自漢(han)(han)武帝時(shi)張騫始(shi)通西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),經(jing)(jing)過西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)王(wang)朝的(de)(de)長期(qi)經(jing)(jing)營,至(zhi)漢(han)(han)宣帝時(shi)期(qi),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)諸國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)臣(chen)服(fu)漢(han)(han)朝,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)朝廷任(ren)命鄭吉為西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都(dou)護(hu),漢(han)(han)之號令頒行于西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。但到西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)末年(nian),社會矛盾日益尖銳,朝政(zheng)(zheng)混亂,中(zhong)央政(zheng)(zheng)府對(dui)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)營已(yi)經(jing)(jing)無暇顧及。王(wang)莽當政(zheng)(zheng)和篡位(wei)后,又對(dui)邊疆執行了(le)(le)錯誤的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策,歧(qi)視和苛刻對(dui)待匈(xiong)奴和西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo),如(ru)王(wang)莽始(shi)建(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)元年(nian)(公元9年(nian)),王(wang)莽將(jiang)包(bao)括西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)在內的(de)(de)各(ge)少數民(min)族國(guo)(guo)(guo)王(wang)稱號降為侯,引起了(le)(le)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)極大(da)不滿。始(shi)建(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)二年(nian)(公元10年(nian)),駐守車師的(de)(de)反莽派陳良、終帶,舉兵(bing)造反,殺(sha)戊(wu)己(ji)(ji)校尉刁護(hu),逃(tao)入匈(xiong)奴。始(shi)建(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)五年(nian)(公元13年(nian)),地近匈(xiong)奴的(de)(de)焉(yan)耆(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)反叛,殺(sha)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都(dou)護(hu)但欽(qin)。天風三(san)年(nian)(公元16年(nian)),王(wang)莽派五威(wei)將(jiang)王(wang)駿、新任(ren)命的(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都(dou)護(hu)李崇、戊(wu)己(ji)(ji)校尉郭欽(qin)等率兵(bing)進入西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。焉(yan)耆(qi)(qi)伏兵(bing)截王(wang)駿軍,姑(gu)墨、尉犁、危須等國(guo)(guo)(guo)也共(gong)擊之,王(wang)駿大(da)敗,李崇還保(bao)龜(gui)茲。王(wang)莽政(zheng)(zheng)權被推翻后,李崇被殺(sha),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)從此(ci)與中(zhong)央政(zheng)(zheng)府終止聯系。
東(dong)漢(han)(han)王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝建立后,莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)(wang)(wang)康(kang)派(pai)使(shi)(shi)者至河(he)西(xi),表示思慕漢(han)(han)庭。光(guang)武帝(di)劉秀建武五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(公元29年(nian)(nian)),漢(han)(han)立莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)(wang)(wang)康(kang)為(wei)西(xi)域大(da)(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)尉(wei)。建武十七年(nian)(nian),莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)(wang)(wang)賢(xian)(xian)(康(kang)之(zhi)子)遣(qian)(qian)使(shi)(shi)至漢(han)(han)請派(pai)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu),光(guang)武帝(di)開始從竇融建議,封莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)(wang)(wang)賢(xian)(xian)為(wei)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu),后敦煌太守(shou)裴(pei)遵勸阻,光(guang)武帝(di)又收回都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu)之(zhi)印,改(gai)授賢(xian)(xian)漢(han)(han)大(da)(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)印,莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)(wang)(wang)賢(xian)(xian)因(yin)此(ci)怨恨漢(han)(han)朝,并詐稱為(wei)漢(han)(han)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu),奴(nu)(nu)役西(xi)域各國(guo)(guo)。建武二(er)十一年(nian)(nian)(公元45年(nian)(nian)),鄯善、車(che)師(shi)、焉耆等十八國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)遣(qian)(qian)子入侍,請東(dong)漢(han)(han)王(wang)(wang)(wang)朝在西(xi)域設置都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu),但劉秀因(yin)忙于鞏固帝(di)位(wei),無(wu)暇顧及西(xi)域,故遣(qian)(qian)還(huan)侍子。莎(sha)車(che)王(wang)(wang)(wang)賢(xian)(xian)見漢(han)(han)朝不派(pai)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)護(hu),即攻(gong)(gong)伐西(xi)域各國(guo)(guo),西(xi)域大(da)(da)亂。北匈奴(nu)(nu)趁機介(jie)入,西(xi)域大(da)(da)部地區遂(sui)為(wei)北匈奴(nu)(nu)所控制。至漢(han)(han)明(ming)帝(di)中期,匈奴(nu)(nu)大(da)(da)規模進攻(gong)(gong)漢(han)(han)朝,致使(shi)(shi)“河(he)西(xi)郡(jun)縣,城(cheng)門晝(zhou)閉”。為(wei)徹底解除邊患(huan),明(ming)帝(di)永(yong)平(ping)十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(公元72年(nian)(nian))十二(er)月,明(ming)帝(di)任命耿秉為(wei)駙(fu)馬都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)尉(wei),竇固為(wei)奉車(che)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)尉(wei),翌年(nian)(nian)春,二(er)將(jiang)與太仆祭肜、騎(qi)都(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)尉(wei)來苗(miao),率漢(han)(han)軍(jun)(jun)及羌胡、烏桓、鮮卑、南匈奴(nu)(nu)等軍(jun)(jun),兵(bing)分(fen)四道出擊北匈奴(nu)(nu)。
班(ban)(ban)超(chao),字仲升,漢(han)扶風平陵(今陜西咸(xian)陽(yang)東(dong)北)人。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)是(shi)當時(shi)儒學(xue)大師(shi)、史學(xue)家(jia)班(ban)(ban)彪的(de)幼(you)子,其長(chang)兄(xiong)班(ban)(ban)固、妹(mei)妹(mei)班(ban)(ban)昭也(ye)是(shi)著名(ming)的(de)史學(xue)家(jia)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)自幼(you)有大志,不修細節,然而內心孝(xiao)敬恭謹(jin),能吃苦耐(nai)勞。他也(ye)很(hen)有口才(cai),能言善辯(bian),博學(xue)多聞。
漢(han)明帝(di)永平(ping)五年(公元62年),班(ban)固被召(zhao)入京(jing)任校書郎,班(ban)超(chao)和(he)其母(mu)隨之遷居(ju)至洛(luo)陽。因家貧,班(ban)超(chao)常給官府抄(chao)寫文書來(lai)供養母(mu)親。班(ban)超(chao)長期(qi)伏案揮毫,有一(yi)次他曾停下工作(zuo)投下筆(bi)(bi)嘆息說(shuo):“大丈(zhang)夫無它志略,猶當效傅介子(zi)、張(zhang)騫立功異域(yu),以取封侯,安能久事(shi)筆(bi)(bi)研(yan)間(jian)乎(hu)?”
旁人聽了都(dou)嘲笑他,班超卻說:“小子安知壯士志哉!”
后來,他(ta)去找相(xiang)面的(de)人(ren)(ren)看相(xiang),相(xiang)面的(de)人(ren)(ren)說:“祭(ji)酒(jiu),布衣諸(zhu)生耳,而當(dang)封侯萬(wan)里之(zhi)外!”
班超問其故,相面的人說:“生燕頷(han)虎頸,飛而食肉(rou),此萬(wan)里侯相也!”
