顏希(xi)深(shen)自幼受(shou)何(he)氏教育,聰穎過人(ren),器宇不凡。任太(tai)原府同(tong)知時,適逢乾隆(long)皇帝駕(jia)幸五(wu)臺山,顏希(xi)深(shen)奉(feng)旨辦(ban)理行營事物,以毫不擾(rao)民(min)受(shou)到乾隆(long)稱贊。
泰安(an)在昔(xi)為(wei)直隸州,士(shi)(讀書人(ren))屆歲科試,咸(xian)(全)就校(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)濟南(nan)。雍(yong)正十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(nian),改(gai)(gai)為(wei)府治,統(tong)屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)泰安(an)、新泰、萊蕪、肥城(cheng)、東(dong)平、東(dong)阿(a)、平陰共七州縣(xian),一(yi)(yi)(yi)切章程,俱(ju)更定如(ru)他(ta)郡(jun)(jun)制,惟校(xiao)士(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)館(guan),役甚巨而(er)費(fei)亦繁,尚逡巡(qunxún;因顧慮而(er)徘徊不(bu)(bu)(bu)前)未遑(空閑)也。前守宋公諤曾議(yi)舉行(xing),尋以(yi)(yi)(yi)故(gu)中止。癸酉(乾隆十(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian),1753年(nian)(nian))夏,余(yu)(yu)(yu)(我)奉命來典茲郡(jun)(jun),見夫岱宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)崒嵂(zúlǜ,高峻(jun)),汶水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瀠洄,鐘靈(ling)挺秀,蔚為(wei)巨觀(guan)。仰惟圣(sheng)朝雅化涵濡(ru),迄今(jin)百有(you)余(yu)(yu)(yu)栽,闔(全)屬(shu)人(ren)文云(yun)蒸而(er)霞(xia)起,每歲科試,統(tong)計文武幾及萬人(ren),若仍就校(xiao)濟南(nan),實(shi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)體制未協(xie)。爰(于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi))稽(考)舊牘(過去的公文),商之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)牧令(ling)(州官(guan)縣(xian)官(guan)),諸(zhu)君(jun)僉(都(dou))謂(wei)紳士(shi)請建試院(yuan)歷有(you)年(nian)(nian)所(suo)(suo),且(qie)皆愿(yuan)捐(juan)己貲(資(zi)),不(bu)(bu)(bu)費(fei)公帑(tang)(官(guan)府錢(qian)財(cai))。乃以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)意申之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)憲(xian)(向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)級各(ge)主(zhu)管部門(men)提出申請),既報可(ke)。余(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)諸(zhu)君(jun)捐(juan)俸(feng)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)倡,紳士(shi)亦樂(le)輸(獻出)恐(kong)后。遂諏吉(商定好(hao)日子(zi)。諏zōu,音(yin)(yin)鄒;商量)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)春二(er)月(yue)(yue),正方(fang)辨(bian)位,鳩工(gong)(gong)庀(pi)材(聚集工(gong)(gong)匠,備齊材料。庀(pi)pǐ,音(yin)(yin)痞;具(ju)備),飭(令(ling))平陰尉(wei)姚秀元董其事,宋為(wei)熙、徐(xu)孔(kong)柱、韓承先(xian)、張(zhang)朔、趙文龍、張(zhang)元漋紳士(shi)分理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)北隅(角),得(de)地(di)(di)二(er)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)畝(mu)二(er)分,中建堂五楹(ying),堂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前東(dong)西坐號共一(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)二(er)百有(you)奇(多(duo)),堂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,蒞(li)事有(you)室(shi),棲(qi)客有(you)廬,凡庖廚井(jing)灶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu),靡不(bu)(bu)(bu)畢具(ju)。門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外設照屏(ping),東(dong)西轅(yuan)門(men)各(ge)樹(shu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)柵為(wei)繚垣(墻(qiang))以(yi)(yi)(yi)周護(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),丹雘(huò,音(yin)(yin)貨,紅色顏料)黝(黑)堊(e)(白(bai)),悉(xi)中軌(gui)繩。閱(yue)(歷時)八(ba)月(yue)(yue),而(er)諸(zhu)工(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)竣。夫泰安(an)固齊魯(lu)間(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大都(dou)會(hui)也,逵通(tong)南(nan)北,壤錯(cuo)濟兗(yan)(濟南(nan)兗(yan)州),軺車之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)輻揍,文獻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)薈萃,士(shi)生其間(jian),應(ying)地(di)(di)靈(ling)而(er)沾帝澤,于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)發(fa)軔黌宮(學(xue)宮。簧hóng,音(yin)(yin)紅;古代稱學(xue)校(xiao))蜚莢(jia)閬苑(指(zhi)揚名于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)京都(dou)),則(ze)試院(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)建,即多(duo)士(shi)昂(ang)霄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初步也,寧惟是(shi)高明(ming)宏敞壯(zhuang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)郡(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)瞻已(yi)哉。抑(可(ke)是(shi)。文言連詞(ci))余(yu)(yu)(yu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)竊有(you)幸也。