元寶(bao)(bao)楓屬(shu)于槭樹(shu)科、槭樹(shu)屬(shu),落葉喬木(mu),高8~10m;樹(shu)皮縱裂(lie)。單(dan)葉;單(dan)葉對生;主脈5條;掌狀(zhuang);葉柄長(chang)3~5cm。傘房花序頂(ding)生 ;花黃綠色。花期在(zai)5月,果期在(zai)9月。元寶(bao)(bao)楓樹(shu)樹(shu)姿優美,葉形秀麗,嫩葉紅色,秋季葉又變(bian)成黃色或紅色,為著名(ming)秋季觀(guan)紅葉樹(shu)種(zhong)。弱(ruo)陽性,耐半蔭(yin),耐寒,較抗風(feng),不耐干熱(re)和(he)強烈日曬。
元(yuan)寶(bao)楓全身是寶(bao),因翅(chi)果(guo)形(xing)狀像(xiang)中國古代的(de)“金錠元(yuan)寶(bao)”而得(de)名,是我國的(de)特有(you)樹種。
耐陰,喜溫涼(liang)濕(shi)(shi)潤氣候(hou),耐寒性強,但過于干冷則對(dui)(dui)生(sheng)長(chang)不(bu)利,在(zai)炎熱地區(qu)也(ye)如此。對(dui)(dui)土壤要(yao)求不(bu)嚴,在(zai)酸性土、中(zhong)性土及石灰性土中(zhong)均能生(sheng)長(chang),但以濕(shi)(shi)潤、肥沃(wo)、土層深厚的(de)土中(zhong)生(sheng)長(chang)最(zui)好。深根性,生(sheng)長(chang)速度中(zhong)等,病蟲害較(jiao)少。對(dui)(dui)二氧化(hua)硫、氟化(hua)氫的(de)抗性較(jiao)強,吸附粉塵的(de)能力亦較(jiao)強。
元寶楓屬(shu)深(shen)根性(xing)樹(shu)種,萌孽力(li)強,生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)緩慢,壽命較(jiao)(jiao)長(chang);較(jiao)(jiao)喜光,稍耐(nai)蔭,喜側方庇蔭,適溫涼濕(shi)潤氣(qi)候,較(jiao)(jiao)耐(nai)寒,但過于干冷(leng)則對生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)不利。耐(nai)旱,不耐(nai)澇。對土壤(rang)要(yao)求不嚴,在酸(suan)性(xing)土、中(zhong)性(xing)土及石灰性(xing)土中(zhong)均(jun)能生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang),但以(yi)濕(shi)潤、肥沃、土層(ceng)深(shen)厚的(de)土中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)最(zui)好。生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)速度中(zhong)等(deng),病蟲害(hai)較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)。對二氧化(hua)硫、氟化(hua)氫的(de)抗性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)強,吸附粉塵(chen)的(de)能力(li)亦較(jiao)(jiao)強。
落葉(xie)喬木,高達(da)10m,單葉(xie)對生(sheng),掌狀5裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片先端漸尖,有(you)時(shi)中(zhong)裂(lie)(lie)片或中(zhong)部3裂(lie)(lie)片又3裂(lie)(lie),葉(xie)基通(tong)常截(jie)形最下部兩(liang)裂(lie)(lie)片有(you)時(shi)向下開展(zhan)。花小(xiao)而黃綠(lv)色,花成頂(ding)生(sheng)聚傘花序,4月花與葉(xie)同放。翅(chi)果扁平,翅(chi)較寬而略長于(yu)果核,形似元寶。
元寶楓通(tong)常采(cai)(cai)用(yong)播種(zhong)育苗,應選擇樹(shu)干通(tong)直(zhi)、生長良(liang)好、樹(shu)齡15年(nian)以(yi)(yi)上的(de)樹(shu)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)采(cai)(cai)種(zhong)樹(shu)。每(mei)年(nian)10月下旬,果(guo)翅由(you)綠(lv)色轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)黃褐色為(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)熟標志,即可(ke)進行(xing)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)采(cai)(cai)收。采(cai)(cai)收的(de)翅果(guo)暴曬3~4…d,去雜,或揉去果(guo)翅,風(feng)選后(hou)貯(zhu)藏于通(tong)風(feng)室內(nei)備用(yong),也可(ke)帶(dai)翅貯(zhu)存(cun)。貯(zhu)藏時,種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)最適宜(yi)水分含量為(wei)(wei)(wei)8%~11%。健(jian)康優(you)良(liang)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)子(zi)(zi)葉(xie)新鮮并帶(dai)有(you)黃綠(lv)色,如變(bian)色、干燥(zao)或有(you)異味,即系變(bian)質,難以(yi)(yi)保證(zheng)發芽。