后(hou)來,漢明(ming)帝因班固(gu)的面子曾任命班超為蘭臺令史,掌管奏章(zhang)和文書。然而沒多久,班超就因為受一些(xie)牽連被免職。
永平十六年(nian)(公(gong)元73年(nian)),漢(han)軍(jun)分四(si)道北攻(gong)北匈奴,其中(zhong)奉車都尉竇(dou)固(gu)(gu)(gu)率軍(jun)出酒泉(quan)塞,攻(gong)擊北匈奴王庭所在(zai)的(de)天山。班超(chao)隨從竇(dou)固(gu)(gu)(gu)北征,在(zai)軍(jun)中(zhong)任假司(si)馬(代(dai)理司(si)馬)之職。班超(chao)一到軍(jun)旅中(zhong),就初顯軍(jun)事才能(neng)。他率兵進攻(gong)伊(yi)吾(今新疆哈密西四(si)堡),戰(zhan)于蒲(pu)類(lei)海(今新疆巴里昆湖),小(xiao)試牛刀,斬俘(fu)頗多。竇(dou)固(gu)(gu)(gu)很賞識(shi)他的(de)軍(jun)事才干,派他和(he)從事郭恂一起出使西域。
1,降服鄯善
班(ban)(ban)超(chao)和郭恂率領三十六名部下先(xian)到鄯善(今新疆羅布泊(bo)西(xi)南),鄯善王廣對班(ban)(ban)超(chao)等人先(xian)是(shi)禮敬備(bei)致,但不(bu)(bu)久后突(tu)然改變(bian)態度,變(bian)得粗疏怠慢。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)估(gu)計必有原因(yin),他(ta)對部下說:“你們(men)不(bu)(bu)覺(jue)得鄯善王的禮意(yi)淡薄了(le)嗎?這一定(ding)是(shi)因(yin)為有北匈(xiong)奴的使臣來,鄯善王猶疑不(bu)(bu)決,不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)歸順哪邊。聰明(ming)的人能看到即將萌發(fa)的事情(qing),何況現在已經很(hen)明(ming)顯了(le)?”
于(yu)是(shi)(shi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)便把服侍(shi)他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)的鄯善(shan)侍(shi)者(zhe)找(zhao)來,詐問(wen)他(ta)道(dao):“匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)使者(zhe)已經來數(shu)日(ri)了(le)(le),現在(zai)(zai)住在(zai)(zai)哪里?”侍(shi)者(zhe)很惶恐,只(zhi)好把情況(kuang)照實說(shuo)(shuo)了(le)(le)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)把侍(shi)者(zhe)扣押起來,然后召集(ji)部(bu)下(xia)三十(shi)六(liu)人,飲酒高會。飲到酣處,班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)故意(yi)用話激怒大(da)(da)家說(shuo)(shuo):“你們(men)(men)(men)與(yu)我一起在(zai)(zai)遙(yao)遠的地(di)(di)域,欲立大(da)(da)功(gong),以求富貴。現在(zai)(zai)北(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)的使者(zhe)才到幾天,鄯善(shan)王(wang)(wang)廣(guang)就不(bu)(bu)(bu)再禮(li)敬我們(men)(men)(men)。假如(ru)鄯善(shan)王(wang)(wang)抓了(le)(le)我們(men)(men)(men)送給北(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu),那我們(men)(men)(men)的尸(shi)骸將(jiang)長久為(wei)(wei)豺(chai)狼的吞(tun)食(shi)了(le)(le)。該怎么辦(ban)?”眾(zhong)部(bu)屬(shu)都(dou)說(shuo)(shuo):“現在(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)危亡之地(di)(di),無論(lun)死生都(dou)聽從司馬。”班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)說(shuo)(shuo):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)入虎(hu)穴,不(bu)(bu)(bu)得虎(hu)子。當今(jin)之計,唯有趁夜以火攻匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)使者(zhe),使其不(bu)(bu)(bu)知我有多少兵(bing)力,必定(ding)震驚(jing)害怕(pa),可以全(quan)部(bu)消滅(mie)他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)。滅(mie)了(le)(le)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)使者(zhe),則鄯善(shan)破膽,功(gong)成事(shi)(shi)立矣。”有部(bu)下(xia)說(shuo)(shuo):“當與(yu)從事(shi)(shi)議之。”班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)大(da)(da)怒,說(shuo)(shuo):“吉兇決于(yu)今(jin)日(ri)。從事(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)個文官俗吏,聽說(shuo)(shuo)了(le)(le)此時必定(ding)恐懼而泄密,不(bu)(bu)(bu)明不(bu)(bu)(bu)白地(di)(di)就死了(le)(le),不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)壯士(shi)所為(wei)(wei)!”部(bu)下(xia)一致稱是(shi)(shi)。
這天天剛黑,班(ban)(ban)超率將士直奔匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)者(zhe)駐(zhu)地。正趕(gan)上天刮大風,班(ban)(ban)超命(ming)令(ling)十(shi)個人(ren)拿著鼓藏在匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)人(ren)駐(zhu)地之后,約定說:“一見火(huo)起,全部(bu)都猛敲戰鼓,大聲吶喊”。并命(ming)令(ling)其他人(ren)拿著兵器弓弩埋伏(fu)在營門兩邊。之后班(ban)(ban)超順(shun)風縱火(huo),三十(shi)六人(ren)前后鼓噪起來。匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)人(ren)驚嚇之下(xia)亂作一團。班(ban)(ban)超親(qin)手搏殺了三個匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)人(ren),他的部(bu)下(xia)也殺死了包括匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)使(shi)(shi)者(zhe)在內的三十(shi)多人(ren),其余(yu)的百余(yu)匈(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)人(ren)都葬(zang)身火(huo)海。
第(di)二(er)天返回后(hou),班(ban)(ban)超(chao)才將此事告知郭(guo)恂(xun),郭(guo)恂(xun)先是吃(chi)驚,接(jie)著臉色(se)有所(suo)變(bian)化。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)知道(dao)他心思,便舉手來(lai)對他說(shuo):“你(ni)雖(sui)沒去(qu),但(dan)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)怎么會獨占(zhan)功勞呢?”郭(guo)恂(xun)這才高興起來(lai)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)于是請來(lai)了鄯善王(wang)廣,把匈奴使者的(de)首級(ji)給(gei)他看,鄯善王(wang)大驚失(shi)色(se),舉國震(zhen)恐。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)講明道(dao)理好言撫慰,鄯善王(wang)表示(shi)愿意歸附漢朝,并(bing)且派王(wang)子作(zuo)質子。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)完成使命(ming),返回后(hou)把情況向竇固(gu)(gu)作(zuo)了匯報。竇固(gu)(gu)大喜,上表奏明班(ban)(ban)超(chao)出使經(jing)過和所(suo)取(qu)得的(de)成就,并(bing)請皇帝選(xuan)派使者再度出使西域。皇帝很欣賞(shang)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)的(de)勇敢和韜略,下詔給(gei)竇固(gu)(gu)說(shuo):“有班(ban)(ban)超(chao)這樣的(de)官吏,為(wei)什(shen)么不繼續派遣(qian)而要更換?現在任命(ming)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)為(wei)軍司(si)令(ling),令(ling)他完成以前的(de)功業。”班(ban)(ban)超(chao)又接(jie)受使命(ming)后(hou),竇固(gu)(gu)認為(wei)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)手下的(de)人(ren)太少(shao),想給(gei)他增加人(ren)員。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)卻說(shuo):“愿率領原先所(suo)率領的(de)三(san)十(shi)多(duo)人(ren)就夠(gou)了。如果有不測,人(ren)多(duo)反而累贅。有不虞,多(duo)益為(wei)累”。
