紫葉冬桃(tao)新品(pin)種(紫葉、紅花、桃(tao)子很大、可食用)
單瓣白桃 A. persica var. persica f. alba
千(qian)瓣白桃(tao) A. persica var. persica f. albo-plena
絳桃 A. persica var. persica f. camelliaeflora
千瓣紅(hong)桃 A. persica var. persica f. dianthiflora
碧桃 A. persica var. persica f. duplex
分布中國(guo)各地,喜光(guang),喜排水良好的(de)土壤(rang),耐(nai)旱怕澇。如(ru)淹(yan)水3-4天就會落葉,甚(shen)至死亡(wang);喜富(fu)含腐殖質的(de)砂壤(rang)土及壤(rang)土,在粘重土壤(rang)上易(yi)發生流膠(jiao)病。
原(yuan)產我(wo)國,各(ge)省區廣(guang)泛栽培(pei)。世界各(ge)地均有栽植。
喬木,高(gao)3-8米;樹冠寬廣而平(ping)展;樹皮暗紅褐色(se)(se),老(lao)時粗糙呈鱗片狀;小枝細(xi)長(chang),無毛,有光澤,綠色(se)(se),向陽處轉變成紅色(se)(se),具大量小皮孔;冬芽圓錐形(xing),頂端鈍,外被短(duan)柔毛,常2-3個簇(cu)生。
葉片長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)倒(dao)卵狀披(pi)針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)7-15厘米,寬(kuan)2-3.5厘米,先端(duan)(duan)(duan)漸(jian)尖,基部(bu)寬(kuan)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),上面(mian)(mian)(mian)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),下面(mian)(mian)(mian)在脈腋間具(ju)少(shao)數短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),葉邊(bian)具(ju)細(xi)鋸齒(chi)或(huo)粗鋸齒(chi),齒(chi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)具(ju)腺體或(huo)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)腺體;葉柄粗壯,長(chang)(chang)1-2厘米,常(chang)具(ju)1至數枚(mei)腺體,有(you)時無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)腺體。花(hua)(hua)單生(sheng),先于葉開(kai)放,直徑(jing)2.5-3.5厘米;花(hua)(hua)梗極(ji)短(duan)(duan)或(huo)幾(ji)乎(hu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)梗;萼(e)筒鐘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),被短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao),稀(xi)幾(ji)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),綠色(se)(se)而具(ju)紅(hong)色(se)(se)斑點(dian);萼(e)片卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),頂(ding)端(duan)(duan)(duan)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鈍,外(wai)被短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)(hua)瓣長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至寬(kuan)倒(dao)卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),粉紅(hong)色(se)(se),罕(han)為白(bai)色(se)(se);雄(xiong)蕊(rui)約20-30,花(hua)(hua)藥緋(fei)紅(hong)色(se)(se);花(hua)(hua)柱幾(ji)與雄(xiong)蕊(rui)等長(chang)(chang)或(huo)稍短(duan)(duan);子房被短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀和大小(xiao)均有(you)變異,卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、寬(kuan)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)扁(bian)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑(jing)(3)5-7(12)厘米,長(chang)(chang)幾(ji)與寬(kuan)相等,色(se)(se)澤變化(hua)由淡綠白(bai)色(se)(se)至橙黃(huang)色(se)(se),常(chang)在向陽面(mian)(mian)(mian)具(ju)紅(hong)暈,外(wai)面(mian)(mian)(mian)密被短(duan)(duan)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao),稀(xi)