絨毛白蠟(la)原產(chan)美(mei)國(guo)德(de)克薩斯、新墨西哥,直至加利福尼亞等美(mei)國(guo)西南各州,分布于海拔(ba)600-2000m的(de)峽谷地區(qu)。20世紀初由加拿大引入(ru)我國(guo)濟南市(shi),50年(nian)(nian)代初由濟南引人天(tian)(tian)津市(shi),經多(duo)年(nian)(nian)定檀觀察表現良好,1984年(nian)(nian)天(tian)(tian)津定為市(shi)樹。
喜光,對氣候、土壤要求不嚴,耐(nai)寒,耐(nai)干旱,耐(nai)水濕,耐(nai)鹽堿。深(shen)根(gen)樹種,側根(gen)發達,生(sheng)長(chang)較迅速,少(shao)病蟲害(hai),抗風,抗煙塵,材質優良。
絨毛白蠟為高大(da)落葉(xie)(xie)喬木(mu),30年生(sheng)樹高達23.5m,胸徑64cm,為奇(qi)數(shu)羽狀復(fu)葉(xie)(xie),小葉(xie)(xie)3-9枚,以5枝(zhi)居多,葉(xie)(xie)長卵形先端(duan)尖,基部寬楔形,不對稱(cheng),葉(xie)(xie)長1-8cm,寬2~2.7cm,邊緣有(you)細鋸齒(chi),葉(xie)(xie)背有(you)絨毛;雌(ci)雄(xiong)異株,雌(ci)花(hua)為圓錐狀聚傘花(hua)序,著生(sheng)于去年生(sheng)小枝(zhi)上(shang),無花(hua)瓣,萼4~5裂(lie)(lie),雄(xiong)簿(bu)2-3枚,極短,花(hua)藥金黃(huang)色。雌(ci)花(hua)柱頭(tou)成熟時二裂(lie)(lie),呈粉紅(hong)色,先花(hua)后(hou)葉(xie)(xie),4月中旬開花(hua),花(hua)期1周,果實(shi)為單翅(chi)(chi)(chi)果,長2cm左(zuo)右,果實(shi)比果翅(chi)(chi)(chi)略(lve)長,果翅(chi)(chi)(chi)下延至(zhi)果實(shi)上(shang)部,翅(chi)(chi)(chi)端(duan)徽凹。
種子長條形長約1cm,兩(liang)端稍尖,5月結果,11月中(zhong)旬成熟。
胸徑(jing)10厘米(mi)以下的(de)(de)可(ke)以裸根(gen)栽(zai)(zai)植,大(da)于10厘米(mi)的(de)(de)要帶土(tu)球(qiu),土(tu)球(qiu)直(zhi)徑(jing)為胸徑(jing)的(de)(de)6倍至(zhi)8倍。栽(zai)(zai)植不(bu)可(ke)過(guo)深,裸根(gen)苗(miao)高于原土(tu)痕(hen)3厘米(mi),土(tu)球(qiu)苗(miao)與(yu)土(tu)球(qiu)上沿(yan)平(ping)齊。栽(zai)(zai)前施腐熟(shu)的(de)(de)牛馬糞做基(ji)肥(fei),與(yu)栽(zai)(zai)植土(tu)拌勻,栽(zai)(zai)后(hou)馬上澆(jiao)(jiao)透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui),七天后(hou)澆(jiao)(jiao)二水(shui)(shui)(shui),再(zai)過(guo)七天后(hou)澆(jiao)(jiao)三(san)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。三(san)水(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou),每(mei)(mei)月(yue)澆(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)次透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui),澆(jiao)(jiao)后(hou)及(ji)時松土(tu)保墑。六七月(yue)份(fen)追(zhui)一(yi)(yi)次氮磷鉀復合(he)肥(fei),11月(yue)底(di)結合(he)澆(jiao)(jiao)凍(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再(zai)施一(yi)(yi)次圈肥(fei)。第二年(nian)早春(chun)澆(jiao)(jiao)解凍(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui),萌芽后(hou)追(zhui)一(yi)(yi)次氮肥(fei),4月(yue)至(zhi)10月(yue)每(mei)(mei)月(yue)澆(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)次透(tou)水(shui)(shui)(shui),六七月(yue)份(fen)施一(yi)(yi)次磷鉀復合(he)肥(fei),秋(qiu)末按(an)頭(tou)年(nian)的(de)(de)方法澆(jiao)(jiao)封凍(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui),施基(ji)肥(fei)。第三(san)年(nian)及(ji)以后(hou),每(mei)(mei)年(nian)秋(qiu)末施一(yi)(yi)次農(nong)家肥(fei),只需澆(jiao)(jiao)凍(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)返青水(shui)(shui)(shui),其(qi)余時間(jian)靠自(zi)然降水(shui)(shui)(shui)。
