王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)聞其(qi)賢,欲見(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)韓使于秦,因上書說王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)曰:“今秦地方數(shu)千里(li),師名(ming)百萬,號令(ling)賞罰(fa),天(tian)下(xia)不如(ru).臣(chen)(chen)昧死愿(yuan)見(jian)大王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),言所以破天(tian)下(xia)從(cong)計,大王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)誠聽臣(chen)(chen)說,一舉而天(tian)下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)從(cong)不破,趙不舉,韓不亡,荊、魏不臣(chen)(chen),齊、燕不親(qin),霸王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)不成,四鄰(lin)諸(zhu)侯不朝,大王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)斬臣(chen)(chen)以徇國(guo),以戒為(wei)(wei)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)謀(mou)不忠者也.”王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)悅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),未(wei)任(ren)用.李斯嫉(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),曰:“韓非(fei)(fei)(fei),韓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)諸(zhu)公子也.今欲并諸(zhu)侯,非(fei)(fei)(fei)終(zhong)為(wei)(wei)韓不為(wei)(wei)秦,此人(ren)情也.今王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不用,久留而歸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),此自(zi)遺(yi)患也;不如(ru)以法誅(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi).”王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)以為(wei)(wei)然,下(xia)吏治非(fei)(fei)(fei).李斯使人(ren)遺(yi)非(fei)(fei)(fei)藥,令(ling)早自(zi)殺(sha).韓非(fei)(fei)(fei)欲自(zi)陳.不得見(jian).王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)悔(hui),使人(ren)赦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),非(fei)(fei)(fei)已(yi)死矣.
王聞其賢,欲(yu)見之,非(fei)(fei)為(wei)韓(han)(han)使(shi)于秦,因上書(shu)說王曰:“今秦地方數千里,師(shi)名(ming)百(bai)萬,號令賞罰(fa),天下不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如.臣昧死(si)愿見大(da)王,言所以(yi)破天下從計,大(da)王誠聽(ting)臣說,一舉而天下之從不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)破,趙(zhao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)舉,韓(han)(han)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)亡,荊、魏不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)臣,齊、燕(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)親(qin),霸(ba)王之名(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成,四鄰(lin)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)朝,大(da)王斬臣以(yi)徇國,以(yi)戒為(wei)王謀不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忠者也(ye).”王悅之,未任用(yong).李(li)斯嫉之,曰:“韓(han)(han)非(fei)(fei),韓(han)(han)之諸(zhu)(zhu)公子(zi)也(ye).今欲(yu)并諸(zhu)(zhu)侯,非(fei)(fei)終(zhong)為(wei)韓(han)(han)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)秦,此人(ren)情(qing)也(ye).今王不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong),久留而歸之,此自(zi)遺患也(ye);不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如以(yi)法(fa)誅之.”王以(yi)為(wei)然(ran),下吏治非(fei)(fei).李(li)斯使(shi)人(ren)遺非(fei)(fei)藥,令早自(zi)殺.韓(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)欲(yu)自(zi)陳(chen).不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得見.王后悔,使(shi)人(ren)赦之,非(fei)(fei)已死(si)矣.
--選自《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷六(liu)》
王聞其賢:秦王嬴(ying)政(zheng)聽(ting)說韓(han)非(fei)賢能.王:此處(chu)指(zhi)秦王嬴(ying)政(zheng).其:此處(chu)代指(zhi)韓(han)非(fei)(韓(han)國(guo)國(guo)君之子(zi)).
號:號稱
因:趁機
昧死:魯莽地冒死.昧,冒昧、魯莽;死,冒死.
從:同“縱”,合縱,戰國時期六國.反對秦國的聯盟.
王以為然:秦王認為(李斯的(de)話)是(shi)正確的(de).
而:如果,假如
舉:攻下,占領(ling).
陳:陳述.
