戴(dai)鴻慈先世祖(zu)居廣東廣州(zhou)府南海縣西(xi)樵(qiao)大(da)(da)同堡綠涌村(cun)(今佛(fo)山市南海區西(xi)樵(qiao)大(da)(da)同鄉戴(dai)家村(cun)),十二(er)世祖(zu)迪功(gong)公時才(cai)遷居佛(fo)山,祖(zu)居佛(fo)山福(fu)賢里桑園。鴻慈生于書香(xiang)之(zhi)家,其(qi)父戴(dai)其(qi)芬(fen),諱(hui)堯坤,字徽猷,號乾生,生于道(dao)光乙酉年(nian)(1825年(nian)),終于光緒辛(xin)巳年(nian)(1881年(nian)),光祿寺署正,誥授奉直大(da)(da)夫、奉政大(da)(da)夫,妻馮(feng)氏生三子,鴻慈即第二(er)子。在學問(wen)上,其(qi)芬(fen)公可謂博通古今,“研精經典(dian),旁及天文地(di)輿(yu),醫藥卜(bu)筮……”, 家庭的(de)氛(fen)圍使鴻慈從小(xiao)勤奮好學,不敢懈怠,以(yi)致有日(ri)后(hou)的(de)赫赫聲名。
1853年4月(咸豐三年三月) 出(chu)生
1868年(nian)(nian)(同治七年(nian)(nian)) 補縣學生(sheng),后由(you)廩生(sheng)選(xuan)同治十二年(nian)(nian)拔貢,鄉(xiang)舉第一
1873年(nian)(同治十二年(nian)) 娶妻梁氏
1876年(nian)(光緒二年(nian)) 進士及(ji)第,改翰林院庶吉士
1877年(nian)(光(guang)緒三年(nian)) 翰林院散館,授編(bian)修
1879年(nian)(nian)(光緒五年(nian)(nian)) 督學山東,1881年(nian)(nian)父喪丁父憂,中法戰爭中在佛山倡(chang)辦團練
1885年(光緒(xu)十一(yi)年) 云南學政
1891年(nian)(nian)(光緒十(shi)七年(nian)(nian)) 云(yun)南正考(kao)官
1893年(nian)(光緒十九年(nian)) 順(shun)天鄉試同考官
1894年(光緒二十年) 大考一(yi)等,擢(zhuo)庶(shu)子,充日(ri)講起居注官,官方略成書,特獎以應并(bing)之缺開列在前(qian),并(bing)賞加四品銜;甲午(wu)戰爭中先后(hou)多次上(shang)折,并(bing)請嚴(yan)懲(cheng)李鴻章,解拿丁汝(ru)昌
1895年(光緒二十(shi)(shi)一年) 四月(yue)上善(shan)后十(shi)(shi)二策(ce),十(shi)(shi)月(yue)充咸(xian)安(an)宮總裁
1897年(光緒二十三年) 福(fu)建學政(zheng)
1898年(光緒二十四年) 轉伺讀學士(shi)
1899年(光緒二(er)十(shi)五年) 遷(qian)少詹(zhan)事,以(yi)報效(xiao)昭信股票,賞戴花(hua)翎(ling)
1900年(光緒二十六年) 遷(qian)內閣學(xue)士(shi),兼禮部(bu)侍郎銜;是年冬學(xue)政(zheng)報滿,乞假回籍修墓(mu),尋擢(zhuo)刑部(bu)左侍郎
1901年(nian)(光緒二十七年(nian)) 陳治本疏;是年(nian)9月,張之洞致電鴻慈勸梁鼎(ding)芬回鄂就任(ren)
1902年(光緒二(er)十八(ba)年) 轉戶部(bu)右侍(shi)郎兼管錢法堂事務,充考(kao)試(shi)試(shi)差閱卷(juan)大臣,考(kao)試(shi)漢御史閱卷(juan)大臣,江南鄉試(shi)正考(kao)官;上奏請設宣諭化導使,在翰林院創立報(bao)局
1903年(nian)(光緒二十九年(nian))充考試庶吉(ji)士散館閱(yue)(yue)卷(juan)大(da)(da)臣(chen),考試試差閱(yue)(yue)卷(juan)大(da)(da)臣(chen),殿(dian)試讀卷(juan)大(da)(da)臣(chen),朝考閱(yue)(yue)卷(juan)大(da)(da)臣(chen),考試經濟(ji)特(te)科閱(yue)(yue)卷(juan)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(舉薦梁士詒),覆(fu)核朝審大(da)(da)臣(chen)
1904年(光緒三十年)會試副考官(guan),覆(fu)核朝審(shen)大臣,赴差(cha)開封甲辰(chen)科會試;上(shang)奏會議政務處議事規(gui)則
1905年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)~1906年(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(光緒三(san)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)一月(yue)~三(san)十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)六月(yue))率“戴端團”出洋考察;于1906年(nian)(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(三(san)十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)正月(yue))受(shou)命(ming)禮部尚書
1906年(光緒(xu)三十二年)8月~11月上奏請求取法他國(guo)實行新(xin)政,并聯(lian)合其他出(chu)洋考察大臣上《歐美政治要義(yi)》、《列國(guo)政要》等
1906年9月(yue)20日(ri),朝廷下詔正式實施(shi)中(zhong)央官(guan)制改(gai)革,改(gai)刑(xing)部為法(fa)部,專理(li)司(si)法(fa);改(gai)大理(li)寺(si)為大理(li)院(yuan),專掌審判,由此終結了延續(xu)數(shu)千年司(si)法(fa)行政不(bu)分的(de)狀(zhuang)況,揭開了司(si)法(fa)行政相分離、實行司(si)法(fa)獨立的(de)制度架構。9月(yue)21日(ri),清政府命戴鴻慈為法(fa)部尚書,官(guan)階正一品,這(zhe)也是近代中(zhong)國第一位(wei)專管(guan)司(si)法(fa)行政事務(wu)的(de)最高(gao)長官(guan)。
1906年(nian)11月,充厘定官(guan)(guan)制大臣,玉(yu)牒館副總裁,充參預政務大臣,賞(shang)紫禁城騎馬,充經筵講官(guan)(guan)
1907年(光(guang)緒三十三年)1月出(chu)版(ban)《出(chu)使九(jiu)國日記(ji)》;充舉貢(gong)考職(zhi)閱卷大臣(chen);統領法部進(jin)行(xing)改革
1908年(光(guang)緒三十四年)疾作,賞假(jia)調理;光(guang)緒帝(di)和慈(ci)禧相繼去(qu)世后,力(li)疾銷假(jia)視事
1909年(nian)(宣統元年(nian))賞一(yi)等(deng)第三寶星,充報(bao)聘俄國專使大臣;返(fan)國后奏言東三省事務;是年(nian)10月(yue)(八(ba)月(yue))命其在軍機大臣上學習行走
1910年(宣統二(er)年)1月(yue)1日(ri)(ri)為(wei)協辦大學士;2月(yue)22日(ri)(ri)逝(shi)世(shi),謚(shi)文誠
(注(zhu):本表(biao)據(ju)《清史列傳·戴鴻慈傳》、《戴鴻慈會試朱卷》、《江浦(pu)戴氏宗(zong)譜》等整理而成(cheng))
從上表中大致可看(kan)出戴鴻(hong)慈的生平概(gai)況,他(ta)以(yi)(yi)學問見(jian)長(chang),屢任(ren)(ren)試(shi)差,由學政、侍郎到尚(shang)書,逐步升遷,最后以(yi)(yi)軍機入相,仕途可謂順(shun)利。光(guang)緒三(san)十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),光(guang)緒和慈禧(xi)相繼去世,溥儀繼位,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)號宣(xuan)統。戴鴻(hong)慈為前朝元老,而且時任(ren)(ren)法部(bu)尚(shang)書,在(zai)宣(xuan)統朝仍受到重(zhong)用(yong)。雖此時身體不很好,但“力疾銷假視事”,并(bing)于宣(xuan)統元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)四月被賞一等第三(san)寶星,以(yi)(yi)法部(bu)尚(shang)書的身份充(chong)報聘俄國專使大臣。歸國后再得(de)晉升,于該(gai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月6日(ri)(ri)(八月二(er)十(shi)三(san)日(ri)(ri)),以(yi)(yi)法部(bu)尚(shang)書在(zai)軍機大臣上學習(xi)行走,1910年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月1日(ri)(ri)(宣(xuan)統元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)一月二(er)十(shi)日(ri)(ri))擢協辦大學士,并(bing)賞穿帶(dai)素貂褂。但鴻(hong)慈已病入膏肓,于1910年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)2月22日(ri)(ri)(宣(xuan)統二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)正月十(shi)三(san)日(ri)(ri))逝世,享年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)五十(shi)八歲(sui)。
清廷對他優恤(xu)有加(jia)(jia)(jia),賞(shang)陀(tuo)羅經被,謚號(hao)“文誠”,并派(pai)貝子溥倫帶領侍(shi)衛(wei)前往祭(ji)奠,且加(jia)(jia)(jia)恩賞(shang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)太子少保銜(xian),照大學士例賜(si)恤(xu)入賢良祠,還(huan)賞(shang)銀兩千兩治喪;其(qi)子戴(dai)曾諤也以郎中補(bu)用。從清廷的(de)賞(shang)賜(si)和優恤(xu)可以看出,戴(dai)鴻慈當時的(de)地位(wei)確實位(wei)極人臣。
憲政
戴鴻慈對(dui)(dui)憲(xian)政的(de)考(kao)察(cha),包括了對(dui)(dui)各(ge)國議院的(de)參觀(guan)和考(kao)察(cha)、對(dui)(dui)地方自(zi)治的(de)考(kao)察(cha)及與(yu)各(ge)國一(yi)(yi)些專家交談(tan)。日記中提(ti)到各(ge)國議院有(you)十一(yi)(yi)處之多,基本上(shang)到每一(yi)(yi)個國家都有(you)對(dui)(dui)該(gai)國議院的(de)考(kao)察(cha),當然(ran)也正突(tu)出戴鴻慈此行的(de)目的(de)和使命(ming),是為“考(kao)政大臣(chen)”之一(yi)(yi)。
考(kao)察(cha)(cha)團主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)考(kao)察(cha)(cha)了美國(guo)(guo)(guo)、英國(guo)(guo)(guo)、法(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、德國(guo)(guo)(guo)、意大(da)利等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan),戴(dai)(dai)鴻(hong)慈(ci)(ci)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)從以下幾個方(fang)面來記載(zai):一、議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)結構組成。他(ta)了解了各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)大(da)多(duo)分(fen)(fen)上(shang)(shang)下議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan),美國(guo)(guo)(guo)“上(shang)(shang)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)紳(shen)由(you)各(ge)(ge)省(sheng)選舉(ju)……每(mei)省(sheng)兩人……任期六年……下院(yuan)(yuan)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)紳(shen)由(you)地(di)方(fang)選舉(ju)。”,上(shang)(shang)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)以副總統為議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)長(chang),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)“關于議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)者(zhe)為多(duo)”,而下議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)則自選議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)長(chang),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)“關于籌款(kuan)者(zhe)為多(duo)”。