采種
元寶楓主要是(shi)用種子播(bo)種來進行繁殖,翅果成熟(shu)后(hou)脫落期較長,逐漸隨風飄落,故應及時采集。育苗采種母樹林應達到15~20a以上(shang)的優良壯(zhuang)年植株,在10月份翅果由綠變為黃(huang)褐色時采集。采后(hou)晾曬3~5d,去雜后(hou)所得純凈翅果即為播(bo)種材料。
苗圃地選擇
苗(miao)圃(pu)地選擇應(ying)注重在交通便利、灌溉(gai)方便、地勢平緩、背風向陽、土層(ceng)深厚、質(zhi)地疏松、排水良好的沙壤地,PH值以6.7-7.8為宜。
整地
在秋翻地(di)的基礎上,細(xi)致耙平,打垅(long)作床(chuang),每公頃施(shi)有機(ji)肥(fei)料(liao)60000~75000kg作底肥(fei),并施(shi)以敵百蟲(chong)粉,消滅(mie)土壤中害蟲(chong)。可作低床(chuang),便(bian)于(yu)抗旱(han),床(chuang)長10m,寬為1m。東北(bei)地(di)區多采用(yong)大(da)田(tian)育苗(miao)低垅(long)條播作業,這樣(yang)便(bian)于(yu)經營(ying)管理,透(tou)風透(tou)光,有利于(yu)苗(miao)木快速生長。
種子催芽處理
在播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前需要(yao)進行低溫(wen)層積催芽(ya),將種(zhong)(zhong)子用40~45℃溫(wen)水浸泡24h,中間換(huan)1~2次(ci)水,種(zhong)(zhong)子撈出(chu)(chu)置于(yu)室溫(wen)25~30℃,環境中保濕(shi),每天沖(chong)洗1~2次(ci),待有30%種(zhong)(zhong)子咧口露白,即可進行播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),或(huo)者采用濕(shi)沙層積催芽(ya),經過處(chu)理的種(zhong)(zhong)子可提(ti)高發芽(ya)率,出(chu)(chu)苗整齊、迅速。
播種
一般(ban)以(yi)春播(bo)(bo)為(wei)(wei)好,4月(yue)初至(zhi)5月(yue)中上旬為(wei)(wei)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)期,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)方法為(wei)(wei)條播(bo)(bo),行距為(wei)(wei)15cm,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)深度為(wei)(wei)3-5cm,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)量每公頃225-300kg,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)后(hou)將摟(lou)溝時摟(lou)起的(de)暄(xuan)土(tu)(tu)平(ping)回(hui)溝內,2~3cm厚為(wei)(wei)覆(fu)土(tu)(tu),稍加鎮壓,最好在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)前灌底水,待水滲透后(hou)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)后(hou),一般(ban)經2~3周可(ke)發(fa)芽(ya)出(chu)土(tu)(tu),經過催芽(ya)的(de)種(zhong)子可(ke)以(yi)提前一周左右發(fa)芽(ya)出(chu)土(tu)(tu),發(fa)芽(ya)后(hou)4~5d長出(chu)真葉,出(chu)苗(miao)盛期約(yue)5d左右,一周內可(ke)以(yi)出(chu)齊。
施肥與澆水
元寶楓喜肥(fei)(fei)(fei)。移栽時(shi)要施(shi)用一些(xie)經(jing)腐熟(shu)發酵的圈(quan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)作基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)應與栽植土充分拌勻。初夏時(shi)可追施(shi)一些(xie)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei),這(zhe)次(ci)(ci)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)利于植株恢復樹(shu)勢,加速其長(chang)(chang)枝長(chang)(chang)葉。秋末結合澆(jiao)凍水,施(shi)用一次(ci)(ci)腐葉肥(fei)(fei)(fei)或牛(niu)馬(ma)糞。第二(er)年(nian)4月(yue)初追施(shi)一次(ci)(ci)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei),7月(yue)初追施(shi)一次(ci)(ci)磷鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei),秋末施(shi)用一次(ci)(ci)牛(niu)馬(ma)糞。從(cong)第三年(nian)起,每年(nian)只需于春天施(shi)用一次(ci)(ci)牛(niu)馬(ma)糞即可。