秦(qin)(qin)王嬴(ying)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)聽說(shuo)(shuo)韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)(fei)是(shi)個德才兼備的(de)(de)(de)人(ren),便(bian)想約見(jian)他.韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)(fei)正好作為(wei)(wei)(wei)韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)使者來(lai)到秦(qin)(qin)國(guo),趁機(ji)寫信呈(cheng)給(gei)嬴(ying)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),勸說(shuo)(shuo)道:“現今秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)疆域方(fang)圓數千里,軍隊號(hao)稱(cheng)百萬,號(hao)令森嚴,賞(shang)罰公(gong)平,天(tian)下(xia)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)一個國(guo)家(jia)能(neng)(neng)比得上.而(er)我魯莽地冒死(si)渴求見(jian)您一面(mian),是(shi)想說(shuo)(shuo)一說(shuo)(shuo)破壞各國(guo)合(he)縱(zong)聯(lian)盟的(de)(de)(de)計略.您若真能(neng)(neng)聽從我的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)張(zhang),那么,您如果不能(neng)(neng)一舉(ju)拆(chai)散天(tian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)縱(zong)聯(lian)盟,戰領趙(zhao)國(guo),滅(mie)亡韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)國(guo),使楚國(guo)、魏國(guo)臣服,齊國(guo)、燕國(guo)歸(gui)順,不能(neng)(neng)令秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)確立霸主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)威名,使四周鄰(lin)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)君前來(lai)朝(chao)拜,就請(qing)您把我殺了在全國(guo)示眾,以此告誡那些為(wei)(wei)(wei)君主(zhu)出謀劃策不忠誠的(de)(de)(de)人(ren).”嬴(ying)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)讀(du)后,心(xin)中頗為(wei)(wei)(wei)喜悅,但一時還沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)任用他.李斯很是(shi)忌妒韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)(fei),便(bian)對嬴(ying)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)說(shuo)(shuo):“韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)(fei)是(shi)韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)一個公(gong)子,如今您想吞并(bing)各國(guo),韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)(fei)最(zui)終還是(shi)要為(wei)(wei)(wei)韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)國(guo)利(li)益著想,而(er)不會為(wei)(wei)(wei)秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)盡心(xin)效力(li)的(de)(de)(de),這(zhe)(zhe)也是(shi)人(ren)之常情.現在您不用他,而(er)讓他在秦(qin)(qin)國(guo)長期逗留(liu)后再放他回去,這(zhe)(zhe)不是(shi)自(zi)留(liu)后患啊.還不如依法將他除掉算了.”秦(qin)(qin)王政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)李斯說(shuo)(shuo)得有(you)(you)(you)理,便(bian)把韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)(fei)交司(si)法官(guan)吏治(zhi)罪.李斯又(you)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)送毒(du)藥給(gei)韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)(fei),讓他趁早自(zi)殺.韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)(fei)試圖親自(zi)向秦(qin)(qin)王嬴(ying)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)陳述冤情,但卻無(wu)法見(jian)到秦(qin)(qin)王.不久,秦(qin)(qin)王政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有(you)(you)(you)些后悔,就派(pai)(pai)人(ren)去赦免韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)(fei),可(ke)是(shi)韓(han)(han)(han)(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)(fei)已經死(si)了。
韓(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)子(zi)之(zhi)死(si)的母本說(shuo)法和主流說(shuo)法見于司(si)馬遷的《史記·老子(zi)韓(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)列傳》:“李(li)斯、姚賈害之(zhi),毀之(zhi)曰:‘韓(han)(han)非(fei)(fei),韓(han)(han)之(zhi)諸公子(zi)也。今(jin)王(wang)欲(yu)并諸侯,非(fei)(fei)終為(wei)韓(han)(han)不為(wei)秦,此(ci)人(ren)之(zhi)情也。今(jin)王(wang)不用,久留而歸(gui)之(zhi),此(ci)自(zi)(zi)遺患(huan)也。不如以過法殺之(zhi)。’秦王(wang)以為(wei)然,下吏治(zhi)非(fei)(fei)。李(li)斯使人(ren)遺非(fei)(fei)藥,使自(zi)(zi)殺。韓(han)(han)非(fei)(fei)欲(yu)自(zi)(zi)陳,不得(de)見。秦王(wang)后悔之(zhi),使人(ren)赦之(zhi),非(fei)(fei)已死(si)矣”