二(er)、議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)員資(zi)格、人數、任職年限、選舉(ju)辦法(fa)。各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)譯員的(de)選舉(ju)資(zi)格和(he)選舉(ju)辦法(fa)都(dou)有規定,鴻(hong)慈(ci)(ci)對(dui)此也進(jin)行了考(kao)察(cha)(cha)。三、議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)辦事規程(cheng)等(deng)。經(jing)過(guo)考(kao)察(cha)(cha),戴(dai)(dai)鴻(hong)慈(ci)(ci)發現(xian)各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)有自己(ji)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)和(he)規則,但基(ji)本原則是(shi)維(wei)(wei)持權力的(de)制衡(heng),將立(li)法(fa)、行政(zheng)、司(si)法(fa)分(fen)(fen)開(kai),即“三權分(fen)(fen)立(li)”,他(ta)認(ren)為這樣(yang)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)最好(hao)的(de),所(suo)謂“歐洲各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo),政(zheng)制相維(wei)(wei),其法(fa)至善(shan)”。但戴(dai)(dai)鴻(hong)慈(ci)(ci)在此只是(shi)大(da)致記述(shu)(shu)了自己(ji)考(kao)察(cha)(cha)到的(de)各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)之制,并說“他(ta)書具詳(xiang),姑述(shu)(shu)其略(lve)以備檢”,“他(ta)書”即指考(kao)察(cha)(cha)團回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)后所(suo)上(shang)(shang)的(de)奏折(zhe)和(he)由(you)戴(dai)(dai)鴻(hong)慈(ci)(ci)和(he)端方(fang)等(deng)主(zhu)(zhu)持編寫(xie)的(de)關于各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)議(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)制度的(de)書,下文將有提(ti)及(ji)。
經濟
經濟考察(cha)(cha)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)內容就更廣泛了,在日(ri)記中主(zhu)要有對(dui)(dui)銀行和(he)財政(zheng)的考察(cha)(cha)、對(dui)(dui)各(ge)國(guo)工業(ye)和(he)工廠的考察(cha)(cha)等(deng)。戴(dai)(dai)鴻慈出洋時正任戶(hu)(hu)部右侍(shi)郎,在考察(cha)(cha)途中才(cai)擢(zhuo)為(wei)禮部尚(shang)書,戶(hu)(hu)部乃朝廷的“錢(qian)袋子”以(yi)及掌戶(hu)(hu)籍的管理等(deng)工作,戴(dai)(dai)鴻慈非常注意(yi)此方(fang)(fang)面(mian)也理所當然,所以(yi)當時有些記載說“戴(dai)(dai)大(da)臣則往會見銀行家,專考察(cha)(cha)財政(zheng)”。
鴻(hong)慈大致從銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)主(zhu)要設(she)施、辦事原(yuan)理、保密措施等方(fang)面來(lai)進行(xing)(xing)考察。在日本時對橫濱的正金銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)每一層(ceng)(ceng)的結構、設(she)施在日記(ji)中(zhong)都有記(ji)載,甚至對員(yuan)工(gong)辦事效(xiao)率的監督(du)辦法(fa)都有提(ti)到(dao)。在銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)內的第二層(ceng)(ceng),可以(yi)憑(ping)闌臨觀員(yuan)工(gong)工(gong)作情況,“孰勤孰惰(duo),舉無所(suo)逃”,他(ta)很受(shou)啟發(fa),認為(wei)“凡衙署辦事之法(fa),悉當用(yong)此(ci)為(wei)課吏(li)之良法(fa),不(bu)特銀(yin)行(xing)(xing)而(er)已”,即是說(shuo)其他(ta)衙署都可以(yi)采用(yong)這樣的方(fang)法(fa)來(lai)監督(du)員(yuan)工(gong),以(yi)保證工(gong)作效(xiao)率。戴(dai)鴻(hong)慈還(huan)考察了許多銀(yin)行(xing)(xing),都非常仔細,并時不(bu)時的加上自己(ji)的理解和看法(fa),以(yi)備回國能(neng)有所(suo)采擇。
在美國時戴(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)約請某大(da)(da)學經濟方面的教授(shou)精琦來(lai)談財(cai)政大(da)(da)要(yao),并將所得大(da)(da)致歸為(wei)六個方面,即“一曰先定(ding)平(ping)色之輕(qing)重;二曰各省宜分(fen)設各局,以(yi)(yi)便轉(zhuan)換而平(ping)價(jia)直,且勿(wu)用各省名目;三曰按人民消(xiao)費(fei)之程(cheng)度,而定(ding)鑄用之多寡;四曰宜先定(ding)鎊價(jia),以(yi)(yi)免虧損(sun);五曰宜仿各國定(ding)金(jin)為(wei)本位;六曰宜借(jie)款鑄金(jin)元,以(yi)(yi)紙幣(bi)輔之”,戴(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)把這些信息都記(ji)下來(lai),都是為(wei)回(hui)國后(hou)的實際發展來(lai)作準備(bei)的。
工業
至(zhi)于對工(gong)業的(de)考察,無論(lun)在(zai)哪個國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia),戴鴻(hong)慈等(deng)都參觀(guan)和考察了很多工(gong)廠(chang)和公(gong)司。在(zai)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)工(gong)廠(chang)中,戴鴻(hong)慈主要從一個工(gong)廠(chang)的(de)以(yi)下方面來考察:一、規(gui)模及設施;二、工(gong)作的(de)流程(cheng);三(san)、工(gong)人情況以(yi)及福利(li)和后(hou)勤服務工(gong)作等(deng)。為(wei)(wei)了能(neng)更好的(de)說明(ming)和比(bi)較,戴鴻(hong)慈還(huan)列了詳細的(de)表(biao)(biao)格,如將美國(guo)(guo)(guo)東(dong)部(bu)的(de)紡織(zhi)廠(chang)、織(zhi)布(bu)公(gong)司等(deng)進行列表(biao)(biao)比(bi)較;對一些比(bi)較大、世界(jie)文(wen)明(ming)的(de)公(gong)司更是記述詳細,希望能(neng)了解(jie)國(guo)(guo)(guo)外(wai)大公(gong)司之所(suo)以(yi)興(xing)盛(sheng)的(de)原因,以(yi)便回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)為(wei)(wei)本國(guo)(guo)(guo)大工(gong)廠(chang)的(de)建(jian)立提供寶貴的(de)經驗。
教育
在普(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)方面(mian),他(ta)(ta)們(men)在各(ge)國(guo)參(can)觀(guan)了一(yi)些(xie)中(zhong)小學(xue)堂。戴(dai)鴻慈認為“德國(guo)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)行政,燦乎大(da)備,專門之(zhi)(zhi)程度既高,普(pu)(pu)及之(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)思(si)尤廣,故在歐洲即有學(xue)界管領之(zhi)(zhi)稱。”所(suo)以他(ta)(ta)對(dui)德國(guo)的教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)比較注(zhu)意,率(lv)團參(can)觀(guan)了德國(guo)許多學(xue)校。通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)考察,他(ta)(ta)認識到:“考之(zhi)(zhi)東西洋各(ge)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)制……普(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)尤為各(ge)國(guo)所(suo)注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)。普(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)云者,不在造就(jiu)少數之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)才,而在造就(jiu)多數之(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)民。……今中(zhong)國(guo)振興(xing)學(xue)務,固宜注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)。”可(ke)見,普(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)是(shi)為了提高全(quan)民族的文化水平(ping)和素養,戴(dai)鴻慈把(ba)對(dui)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的考察放在重(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)重(zhong)(zhong)的地位。
他(ta)們對(dui)(dui)(dui)高(gao)等教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的考(kao)(kao)察主(zhu)要(yao)是對(dui)(dui)(dui)美(mei)國、德國、英國等的大學(xue)(xue)的考(kao)(kao)察,像對(dui)(dui)(dui)普通(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)那(nei)樣,從學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)和老(lao)師的人數(shu)、學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)設(she)施及(ji)是否有女學(xue)(xue)等方面(mian)來考(kao)(kao)察。在日記中,戴鴻慈對(dui)(dui)(dui)這些方面(mian)的記載(zai)都比較詳細,可見他(ta)的確(que)悉心考(kao)(kao)察。在專門教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)方面(mian),主(zhu)要(yao)是對(dui)(dui)(dui)各(ge)國的工(gong)藝學(xue)(xue)堂、手藝學(xue)(xue)堂、農學(xue)(xue)院(yuan)、電學(xue)(xue)院(yuan)、化學(xue)(xue)院(yuan)、水師學(xue)(xue)堂以及(ji)軍校(xiao)等地方進行參觀考(kao)(kao)察,并以美(mei)國和德國為重點,力圖能從國外先(xian)進之國學(xue)(xue)習到現代專門教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的發(fa)展和管理經驗。