2,威服于闐
班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)再次出使西行。這時(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王廣德剛剛攻破(po)莎車國(今新疆莎車),在(zai)西域南道稱(cheng)雄,并(bing)且匈(xiong)奴(nu)人派(pai)使者駐在(zai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)監護其國。班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)到(dao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)后,于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王對(dui)(dui)他(ta)很不禮遇(yu),而且于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)民俗(su)迷(mi)信(xin)巫(wu)術,巫(wu)師對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王說(shuo):“天神發怒了,為什么(me)要傾向漢(han)朝(chao)?漢(han)朝(chao)使者有黑嘴的黃(huang)馬(ma),趕快拿過來祭祀我!”于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王廣德于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是派(pai)人到(dao)班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)處討要那匹(pi)馬(ma),班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)暗中(zhong)(zhong)早已清楚(chu)事(shi)(shi)情原委,聲稱(cheng)同意,但說(shuo)要巫(wu)師自(zi)己來取(qu)。不久,巫(wu)師真來取(qu)馬(ma),班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)就(jiu)殺了他(ta),把(ba)首級送給于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王,趁機(ji)在(zai)言辭中(zhong)(zhong)責備(bei)他(ta)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)王早就(jiu)聽(ting)說(shuo)過班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)在(zai)鄯善(shan)國誅殺匈(xiong)奴(nu)使者之事(shi)(shi),大為惶恐,當即攻殺匈(xiong)奴(nu)使者,歸(gui)降班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)重賞了于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闐(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)國王及其臣子們,于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是平(ping)定并(bing)安撫(fu)了這一地(di)區。
3,平定疏勒
當(dang)時,龜茲(今新(xin)疆庫車市(shi)城東(dong)郊)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)王(wang)建是匈奴人(ren)所立,他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)倚仗(zhang)匈奴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勢力占據(ju)西域北道(dao)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)派兵(bing)攻破疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)(今新(xin)疆喀(ka)什(shen)市(shi))國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),殺死(si)其(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)王(wang),另立龜茲人(ren)兜(dou)題(ti)(ti)為疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)王(wang),疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實際(ji)掌(zhang)握在龜茲人(ren)手中。第二年(永(yong)平(ping)十(shi)七年)春,班(ban)超(chao)(chao)率所屬(shu)從(cong)小道(dao)到(dao)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。班(ban)超(chao)(chao)行(xing)至距離兜(dou)題(ti)(ti)居住的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)架橐城九十(shi)里(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方,派手下(xia)吏(li)員(yuan)田(tian)慮(lv)去(qu)招降兜(dou)題(ti)(ti)。班(ban)超(chao)(chao)指(zhi)示(shi)田(tian)慮(lv)說:“兜(dou)題(ti)(ti)本非(fei)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)種,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)必不(bu)用(yong)命。若不(bu)即降,便(bian)可執之(zhi)(zhi)。”田(tian)慮(lv)到(dao)后,兜(dou)題(ti)(ti)見田(tian)慮(lv)勢單力薄,根本沒有(you)投降的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思。田(tian)慮(lv)乘其(qi)(qi)不(bu)備,搶上去(qu)劫(jie)持了他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。兜(dou)提的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手下(xia)意想不(bu)到(dao),都驚嚇(xia)四處逃散。田(tian)慮(lv)派人(ren)馳馬將(jiang)情況(kuang)急報(bao)班(ban)超(chao)(chao),班(ban)超(chao)(chao)當(dang)即來到(dao)架橐城,把(ba)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)文武官(guan)員(yuan)全部召(zhao)集(ji)來,向(xiang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)陳說龜茲不(bu)講道(dao)義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)徑,于是立原(yuan)來被殺掉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哥(ge)(ge)哥(ge)(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)子忠為疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)新(xin)王(wang),疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)人(ren)大悅。新(xin)王(wang)和官(guan)員(yuan)都請求殺死(si)兜(dou)題(ti)(ti),班(ban)超(chao)(chao)不(bu)同意,想宣(xuan)示(shi)漢王(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威德信義,釋放了遣返了兜(dou)題(ti)(ti)。疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)從(cong)此和龜茲結怨(yuan)。但班(ban)超(chao)(chao)平(ping)定疏(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)也達到(dao)了。
4,重置都護
永平十七年(nian)(公元(yuan)74年(nian))冬十一月,明帝再命竇固、耿秉(bing)率騎兵1萬4千人出敦煌昆侖塞,攻西域。漢(han)軍(jun)先在(zai)(zai)蒲類(lei)海(hai)打敗了白(bai)山的匈奴人,然后(hou)進攻車師國(guo)。當(dang)時(shi)車師分(fen)前后(hou)二部(bu)二王(wang)(wang)(wang),前部(bu)在(zai)(zai)南、后(hou)部(bu)在(zai)(zai)北,兩王(wang)(wang)(wang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)庭相距500余里,車師前王(wang)(wang)(wang)是(shi)后(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)子。耿秉(bing)力(li)排眾議,先攻位于北方的車師后(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)得,后(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)投(tou)降,前王(wang)(wang)(wang)聞之(zhi)震恐,也歸(gui)降,遂平車師。當(dang)時(shi)班超已(yi)經平定鄯善、于闐、疏勒三(san)國(guo),因(yin)此竇固奏(zou)請(qing)天子重設西域都護和戊己(ji)校(xiao)尉(wei)(wei)。明帝準奏(zou),以(yi)陳睦(mu)為都護;以(yi)耿恭為戊校(xiao)尉(wei)(wei),駐守后(hou)王(wang)(wang)(wang)部(bu)的金蒲城;以(yi)關寵(chong)為己(ji)校(xiao)尉(wei)(wei),駐守前王(wang)(wang)(wang)部(bu)的柳(liu)中城。駐軍(jun)各(ge)設數(shu)百(bai)人。