絨毛白蠟(la)萌(meng)發力較強,容易形成過密(mi)的對(dui)生枝(zhi)條,在圃(pu)內應及時采(cai)取抹(mo)芽、修剪等措施,促使主干生長。也可以采(cai)取截(jie)枝(zhi)養干的方(fang)法,使干冠(guan)比保持在1∶2左右(you)。
大苗(miao)移(yi)植(zhi)需(xu)抹頭,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)整齊的樹干(gan),同時降低(di)蒸騰(teng)量,提高成(cheng)活率(lv)。用作行道樹定干(gan)為(wei)2.5米至3米,樹形(xing)(xing)為(wei)自(zi)然開心形(xing)(xing)。定干(gan)后待新芽長至30厘米,在干(gan)最上端(duan)選(xuan)3個至5個健壯(zhuang)枝(zhi)(zhi)作主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)培養,所選(xuan)枝(zhi)(zhi)條要分(fen)布均勻,角度(du)開張,其余疏除。秋季落(luo)葉后選(xuan)留的主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)中短截,留外芽。第(di)二年初夏,修(xiu)剪(jian)每個主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)上的新生(sheng)側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi),秋末再將側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)短截,繼(ji)續留外芽。照此方法修(xiu)剪(jian),三四年基本(ben)樹形(xing)(xing)就能確定。
育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)時,幼苗(miao)(miao)喜(xi)濕潤,種子采(cai)后即播(bo)種,或早春(chun)播(bo)種,春(chun)播(bo)前低溫(wen)(wen)層(ceng)積(ji)30天(tian)或用(yong)始溫(wen)(wen)45度浸種20天(tian)后催芽,播(bo)后15天(tian)發芽出土(tu)。條播(bo)行(xing)距20-25厘(li)米,每畝地播(bo)種量5-8公斤,覆(fu)土(tu)1.5厘(li)米,一年生(sheng)苗(miao)(miao)高50厘(li)米。也可進行(xing)插(cha)條育(yu)苗(miao)(miao),一至二年生(sheng)枝春(chun)插(cha),成活率較高。
絨(rong)毛白(bai)蠟的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)10月份成熟,成熟后要及時(shi)采收。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)間冬(dong)春均可(ke)(ke),以冬(dong)播(bo)較好,可(ke)(ke)免去種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處理的工序(xu),也易保墑(di),特別是在(zai)無澆(jiao)水條件的地方更應冬(dong)播(bo)。冬(dong)播(bo)時(shi)開溝(gou),行距(ju)50厘米(mi)~60厘米(mi),澆(jiao)水造墑(di),待水滲下(xia)后播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)深度2厘米(mi)~3厘米(mi),然(ran)后覆土(tu)起壟(long),壟(long)高20厘米(mi)。翌春種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發芽時(shi),平壟(long)去土(tu),小苗很快出(chu)齊。