從以上(shang)看(kan)來,戴鴻慈領(ling)銜的(de)(de)考(kao)察(cha)(cha)團主(zhu)要考(kao)察(cha)(cha)內容與當時中國(guo)的(de)(de)實際情(qing)況是分(fen)不開(kai)的(de)(de)。當時中國(guo)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)現代化剛剛起(qi)步(bu),雖然知道“強富始基歸諸學術”,而且(qie)“比年以來,明詔興(xing)學,天下向風”,但(dan)是“辦法既多參差,宗旨未能一(yi)貫,宏規未定,流弊日滋”,所以必須對(dui)各國(guo)的(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)普及(ji)情(qing)況、學校(xiao)開(kai)設(she)情(qing)況以及(ji)要興(xing)辦學校(xiao)所需(xu)的(de)(de)經費、教(jiao)(jiao)員數、所教(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)科(ke)目都要有所了解。
司法
戴(dai)鴻慈(ci)對司法的(de)考(kao)察,主要是(shi)對國(guo)外(wai)的(de)裁判所(suo)和(he)警察局及(ji)監獄(yu)等方(fang)面(mian)的(de)考(kao)察。裁判所(suo)即(ji)現在的(de)法庭。在德國(guo),戴(dai)鴻慈(ci)參觀考(kao)察了普魯(lu)士的(de)裁判所(suo),主要從內部(bu)設(she)置、操作(zuo)原理、對罪犯(fan)的(de)前(qian)科(ke)記(ji)錄的(de)方(fang)法等方(fang)面(mian)來考(kao)察。特別是(shi)第三個方(fang)面(mian),戴(dai)鴻慈(ci)感(gan)到外(wai)國(guo)的(de)編制(zhi)和(he)記(ji)錄“井井有條不(bu)紊,洵(xun)可法也”,雖然案(an)犯(fan)所(suo)犯(fan)前(qian)科(ke)已事(shi)隔多(duo)年,但只要一查(cha)這(zhe)些案(an)卷,“有無積案(an),一查(cha)立(li)辨(bian)”,所(suo)以鴻慈(ci)認為(wei)這(zhe)樣做可以效仿,回國(guo)后也要學習。但作(zuo)為(wei)當(dang)(dang)時戶(hu)(hu)部(bu)副長官的(de)他馬上又(you)意識到,中國(guo)的(de)戶(hu)(hu)籍很(hen)亂,要建(jian)(jian)立(li)這(zhe)種累(lei)犯(fan)的(de)檔案(an)“非先編戶(hu)(hu)口,歲列統計”不(bu)能編寫,所(suo)以他認為(wei)“戶(hu)(hu)口不(bu)清,萬事(shi)無從下手,寧獨檢案(an)一事(shi)而已耶?”因此,整理戶(hu)(hu)籍、建(jian)(jian)立(li)合(he)理的(de)戶(hu)(hu)籍制(zhi)度(du)成為(wei)首當(dang)(dang)其沖的(de)事(shi)情。
在警(jing)察局(ju)參觀(guan)時(shi),他看到(dao)(dao)國外用指(zhi)紋法來定案,之后他還參觀(guan)了注冊所,看到(dao)(dao)這里(li)的戶籍(ji)(ji)非常詳細,而且戶籍(ji)(ji)管理(li)政策(ce)也比較嚴密,鴻慈(ci)在此又看到(dao)(dao)了整(zheng)理(li)戶籍(ji)(ji)的重要性和緊迫性,他們回國不(bu)久,清政府(fu)即著手開始對戶口的清查。
戴(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)等還(huan)對美、德、法等國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)進行了考(kao)(kao)察,主要是這幾(ji)個(ge)(ge)方(fang)面(mian):一(yi)(yi)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)所(suo)耗費用。每參(can)觀一(yi)(yi)處(chu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)都(dou)(dou)會細(xi)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)下所(suo)需費用,以(yi)(yi)備(bei)回(hui)國(guo)參(can)考(kao)(kao)。二(er)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)和(he)(he)環境(jing)。戴(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)看到,每個(ge)(ge)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都(dou)(dou)有(you)高(gao)墻將(jiang)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)隔離,各個(ge)(ge)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)根(gen)據規模(mo)分成(cheng)不(bu)同數量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)室(shi)(shi),且分別男女(nv)(nv),并在(zai)(zai)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中央(yang)設(she)(she)高(gao)臺(tai)以(yi)(yi)瞭望,防止獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)逃跑,而在(zai)(zai)室(shi)(shi)中則床、桌及(ji)日(ri)用所(suo)需之物一(yi)(yi)應俱全,而且“食所(suo)亦潔(jie)凈(jing),有(you)牛羊肉(rou)、面(mian)包、清水給之”,還(huan)有(you)醫室(shi)(shi),給獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)以(yi)(yi)身體檢(jian)查(cha)和(he)(he)疾病的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫治;對比當時(shi)(shi)(shi)中國(guo)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活,他們發出了“監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)非以(yi)(yi)苦痛犯(fan)人(ren)也(ye)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感嘆。三、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)管(guan)理(li)方(fang)法。對獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)管(guan)理(li):基本(ben)上(shang)每個(ge)(ge)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都(dou)(dou)讓獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)習(xi)藝(yi)勞動(dong),使其掌握一(yi)(yi)些技術(shu),以(yi)(yi)備(bei)將(jiang)來出獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)后能(neng)用以(yi)(yi)謀生。探監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)制度:使獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)能(neng)有(you)機會與(yu)親人(ren)見面(mian)和(he)(he)短暫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)。獎懲制度:對于表現(xian)比較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),可以(yi)(yi)據情況減刑,提(ti)早釋放,而重犯(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則又將(jiang)其關(guan)入(ru)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),束縛其自由。四、對罪(zui)犯(fan)教(jiao)(jiao)育方(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)察。這也(ye)是比較重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)方(fang)面(mian),戴(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)對此都(dou)(dou)做(zuo)了詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)察和(he)(he)記(ji)錄。監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中設(she)(she)有(you)教(jiao)(jiao)室(shi)(shi),“所(suo)授學科為(wei)德文(wen)、宗教(jiao)(jiao)、唱歌(ge)、實業及(ji)格致等,每日(ri)三小時(shi)(shi)(shi)或四小時(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)等”。五、對女(nv)(nv)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)察。“戴(dai)端團”在(zai)(zai)參(can)觀美國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)時(shi)(shi)(shi),也(ye)往觀女(nv)(nv)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),戴(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)覺得(de)“尤精潔(jie),幾(ji)與(yu)客店無異矣(yi)。女(nv)(nv)犯(fan)習(xi)藝(yi),皆課以(yi)(yi)針(zhen)黹縫綴之事(shi)云”。也(ye)許他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)敘有(you)點(dian)夸張,但(dan)當時(shi)(shi)(shi)中國(guo)婦(fu)女(nv)(nv)毫(hao)無社會地位,在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)幾(ji)乎沒有(you)真(zhen)正意義(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),與(yu)之比起來,西方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)女(nv)(nv)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)自然要先進得(de)多了。
“戴(dai)端團”考(kao)(kao)(kao)察的(de)范圍非(fei)常廣(guang)泛,還對各(ge)國(guo)軍(jun)事的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)察,以及關于(yu)劇(ju)院、博物館、消防(fang)、交通、報(bao)館等的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)察、關于(yu)對旅游資源的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)察和對華僑(qiao)的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)察等各(ge)方面(mian)。戴(dai)鴻(hong)慈(ci)把(ba)考(kao)(kao)(kao)察情況都記(ji)到日記(ji)中(zhong),而(er)且加(jia)上了自己(ji)的(de)觀點,這(zhe)對于(yu)回來后對這(zhe)些方面(mian)的(de)建設和開發非(fei)常有參考(kao)(kao)(kao)價值。
回京(jing)(jing)后,戴端二(er)大(da)臣(chen)于二(er)十二(er)日(ri)和二(er)十三日(ri)連連受到(dao)召見(jian),戴鴻(hong)慈(ci)(ci)聯(lian)合端方(fang)上呈奏折,前后共(gong)九封,內容(rong)廣泛,主要(yao)有(you)(you)請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)速定(ding)國是以安(an)大(da)計(ji)、請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)設立編制局以改定(ding)官(guan)制來作為立憲(xian)(xian)的預備、倡(chang)言(yan)教育改革(ge)、請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)重視軍政(zheng)、照各國設立引導人民的善(shan)法、均滿漢,破除界限,以維護治(zhi)安(an)、請(qing)(qing)求(qiu)編訂憲(xian)(xian)法和皇室典范等,在折中他們異口同(tong)聲(sheng)“力(li)言(yan)立憲(xian)(xian)之(zhi)善(shan)”,尤其是戴鴻(hong)慈(ci)(ci),當時的報刊登載有(you)(you)“立憲(xian)(xian)事宜最初提倡(chang)者(zhe),京(jing)(jing)官(guan)則法部尚(shang)書戴鴻(hong)慈(ci)(ci),外官(guan)則桂府林紹年,下(xia)詔立憲(xian)(xian)先從改訂官(guan)制入手,大(da)抵從二(er)人之(zhi)言(yan)為多”,可見(jian)當時戴鴻(hong)慈(ci)(ci)在京(jing)(jing)官(guan)中為眾所周知的倡(chang)言(yan)立憲(xian)(xian)者(zhe),考(kao)察回國后一(yi)直為此而努力(li)。