1,漢軍東撤
永平十八年(公元75年)春,北匈奴(nu)(nu)單(dan)于派遣(qian)其左鹿(lu)蠡王率軍(jun)攻(gong)車師(shi),全殲東漢(han)戊校尉耿恭所遣(qian)300援兵,殺車師(shi)后(hou)王安得(de);復又攻(gong)金蒲城(cheng)(cheng),耿恭堅(jian)守,匈奴(nu)(nu)不能(neng)克(ke),乃退。耿恭以疏勒城(cheng)(cheng)(非疏勒國都)有(you)澗(jian)水,移守疏勒城(cheng)(cheng)。秋七月,匈奴(nu)(nu)復來攻(gong),斷澗(jian)水。耿恭等掘地(di)15丈不見水,以馬糞汁止渴,亦誓(shi)死(si)不降。危機(ji)間,掘井終于泉水噴(pen)涌(yong),漢(han)軍(jun)于城(cheng)(cheng)頭揚水示匈奴(nu)(nu),匈奴(nu)(nu)大(da)驚,以為漢(han)有(you)神助,遂(sui)退。
永平十八年(公元(yuan)75年)秋八月,漢(han)(han)(han)明帝駕崩,太子即(ji)位(即(ji)漢(han)(han)(han)章帝)。焉(yan)耆(今新疆焉(yan)耆回(hui)族自治縣)國與(yu)龜茲(zi)國乘漢(han)(han)(han)王(wang)朝大喪之(zhi)機,攻殺漢(han)(han)(han)西域都護陳睦;北(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)圍困(kun)己校尉關寵(chong)于柳中城;車師國亦(yi)反叛,與(yu)匈(xiong)奴(nu)合圍耿(geng)恭(gong)。關寵(chong)上書求救(jiu),漢(han)(han)(han)章帝以酒泉太守段彭、謁者王(wang)蒙、皇甫援,發張(zhang)掖、酒泉、敦(dun)煌(huang)三郡兵鄯善兵7000人(ren)(ren)援耿(geng)恭(gong)。段彭攻車師,破交河(he)城,斬獲(huo)甚重,北(bei)匈(xiong)奴(nu)驚(jing)走(zou),車師復降。時關寵(chong)已死,王(wang)蒙等欲回(hui)師,軍(jun)吏范羌自請率兵2000人(ren)(ren)接(jie)應耿(geng)恭(gong)。至(zhi)疏勒城,耿(geng)恭(gong)部僅存(cun)26人(ren)(ren)。合兵后耿(geng)恭(gong)及范羌東(dong)歸(gui),一路且戰且走(zou),至(zhi)玉門關,耿(geng)恭(gong)部僅存(cun)13人(ren)(ren)。
2,孤身堅持
班(ban)超孤(gu)立無(wu)援,而龜茲、姑墨(今新(xin)疆溫宿、阿克蘇(su)一帶)等國也屢(lv)屢(lv)發兵,進攻(gong)疏(shu)勒。班(ban)超跟(gen)疏(shu)勒王忠互為犄角(jiao),首尾呼應,拒(ju)守(shou)架橐城。雖然勢單力孤(gu),但仍(reng)拒(ju)守(shou)了一年(nian)多。
朝廷認為陳睦已(yi)死(si),西(xi)域大勢已(yi)去(qu),遂下詔罷都(dou)護官及戊、己校尉(wei),放(fang)棄西(xi)域,并(bing)(bing)命(ming)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)回國。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)受命(ming)將(jiang)歸(gui),疏勒舉國憂恐(kong)。疏勒都(dou)尉(wei)黎弇說(shuo):“漢使(shi)棄我,我必復(fu)為龜茲(zi)所滅耳(er)。誠(cheng)不(bu)(bu)忍見漢使(shi)去(qu)”。說(shuo)罷,拔刀(dao)自刎而(er)死(si)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)率部東行至于(yu)闐(tian),于(yu)闐(tian)的王侯百姓都(dou)放(fang)聲大哭,他(ta)(ta)們說(shuo):“依漢使(shi)如父母,誠(cheng)不(bu)(bu)可去(qu)”。抱住班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)的馬腿,班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)不(bu)(bu)得(de)前(qian)行。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)見狀,恐(kong)怕于(yu)闐(tian)父最終不(bu)(bu)會讓他(ta)(ta)東回,而(er)他(ta)(ta)也想完成他(ta)(ta)立功異域的宏愿,便毅然(ran)決(jue)定不(bu)(bu)回漢朝,重(zhong)返疏勒。在班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)走后疏勒有兩(liang)座城已(yi)經重(zhong)新歸(gui)降了龜茲(zi),并(bing)(bing)且與尉(wei)頭國(今新疆阿合奇)聯合起(qi)來,圖為大亂(luan)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)捉捕(bu)反叛首領殺掉,擊破尉(wei)頭國,殺六百余(yu)人,使(shi)疏勒復(fu)安。
漢章帝(di)建初三年(nian)(78年(nian)),班超率(lv)疏勒、康(kang)居、于闐、拘(ju)彌(mi)等國(guo)士兵(bing)一(yi)萬多人(ren),進(jin)攻姑墨石城,并將其攻破,斬首(shou)七百(bai),孤立了龜茲(zi)。
建初五年(nian)(80年(nian)),班超(chao)(chao)在四(si)面受(shou)敵的疏勒孤守五年(nian)后,上書(shu)給章帝(di),分析(xi)西域(yu)(yu)(yu)各(ge)國形勢:當時北道諸(zhu)國多(duo)為匈奴控(kong)制,而南道諸(zhu)國,只有龜茲(zi)(zi)一(yi)(yi)國與漢為敵。故班超(chao)(chao)提出“若得龜茲(zi)(zi),則西域(yu)(yu)(yu)未(wei)服(fu)者(zhe)百分之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)耳(er)。”他又分析(xi)西域(yu)(yu)(yu)各(ge)國同龜茲(zi)(zi)的矛盾,認為“以夷狄攻夷狄,計(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)善者(zhe)也(ye)”。漢章帝(di)覽表,知班超(chao)(chao)功業可成(cheng),準備增(zeng)加班超(chao)(chao)的力量(liang)。平陵人(ren)徐干(gan)也(ye)有平定西域(yu)(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)志,主動上書(shu)請求奮身異域(yu)(yu)(yu),輔佐(zuo)班超(chao)(chao)。朝廷當即任命他為代理(li)司馬,派(pai)他帶領解(jie)除刑法(fa)的刑徒和志愿者(zhe)一(yi)(yi)千人(ren)去(qu)增(zeng)援班超(chao)(chao)。
1,寬廣心胸
起先,莎車以(yi)為漢兵不(bu)會來,于是(shi)降于龜(gui)茲(zi),疏(shu)(shu)勒都尉(wei)番(fan)辰也又反叛。正好徐(xu)(xu)干率兵到疏(shu)(shu)勒,班超就與徐(xu)(xu)干一(yi)起,殺掉了(le)番(fan)辰,斬首千(qian)余級(ji),平(ping)息(xi)了(le)叛亂。班超攻破(po)番(fan)辰之后,想進軍龜(gui)茲(zi)。因烏孫國兵力(li)強盛,班超認(ren)為該借助它的力(li)量(liang),于是(shi)上書(shu):“烏孫大(da)國,控(kong)弦十萬,故武帝(di)妻以(yi)公主,至孝宣(xuan)皇帝(di),卒得其用。今(jin)可遣使招慰,與共合力(li)”。章帝(di)采(cai)納了(le)其建議。
建初(chu)八年(83年),天子(zi)拜班超(chao)為將(jiang)兵長史,借其(qi)樂(le)隊、旗幟和儀仗。升任徐干為軍司(si)馬,另外派遣衛侯李邑護送烏孫(sun)使者,賜大小(xiao)昆彌以(yi)下錦(jin)帛。
李(li)邑(yi)(yi)初(chu)到(dao)于(yu)闐,正趕(gan)上龜(gui)茲進攻疏(shu)勒,嚇得不(bu)敢再向前行(xing)。為了(le)掩飾自(zi)己的怯懦,他上書(shu)(shu)給朝廷,說西域(yu)之功不(bu)可能完成,又說班超(chao)(chao)“擁愛妻,抱愛子(zi),安樂外(wai)國,無內(nei)顧(gu)心(xin)”。班超(chao)(chao)聞之,嘆息說:“身非(fei)曾參(can)而(er)有三至(zhi)之讒,恐見疑(yi)于(yu)當時(shi)矣”。于(yu)是(shi)他毅(yi)然讓妻子(zi)離開了(le)自(zi)己以自(zi)明。漢章(zhang)帝深(shen)知班超(chao)(chao)忠誠,下詔書(shu)(shu)切責李(li)邑(yi)(yi)說:“縱超(chao)(chao)擁愛妻,抱愛子(zi),思歸(gui)之士千余(yu)人,何能盡與超(chao)(chao)同(tong)心(xin)乎?”還命李(li)邑(yi)(yi)到(dao)班超(chao)(chao)那(nei)接受其節(jie)制調度,并讓班超(chao)(chao)根據情況(kuang)決(jue)定(ding)是(shi)否讓李(li)邑(yi)(yi)留(liu)在西域(yu)。
班(ban)(ban)超(chao)當(dang)即讓李邑(yi)帶(dai)著烏孫侍子回(hui)京。徐干勸班(ban)(ban)超(chao):“邑(yi)前親毀(hui)君,欲敗西域(yu),今何不緣詔書留之,更遣它吏(li)送侍子乎?”班(ban)(ban)超(chao)說:“是何言之陋也!以邑(yi)毀(hui)超(chao),故今遣之。內(nei)省不疚(jiu),何恤人言!快意留之,非忠(zhong)臣(chen)也。”
2,威震西域