司馬(ma)遷(qian)寫韓非子之(zhi)死,寫得簡(jian)練、生動(dong)、傳奇,然(ran)而太過(guo)簡(jian)略(lve)的(de)筆觸,給人留(liu)下了(le)難以釋然(ran)的(de)空白。
韓非子即使不死,也早已斷絕了活路(lu),——終將走(zou)向死路(lu)。
當堂溪公(gong)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)諄諄地告誡韓非:“臣聞服禮(li)辭讓(rang),全(quan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)術(shu)也(ye)(ye);修行(xing)(xing)退智(zhi),遂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。今先(xian)生立(li)法(fa)術(shu),設(she)度(du)數(shu)(shu),臣竊(qie)以(yi)(yi)為危(wei)于身(shen)而(er)(er)(er)殆于軀(qu)。何以(yi)(yi)效之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?所聞先(xian)生術(shu)曰:“楚不(bu)用吳起而(er)(er)(er)削(xue)亂(luan),秦(qin)行(xing)(xing)商(shang)君(jun)而(er)(er)(er)富(fu)彊,二子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)已當矣,然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)吳起支解而(er)(er)(er)商(shang)君(jun)車裂者,不(bu)逢(feng)(feng)世遇(yu)主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)也(ye)(ye)。”逢(feng)(feng)遇(yu)不(bu)可(ke)必(bi)也(ye)(ye),患(huan)禍不(bu)可(ke)斥也(ye)(ye),夫(fu)舍乎(hu)全(quan)遂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道而(er)(er)(er)肆(si)乎(hu)危(wei)殆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing),竊(qie)為先(xian)生無取焉(yan)。”韓非的(de)回答,卻顯得義正(zheng)詞嚴,直率而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)夠禮(li)貌(倆人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,可(ke)能存有年(nian)齡差(cha)距):“臣明先(xian)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)矣。夫(fu)治(zhi)天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柄,齊(qi)民(min)(min)萌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du),甚未易處也(ye)(ye)。然(ran)所以(yi)(yi)廢先(xian)王(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教,而(er)(er)(er)行(xing)(xing)賤臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所取者,竊(qie)以(yi)(yi)為立(li)法(fa)術(shu),設(she)度(du)數(shu)(shu),所以(yi)(yi)利民(min)(min)萌便眾庶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。故不(bu)憚(dan)亂(luan)主暗上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)禍,而(er)(er)(er)必(bi)思以(yi)(yi)齊(qi)民(min)(min)萌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)利者,仁(ren)智(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)(ye)。憚(dan)亂(luan)主暗上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患(huan)禍,而(er)(er)(er)避乎(hu)死(si)亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害,知明夫(fu)身(shen)而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)見民(min)(min)萌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資(zi)利者,貪鄙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為也(ye)(ye)。臣不(bu)忍鄉(xiang)貪鄙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為,不(bu)敢傷(shang)仁(ren)智(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)。先(xian)王(wang)有幸臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,然(ran)有大(da)傷(shang)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實。”
“先王(當為先生(sheng))有(you)幸臣之意,然有(you)大傷臣之實。”
韓非認為(wei),堂(tang)溪公雖(sui)是一番好意,但(dan)不(bu)(bu)了解(jie)自(zi)己,誤解(jie)了自(zi)己,甚至,傷(shang)害了自(zi)己。同(tong)時,“憚亂主(zhu)暗上之患禍,而(er)避乎(hu)死(si)(si)亡之害,知明(ming)夫身而(er)不(bu)(bu)見民萌之資利者,貪(tan)鄙之為(wei)也。”之句表明(ming),韓非早已下(xia)定了向死(si)(si)而(er)行的決(jue)心(xin),做好了向死(si)(si)而(er)行的準備。
因為(wei)韓(han)非(fei)子和李斯(si)曾經(jing)是同窗,李斯(si)深知韓(han)非(fei)才能遠勝(sheng)于自(zi)己,害(hai)怕(pa)韓(han)非(fei)在秦國(guo)得到嬴(ying)政的賞識,搶了自(zi)己的飯(fan)碗,于是向嬴(ying)政誣(wu)陷詆毀韓(han)非(fei),嬴(ying)政當時對李斯(si)是非(fei)常信任(ren)的,就把韓(han)非(fei)打入監(jian)獄,韓(han)非(fei)就這樣(yang)被李斯(si)害(hai)死在獄中。