栽培時(shi)(shi)應(ying)注(zhu)意水(shui)(shui)分(fen)管理。移栽時(shi)(shi)要(yao)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)頭(tou)三水(shui)(shui),此后(hou)每月(yue)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)透水(shui)(shui),每次(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)后(hou)應(ying)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)松土保(bao)墑,夏(xia)季雨天(tian)應(ying)減少澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)或不(bu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui),樹(shu)盤內如有積水(shui)(shui),還應(ying)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)排(pai)除。秋末應(ying)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)足(zu)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)透封(feng)凍(dong)水(shui)(shui)。翌年(nian)早(zao)春及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)解凍(dong)水(shui)(shui),4月(yue)、5月(yue)是氣溫快速回升期(qi),也正(zheng)值華北地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)春季季風期(qi),這兩個月(yue)可(ke)每半個月(yue)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)透水(shui)(shui),可(ke)有效提供植株(zhu)生(sheng)長(chang)所需的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)分(fen),利于(yu)植株(zhu)發(fa)根長(chang)葉(xie)。此后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間可(ke)每月(yue)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)透水(shui)(shui),秋末按頭(tou)年(nian)方(fang)法澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)封(feng)凍(dong)水(shui)(shui)。第(di)三年(nian)按第(di)二(er)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)。從第(di)四年(nian)起,應(ying)注(zhu)意澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)解凍(dong)水(shui)(shui)和封(feng)凍(dong)水(shui)(shui),其他(ta)時(shi)(shi)間可(ke)靠自然降水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)長(chang),但(dan)在(zai)特別干旱的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)景(jing),需適(shi)當澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)。
修剪方法
元(yuan)寶(bao)楓(feng)的樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)性較差,在(zai)達到定干(gan)(gan)(gan)高度(du)之(zhi)前的整(zheng)形修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)非常重(zhong)要(yao),它(ta)將直(zhi)接(jie)對苗木的品質、觀賞價值(zhi)產生(sheng)重(zhong)要(yao)影(ying)響,故應(ying)加(jia)強在(zai)圃內的修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中要(yao)疏(shu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、短(duan)截、剝芽(ya)相(xiang)結合(he)。在(zai)栽培(pei)過程(cheng)中應(ying)加(jia)強修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),首先應(ying)確(que)立(li)主干(gan)(gan)(gan)延長(chang)(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi),對呈(cheng)主軸分枝(zhi)(zhi)式的苗木,修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時應(ying)抑制側枝(zhi)(zhi)、促進(jin)(jin)(jin)主枝(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang);對頂芽(ya)優勢不(bu)強,修