第二年(nian)(nian)(元和(he)元年(nian)(nian),公(gong)元84年(nian)(nian)),漢王朝又派假司馬和(he)恭等四將(jiang),率兵(bing)八百(bai),增援班(ban)超。班(ban)超于是調集(ji)疏(shu)勒、于闐的兵(bing)馬進攻莎(sha)(sha)車。莎(sha)(sha)車派人私下(xia)聯(lian)系疏(shu)勒王忠(zhong),用重(zhong)利引誘(you)他,于是忠(zhong)背叛班(ban)超歸順莎(sha)(sha)車,西保烏即(ji)城。班(ban)超改立(li)疏(shu)勒府丞成大為疏(shu)勒王,調集(ji)不反叛的兵(bing)力攻忠(zhong)。半年(nian)(nian)后,康(kang)居(今巴爾喀什湖和(he)咸海(hai)之(zhi)間)國派精(jing)兵(bing)助忠(zhong),班(ban)超久攻不下(xia)。當時月氏(shi)(shi)剛和(he)康(kang)居通婚,互(hu)相親近,班(ban)超便派使者帶了很(hen)多錦帛給月氏(shi)(shi)王,讓(rang)他對康(kang)居王曉以利害,康(kang)居王于是罷兵(bing),扣押了忠(zhong)將(jiang)他也帶回(hui)國中,烏即(ji)城于是投降班(ban)超。
元(yuan)和(he)三年(公元(yuan)86年),前疏(shu)勒王忠說服康居王,借了一些兵馬,回(hui)來占據(ju)損(sun)中(zhong),與龜茲勾(gou)結密謀,派人向班(ban)超詐降,班(ban)超早洞見其計,佯裝答應他投降。忠大(da)喜(xi),便輕裝簡從來見班(ban)超。班(ban)超秘密伏兵等(deng)待他們,為(wei)之(zhi)設宴奏樂。酒宴中(zhong),班(ban)超喝令屬下綁(bang)縛忠斬殺(sha)了他,并趁機進(jin)軍擊敗其兵眾,殺(sha)700余人,南道遂(sui)通。
第(di)二年(章和元年,公元87年),班(ban)(ban)超(chao)調(diao)發于(yu)闐(tian)等(deng)國士兵(bing)(bing)(bing)二萬五(wu)千人(ren),再攻莎(sha)(sha)車(che)(che)。龜茲(zi)(zi)王遣(qian)左將軍(jun)發溫(wen)宿、姑(gu)墨、尉頭合兵(bing)(bing)(bing)五(wu)萬救援(yuan)莎(sha)(sha)車(che)(che)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)召(zhao)集(ji)將校(xiao)和于(yu)闐(tian)國王商(shang)議軍(jun)情(qing),故意(yi)說:“現(xian)在我(wo)們兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力少(shao)不敵,為今之計(ji)不如(ru)各自散(san)(san)(san)去(qu),于(yu)闐(tian)王從(cong)此(ci)東歸(gui),我(wo)也西歸(gui)。可等(deng)到夜鼓(gu)聲(sheng)響起就動身。”班(ban)(ban)超(chao)暗(an)地里(li)故意(yi)放(fang)松(song)對龜茲(zi)(zi)俘(fu)虜的看管,讓他們逃回去(qu)報信。龜茲(zi)(zi)王聞之大喜,自己(ji)率(lv)萬騎在西邊截殺班(ban)(ban)超(chao),派溫(wen)宿王率(lv)領(ling)八千騎在東邊阻擊于(yu)闐(tian)王。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)偵(zhen)知他們已(yi)經出兵(bing)(bing)(bing),迅速命令諸部率(lv)領(ling)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)馬,早上雞鳴(ming)時分直(zhi)撲莎(sha)(sha)車(che)(che)大本營。胡人(ren)驚恐四處逃散(san)(san)(san),班(ban)(ban)超(chao)追斬五(wu)千余人(ren),大獲其馬畜(chu)財(cai)物。莎(sha)(sha)車(che)(che)國只好投降(jiang),龜茲(zi)(zi)王等(deng)也只好各自退散(san)(san)(san)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)由(you)此(ci)威震西域。
3,匈奴勢竭
東(dong)漢朝廷最初(chu)遣使(shi)通(tong)西域,目的就是為了對付經常入(ru)寇(kou)邊塞的北(bei)(bei)匈奴(nu),在戰略上(shang)“斷(duan)匈奴(nu)右臂(bei)”。而在班超經營西域的同時,在漢軍(jun)的打擊和(he)饑荒、內亂的紛(fen)擾下,北(bei)(bei)匈奴(nu)也日(ri)益衰(shuai)落,這反過來也從(cong)戰略環境上(shang)有利(li)于班超平定西域。
漢(han)章帝建初八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)83年(nian)(nian)(nian))夏,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)三(san)木樓訾(zi)部(bu)落(luo)首(shou)領(ling)稽留斯等率(lv)領(ling)三(san)人(ren)(ren)余(yu)人(ren)(ren)至五原塞投(tou)降(jiang)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)85年(nian)(nian)(nian)),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)頭(tou)領(ling)車利涿(zhuo)兵(bing)等73批北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)人(ren)(ren)逃(tao)到內地,此時北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)衰落(luo)內耗(hao),眾叛(pan)親(qin)離,“南部(bu)(南匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu))攻其(qi)(qi)前(qian),丁零寇其(qi)(qi)后(hou),鮮(xian)卑(bei)擊(ji)其(qi)(qi)左(zuo),西域侵其(qi)(qi)右”,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)難以(yi)(yi)(yi)立足,于(yu)是率(lv)部(bu)眾遠遁(dun)(dun)。章和(he)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)87年(nian)(nian)(nian)),鮮(xian)卑(bei)攻北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu),大破(po)之(zhi),斬(zhan)(zhan)優留單(dan)(dan)(dan)于(yu)而(er)還;旋即北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)大亂(luan),屈蘭(lan)儲等五十八(ba)部(bu)、28萬人(ren)(ren)口分別至云中郡(jun)(jun)、五原郡(jun)(jun)、朔方郡(jun)(jun)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)地郡(jun)(jun)投(tou)降(jiang)。章和(he)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)88年(nian)(nian)(nian)),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)饑荒混亂(luan),一年(nian)(nian)(nian)投(tou)降(jiang)南匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)數千(qian)人(ren)(ren);七月,南單(dan)(dan)(dan)于(yu)上書漢(han)朝請攻北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu);十月,漢(han)庭以(yi)(yi)(yi)竇(dou)(dou)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)為車騎將(jiang)軍,以(yi)(yi)(yi)耿秉為副,發(fa)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)軍五校,黎陽、雍營等邊(bian)疆(jiang)十二(er)(er)郡(jun)(jun)騎士及羌、胡(hu)兵(bing)出(chu)(chu)塞攻北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)。漢(han)和(he)帝永(yong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)89年(nian)(nian)(nian))六(liu)月,竇(dou)(dou)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)、耿秉率(lv)兵(bing)出(chu)(chu)朔方郡(jun)(jun)雞鹿(lu)塞,南匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)單(dan)(dan)(dan)于(yu)也率(lv)兵(bing)配合,于(yu)稽落(luo)山(shan)(今(jin)漠北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)西北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)的(de)額布(bu)根(gen)山(shan))大破(po)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)單(dan)(dan)(dan)于(yu)遁(dun)(dun)逃(tao)。