除上(shang)折外,他還(huan)領銜編(bian)纂《歐美(mei)政(zheng)(zheng)治要(yao)義(yi)》和(he)《列(lie)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)要(yao)》,并出(chu)(chu)版了(le)自(zi)己此行的(de)(de)行程日記(ji),即《出(chu)(chu)使(shi)九國(guo)(guo)日記(ji)》。《歐美(mei)政(zheng)(zheng)治要(yao)義(yi)》一書(shu)共(gong)十(shi)八章,將(jiang)他們(men)(men)考(kao)察所見當時歐美(mei)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)憲政(zheng)(zheng)情況(kuang)按照清政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)的(de)(de)需要(yao)基本(ben)都列(lie)出(chu)(chu)來(lai)了(le),涵蓋面很廣(guang)。《列(lie)國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)要(yao)》一書(shu)分三(san)(san)冊,共(gong)一百三(san)(san)十(shi)三(san)(san)卷,按國(guo)(guo)家分門別類把各(ge)國(guo)(guo)大致政(zheng)(zheng)治情況(kuang)列(lie)出(chu)(chu),主要(yao)側重于政(zheng)(zheng)治方面。《出(chu)(chu)使(shi)九國(guo)(guo)日記(ji)》系光緒(xu)丙午年(1906年)十(shi)二月由(you)農工商部工藝局印(yin)(yin)刷科(ke)印(yin)(yin)出(chu)(chu),第一書(shu)局發。日記(ji)名為“九國(guo)(guo)”,實際(ji)上(shang)他們(men)(men)共(gong)到了(le)十(shi)五個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家,日記(ji)文筆生動,除了(le)每天的(de)(de)敘事,還(huan)有(you)作(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)(de)所感和(he)途(tu)中的(de)(de)風土人(ren)情的(de)(de)記(ji)載(zai),是一部史學、文學、旅游等(deng)價值都很高的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)品。
戴(dai)鴻(hong)慈多次受到召見,并與(yu)其他大臣討論立憲事宜。經過一個多月(yue)的辯論、協議(yi),清(qing)廷于(yu)光緒三(san)十(shi)二年(nian)七月(yue)十(shi)三(san)日(ri)發(fa)布立憲諭,宣布此時(shi)“惟有(you)及時(shi)詳(xiang)晰甄核,仿行憲政(zheng),大權(quan)統于(yu)朝廷,庶政(zheng)公諸時(shi)論,以立國家萬(wan)年(nian)有(you)道(dao)之基。”,并決(jue)定(ding)(ding)“從(cong)官制(zhi)入手”。戴(dai)鴻(hong)慈作為“五大臣”之一,以禮部尚(shang)書而(er)為厘定(ding)(ding)官制(zhi)大臣,親自參與(yu)清(qing)末(mo)改革(ge)之中,新的官制(zhi)厘定(ding)(ding)后(hou),他成為首任法部尚(shang)書。
清(qing)末改(gai)(gai)革(ge)最后(hou)從厘(li)定官(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)入手,決定要采(cai)取國(guo)外立(li)法、行政(zheng)、司法“三(san)權分立(li)”的制(zhi)(zhi)度。官(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)總司核定的慶王等認(ren)為除議(yi)院掌(zhang)(zhang)立(li)法、內閣(ge)各部大臣掌(zhang)(zhang)行政(zheng)外,“司法之權則專(zhuan)屬之法部,以大理院任審判(pan),而法部監督之,均與行政(zheng)官(guan)(guan)相對峙,而不為所節制(zhi)(zhi)”。議(yi)定后(hou),清(qing)政(zheng)府于九月二十日頒布官(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)上諭(yu),其中有刑部改(gai)(gai)為法部,專(zhuan)任司法行政(zheng);而大理寺改(gai)(gai)為大理院,專(zhuan)掌(zhang)(zhang)司法審判(pan)。戴(dai)鴻慈由(you)禮部尚書(shu)轉法部尚書(shu),沈家(jia)本(ben)任大理院正(zheng)卿。
清政(zheng)府既要(yao)(yao)仿西方(fang)實行“司法獨立(li)”,法部成為(wei)(wei)至重之(zhi)部門,鴻慈任首任長官(guan),一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)可見其受(shou)到重用,地位逐(zhu)漸重要(yao)(yao);另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)則折射出他(ta)的(de)魄力和(he)“求新(xin)”的(de)改革意識(shi),因為(wei)(wei)“中國(guo)積習,大(da)都不(bu)愿為(wei)(wei)刑官(guan)”,而鴻慈知道自己法律方(fang)面(mian)(mian)知識(shi)有所欠缺,但(dan)他(ta)敢于(yu)擔此(ci)重任,力圖(tu)領導一(yi)個全新(xin)的(de)部門給大(da)家新(xin)政(zheng)的(de)形象。而且經過(guo)出洋(yang)考察的(de)歷練,他(ta)也提高(gao)了自己的(de)認識(shi)和(he)知識(shi)水(shui)平,只(zhi)希望竭誠為(wei)(wei)清政(zheng)府的(de)新(xin)政(zheng)出力,使中國(guo)走上富(fu)強之(zhi)路。
首先,戴(dai)(dai)鴻慈即帶領(ling)法(fa)(fa)部(bu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)理(li)(li)積(ji)(ji)案(an),制定新(xin)法(fa)(fa)規(gui),維護司法(fa)(fa)獨立。法(fa)(fa)部(bu)由(you)刑部(bu)改(gai)(gai)設,一(yi)切舊的(de)東西也都(dou)繼承下(xia)來,特別是(shi)因(yin)為清(qing)(qing)(qing)代實(shi)行秋審(shen)(shen)制度(du),將一(yi)些(xie)(xie)死刑案(an)件(jian)(jian)為慎重(zhong)起見(jian)而積(ji)(ji)壓,待秋后再重(zhong)審(shen)(shen),日子久了就積(ji)(ji)累了大批(pi)未清(qing)(qing)(qing)理(li)(li)的(de)案(an)件(jian)(jian),現在法(fa)(fa)部(bu)要新(xin)政(zheng),首當其(qi)(qi)沖的(de)當然是(shi)清(qing)(qing)(qing)理(li)(li)宿獄。清(qing)(qing)(qing)理(li)(li)這些(xie)(xie)案(an)件(jian)(jian),其(qi)(qi)一(yi)是(shi)要先規(gui)范審(shen)(shen)判辦法(fa)(fa),使不(bu)再積(ji)(ji)壓更多的(de)新(xin)案(an)。戴(dai)(dai)鴻慈總領(ling)法(fa)(fa)部(bu)上(shang)折(zhe)變通秋審(shen)(shen)緩(huan)(huan)決人(ren)犯(fan)的(de)辦法(fa)(fa),認為“應(ying)緩(huan)(huan)決一(yi)項與其(qi)(qi)匯核(he)于秋讞之際,徒事紛繁(fan)”,不(bu)如“詳(xiang)慎于定案(an)之先較省周折(zhe)”,為了不(bu)再形成(cheng)新(xin)的(de)積(ji)(ji)壓,在改(gai)(gai)革開始(shi)時(shi)即要規(gui)范制度(du),改(gai)(gai)革以前的(de)辦事方(fang)法(fa)(fa)而采取(qu)更有(you)效(xiao)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa);其(qi)(qi)二是(shi)對已經積(ji)(ji)壓的(de)案(an)件(jian)(jian)進行清(qing)(qing)(qing)理(li)(li)。戴(dai)(dai)鴻慈等曾上(shang)奏(zou)“查(cha)辦緩(huan)(huan)決二十次以上(shang)人(ren)犯(fan)減(jian)免(mian)由(you)”,將這些(xie)(xie)案(an)犯(fan)的(de)具(ju)體事由(you)弄清(qing)(qing)(qing)楚,按照(zhao)新(xin)法(fa)(fa)該(gai)減(jian)免(mian)的(de)予(yu)以減(jian)免(mian),該(gai)處(chu)置的(de)提(ti)出合理(li)(li)的(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)方(fang)法(fa)(fa),并要求(qiu)各(ge)省也按實(shi)情努力清(qing)(qing)(qing)理(li)(li)積(ji)(ji)案(an),使改(gai)(gai)革的(de)法(fa)(fa)部(bu)呈現新(xin)氣象。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)制訂新法(fa)規(gui)方面(mian)(mian),內容涉及(ji)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)廣泛(fan),據筆(bi)者搜集(ji)的(de)資料歸(gui)納起來主(zhu)要有:第一(yi),統(tong)一(yi)章程(cheng)(cheng)。司(si)(si)法(fa)權(quan)(quan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅要獨(du)立,還要統(tong)一(yi),隨(sui)著(zhu)清(qing)政府(fu)中央集(ji)權(quan)(quan)的(de)衰落(luo),各(ge)地方督撫(fu)(fu)權(quan)(quan)力逐漸(jian)增(zeng)大,各(ge)省很(hen)多(duo)方面(mian)(mian)都自(zi)(zi)定章程(cheng)(cheng),全國(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)統(tong)一(yi);現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)戴(dai)(dai)鴻慈執(zhi)掌(zhang)法(fa)部,自(zi)(zi)然(ran)希望能(neng)(neng)統(tong)一(yi)各(ge)省法(fa)律之(zhi)(zhi)事,所(suo)謂(wei)“臣部為執(zhi)法(fa)衙(ya)門(men),刑(xing)(xing)章必歸(gui)畫一(yi)”,所(suo)以(yi)以(yi)他為尚(shang)書的(de)法(fa)部重申已頒布(bu)的(de)新章,如(ru)停止(zhi)刑(xing)(xing)訊、采西方罰金定章等(deng),試圖加強由(you)身體肉刑(xing)(xing)向自(zi)(zi)由(you)刑(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)變的(de)意(yi)識,以(yi)“統(tong)一(yi)法(fa)權(quan)(quan),慎重人(ren)(ren)命起見”。第二(er),刑(xing)(xing)事訴訟附帶民事賠償(chang)方面(mian)(mian)。這是比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)有現(xian)代意(yi)義的(de)方面(mian)(mian)了,清(qing)政府(fu)以(yi)前刑(xing)(xing)民不(bu)(bu)(bu)分,行政權(quan)(quan)、司(si)(si)法(fa)權(quan)(quan)相混,現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)戴(dai)(dai)鴻慈為尚(shang)書的(de)法(fa)部提(ti)出這樣的(de)章程(cheng)(cheng),當然(ran)是一(yi)個進步。