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)時應(ying)對頂端摘心(xin),選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇其下(xia)一(yi)(yi)個長(chang)(chang)(chang)勢旺盛的側枝(zhi)(zhi)代替主枝(zhi)(zhi),剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)口(kou)下(xia)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)留靠(kao)近(jin)主軸的壯芽(ya),抹去(qu)另一(yi)(yi)對芽(ya),剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)口(kou)應(ying)與(yu)芽(ya)平(ping)行,間距6毫(hao)(hao)米至9毫(hao)(hao)米,這(zhe)樣修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),新發出的枝(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)靠(kao)近(jin)主軸,以后的修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)留芽(ya)子(zi)(zi)的位置方向應(ying)與(yu)上一(yi)(yi)年選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)留的芽(ya)子(zi)(zi)方向相(xiang)反,按此法才可(ke)保(bao)證延長(chang)(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)的生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)不(bu)會偏離主軸,使樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)長(chang)(chang)(chang)得直(zhi)。確(que)立(li)主干(gan)(gan)(gan)延長(chang)(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)后,再(zai)對其余側枝(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行短(duan)截或疏(shu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。養(yang)(yang)干(gan)(gan)(gan)工(gong)作完成后,接(jie)著就是定干(gan)(gan)(gan)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan),可(ke)在(zai)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)口(kou)下(xia)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇3個發育良好、且不(bu)在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)軌跡的3個芽(ya)子(zi)(zi)作主枝(zhi)(zhi)培(pei)養(yang)(yang),待主枝(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)至80厘米時應(ying)對其進(jin)(jin)(jin)行摘心(xin),在(zai)每個主枝(zhi)(zhi)上培(pei)育兩個側枝(zhi)(zhi),側枝(zhi)(zhi)應(ying)各占一(yi)(yi)方,不(bu)互(hu)相(xiang)重(zhong)疊,待側枝(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)至1米左(zuo)右時可(ke)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行短(duan)截,培(pei)養(yang)(yang)二級側枝(zhi)(zhi)。如此這(zhe)般,基本樹(shu)(shu)形就確(que)定了,在(zai)以后的修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)作中,只需對過密(mi)枝(zhi)(zhi)、下(xia)垂枝(zhi)(zhi)、病蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)即可(ke)。需要(yao)一(yi)(yi)提的是,元(yuan)寶(bao)楓(feng)不(bu)宜在(zai)冬(dong)季和(he)早(zao)春修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),若在(zai)冬(dong)季、早(zao)春修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)極易遭受(shou)風寒,而且剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)口(kou)處會發生(sheng)傷(shang)(shang)流,故最(zui)好在(zai)3月(yue)底、4月(yue)初(chu)樹(shu)(shu)木生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)初(chu)期(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),此時修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)傷(shang)(shang)流量(liang)少,傷(shang)(shang)口(kou)易于愈(yu)合(he),且不(bu)影(ying)響樹(shu)(shu)勢。