漢(han)軍及南匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)軍斬(zhan)(zhan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)名王(wang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)一萬三(san)千(qian)人(ren)(ren),虜獲甚重,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)八(ba)十一部(bu)率(lv)眾投(tou)降(jiang),前(qian)后(hou)共(gong)20余(yu)萬人(ren)(ren)。漢(han)軍出(chu)(chu)塞三(san)千(qian)余(yu)里,竇(dou)(dou)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)、耿秉登(deng)燕然山(shan),命班(ban)超之(zhi)兄(xiong)班(ban)固作(zuo)文,刻(ke)石勒功(gong)而(er)還。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(永(yong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)90年(nian)(nian)(nian)),竇(dou)(dou)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)又(you)派(pai)副校尉(wei)閻礱率(lv)兵(bing)兩(liang)千(qian)余(yu)騎攻擊(ji)伊吾的(de)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)守軍,取其(qi)(qi)地。車師(shi)國(guo)震恐,其(qi)(qi)前(qian)后(hou)王(wang)都遣(qian)子來朝入侍。九月,北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)遣(qian)使稱臣(chen),而(er)南匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)單(dan)(dan)(dan)于(yu)上書求(qiu)滅北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)庭,于(yu)是遣(qian)左(zuo)谷蠡王(wang)師(shi)子將(jiang)八(ba)千(qian)騎出(chu)(chu)雞鹿(lu)塞,中郎將(jiang)耿譚遣(qian)從事將(jiang)護之(zhi),襲擊(ji)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)單(dan)(dan)(dan)于(yu),北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)單(dan)(dan)(dan)于(yu)受傷(shang)逃(tao)竄(cuan),僅以(yi)(yi)(yi)身(shen)免,俘(fu)獲閼氏和(he)男(nan)女五人(ren)(ren),斬(zhan)(zhan)殺(sha)八(ba)千(qian),擄其(qi)(qi)部(bu)眾數千(qian)。班(ban)固追至私(si)渠(qu)海而(er)還。永(yong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)91年(nian)(nian)(nian))二(er)(er)月,竇(dou)(dou)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)再遣(qian)左(zuo)校尉(wei)耿夔(kui)、司馬任尚出(chu)(chu)居(ju)延塞,圍北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)于(yu)金微山(shan)(即阿爾泰(tai)山(shan)),虜北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)單(dan)(dan)(dan)于(yu)母(mu)閼氏,殺(sha)其(qi)(qi)名王(wang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)五千(qian)余(yu)人(ren)(ren)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)單(dan)(dan)(dan)于(yu)逃(tao)遁(dun)(dun),不知所(suo)蹤。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)主(zhu)力(li)自此西遷。漢(han)軍出(chu)(chu)塞五千(qian)余(yu)里而(er)還,自漢(han)出(chu)(chu)擊(ji)匈(xiong)(xiong)(xiong)奴(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)(nu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)來從未至如(ru)此遠處。
4,再置都護
當初,大(da)月氏(今阿富汗境內)國曾經幫助漢朝(chao)進攻車(che)師有功。章(zhang)和元年(公(gong)元87年),國王(wang)派遣(qian)使者,來到(dao)班(ban)超(chao)(chao)駐地(di),向(xiang)漢朝(chao)進貢珍寶、獅(shi)子等物,提出要(yao)娶(qu)漢朝(chao)公(gong)主(zhu)為妻(qi)。班(ban)超(chao)(chao)拒絕了這要(yao)求,大(da)月氏王(wang)由是怨恨。
永元二年(nian)(90年(nian)),大(da)(da)月(yue)氏派其副王謝(xie)率兵(bing)七(qi)萬(wan),東越蔥(cong)嶺(今帕米爾高原和昆(kun)侖山(shan)脈(mo)西段(duan)、喀剌昆(kun)侖山(shan)脈(mo)東南段(duan)),攻打班(ban)(ban)超(chao)。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)兵(bing)少,大(da)(da)家都很(hen)恐慌。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)卻(que)向(xiang)部(bu)下(xia)解釋說:“月(yue)氏兵(bing)雖多,但逾蔥(cong)嶺數(shu)千里(li)遠來,沒(mei)有后(hou)勤運(yun)輸(shu),何足(zu)擔(dan)憂?只要(yao)我們(men)收藏好糧食堅守住,他們(men)饑(ji)餓困苦自會投降,不過(guo)數(shu)十日(ri)就可以見分曉。”大(da)(da)月(yue)氏副王謝(xie)進攻班(ban)(ban)超(chao),無(wu)法攻克,搶掠糧草又無(wu)所(suo)得。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)估計其糧草將(jiang)盡,必派人(ren)到(dao)龜(gui)茲(zi)求(qiu)救,預(yu)先(xian)命(ming)幾百(bai)士兵(bing)在東邊埋伏(fu)攔(lan)截(jie),謝(xie)果然(ran)派兵(bing)帶金銀珠寶(bao)去(qu)賄賂龜(gui)茲(zi)以求(qiu)援。班(ban)(ban)超(chao)伏(fu)兵(bing)大(da)(da)出,殺死(si)了(le)使者,并派人(ren)拿給謝(xie)看。謝(xie)大(da)(da)驚(jing),進退無(wu)據,只好遣使向(xiang)班(ban)(ban)超(chao)請罪,希望能放(fang)他們(men)一條生路(lu),班(ban)(ban)超(chao)放(fang)他們(men)回(hui)國,大(da)(da)月(yue)氏由是大(da)(da)震(zhen),每年(nian)向(xiang)漢朝朝貢。
北(bei)匈奴和大月(yue)(yue)氏(shi)的失(shi)敗,使西(xi)域(yu)反漢(han)勢力失(shi)去靠山(shan)。第二(er)(er)年(永(yong)元(yuan)三年,91年),龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi)、姑墨、溫宿(su)等國(guo)都(dou)向班(ban)超投降。冬十二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue),朝廷任(ren)命班(ban)超為西(xi)域(yu)都(dou)護(hu),徐干為長史(shi),拜白霸為龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi)王,派司馬姚(yao)光來送(song)他就國(guo)。班(ban)超和姚(yao)光脅迫龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi)廢掉原來的國(guo)王尤(you)利(li)多而立白霸為王,之后(hou)姚(yao)光把尤(you)里多帶回了京師(shi)。于是,班(ban)超駐(zhu)(zhu)扎在龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi)它乾(qian)城,徐干駐(zhu)(zhu)在疏(shu)勒。又復(fu)戊己校尉(wei),領(ling)兵五百(bai)駐(zhu)(zhu)車(che)師(shi)前部高(gao)昌壁;還設(she)置(zhi)了戊部侯,駐(zhu)(zhu)守在車(che)師(shi)后(hou)部的候(hou)城,與戊己校尉(wei)相距500余里。
此(ci)時,西(xi)域諸國,只剩(sheng)焉耆(qi)、危須(今(jin)新(xin)疆焉耆(qi)東(dong)北)、尉(wei)犁(今(jin)新(xin)疆庫爾(er)勒東(dong)北)三國,因(yin)為(wei)曾殺害西(xi)域都護(hu)陳睦(mu),心(xin)懷恐懼(ju),尚未歸漢。其余各國,均已(yi)平定。
5,定遠封侯
漢和帝(di)永(yong)元六年(公元94年)秋,班(ban)超調發龜茲(zi)、鄯善(shan)等八國的部(bu)隊七萬人(ren),并(bing)漢軍將(jiang)士及(ji)商賈一千四百人(ren),進攻焉耆、危須、尉犁(li)。大(da)(da)軍行到(dao)尉犁(li),班(ban)超派使者通告三(san)(san)國國王:“都護來(lai)者,欲鎮撫三(san)(san)國。即欲改過向善(shan),宜遣大(da)(da)人(ren)來(lai)迎(ying),當賞(shang)賜(si)王侯已下(xia),事(shi)畢即還。今賜(si)王彩(cai)五(wu)百匹(pi)”。