蟲(chong)(chong)害大青葉(xie)蟬(chan)、蚱蟬(chan)發(fa)(fa)生,可(ke)(ke)(ke)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)48%樂斯(si)本乳油3500倍液(ye)(ye)防(fang)治(zhi);女貞(zhen)卷葉(xie)綿(mian)蚜、日本履(lv)綿(mian)蚧發(fa)(fa)生,可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)幼齡期噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)10%吡蟲(chong)(chong)啉可(ke)(ke)(ke)濕(shi)(shi)性粉劑(ji)2000倍液(ye)(ye)防(fang)治(zhi);擬(ni)薔薇切葉(xie)蜂(feng)發(fa)(fa)生,可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)生高(gao)峰期噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)40%氧化(hua)樂果800倍液(ye)(ye)防(fang)治(zhi);桑(sang)褶(zhe)翅尺蛾、美國白(bai)(bai)蛾、霜(shuang)天(tian)(tian)蛾、紅(hong)節天(tian)(tian)蛾發(fa)(fa)生,可(ke)(ke)(ke)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)20%除蟲(chong)(chong)脲懸浮劑(ji)7000倍液(ye)(ye)防(fang)治(zhi);白(bai)(bai)蠟絹野螟、褐邊綠刺蛾發(fa)(fa)生,可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)幼蟲(chong)(chong)期噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)Bt乳劑(ji)500倍液(ye)(ye)或(huo)3%高(gao)滲苯(ben)氧威可(ke)(ke)(ke)濕(shi)(shi)性顆粒(li)3000倍液(ye)(ye)防(fang)治(zhi);白(bai)(bai)須絨天(tian)(tian)蛾、絨星天(tian)(tian)蛾、女貞(zhen)天(tian)(tian)蛾發(fa)(fa)生,可(ke)(ke)(ke)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)1.2%煙參堿(jian)1000倍液(ye)(ye)防(fang)治(zhi);白(bai)(bai)蠟哈氏莖蜂(feng)危害,可(ke)(ke)(ke)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)3%高(gao)滲苯(ben)氧威可(ke)(ke)(ke)濕(shi)(shi)性顆粒(li)3000倍液(ye)(ye)防(fang)治(zhi);薄翅鋸天(tian)(tian)牛、多斑白(bai)(bai)條(tiao)天(tian)(tian)牛發(fa)(fa)生,可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)幼蟲(chong)(chong)期采取樹干(gan)注射40%氧化(hua)樂果原液(ye)(ye),對成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)燈光誘殺(sha)、人工(gong)捕殺(sha);日本雙棘(ji)長(chang)蠹發(fa)(fa)生,可(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)(zai)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)羽化(hua)飛(fei)出(chu)(chu)盛期向枝干(gan)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)灑(sa)3%高(gao)滲苯(ben)氧威可(ke)(ke)(ke)濕(shi)(shi)性顆粒(li)3000倍液(ye)(ye)封(feng)殺(sha)從干(gan)內飛(fei)出(chu)(chu)的成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)。
病(bing)害(hai)主(zhu)要有干基腐(fu)病(bing)和枯(ku)枝(zhi)病(bing)。前(qian)者用經消毒處理(li)的(de)刀將病(bing)患處刮除,噴灑3波美(mei)度(du)石硫(liu)合劑或2%硫(liu)酸銅溶液;后者可剪除病(bing)枝(zhi),剪口(kou)涂5波美(mei)度(du)石硫(liu)合劑。
枝繁(fan)葉(xie)茂,適應性強,特(te)別耐鹽(yan)堿,抗污染,是(shi)優良的(de)造景樹種,可做(zuo)“四旁”綠(lv)化(hua)(hua)、農(nong)田防護(hu)林(lin)、行道樹及(ji)庭院綠(lv)化(hua)(hua)。深根樹種,側根發達(da),生長較迅速,少病蟲害,抗風(feng),材質優良。可營造防護(hu)林(lin),可供沙荒(huang)、鹽(yan)堿地(di)造林(lin),也是(shi)北方(fang)四旁綠(lv)化(hua)(hua)的(de)主(zhu)要樹種之(zhi)一。是(shi)沿海城市綠(lv)化(hua)(hua)的(de)優良樹種。