戴(dai)(dai)鴻慈等(deng)認(ren)為戲(xi)殺(sha)、誤殺(sha)、擅殺(sha)三項人(ren)(ren)犯,雖經(jing)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)新章改(gai)后可以(yi)從輕處理(li)(li),但應(ying)該要給予受害者家屬適當的(de)賠償(chang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)于(yu)(yu)“情法(fa)似(si)未持平”,所(suo)以(yi)要求賠償(chang)、撫(fu)(fu)恤(xu)死(si)者家屬,令(ling)各(ge)省衙(ya)門(men)一(yi)體遵照辦(ban)理(li)(li)。第三,秋(qiu)(qiu)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)辦(ban)法(fa)。秋(qiu)(qiu)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)制度(du)使有些案(an)件不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)及(ji)時(shi)處理(li)(li)以(yi)致(zhi)積壓,而(er)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)既(ji)然(ran)預備立憲,“刑(xing)(xing)法(fa)俱歷次減輕,若仍于(yu)(yu)浮文縟(ru)節不(bu)(bu)(bu)加裁勝,殊(shu)非執(zhi)簡馭繁(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)道。”戴(dai)(dai)鴻慈等(deng)為首的(de)法(fa)部對(dui)此(ci)非常重視(shi),特令(ling)承(cheng)政廳及(ji)下面(mian)(mian)的(de)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)錄、制勘(kan)兩司(si)(si)專(zhuan)掌(zhang),要求現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)各(ge)案(an)要分清(qing)實(shi)緩,盡量一(yi)次審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)理(li)(li)清(qing)楚;只有確實(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)暫時(shi)處理(li)(li)的(de)才入秋(qiu)(qiu)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen),并簡化秋(qiu)(qiu)審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)手續(xu)和步驟(zou),所(suo)謂(wei)“其繁(fan)文似(si)不(bu)(bu)(bu)妨(fang)從略”,這樣“外可以(yi)省解勘(kan)之(zhi)(zhi)勞,內可以(yi)節虛糜之(zhi)(zhi)費(fei)” 。第四,法(fa)院編制法(fa)、法(fa)官(guan)(guan)的(de)選拔和任用章程(cheng)(cheng)等(deng)方面(mian)(mian)。以(yi)前所(suo)有官(guan)(guan)員(yuan)的(de)任職和調度(du)都歸(gui)吏部管理(li)(li),現(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)法(fa)部既(ji)獨(du)立掌(zhang)司(si)(si)法(fa)行政之(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)(quan),法(fa)官(guan)(guan)、檢察官(guan)(guan)等(deng)“司(si)(si)法(fa)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)與(yu)普(pu)通(tong)行政官(guan)(guan)吏不(bu)(bu)(bu)同”,屬于(yu)(yu)司(si)(si)法(fa)系統(tong),而(er)且需要一(yi)定的(de)專(zhuan)門(men)的(de)專(zhuan)業知(zhi)識,官(guan)(guan)制改(gai)革后,其選拔、任免、調度(du)等(deng)權(quan)(quan)漸(jian)從吏部轉(zhuan)入法(fa)部。法(fa)部逐次制定了法(fa)官(guan)(guan)晉級章程(cheng)(cheng)、法(fa)官(guan)(guan)懲戒章程(cheng)(cheng)、法(fa)官(guan)(guan)補缺輪次表等(deng),以(yi)規(gui)范其任用和獎懲。
其(qi)次,戴(dai)鴻慈為首的(de)(de)法(fa)部奉旨(zhi)議覆臣工(gong)(gong)有(you)關奏(zou)(zou)折。法(fa)部初(chu)設(she),內外臣工(gong)(gong)言及的(de)(de)自然比較多(duo),法(fa)部要逐次進(jin)行議覆,對(dui)(dui)(dui)置疑(yi)給予解(jie)釋(shi);對(dui)(dui)(dui)建議或采納或不接受,并(bing)陳述理(li)由。據筆者搜(sou)集到的(de)(de)資(zi)料(liao)來(lai)看,法(fa)部對(dui)(dui)(dui)各臣工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)奏(zou)(zou)折都非常認真的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)待(dai):一(yi)方面,對(dui)(dui)(dui)于臣工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)建議采納與否給以(yi)議覆上奏(zou)(zou)。另(ling)一(yi)方面,對(dui)(dui)(dui)于臣工(gong)(gong)奏(zou)(zou)折中的(de)(de)置疑(yi)極(ji)力以(yi)新的(de)(de)辦法(fa)章程來(lai)進(jin)行解(jie)釋(shi),以(yi)求(qiu)大家能對(dui)(dui)(dui)法(fa)部所辦之事明白和理(li)解(jie)。
再次,戴鴻慈(ci)帶領法部(bu)改良獄(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng),建立(li)模范監獄(yu)(yu)。前在(zai)各國(guo)考察時戴鴻慈(ci)等就對各國(guo)的(de)監獄(yu)(yu)非常留心,他深刻的(de)認識到(dao)中國(guo)獄(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)腐敗的(de)現狀,在(zai)國(guo)外(wai)即悉心考察,對東西各國(guo)監獄(yu)(yu)的(de)建筑樣式、經(jing)費、管(guan)理(li)等考察頗詳(xiang),回(hui)國(guo)后他作為法部(bu)尚書,在(zai)新政(zheng)(zheng)中即請(qing)改良獄(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng),“今日萬(wan)國(guo)監獄(yu)(yu)之協議(yi),我國(guo)長此不(bu)變,勢(shi)必(bi)貽人口實。”而且現在(zai)進行憲政(zheng)(zheng)改革,必(bi)須要實行新刑律,而“監獄(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)端,實與新律有隱(yin)相維系之故,獄(yu)(yu)制(zhi)一(yi)(yi)日不(bu)改,則(ze)新律萬(wan)不(bu)適用(yong),而修訂法律為無效”,所以獄(yu)(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)改革首當其沖,已迫在(zai)眉睫。
戴鴻慈注入了大量心(xin)血建(jian)立(li)模(mo)(mo)范(fan)(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。其(qi)一是對(dui)京師模(mo)(mo)范(fan)(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)地址的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇。其(qi)二是為京師模(mo)(mo)范(fan)(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)籌款。要建(jian)立(li)與(yu)東(dong)西各(ge)(ge)國類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)須大量投資(zi),而(er)(er)法(fa)部(bu)(bu)資(zi)費(fei)不能滿(man)足,遂請求(qiu)清政(zheng)府下(xia)令度支(zhi)部(bu)(bu)予以(yi)(yi)援助。其(qi)三(san)是對(dui)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)規模(mo)(mo)和(he)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃。中國當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)條(tiao)件很差,“監(jian)羈逼窄湫隘,夏則人多穢積,疫癘頻仍,冬則嚴寒(han)裂膚,凍餒交(jiao)迫,瘐斃相繼,冤苦莫伸。”戴鴻慈等(deng)(deng)既(ji)然要改良獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng),當然要重新(xin)規劃監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)構造(zao),他(ta)上奏對(dui)模(mo)(mo)范(fan)(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)構想,為其(qi)勾畫藍圖(tu):監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)外有圍墻和(he)護河,內(nei)大致分為后、中、前(qian)三(san)區(qu),并仿外國模(mo)(mo)式設有瞭(liao)望臺、教誨室(shi)(shi)、書信(xin)室(shi)(shi)、看守室(shi)(shi)、工場、浴(yu)場、炊(chui)事室(shi)(shi)、消毒(du)室(shi)(shi)、書籍室(shi)(shi),閱覽室(shi)(shi),囚人接見所(suo)、看守教誨所(suo)、病(bing)監(jian)、病(bing)室(shi)(shi)、幼年監(jian)等(deng)(deng)。其(qi)四是督促各(ge)(ge)省建(jian)立(li)模(mo)(mo)范(fan)(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)不惟京師要改,各(ge)(ge)省也要跟上改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)步伐,戴鴻慈等(deng)(deng)考慮到各(ge)(ge)省財力(li)、獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)政(zheng)原來情況等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不一致,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)將(jiang)尺度適度放寬,要求(qiu)各(ge)(ge)省模(mo)(mo)范(fan)(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)到“宣統三(san)年以(yi)(yi)前(qian)一律告(gao)竣”。其(qi)五是對(dui)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)官(guan)(guan)吏的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理。以(yi)(yi)前(qian)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)官(guan)(guan)吏腐(fu)敗,現在(zai)(zai)戴鴻慈等(deng)(deng)對(dui)此非常慎(shen)重,嚴格選(xuan)(xuan)拔官(guan)(guan)吏,而(er)(er)且在(zai)(zai)任命時,不分滿(man)漢,一體(ti)對(dui)待,力(li)圖(tu)去除官(guan)(guan)僚習氣(qi),一展新(xin)風和(he)新(xin)規。其(qi)六,頒布新(xin)章處置犯人,重申不準(zhun)隨意刑訊,讓其(qi)在(zai)(zai)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)習藝和(he)折贖做(zuo)工,力(li)圖(tu)將(jiang)對(dui)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚的(de)(de)(de)(de)身體(ti)肉刑逐步轉(zhuan)換為與(yu)東(dong)西方(fang)先進國類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)束縛人身自(zi)由(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)由(you)刑和(he)給其(qi)感化教育(yu)和(he)習藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)教育(yu)刑。
