yi):“為(wei)照會事(shi)(shi),據報告本年五月(yue)三十日(ri)上海各大學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)因為(wei)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)被捕(bu)(bu)及(ji)工人(ren)(ren)(ren)受(shou)傷兩事(shi)(shi),在公(gong)(gong)共租(zu)界捕(bu)(bu)房(fang)門首游行演(yan)說,以(yi)示抗(kang)議(yi)。而捕(bu)(bu)房(fang)竟以(yi)武(wu)(wu)力干涉(she),捕(bu)(bu)去(qu)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)四(si)十余人(ren)(ren)(ren),同時擊斃學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)四(si)名(ming),擊傷學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)六(liu)名(ming),已死(si)二名(ming),路(lu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)受(shou)傷者(zhe)十七名(ming),死(si)亡三名(ming)等情(qing)況。本總(zong)長得(de)悉之(zhi)余,至深駭異,似此不(bu)幸之(zhi)事(shi)(shi),應(ying)請貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)特別注意(yi)。查(cha)該學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)等,均(jun)系青(qing)年子弟,熱心愛國,并不(bu)攜帶武(wu)(wu)器,無論其行為(wei)之(zhi)性質如何(he),斷不(bu)能(neng)以(yi)暴(bao)徒待之(zhi)。乃捕(bu)(bu)房(fang)未曾采取適當方(fang)法,和平勸阻,遽用最(zui)激手段,實(shi)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)道及(ji)公(gong)(gong)理(li)所(suo)不(bu)容,自(zi)應(ying)由租(zu)界官吏完全(quan)負責。為(wei)此本總(zong)長不(bu)得(de)不(bu)向貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)出(chu)最(zui)正式(shi)之(zhi)抗(kang)議(yi),并聲(sheng)明保(bao)留俟查(cha)明詳(xiang)情(qing)后,再提(ti)出(chu)相(xiang)當之(zhi)要(yao)求,并請貴公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將前項情(qing)形轉達駐京有關系各公(gong)(gong)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)查(cha)照,迅飭上海領事(shi)(shi)團(tuan)速將被捕(bu)(bu)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)全(quan)行釋放,并就(jiu)地(di)與特派江(jiang)蘇交涉(she)員妥商(shang)辦(ban)理(li),免再發生(sheng)此類情(qing)事(shi)(shi),是所(suo)至盼,須至照會者(zhe)。中華民國外交總(zong)長沈瑞麟(lin)。中華民國十四(si)年六(liu)月(yue)一(yi)日(ri)。”
6月(yue)4日公(gong)(gong)使團復函竟婉拒中國(guo)之(zhi)抗(kang)(kang)議(yi),認為上(shang)海租(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)當局已很寬大(da),于(yu)(yu)是(shi)北京外交部(bu)于(yu)(yu)4日再(zai)(zai)提第二次抗(kang)(kang)議(yi):“為照會事,上(shang)海公(gong)(gong)共(gong)租(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)槍擊華人(ren)(ren)(ren)一案,業(ye)經本總長于(yu)(yu)本月(yue)一日向貴公(gong)(gong)使提出(chu)(chu)抗(kang)(kang)議(yi),并請迅飭上(shang)海領(ling)(ling)事團速將被捕之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)全行釋放,并就地與特派江(jiang)蘇(su)交涉(she)員妥(tuo)商辦理(li),免(mian)再(zai)(zai)發(fa)生此(ci)(ci)類情(qing)事在案。乃續據上(shang)海報告,租(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)捕房(fang)于(yu)(yu)本月(yue)一日復槍斃三人(ren)(ren)(ren),傷(shang)十八人(ren)(ren)(ren),其以前被捕之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),仍(reng)未完(wan)全釋放。