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毛(mao)(mao),腹縫(feng)明顯,果(guo)(guo)(guo)梗短(duan)(duan)而深(shen)入果(guo)(guo)(guo)洼;果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉白(bai)色(se)(se)、淺綠白(bai)色(se)(se)、黃(huang)色(se)(se)、橙黃(huang)色(se)(se)或(huo)紅(hong)色(se)(se),多汁(zhi)有(you)香味(wei),甜(tian)或(huo)酸甜(tian);核(he)大,離核(he)或(huo)粘(zhan)核(he),橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)近圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),兩側扁(bian)平,頂(ding)端(duan)(duan)(duan)漸(jian)尖,表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)具(ju)縱、橫(heng)溝紋(wen)和孔穴;種(zhong)仁(ren)味(wei)苦,稀(xi)味(wei)甜(tian)。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)3-4月,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實成熟期(qi)因品(pin)種(zhong)而異,通常(chang)為8-9月,現特(te)晚熟有(you)11月份(fen)成熟的品(pin)種(zhong),果(guo)(guo)(guo)子品(pin)質出眾,商(shang)品(pin)性好。
葉(xie)片(pian)紫紅色(se)(se)。花單瓣粉紅色(se)(se),其他同(tong)原種。生(sheng)態 同(tong)原種。分布安(an)徽(hui)鳳陽(yang)地區有栽植。栽培 扦(qian)插、嫁接繁殖。用途 葉(xie)片(pian)春、夏、秋均為(wei)紫紅色(se)(se),觀賞(shang)效果很好(hao)。
喜光(guang),耐旱(han),不(bu)耐水顯,喜排水良好(hao)的沙質(zhi)壤土,忌低洼(wa)積(ji)水地(di)栽(zai)植。在(zai)弱酸性(xing)(xing)或弱堿性(xing)(xing)土上均能生長,在(zai)溫帶地(di)區生長最好(hao),壽命在(zai)20-25年(nian)。
常采用嫁(jia)接繁殖。砧(zhen)木以山(shan)桃為主(zhu)。
夏(xia)季芽(ya)(ya)(ya)接可(ke)削取芽(ya)(ya)(ya)片(pian),或少帶木(mu)質部(bu)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)片(pian),在砧木(mu)莖干(gan)處(chu)剝皮。剪取母樹的(de)(de)接穗(sui)即剪去葉片(pian),留葉柄。在接穗(sui)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)下面1厘米(mi)(mi)處(chu)用刀尖向上(shang)削切(qie),長1.5—2厘米(mi)(mi),芽(ya)(ya)(ya)內(nei)側(ce)要稍(shao)帶木(mu)質部(bu),芽(ya)(ya)(ya)位于(yu)接芽(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)中間(jian)砧木(mu)可(ke)選擇(ze)如鉛(qian)筆粗的(de)(de)實生(sheng)苗(miao),莖干(gan)距地面3—5厘米(mi)(mi),選用樹干(gan)北(bei)側(ce)的(de)(de)垂直(zhi)部(bu)分,第一刀稍(shao)帶木(mu)質部(bu)豎切(qie)2厘米(mi)(mi),削下的(de)(de)樹皮剪掉1/2—2/3,將接芽(ya)(ya)(ya)插入砧木(mu),形成層密接,尤其要注(zhu)意在砧木(mu)削切(qie)處(chu)的(de)(de)下部(bu)不留空隙,緊密結合。在接芽(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)下面用塑料膠布(bu)向左纏(chan)2圈(quan),再向右纏(chan)2圈(quan),均衡(heng)地向上(shang)綁縛,使(shi)其防芽(ya)(ya)(ya)風干(gan),牢(lao)固結合,露出接芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。注(zhu)意芽(ya)(ya)(ya)接時(shi)間(jian),南方(fang)以6~7月中旬為(wei)佳,北(bei)方(fang)以7~8月中旬為(wei)宜。
芽接(jie)后10—15天,葉柄呈(cheng)黃(huang)色脫落,即是成活的象征,葉柄變(bian)黑(hei) 碧桃則說明未活。成活苗在(zai)長出(chu)新芽,愈合完(wan)全后除去塑(su)料膠布,在(zai)芽接(jie)處(chu)以上1厘(li)米處(chu)剪砧(zhen),萌(meng)芽后,要(yao)抹除砧(zhen)發芽,同時結合施肥,一般施復合肥1—2次,促使接(jie)穗(sui)新梢木質化,具備抗(kang)寒性能。
紫(zi)葉桃的病害(hai)主要有(you)白銹和縮(suo)葉病,白銹病用(yong)50%萎銹靈可濕性粉劑2000倍液噴灑;當葉片發生縮(suo)葉病時,可使用(yong)石(shi)硫合劑。
蟲害(hai)有蚜蟲和紅蜘蛛危害(hai),用40%氧化樂果(guo)乳油1000倍液噴(pen)灑。
景觀用(yong)途,紫葉桃主要用(yong)于綠化工程方(fang)面;比如(ru)小區內、道路兩旁的,私人花園方(fang)面。