可(ke)見,從監(jian)(jian)獄(yu)的選址、規劃、籌款到(dao)監(jian)(jian)獄(yu)的興建,戴(dai)鴻慈(ci)(ci)都注(zhu)入不(bu)(bu)少心血,而(er)《清史稿》中(zhong)說:“終日言(yan)變法(fa)(fa),逮(dai)至國本(ben)已(yi)傷,而(er)收效(xiao)卒鮮,豈法(fa)(fa)制之咎歟?然其中(zhong)有(you)(you)變之稍善而(er)未竟其功者,曰監(jian)(jian)獄(yu)”。獄(yu)政的改(gai)(gai)革(ge)成為當(dang)時改(gai)(gai)革(ge)中(zhong)最有(you)(you)成效(xiao)的方面,應該(gai)說這(zhe)與(yu)戴(dai)鴻慈(ci)(ci)領導的法(fa)(fa)部分不(bu)(bu)開。
鴻慈兄弟姐妹五人,長兄鴻憲,諱裕榮,號光彝,字仁黼(fu),光緒丙子(zi)科(1876年(nian))舉人,揀(jian)選(xuan)知縣,敕授(shou)文林郎加(jia)五品(pin)銜,誥授(shou)奉正大夫。
弟(di)弟(di)鴻惠,諱(hui)裕鎏,字(zi)(zi)光(guang)濬,別字(zi)(zi)藹天(tian),光(guang)緒已亥(hai)科(1875年(nian))舉人(ren),揀選(xuan)知縣(xian),欽加五品銜,敕授(shou)文(wen)林郎,誥授(shou)奉正大(da)夫(fu)。
戴(dai)鴻(hong)慈,字(zi)少(shao)懷,廣東南(nan)海人。光緒二(er)(er)年(nian)進士,改庶(shu)吉(ji)士,以(yi)編修(xiu)督(du)學(xue)(xue)山東。父憂歸(gui),服(fu)除(chu),督(du)學(xue)(xue)云南(nan)。后復充云南(nan)鄉試正考官。二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)年(nian),大考一等(deng),擢庶(shu)子(zi)。日韓啟(qi)釁,我軍屢挫。鴻(hong)慈連疏劾李(li)鴻(hong)章(zhang)調遣乖方,遷(qian)延貽誤,始終倚任丁汝昌(chang),請予嚴懲;并責令速解(jie)汝昌(chang)到(dao)部(bu)治罪(zui),以(yi)肅(su)軍紀:均不報。和議成(cheng),鴻(hong)慈奏善后十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)策(ce):一,審(shen)敵情以(yi)固邦交(jiao);二(er)(er),增(zeng)陪(pei)都以(yi)資(zi)拱衛(wei);三,設軍屯以(yi)實邊儲;四,筑鐵(tie)道以(yi)省漕運;五,開煤(mei)鐵(tie)以(yi)收利權;六,稅煙酒以(yi)佐度支;七,行抽(chou)練(lian)以(yi)簡軍實;八,廣鑄造以(yi)精器械(xie);九,簡使才以(yi)備折沖(chong);十(shi)(shi),重牧令以(yi)資(zi)治理;十(shi)(shi)一,召對群僚以(yi)勵(li)交(jiao)修(xiu);十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er),變通考試以(yi)求實用(yong)。遷(qian)侍講學(xue)(xue)士。督(du)學(xue)(xue)福建,再(zai)遷(qian)內閣學(xue)(xue)士。學(xue)(xue)政報滿,假(jia)歸(gui)省墓。擢刑部(bu)侍郎(lang)。
赴(fu)西安行(xing)在,上(shang)陳治本疏(shu);又(you)請建兩(liang)都,分六鎮,以(yi)(yi)(yi)總督兼經略大臣,得(de)(de)辟幕僚,巡撫以(yi)(yi)(yi)下咸(xian)受節制。是年冬,隨扈還京,轉戶部侍郎。時各(ge)(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)教(jiao)案滋多(duo),鴻慈請設宣諭化(hua)導使,以(yi)(yi)(yi)學政(zheng)兼充。編輯(ji)外交成案,頒發(fa)宣講。又(you)請就(jiu)翰林院創立(li)報(bao)局,各(ge)(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)遵設官報(bao),議(yi)格不行(xing)。時設會議(yi)政(zheng)務處(chu),有奉(feng)旨交議(yi)事件(jian),三品京堂以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)與議(yi)。鴻慈請推(tui)行(xing)閣部、九卿、翰林、科道皆(jie)得(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)抒(shu)所見,屬官則呈堂代(dai)遞,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)收群策、勵人才(cai)。下政(zheng)務處(chu)采擇。
三(san)(san)十一(yi)(yi)(yi)年,命五(wu)大(da)(da)臣出使各(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)考求(qiu)政(zheng)治(zhi),鴻慈與(yu)焉。將發,黨人(ren)(ren)挾炸(zha)藥登(deng)車狙擊,從者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)或(huo)被創,人(ren)(ren)情惶懼(ju)。鴻慈從容(rong)詣宮(gong)門取(qu)進(jin)止,兩(liang)宮(gong)慰諭,至(zhi)泣下,遂行。歷十五(wu)邦(bang),凡(fan)八閱月,歸國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。與(yu)載澤、端方(fang)、尚(shang)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亨、李盛(sheng)鐸(duo)等(deng)(deng)裒輯《列國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)要(yao)》百三(san)(san)十三(san)(san)卷、《歐美(mei)政(zheng)治(zhi)要(yao)義》十八章,會同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)呈。并奏言:“各(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)治(zhi)理大(da)(da)略,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)觀其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)體:美(mei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)合(he)眾,而(er)專重民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)權(quan);德(de)(de)本(ben)聯邦(bang),而(er)實(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu);奧(ao)(ao)、匈同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盟(meng),仍各(ge)(ge)(ge)用(yong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)度;法(fa)(fa)(fa)、義同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)族(zu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)免(mian)偏於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)集(ji)權(quan);唯(wei)英(ying)(ying)人(ren)(ren)循秩(zhi)序而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)激(ji)進(jin),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)憲(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)出於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發達,行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)百年而(er)無(wu)弊。反乎此(ci)(ci)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),有(you)憲(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)聯合(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),如(ru)(ru)(ru)瑞典、挪威則(ze)分(fen)離(li)矣(yi);有(you)憲(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)完全之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),如(ru)(ru)(ru)土耳(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、埃(ai)及(ji)則(ze)衰弱矣(yi);有(you)憲(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)允之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),如(ru)(ru)(ru)俄(e)羅斯則(ze)擾亂無(wu)已時(shi)(shi)矣(yi)。種(zhong)因既殊,結果亦異(yi)。故(gu)(gu)有(you)雖(sui)革改(gai)而(er)適以(yi)(yi)召亂者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),此(ci)(ci)政(zheng)體之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。覘其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li)(li),陸軍(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)莫如(ru)(ru)(ru)德(de)(de),海(hai)軍(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)莫如(ru)(ru)(ru)英(ying)(ying),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富莫如(ru)(ru)(ru)美(mei),此(ci)(ci)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。窺其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)略,則(ze)俄(e)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盟(meng),英(ying)(ying)、日同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盟(meng),德(de)(de)、奧(ao)(ao)、義同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盟(meng),既互相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)倚助以(yi)(yi)求(qiu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穩(wen)固;德(de)(de)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)摩洛(luo)哥(ge)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)會議,英(ying)(ying)、俄(e)東亞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協商(shang)(shang),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)對(dui)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),德(de)(de)、美(mei)海(hai)軍(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擴張,美(mei)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)屯(tun)軍(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)增額,又(you)各(ge)(ge)(ge)審利(li)害以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)(shang)業之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)競爭(zheng)。