又據報告所有(you)傷(shang)斃之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),槍彈多從背(bei)入(ru),巡捕無(wu)一死傷(shang),顯系任意轟擊,毫(hao)無(wu)理(li)由各等情(qing)。查公(gong)(gong)共(gong)租(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)官吏出(chu)(chu)此(ci)(ci)激烈行為,迫動公(gong)(gong)憤(fen),致發(fa)生商工各界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)多數(shu)罷市罷工之(zhi)不(bu)良效果,似此(ci)(ci)蔑視人(ren)(ren)(ren)道,自應由租(zu)界(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)官吏完(wan)全負責。為此(ci)(ci)本總長不(bu)得不(bu)再(zai)(zai)向貴公(gong)(gong)使提出(chu)(chu)嚴重抗(kang)(kang)議(yi),并請轉達駐(zhu)京有(you)關(guan)系各國(guo)公(gong)(gong)使,迅電上(shang)海領(ling)(ling)事團立飭停止槍擊,以免(mian)再(zai)(zai)肇慘禍,是(shi)為至要,須至照會者。”
6月(yue)(yue)6日公(gong)(gong)使團(tuan)答復仍不(bu)(bu)著邊(bian)際,北(bei)京(jing)外交(jiao)部(bu)再于6月(yue)(yue)11日提第三次之(zhi)抗(kang)議(yi):“為照會事(shi),接(jie)準本月(yue)(yue)四日及(ji)(ji)六日來照,內開貴(gui)(gui)公(gong)(gong)使及(ji)(ji)有(you)關系(xi)(xi)各國公(gong)(gong)使,深愿對(dui)于此(ci)次上(shang)海不(bu)(bu)幸之(zhi)事(shi)故,與中(zhong)國政府具同(tong)一和(he)平之(zhi)觀念(nian),并(bing)(bing)準貴(gui)(gui)公(gong)(gong)使聲明(ming),關于禁(jin)用(yong)武器一節,業(ye)經(jing)重(zhong)行訓(xun)令上(shang)海公(gong)(gong)共租(zu)界捕房,以(yi)后必采(cai)(cai)恪守各等因,本總(zong)長業(ye)經(jing)閱悉。惟(wei)查當(dang)初租(zu)界官(guan)吏(li)所(suo)采(cai)(cai)取對(dui)于學生和(he)平行動(dong)之(zhi)取締辦法,系(xi)(xi)屬(shu)失當(dang),毫無疑義。又(you)如(ru)五月(yue)(yue)三十日及(ji)(ji)六月(yue)(yue)一日等捕房之(zhi)舉(ju)動(dong),實可(ke)謂為激(ji)成事(shi)變(bian)之(zhi)肇(zhao)端(duan)。因老閘(zha)捕房,既未預先(xian)鳴號,警告群(qun)眾(zhong),又(you)非(fei)如(ru)來照所(suo)稱(cheng)(cheng),該捕房處于危在俄頃,不(bu)(bu)得(de)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)武器之(zhi)境遇(yu),竟(jing)貿(mao)然出此(ci)激(ji)烈之(zhi)舉(ju)動(dong)。故欲以(yi)上(shang)星期(qi)慘(can)事(shi)之(zhi)責(ze)任(ren),諉諸(zhu)一般和(he)平行動(dong)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)攜帶武器之(zhi)人,而不(bu)(bu)由租(zu)界官(guan)吏(li)負之(zhi),本總(zong)長絕對(dui)不(bu)(bu)能承認,仍當(dang)繼(ji)續抗(kang)議(yi)。中(zhong)國政府鑒于此(ci)次案(an)情之(zhi)嚴重(zhong),民情之(zhi)悲憤,僉以(yi)為租(zu)界官(guan)吏(li),至(zhi)少須(xu)自(zi)動(dong)的先(xian)行取消當(dang)地戒嚴令,撤退海軍(jun)陸戰隊,并(bing)(bing)解除商團(tuan)及(ji)(ji)巡(xun)捕之(zhi)武裝,釋放被(bei)(bei)捕之(zhi)人及(ji)(ji)恢復被(bei)(bei)封與占據各學校之(zhi)原(yuan)狀,庶上(shang)海地方,得(de)于最短時間內,自(zi)然停止(zhi)非(fei)常之(zhi)狀態。而來照所(suo)稱(cheng)(cheng)同(tong)具和(he)平之(zhi)觀念(nian),亦足以(yi)資證明(ming),以(yi)便進行交(jiao)涉。為此(ci)照會貴(gui)(gui)公(gong)(gong)使查照,希即(ji)轉(zhuan)達有(you)關系(xi)(xi)各國公(gong)(gong)使,飭知(zhi)駐(zhu)滬領事(shi)團(tuan),遵照辦理(li)。是所(suo)至(zhi)盼,須(xu)至(zhi)照會者。”
在帝(di)國(guo)主義和買(mai)辦(ban)資產(chan)階級威(wei)脅(xie)利(li)誘下,民族資產(chan)階級開始動搖。6月26日,商界停(ting)止(zhi)罷(ba)市,破壞了反帝(di)統一戰線(xian)。工人罷(ba)工堅持了3個多月。中(zhong)國(guo)共產(chan)黨和總(zong)工會為了保存力量(liang)和鞏固已有的(de)勝利(li),決定(ding)停(ting)止(zhi)總(zong)同盟罷(ba)工,到八九月間(jian)各業工人逐漸復工。
