龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)（Jades of the Longshan Culture），經多(duo)(duo)年大量發(fa)(fa)掘與研究表明，龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)系統與來(lai)源并不單(dan)一，可區分為(wei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，河(he)(he)南龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、陜(shan)西龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、河(he)(he)北(bei)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。這(zhe)4個文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中的(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)，河(he)(he)南龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和河(he)(he)北(bei)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)現較(jiao)(jiao)少。山(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、陜(shan)西龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中的(de)(de)璣和玉(yu)(yu)質生產工具頗具特色。山(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)玉(yu)(yu)錛上的(de)(de)饕餮紋，應是商代銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)饕餮紋的(de)(de)祖型。
最早(zao)發(fa)現于山(shan)東省(sheng)日照市(shi)兩(liang)城鎮遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)，1936年曾出土(tu)了一件扁平有孔玉(yu)(yu)斧(fu)。此(ci)后，除(chu)發(fa)現少(shao)量(liang)生(sheng)產工具(ju)和(he)裝(zhuang)飾品外，還發(fa)現了饕(tao)餮(tie)紋玉(yu)(yu)錛(ben)和(he)大型玉(yu)(yu)鏟(chan)等禮器，極(ji)為珍貴。出土(tu)玉(yu)(yu)器較多的遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)有日照市(shi)兩(liang)城鎮、山(shan)東省(sheng)膠州市(shi)三里(li)河等處，山(shan)東省(sheng)泗(si)水縣(xian)尹(yin)家城、五蓮縣(xian)丹土(tu)村、滕(teng)州市(shi)莊里(li)西(xi)等遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)有少(shao)量(liang)玉(yu)(yu)器出土(tu)。
玉(yu)(yu)錛，扁(bian)平(ping)(ping)長(chang)方形(xing)(xing)，平(ping)(ping)頂(ding)(ding)凸刃(ren)，頂(ding)(ding)下(xia)(xia)兩面(mian)刻饕餮紋(wen)，線條(tiao)流暢，一(yi)面(mian)目圓而大，線條(tiao)簡(jian)練，一(yi)面(mian)目圓而小(xiao)，線條(tiao)繁縟(ru)，長(chang)18厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，上寬(kuan)4.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚0.55厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，下(xia)(xia)寬(kuan)4.9厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚0.6厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)鏟，扁(bian)平(ping)(ping)梯形(xing)(xing)，平(ping)(ping)頂(ding)(ding)弧形(xing)(xing)刃(ren)，四邊(bian)有(you)(you)(you)刃(ren)，現存四孔(kong)，器(qi)長(chang)48.7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂(ding)(ding)寬(kuan)12厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚0.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，是件(jian)(jian)(jian)罕見的(de)大器(qi)。以上兩器(qi)見于兩城(cheng)(cheng)鎮。玉(yu)(yu)鉞(yue)，寬(kuan)梯形(xing)(xing),平(ping)(ping)頂(ding)(ding)斜(xie)刃(ren),頂(ding)(ding)下(xia)(xia)有(you)(you)(you)二管(guan)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)，中部以上兩側(ce)各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)鋸齒(chi)(chi)狀(zhuang)凸起(qi),長(chang)16.3厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)13厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，五蓮丹(dan)土村發現。璣(ji)，也寫作璇璣(ji)，清人(ren)疑為渾天(tian)儀中的(de)機輪(lun)，近人(ren)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)稱為三(san)牙(ya)璧。其中一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)器(qi)形(xing)(xing)很(hen)別致(zhi)，周圍有(you)(you)(you)突起(qi)的(de)三(san)牙(ya)，牙(ya)與牙(ya)間還有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)段鋸齒(chi)(chi)狀(zhuang)，三(san)牙(ya)的(de)距離(li)與鋸齒(chi)(chi)間的(de)距離(li)均(jun)略相等，徑(jing)約8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，出于滕州市莊里(li)西。遼寧(ning)省營城(cheng)(cheng)子四平(ping)(ping)山也發現此形(xing)(xing)器(qi)，可資比較。玉(yu)(yu)環(huan)，一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)扁(bian)環(huan)大孔(kong)，環(huan)外緣在等距離(li)三(san)處有(you)(you)(you)花蒂形(xing)(xing)凸起(qi)，外徑(jing)8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；一(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)正(zheng)圓形(xing)(xing)扁(bian)環(huan)，中有(you)(you)(you)大孔(kong)，環(huan)外一(yi)處有(you)(you)(you)近似雙結凸出，徑(jing)8.1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。兩件(jian)(jian)(jian)均(jun)見于丹(dan)土村。