蓋列強(qiang)對(dui)峙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),無(wu)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)孤(gu)立(li)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)圖存者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),勢(shi)(shi)(shi)使然(ran)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。況人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)生(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)日繁,智識(shi)日開,內力(li)(li)亦愈(yu)以(yi)(yi)澎漲。故(gu)(gu)各(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)策,或(huo)因殖(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)而(er)造(zao)西伯利(li)亞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鐵(tie)路,或(huo)因商(shang)(shang)務(wu)而(er)開巴拿(na)馬(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運河,或(huo)因國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)富而(er)投資(zi)本(ben)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)世(shi)界(jie),均有(you)深(shen)意(yi)(yi)存焉。此(ci)(ci)政(zheng)略之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。驗其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)氣,俄(e)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)志偉大(da)(da)而(er)少秩(zhi)序,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)教;法(fa)(fa)(fa)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)好(hao)美(mei)術而(er)流晏(yan)逸,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)奢;德(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)性倔強(qiang)而(er)尚(shang)武勇,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太驕;美(mei)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)喜(xi)自(zi)(zi)由(you)而(er)多放任,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)復雜;義民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)尚(shang)功利(li)而(er)近貪詐(zha),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)困貧;惟英(ying)(ying)人(ren)(ren)富於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)自(zi)(zi)營(ying)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精神,有(you)獨(du)立(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)羈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣象(xiang),人(ren)(ren)格之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高,風俗(su)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厚(hou),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)各(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)及(ji)。此(ci)(ci)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)氣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。臣等(deng)(deng)觀於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)各(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)既如(ru)(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci),又(you)參(can)綜比較(jiao),窮其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)得失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan),實(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)外(wai)(wai)君(jun)(jun)(jun)臣一(yi)(yi)(yi)心(xin)(xin),上下相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)維,然(ran)后可(ke)收舉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)致之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)益(yi)。否則(ze),名實(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)懸,有(you)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)斷其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)無(wu)效者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),約有(you)三(san)(san)端:一(yi)(yi)(yi)曰(yue),無(wu)開誠(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必(bi)(bi)危。西班牙苛待(dai)殖(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min),致有(you)斐(fei)律賓、古巴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗。英(ying)(ying)鑒於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)美(mei)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)反抗(kang),而(er)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)澳洲、坎拿(na)大(da)(da)兩(liang)域(yu)予人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)以(yi)(yi)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權(quan),致有(you)今(jin)日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)盛(sheng),開誠(cheng)故(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。俄(e)滅(mie)波(bo)蘭而(er)用(yong)嚴法(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)(yi)禁其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)語(yu)言,今(jin)揭竿而(er)起(qi)要(yao)求(qiu)權(quan)利(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即波(bo)蘭人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)興學練兵,皆以(yi)(yi)專制(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)目的,今(jin)滿洲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)戰先潰。莫斯科、圣彼得堡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)暴動,即出於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)人(ren)(ren)與(yu)學生(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。防(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愈(yu)密,而(er)禍即伏(fu)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)防(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),患更發於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)所(suo)防(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)(wai),不(bu)(bu)(bu)開誠(cheng)故(gu)(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。二曰(yue),無(wu)慮遠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必(bi)(bi)弱。俄(e)以(yi)(yi)交通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)便,而(er)用(yong)中(zhong)央(yang)集(ji)權(quan),故(gu)(gu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi),日以(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)整(zheng)。美(mei)以(yi)(yi)疆域(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da),而(er)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)分(fen)權(quan),故(gu)(gu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)央(yang)與(yu)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機關(guan),同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)進(jin)步。治(zhi)大(da)(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)治(zhi)小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)固不(bu)(bu)(bu)侔(mou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。德(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)日爾曼法(fa)(fa)(fa)系(xi)趨於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)分(fen)權(quan),雖(sui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),而(er)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)有(you)參(can)與(yu)政(zheng)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)格。