自五卅(sa)慘(can)案(an)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)后(hou),舉國(guo)(guo)同憤。但英國(guo)(guo)仍繼(ji)續援用武力(li)壓(ya)迫政(zheng)策。6月(yue)11日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)漢口慘(can)案(an)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),6月(yue)13日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)九江沖突發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),6月(yue)23日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)沙(sha)(sha)基慘(can)案(an)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),7月(yue)2日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)重慶慘(can)案(an)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng),7月(yue)31日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)南京慘(can)案(an)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)。其中最嚴重的(de)(de)沖突為廣(guang)(guang)州發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)沙(sha)(sha)基慘(can)案(an)。自五卅(sa)慘(can)案(an)、漢口慘(can)案(an)相(xiang)繼(ji)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)后(hou),6月(yue)21日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)香港與廣(guang)(guang)州沙(sha)(sha)面之(zhi)華(hua)工同時總罷(ba)工,香港重要事業(ye)多呈停頓狀態。香港及(ji)沙(sha)(sha)面的(de)(de)英人(ren)且作軍事準備,以(yi)圖壓(ya)制。6月(yue)23日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)廣(guang)(guang)州各(ge)(ge)界7萬余(yu)人(ren)在廣(guang)(guang)州政(zheng)府領導下為滬、漢死(si)難(nan)烈士(shi)開追悼(dao)會,當場(chang)提出廢除不(bu)平等(deng)條約,為解決慘(can)案(an)之(zhi)根本辦法。會后(hou)舉行(xing)(xing)大游行(xing)(xing),工商各(ge)(ge)界在先,學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)及(ji)黃埔軍校學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)隨后(hou),于下午3時行(xing)(xing)抵沙(sha)(sha)基對岸,當時英兵(bing)方嚴陣以(yi)待,遽向群眾射(she)擊,同時停泊在白鵝灘的(de)(de)英兵(bing)艦(jian)也發(fa)(fa)炮助(zhu)威,當場(chang)死(si)傷軍民二百余(yu)人(ren),慘(can)禍之(zhi)烈,過于滬漢。
五卅運動(dong)(dong)沉重打擊了(le)(le)帝國(guo)(guo)主義(yi),對(dui)中(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)覺(jue)(jue)醒和(he)國(guo)(guo)民(min)革命運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)發(fa)展起了(le)(le)巨大(da)的(de)(de)推動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)用,大(da)大(da)提高了(le)(le)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人民(min)的(de)(de)覺(jue)(jue)悟,揭開了(le)(le)大(da)革命高潮(chao)的(de)(de)序幕。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)共(gong)產黨(dang)在領導五卅運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)斗(dou)爭中(zhong)受到(dao)很大(da)鍛煉,培養造就了(le)(le)一大(da)批干部,黨(dang)組織也得到(dao)極大(da)發(fa)展,在斗(dou)爭實踐中(zhong)總(zong)結(jie)了(le)(le)寶貴的(de)(de)經驗,為以后黨(dang)領導大(da)規模的(de)(de)群眾斗(dou)爭奠定(ding)了(le)(le)基(ji)礎(chu)。