元寶(bao)楓的病(bing)害主(zhu)要(yao)是葉(xie)斑病(bing),要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)除去病(bing)組(zu)織,集(ji)中燒毀,藥(yao)劑(ji)防治(zhi)可(ke)使用25%多菌靈可(ke)濕性粉劑(ji)300至600倍(bei)液、50%托布(bu)津(jin)1000倍(bei)、80%代(dai)森錳(meng)鋅400至600倍(bei)液、50%克菌丹500倍(bei)等。注(zhu)意藥(yao)劑(ji)的交(jiao)替使用,以免病(bing)菌產生抗藥(yao)性。
元(yuan)寶楓病害還有(you)褐斑(ban)病、白粉病。
防治方法:用50%多茵靈可濕性(xing)粉(fen)劑800~1000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)灑,每(mei)(mei)半(ban)月(yue)(yue)1次,連續2-3次。銹病,可噴(pen)灑25%粉(fen)銹寧(ning)乳(ru)油l500倍(bei)液(ye)(ye),每(mei)(mei)半(ban)月(yue)(yue)1次,連續2-3次。
蟲(chong)害(hai)主要有(you)黃刺蛾、尺蠖、天牛等:
主(zhu)要危(wei)害元(yuan)寶楓的葉子(zi)。
防治(zhi)(zhi)方法(fa):消(xiao)滅(mie)越冬(dong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian),在(zai)立冬(dong)或早春(chun),摘除樹上(shang)的(de)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian),摘除蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)葉,燈光誘殺。發蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期(qi)可(ke)噴50%辛硫磷800倍或20%殺滅(mie)菊酯乳油3 000-4000倍液(ye)均可(ke)。生物防治(zhi)(zhi):用0.3億個(ge)/ml的(de)蘇云金桿菌(jun)防治(zhi)(zhi)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),或釋放赤(chi)眼蜂來控制蔓黃刺蛾危害(hai)。
危害葉片和嫩(nen)梢。
防(fang)治方法:晚(wan)秋(qiu)至早春(chun)可結合翻耕土地,挖(wa)蛹(yong)集中燒毀。幼蟲(chong)(chong)發生初期(qi)噴(pen)施90%敵百蟲(chong)(chong),1000倍液或(huo)50%螟松乳劑(ji)1000倍液,或(huo)2.5%溴(xiu)氰菊酯(zhi)3000倍液。
主(zhu)要危害(hai)葉柄、枝桿嫩皮。
防治方法:6-7月份成蟲(chong)發生期(qi)人(ren)工(gong)捕捉,用錘(chui)擊(ji)殺死(si)蟲(chong)卵和幼蟲(chong)。
塞蟲孔(kong):用鐵絲(si)將(jiang)蘸有2.5%溴(xiu)氰菊(ju)酯(zhi)乳油(you)1000倍液(ye)藥棉塞入(ru)新(xin)排糞(fen)的蟲孔(kong),毒(du)扦插入(ru)孔(kong)口,用黏泥堵住(zhu),殺(sha)(sha)(sha)死幼(you)蟲。用50%殺(sha)(sha)(sha)螟(ming)松乳油(you)150倍液(ye)噴(pen)樹(shu)干(gan)(gan)。用50%殺(sha)(sha)(sha)螟(ming)腈乳油(you)500倍液(ye)注射(she)到排糞(fen)孔(kong)里,殺(sha)(sha)(sha)死幼(you)蟲。天牛發生(sheng)嚴重(zhong)的幼(you)樹(shu),可(ke)從基(ji)部鋸斷,讓伐樁重(zhong)新(xin)萌生(sheng)枝干(gan)(gan),伐下的樹(shu)燒毀。
元寶楓細蛾(e)在北方地區一般一年3-4代,成(cheng)蟲在草(cao)叢根際處越(yue)冬,次(ci)年元寶楓展葉成(cheng)時成(cheng)蟲開始產卵(luan),卵(luan)多產于葉片主(zhu)脈附近。4月(yue)中旬幼蟲為盛期。
元寶楓細蛾幼(you)(you)蟲先由(you)主(zhu)(zhu)脈潛(qian)入葉(xie)(xie)肉(rou)(rou)危害,潛(qian)道(dao)線狀,由(you)主(zhu)(zhu)脈伸向葉(xie)(xie)緣、葉(xie)(xie)尖(jian),取食(shi)葉(xie)(xie)尖(jian)部分葉(xie)(xie)肉(rou)(rou)后,鉆出潛(qian)道(dao),將(jiang)葉(xie)(xie)尖(jian)卷成筒狀,在(zai)(zai)卷筒內繼(ji)續危害。5月上(shang)旬(xun)為幼(you)(you)蟲卷葉(xie)(xie)盛(sheng)期,幼(you)(you)蟲老熟(shu)時,鉆出卷葉(xie)(xie),在(zai)(zai)葉(xie)(xie)背作(zuo)白色薄繭化蛹。5月下(xia)旬(xun)出現大量成蟲。
形態特征