法(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)(yi)羅馬(ma)法(fa)(fa)(fa)系(xi)趨於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)央(yang)集(ji)權(quan),雖(sui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),而(er)政(zheng)務(wu)操之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官吏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手,人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)反無(wu)自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)力(li)(li)。兩(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比較(jiao),法(fa)(fa)(fa)弱於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)德(de)(de),有(you)由(you)來矣(yi)。三(san)(san)曰(yue),無(wu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)(li)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必(bi)(bi)擾。美(mei)以(yi)(yi)共和政(zheng)體,重視人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)權(quan)利(li),雖(sui)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)復雜,而(er)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)化力(li)(li)甚(shen)強(qiang),故(gu)(gu)能(neng)上下相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)安於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)無(wu)事。土耳(er)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),分(fen)十數種(zhong)族(zu),語(yu)言宗教各(ge)(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),又(you)無(wu)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機關(guan),致有(you)今(jin)日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衰弱。俄(e)則(ze)種(zhong)族(zu)尤雜,不(bu)(bu)(bu)下百數,語(yu)言亦分(fen)四十馀種(zhong),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)府又(you)多歧視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)見,致有(you)今(jin)日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)紛亂。奧(ao)(ao)、匈兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)雖(sui)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)戴(dai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)君(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu),而(er)兩(liang)族(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容(rong)貌、習尚(shang)、語(yu)言、性情迥(jiong)殊,故(gu)(gu)時(shi)(shi)起(qi)事端,將來恐不(bu)(bu)(bu)免(mian)分(fen)離(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患。蓋法(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi),畛域(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)化,顯然(ran)標(biao)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兩(liang)種(zhong)族(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),未有(you)能(neng)享和平(ping)、臻富強(qiang)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)矣(yi)。此(ci)(ci)考察各(ge)(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所(suo)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)在情形也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。竊(qie)惟學問以(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)摩而(er)益(yi)善,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)競而(er)益(yi)強(qiang)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)(di)(di)處亞東,又(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)數千年文(wen)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)古國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),不(bu)(bu)(bu)免(mian)挾尊己卑人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見,未嘗取(qu)世(shi)界(jie)列國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變遷而(er)比較(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。甲(jia)午以(yi)(yi)前,南北(bei)洋海(hai)陸軍(jun)(jun)制(zhi)造(zao)各(ge)(ge)(ge)廠同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)而(er)興,聲(sheng)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)振。例(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)(ge)(ge)省,差占優勝(sheng)矣(yi)。然(ran)未嘗取(qu)列國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情狀而(er)比較(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)比較(jiao)對(dui)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)內,則(ze)滿盈(ying)自(zi)(zi)阻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)(xin)日長;比較(jiao)對(dui)於(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)外(wai)(wai),則(ze)爭(zheng)存進(jin)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志益(yi)堅(jian)。然(ran)則(ze)謀(mou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)亦善用(yong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)比較(jiao)而(er)已。”
又(you)奏:“臣等曠觀(guan)世(shi)界大勢,深察中國(guo)(guo)(guo)近(jin)情(qing),非定(ding)(ding)國(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi),無以安(an)(an)大計。國(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)之(zhi)要,約(yue)有(you)六事:一(yi)曰(yue)舉(ju)國(guo)(guo)(guo)臣民(min)立(li)(li)於(wu)同等法制之(zhi)下,以破除一(yi)切畛域(yu);二曰(yue)國(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)采決(jue)於(wu)公(gong)論;三曰(yue)集(ji)中外之(zhi)所(suo)長,以謀國(guo)(guo)(guo)家與(yu)人民(min)之(zhi)安(an)(an)全發達;四曰(yue)明(ming)宮府之(zhi)體制;五曰(yue)定(ding)(ding)中央與(yu)地方之(zhi)權限;六曰(yue)公(gong)布(bu)(bu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)用及諸政(zheng)務。以上六事,擬請明(ming)降諭旨,宣示天下以定(ding)(ding)國(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi),約(yue)於(wu)十五年或二十年頒布(bu)(bu)憲法,召集(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)會,實行一(yi)切立(li)(li)憲制度。”又(you)奏:“實行立(li)(li)憲,既(ji)請明(ming)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)限,則此(ci)十數年間,茍(gou)不先籌(chou)預(yu)備(bei),轉瞬屆期(qi),必至茫無所(suo)措。今欲(yu)廓清積弊,明(ming)定(ding)(ding)責成,必先從官(guan)制入(ru)手。擬請參酌中外,統籌(chou)大局,改(gai)定(ding)(ding)全國(guo)(guo)(guo)官(guan)制,為立(li)(li)憲之(zhi)預(yu)備(bei)。”均(jun)奉俞(yu)旨采納,遂(sui)定(ding)(ding)立(li)(li)憲之(zhi)議。
先是鴻(hong)慈奉使(shi)在途,已擢禮部尚書(shu);及(ji)還(huan),充(chong)釐定官(guan)(guan)制(zhi)大(da)臣(chen),轉(zhuan)法部尚書(shu)。充(chong)經筵(yan)講官(guan)(guan)、參預政務(wu)大(da)臣(chen)。時法部初設,與大(da)理院畫分權(quan)責,往(wang)復爭(zheng)議,又改(gai)并部中職(zhi)掌。於(wu)是京外各級(ji)審判廳(ting)次第設矣。又采英、美制(zhi)創立京師模范(fan)監獄。三十四(si)年,疾作(zuo),乞解職(zhi),溫(wen)旨慰留。兩宮升(sheng)遐(xia),力疾視事(shi)。
宣統元年(nian),賞一等(deng)第三寶星,充(chong)報聘俄國專(zhuan)使(shi)大(da)臣。禮成(cheng)返國,奏言:“道(dao)經東三省(sheng),目擊日、俄二國之(zhi)(zhi)經營殖(zhi)民地不遺(yi)馀力(li)。非急(ji)籌抵制,無(wu)以固邊圉(yu);非振興實(shi)業擴(kuo)其自然(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)利(li),無(wu)以圖(tu)富(fu)強。請(qing)速辦(ban)墾殖(zhi)、森林二端。俟財力(li)稍裕,再(zai)籌興學(xue)、路礦、兵屯各(ge)事,以資(zi)捍衛。”臚(lu)陳辦(ban)法(fa)。得旨,下所司議行。是年(nian)八月,命入軍機,晉協辦(ban)大(da)學(xue)士。二年(nian),卒,加太子少保,謚文誠。
論曰:樞臣(chen)入(ru)對,序次有定,后列者(zhe)非特詢不(bu)得越言。晚近領以尊(zun)親,勢尤禁隔,旅進旅退而已。景廉多戰績,額勒(le)和布(bu)有清(qing)操,庚身、應溥通達諸諳練(lian),壽(shou)恒有責難之言,鴻慈負知新之譽(yu),榮慶謹慎持躬(gong),那桐和敏解事,皆庶幾大臣(chen)之選者(zhe)歟?