焉(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)(qi)王(wang)廣便派(pai)左將(jiang)北鞬(jian)支(zhi)送來(lai)(lai)(lai)牛(niu)酒,迎接班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)指責(ze)他(ta)(ta)說:“汝(ru)雖匈奴侍子,而(er)(er)今(jin)秉(bing)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)。都(dou)護自來(lai)(lai)(lai),王(wang)不(bu)以時迎,皆汝(ru)罪也(ye)。”班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)部(bu)下(xia)有(you)人(ren)勸他(ta)(ta)殺了北鞬(jian)支(zhi),班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)說:“這不(bu)是(shi)你們能考(kao)慮到的。此人(ren)權(quan)重(zhong)于(yu)王(wang),今(jin)未入其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)而(er)(er)殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),遂令自疑,設備守險(xian),豈得(de)到其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)城下(xia)哉?”于(yu)是(shi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)送給北鞬(jian)支(zhi)不(bu)少禮物(wu)(wu),放他(ta)(ta)回國(guo)(guo)。焉(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)(qi)王(wang)廣見北鞬(jian)支(zhi)無事(shi),就親率高官在(zai)尉(wei)(wei)犁(li)迎接班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao),奉獻珍(zhen)奇禮物(wu)(wu)。不(bu)過(guo),他(ta)(ta)并非真(zhen)想(xiang)讓班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)進入其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)境(jing)。焉(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)一處險(xian)要之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)叫(jiao)葦橋,焉(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)(qi)王(wang)一從班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)那(nei)里返回,立即下(xia)令毀掉葦橋。班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)卻從別的道路涉水(shui)而(er)(er)進,于(yu)七月最后(hou)一天到焉(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)(qi),在(zai)距王(wang)城二十(shi)里的大澤(ze)中(zhong)(zhong)安營(ying)。焉(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)(qi)王(wang)出乎意料,大驚(jing),想(xiang)驅其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)部(bu)眾(zhong)逃入山中(zhong)(zhong)頑抗(kang)。焉(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)左侯元孟,過(guo)去(qu)曾入質京師,悄(qiao)悄(qiao)派(pai)使(shi)者向班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)報信。班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)為了穩定焉(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)貴族,斬殺了元孟的使(shi)者。之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)約定時間(jian)宴請諸國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)王(wang),聲言屆時將(jiang)厚加賞賜。于(yu)是(shi)焉(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)(qi)王(wang)廣、尉(wei)(wei)犁(li)王(wang)泛及北鞬(jian)支(zhi)等(deng)三十(shi)多(duo)人(ren)信以為真(zhen),相機(ji)來(lai)(lai)(lai)到班(ban)(ban)(ban)超(chao)(chao)(chao)處。焉(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)相腹久等(deng)十(shi)七人(ren)害(hai)怕被殺,都(dou)逃到海中(zhong)(zhong),危須王(wang)也(ye)沒有(you)來(lai)(lai)(lai)。
宴會開始,大家坐定,班超(chao)(chao)突然變了臉色,責(ze)問焉(yan)耆王(wang)(wang)道:“危須王(wang)(wang)為(wei)何不到?腹久等為(wei)何逃亡(wang)?”喝令武士將廣、泛等抓獲,并在當年陳睦所(suo)駐(zhu)的故城,把他們(men)全部斬殺,傳(chuan)首京(jing)師。接著又(you)縱兵搶(qiang)掠,斬首五(wu)(wu)千余(yu)級,俘(fu)獲一萬(wan)(wan)五(wu)(wu)千人,馬(ma)畜牛(niu)羊三十(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)(wan)頭。之(zhi)后班超(chao)(chao)另立元孟為(wei)焉(yan)耆國王(wang)(wang),為(wei)穩定局勢,班超(chao)(chao)在那里停留了半年安撫之(zhi)。
至此,西(xi)域五(wu)十(shi)多個國家都遣(qian)使(shi)送人質歸附(fu)了漢王朝,班(ban)超(chao)終于(yu)實現了立(li)功異域的(de)理想。永(yong)元七年(公元95年),朝廷封班(ban)超(chao)定遠侯(hou),食(shi)邑千戶,班(ban)超(chao)時年63歲(sui)。
6,甘英使大秦
西域各國歸順漢朝(chao)后(hou),遙遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)條支(zhi)國(在(zai)(zai)今伊(yi)拉克境(jing)內,一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)在(zai)(zai)今敘(xu)利亞境(jing)內)、安息國(今伊(yi)朗)等各國在(zai)(zai)四萬里(li)之外的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)邊上,都(dou)通過輾轉(zhuan)翻譯來進貢物品。永和九年(nian)(nian)(公元97年(nian)(nian)),西域都(dou)護班超派屬吏甘英(ying)出(chu)使大秦(羅馬),走到(dao)(dao)(dao)條支(zhi)。甘英(ying)到(dao)(dao)(dao)大海(hai)邊(今波斯灣東岸,一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)為地中海(hai)東岸),想渡海(hai),但安息西部的(de)(de)(de)(de)船工對他說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“海(hai)水遼(liao)闊,往來的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)遇順風需三(san)個月才(cai)能到(dao)(dao)(dao)對岸,若風力不(bu)足(zu),也有兩年(nian)(nian)才(cai)到(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de),所以航海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)都(dou)準(zhun)備三(san)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)糧(liang)食。在(zai)(zai)海(hai)上常會使人(ren)思戀家鄉故土,經(jing)常有人(ren)死亡。”甘英(ying)聽說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)后(hou)于是作罷。甘英(ying)這次出(chu)使雖然沒有到(dao)(dao)(dao)達目的(de)(de)(de)(de)地大秦,卻是第一(yi)(yi)個到(dao)(dao)(dao)達波斯灣頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)中國使者,開創(chuang)了中西交通的(de)(de)(de)(de)新記錄(lu)。
7,奉獻終身