10月中旬成(cheng)蟲在(zai)草根等處(chu)越(yue)冬(dong)。成(cheng)是分為(wei)夏型與越(yue)冬(dong)型。夏型體(ti)長(chang)403毫米,觸角較體(ti)長(chang)。胸(xiong)部黑(hei)褐(he)(he)(he)色(se),腹部背(bei)面灰褐(he)(he)(he)色(se),腹黃(huang)(huang)白色(se)。前(qian)翅(chi)狹長(chang),由黑(hei)、褐(he)(he)(he)、黃(huang)(huang)、白色(se)鱗片組成(cheng),翅(chi)面有(you)一金黃(huang)(huang)色(se)大斑(ban)。從(cong)碩(shuo)角至后(hou)緣有(you)黃(huang)(huang)褐(he)(he)(he)色(se)緣毛(mao),后(hou)翅(chi)灰色(se),披針(zhen)形,緣毛(mao)長(chang)。越(yue)冬(dong)型體(ti)稍(shao)大,體(ti)色(se)較深。卵為(wei)扁平,乳白色(se),半透明,蛹黃(huang)(huang)褐(he)(he)(he)色(se)。
發生規律
6月下旬(xun)、7月下旬(xun)為第2、3代(dai)幼蟲(chong)危害(hai)(hai)期,以第2代(dai)發生(sheng)數量多,危害(hai)(hai)重(zhong),致使元寶楓枯葉(xie),有礙紅(hong)葉(xie)觀(guan)賞。
防治方法
(1)消滅越(yue)冬(dong)蟲源(yuan)。秋(qiu)、冬(dong)季清除附近雜草、枯葉、如野菊花、羊(yang)胡子草、狗尾草等,破壞越(yue)冬(dong)場所。
(2)幼蟲孵化(hua)盛期,用有(you)機磷噴(pen)殺。注(zhu)意抓(zhua)住(zhu)第1代幼蟲潛葉期(4月中(zhong)旬),用50%辛(xin)硫磷1000倍液(ye),防治效果97%。
(3)避(bi)免幼蟲卷葉期(qi)噴藥,不(bu)僅效果不(bu)好(hao),反而殺傷天敵。天敵有小繭峰(feng)、姬小蜂、蚜小峰(feng)、蜘蛛等。
元寶楓(feng)嫩葉紅色,秋葉黃(huang)色、紅色或紫紅色,樹姿優(you)美,葉形秀麗,為優(you)良的觀葉樹種。宜作庭蔭樹、行(xing)道(dao)樹或風景林(lin)樹種。現多用于道(dao)路綠化(hua)。元寶楓(feng)耐(nai)陰,喜(xi)溫涼濕(shi)潤氣候(hou),耐(nai)寒性強,對(dui)土壤(rang)要求不嚴(yan),在酸(suan)性土、中性土及石灰性土中均能生長,對(dui)二氧化(hua)硫(liu)、氟化(hua)氫的抗性較(jiao)強,吸附粉塵的能力(li)亦較(jiao)強。是優(you)良的防護林(lin)、用材林(lin)、工礦區綠化(hua)樹種。
木材(cai)堅硬,為優良的建筑、家具(ju)、雕刻、細木工用(yong)材(cai)。樹皮纖維可造紙及代用(yong)棉。
元寶(bao)楓用(yong)途廣泛(fan),全樹(shu)是寶(bao),主要有(you)以下(xia)幾(ji)個方面:
1、優質(zhi)食用油新(xin)資源(yuan)
其種籽顆(ke)粒(li)大,含油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量高。元(yuan)寶楓種仁(ren)含油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量為48%,機榨出(chu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)率35%,高于油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)菜籽出(chu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)率。元(yuan)寶楓是以含油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)酸和亞油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)酸的半(ban)干(gan)性油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you),其中(zhong)必(bi)需脂肪酸——亞油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)酸和亞麻酸高達53%,油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)質優良,是食用(yong)植(zhi)物油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)不多見的。
2、優質蛋白質新(xin)資(zi)源(yuan)
元(yuan)(yuan)寶楓種仁含蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)25%-27%,不含淀(dian)粉,在植(zhi)物(wu)種子(zi)種是鮮(xian)見的(de)。種仁提取油(you)后,油(you)粕是很(hen)好(hao)的(de)食用蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)。據測(ce)定,元(yuan)(yuan)寶樹蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)中含有9種人體必需的(de)氨(an)基(ji)酸,屬(shu)完全(quan)蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi),制取的(de)優質(zhi)食物(wu)味道(dao)鮮(xian)美,是理(li)想的(de)蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)資源(yuan)。