最早見于鄭(zheng)州大河村遺址，1972～1975年在第(di)五期文化(hua)的文化(hua)層(ceng)中發現了玉(yu)質生產(chan)工具和裝(zhuang)飾品。此外，河南安(an)陽后崗遺址，也有少(shao)量(liang)玉(yu)器發現。
出(chu)(chu)土玉(yu)(yu)器的(de)種類有(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)璜、玉(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)飾等。玉(yu)(yu)璧，灰白色，外徑5.2厘(li)米，出(chu)(chu)于后崗(gang)(gang)；玉(yu)(yu)璜，扁而寬，半弧(hu)形(xing)(xing)，橫(heng)剖面(mian)(mian)三角形(xing)(xing)，兩端各有(you)(you)(you)圓孔(kong)，為蛇紋石大(da)理巖,出(chu)(chu)于大(da)河(he)村五(wu)期(qi)；玉(yu)(yu)環分3種,為橫(heng)剖面(mian)(mian)三角形(xing)(xing)、橫(heng)剖面(mian)(mian)橢圓形(xing)(xing)和橫(heng)剖面(mian)(mian)長方形(xing)(xing)，均見于大(da)河(he)村五(wu)期(qi)。后崗(gang)(gang)也有(you)(you)(you)橫(heng)剖面(mian)(mian)橢圓形(xing)(xing)、外徑3.9厘(li)米的(de)玉(yu)(yu)環；玉(yu)(yu)飾，長方形(xing)(xing)，上端有(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)，長1.9厘(li)米，見于大(da)河(he)村五(wu)期(qi)。
陜西龍(long)(long)山文化或(huo)稱客省莊二期(qi)文化，發(fa)現的(de)玉器不甚豐富(fu)。最早(zao)于1955年發(fa)掘的(de)陜西省長安縣(xian)(xian)津西客省莊遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)現了少(shao)量的(de)玉質裝飾品，以后，神(shen)木縣(xian)(xian)石峁(mao)等陜北的(de)龍(long)(long)山遺(yi)址(zhi)中也出土(tu)了生產工具(ju)及(ji)裝飾品等玉器。
出土玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)有(you)玉(yu)(yu)璜、璣、玉(yu)(yu)璋、玉(yu)(yu)切(qie)刀、玉(yu)(yu)鐮、玉(yu)(yu)鉞、玉(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人首(shou)等。玉(yu)(yu)璜，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)扁(bian)(bian)而寬(kuan)，上(shang)有(you)一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)，見于客省莊；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)扁(bian)(bian)平環形(xing)(xing)，兩(liang)(liang)端有(you)孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)11.8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，出自石(shi)仰。璣2件(jian)(jian)(jian)，乳白色玉(yu)(yu)髓，周(zhou)緣(yuan)有(you)等距離三(san)牙，牙間有(you)圓(yuan)瓣形(xing)(xing)凸起，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)6厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)10厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)璋2件(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)梯(ti)形(xing)(xing)，斜(xie)(xie)圓(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)，凹(ao)刃(ren)，上(shang)端有(you)孔(kong)(kong)，兩(liang)(liang)側有(you)齒，長(chang)35厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)梯(ti)形(xing)(xing)束腰，斜(xie)(xie)平頂(ding)(ding)，下(xia)有(you)孔(kong)(kong)，斜(xie)(xie)刃(ren)，長(chang)30厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，刃(ren)寬(kuan)7.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)刀,一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)直背凸刃(ren)長(chang)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)，豆綠(lv)(lv)色,長(chang)16厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)7厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)凹(ao)刃(ren)條形(xing)(xing)，墨玉(yu)(yu)。一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)有(you)四孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)49厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)有(you)五孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)55厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)切(qie)刀，梯(ti)形(xing)(xing)，圓(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)斜(xie)(xie)刃(ren)，雙(shuang)孔(kong)(kong)，墨玉(yu)(yu)，長(chang)15厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)鐮，直背斜(xie)(xie)刃(ren)，背上(shang)有(you)三(san)孔(kong)(kong)，墨玉(yu)(yu)，長(chang)26厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)鉞，近方(fang)形(xing)(xing),綠(lv)(lv)色白斑,平頂(ding)(ding)斜(xie)(xie)弧刃(ren)，頂(ding)(ding)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)，長(chang)12.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)10厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人首(shou)，玉(yu)(yu)髓，兩(liang)(liang)面(mian)平雕(diao)，束髻，圓(yuan)面(mian)，鉤鼻,張口，大(da)目，短(duan)頸，一(yi)(yi)側有(you)耳，面(mian)頰有(you)圓(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)，高4.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。以上(shang)諸器(qi)(qi)均見于石(shi)仰。