班超(chao)(chao)自明帝(di)(di)永平(ping)十六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)73年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))初(chu)次出(chu)使(shi)西域(yu)(yu)。章帝(di)(di)建(jian)初(chu)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)76年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))東漢主力撤(che)出(chu)西域(yu)(yu)后(hou),在(zai)四面(mian)受敵(di)的(de)(de)情況下,班超(chao)(chao)堅持留在(zai)原地,艱苦奮(fen)斗達18年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之久(jiu),終于在(zai)和(he)帝(di)(di)永元(yuan)(yuan)六(liu)(liu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)94年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))完(wan)全(quan)平(ping)定西域(yu)(yu)諸國,使(shi)朝廷重設(she)西域(yu)(yu)都護。之后(hou)班超(chao)(chao)又繼續經(jing)營西域(yu)(yu)8年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之久(jiu),之至永元(yuan)(yuan)十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)102年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))八月,已71歲(sui)高齡的(de)(de)班超(chao)(chao)才回到(dao)洛(luo)陽,一個月后(hou)就病死。班超(chao)(chao)在(zai)西域(yu)(yu)奮(fen)斗經(jing)營達30年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之久(jiu),用勇敢、計謀和(he)外交手段使(shi)西域(yu)(yu)五(wu)十余國歸附漢朝,為(wei)東漢的(de)(de)統一大業(ye)作出(chu)了杰出(chu)貢獻(xian),也成為(wei)一個彪炳(bing)青史(shi)的(de)(de)傳奇人(ren)物。
班超自永元(yuan)十四年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)102年(nian)(nian))東(dong)歸后(hou),朝(chao)廷(ting)以戊己校尉任(ren)尚(shang)繼任(ren)為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)都(dou)護(hu)(hu)。班超臨行前,告誡任(ren)尚(shang)“水清無大(da)魚”,為(wei)政應松弛簡易、“寬小過總(zong)大(da)綱”,但任(ren)尚(shang)不(bu)以為(wei)然。任(ren)尚(shang)為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)都(dou)護(hu)(hu)才數(shu)年(nian)(nian),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)相繼反叛。漢殤帝延平(ping)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)106年(nian)(nian)),西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)反叛諸國圍攻任(ren)尚(shang)于疏勒(le),任(ren)尚(shang)上書求救(jiu)。時朝(chao)廷(ting)以梁慬為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)副校尉,將河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)四郡羌胡兵(bing)五千騎救(jiu)之(zhi),未至而圍解(jie)。朝(chao)廷(ting)遂罷還任(ren)尚(shang),以段(duan)禧(xi)為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)都(dou)護(hu)(hu),以趙(zhao)(zhao)博為(wei)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)長史。時段(duan)禧(xi)、趙(zhao)(zhao)博駐龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi)國它乾城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),梁慬以為(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)小不(bu)堅,于是說服了龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi)王(wang)白(bai)霸,允許他們率漢軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)駐龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi)王(wang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi)王(wang)屬下不(bu)滿,于是叛變,聯(lian)合溫宿、姑(gu)墨,合兵(bing)數(shu)萬(wan),圍困漢軍(jun)(jun)(jun)于龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi)王(wang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。梁慬等率漢軍(jun)(jun)(jun)八九千人守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)并出戰,持續數(shu)月,最(zui)后(hou)漢軍(jun)(jun)(jun)斬(zhan)敵萬(wan)余、俘虜數(shu)千,聯(lian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)敗走,龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi)乃平(ping)。段(duan)禧(xi)等雖保龜(gui)茲(zi)(zi),但道路(lu)阻隔,檄書經年(nian)(nian)不(bu)通,且朝(chao)臣多有(you)徒費兵(bing)餉之(zhi)論。漢安帝永初元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)107年(nian)(nian))六月,朝(chao)廷(ting)下詔(zhao)罷西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)都(dou)護(hu)(hu),并罷伊吾、柳中(zhong)屯(tun)田,段(duan)禧(xi)、趙(zhao)(zhao)博、梁慬等將士俱(ju)還關內(nei)。此時距班超之(zhi)死,僅5年(nian)(nian)。
東(dong)漢(han)勢力撤出西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)(hou),北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴重又(you)收服(fu)西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)諸(zhu)國(guo),寇邊(bian)十余(yu)年(nian)。之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou),東(dong)漢(han)再(zai)次派人(ren)企圖(tu)再(zai)收西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)。安(an)帝(di)延光二(er)年(nian)(公(gong)元123年(nian)),朝廷(ting)任班(ban)(ban)(ban)超之(zhi)子班(ban)(ban)(ban)勇(yong)為西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)長史,復(fu)通西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)超繼父(fu)志,又(you)馳騁于西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu),先(xian)后(hou)(hou)(hou)平定鄯善、龜茲、溫宿、姑墨、車師諸(zhu)國(guo),多次大(da)敗北(bei)(bei)匈(xiong)奴。漢(han)順(shun)帝(di)永建二(er)年(nian)(公(gong)元127年(nian)),班(ban)(ban)(ban)勇(yong)發西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)諸(zhu)國(guo)兵4萬余(yu),在敦煌太守張(zhang)朗三千余(yu)人(ren)支援下(xia),進攻焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)國(guo)。班(ban)(ban)(ban)勇(yong)走(zou)南道(dao)(dao),張(zhang)朗走(zou)北(bei)(bei)道(dao)(dao)。張(zhang)朗因(yin)之(zhi)前犯(fan)法,此次欲戴罪(zui)立功,所(suo)以(yi)先(xian)期(qi)抵達,敗焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)王元孟,接(jie)受其投降后(hou)(hou)(hou)返回。班(ban)(ban)(ban)勇(yong)因(yin)后(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)下(xia)獄(yu),又(you)被赦免,后(hou)(hou)(hou)死(si)于家中。班(ban)(ban)(ban)勇(yong)雖(sui)死(si),但焉(yan)(yan)(yan)耆(qi)投降后(hou)(hou)(hou),疏(shu)勒、于闐、莎車等(deng)國(guo)又(you)歸附。西(xi)(xi)域(yu)(yu)各國(guo)除北(bei)(bei)道(dao)(dao)的烏孫和蔥嶺以(yi)西(xi)(xi)的大(da)宛等(deng)國(guo)外,再(zai)次成為東(dong)漢(han)屬國(guo)。