河北龍(long)山(shan)文化(hua)或稱井陘先商文化(hua)，發現的玉(yu)器(qi)不(bu)甚(shen)豐(feng)富。最(zui)早于1952年發掘的河北省(sheng)井陘縣天長鎮遺址發現了少量的玉(yu)質裝飾品，以后，張(zhang)家口的龍(long)山(shan)遺址中也出土了生產工具及裝飾品等玉(yu)器(qi)。
出土(tu)玉(yu)器的(de)種類(lei)有(you)玉(yu)璧、玉(yu)佩、玉(yu)人、玉(yu)飾等。玉(yu)璧，灰(hui)(hui)青(qing)色，外徑4.9厘米，出于(yu)后張村(cun)；玉(yu)佩，以(yi)動物(wu)、禽鳥崇拜為主類(lei)型，不(bu)規(gui)則(ze)形(xing)(xing)，橫(heng)剖面有(you)返(fan)灰(hui)(hui)，無佩戴口，為蛇紋(wen)石(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)和石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)巖質(zhi)(zhi)，均出于(yu)天長(chang)鎮；玉(yu)人，材質(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)巖質(zhi)(zhi)，損(sun)毀較嚴重。賈莊(zhuang)有(you)橫(heng)剖面圓形(xing)(xing)、外徑2.2厘米的(de)玉(yu)環；玉(yu)飾，長(chang)方形(xing)(xing)，上端有(you)孔，長(chang)4.2厘米，見于(yu)后張村(cun)。
龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)最早發(fa)現(xian)在山(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)城子(zi)崖(ya)，龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命名是(shi)以(yi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)來命名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，在同(tong)(tong)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)；紋(wen)飾具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或(huo)者類似器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)遺址(zhi)所(suo)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)均稱之為龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。而(er)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)在考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)中發(fa)現(xian)了很多高古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)些古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)：根據考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)學(xue)家分(fen)(fen)析論證屬于龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。因此(ci)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)命名由此(ci)而(er)來。根據考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)現(xian)：龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)布范圍非常廣泛：山(shan)(shan)東；江(jiang)蘇；安徽；山(shan)(shan)西；河北；河南等(deng)地(di)都有(you)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)。從目(mu)前考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)所(suo)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)可以(yi)看(kan)(kan)出：龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)樣(yang)：具(ju)有(you)共性(xing)(xing)和差(cha)異。所(suo)具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共性(xing)(xing)同(tong)(tong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)樣(yang)：具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或(huo)者類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)。差(cha)異：具(ju)有(you)不同(tong)(tong)地(di)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個性(xing)(xing)。就目(mu)前全國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺址(zhi)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物同(tong)(tong)類型(xing)(xing)相(xiang)比(bi)較；通過(guo)(guo)碳(tan)十四年(nian)輪校正(zheng)，根據現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)分(fen)(fen)布發(fa)展：各個地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展進程并不相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)，因此(ci)出現(xian)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展快慢之現(xian)象。龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)限具(ju)體(ti)定在距今：3300-4500年(nian)。就時(shi)間(jian)上來看(kan)(kan)早期(qi)(qi)與(yu)大汶口文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)相(xiang)重疊，中期(qi)(qi)與(yu)夏相(xiang)重疊；晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)與(yu)商周(zhou)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)相(xiang)重疊。上述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點通過(guo)(guo)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)學(xue)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類比(bi)學(xue)得(de)到了證實：通過(guo)(guo)高古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾與(yu)商周(zhou)青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾比(bi)較，有(you)著相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或(huo)者相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾。
歲月靜好
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