泰安(an)自改(gai)(gai)府后,已(yi)逾十(shi)(shi)余(yu)(yu)(yu)載,前之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)或履(lv)其任(ren)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)及為(wei),或限于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)力而(er)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)果,余(yu)(yu)(yu)乃與(yu)諸(zhu)牧令(ling)會(hui)逢(feng)其適,乘(cheng)天(tian)時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)順敘,賴人(ren)力之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贊襄,財(cai)無虞漏卮(zhī,音(yin)(yin)只;古代盛酒的杯子(zi)。這里指(zhi)建筑上(shang)(shang)的漏洞),工(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)繁鼛鼓(鼛gāo,音(yin)(yin)高;古代的一(yi)(yi)(yi)種大鼓),一(yi)(yi)(yi)旦(dan)為(wei)所(suo)(suo)欲為(wei),得(de)如(ru)他(ta)郡(jun)(jun)規制,雖不(bu)(bu)(bu)足仰酬圣(sheng)天(tian)子(zi)覃敷至意,暨(ji)各(ge)憲(xian)樂(le)育殷懷,而(er)揆(kuí;掌握,管理)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郡(jun)(jun)人(ren)士(shi)斐然向(xiang)風之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忱(chen),庶可(ke)藉口以(yi)(yi)(yi)告厥(其)成事云(yun)爾。用綴端末于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)石,俾(bi)(使)后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)斯土者(zhe)有(you)考焉。乾隆十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)。
《創建試(shi)院碑記》之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),民國(guo)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)年(nian)鉛(qian)印本(ben)《重修泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)安(an)縣志?藝文(wen)(wen)志選著》又(you)(you)載(zai)顏(yan)希深(shen)(shen)作《林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)故(gu)里考(kao)》一(yi)文(wen)(wen)。林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang),字子(zi)(zi)邱,春(chun)秋魯(lu)人(ren),為(wei)(wei)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)弟子(zi)(zi),因(yin)向孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)問(wen)“禮(li)之(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)”而(er)載(zai)《論(lun)語?八(ba)佾(yì,古(gu)時(shi)(shi)樂(le)舞(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行列)》。林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)是殷代忠臣比干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)裔。殷紂王(wang)(wang)(wang)無道(dao),荒淫暴(bao)虐。比干秉忠直諫,為(wei)(wei)此(ci)觸怒紂王(wang)(wang)(wang),被剖心(xin)(xin)殺害,其(qi)子(zi)(zi)堅,逃至(zhi)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)安(an)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東南(nan)百(bai)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里”放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(現屬(shu)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)安(an)所轄縣級(ji)市新泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))北部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)林(lin)(lin)(lin)山(shan)避難,周武王(wang)(wang)(wang)克商,賜姓(xing)林(lin)(lin)(lin)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)一(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)致力于(yu)(yu)(yu)禮(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)。《論(lun)語?八(ba)佾》載(zai):“林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)問(wen)禮(li)之(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)。子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):大哉問(wen)!禮(li),與(yu)其(qi)奢也,寧儉;喪(sang),與(yu)其(qi)易(yi)也,寧戚。”這(zhe)段(duan)話的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是說(shuo),林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)問(wen)孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)禮(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)質是什么,孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)聽(ting)到有(you)(you)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)提出這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題非(fei)常(chang)高興,就說(shuo):“你(ni)(ni)問(wen)了(le)(le)一(yi)個意(yi)義十(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題!就一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)數來(lai)(lai)(lai)說(shuo)(逢年(nian)過節等),與(yu)其(qi)過分(fen)耗費(意(yi)思(si)是主要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),送(song)重禮(li)容易(yi)讓人(ren)懷疑(yi)另有(you)(you)所圖),寧可簡(jian)單節約(有(you)(you)心(xin)(xin)就行了(le)(le),禮(li)品本(ben)身是次要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de));就比較(jiao)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喪(sang)禮(li)來(lai)(lai)(lai)說(shuo),與(yu)其(qi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)表面(mian)上(shang)講(jiang)究(jiu)繁文(wen)(wen)縟節,不(bu)(bu)如(ru)在(zai)(zai)(zai)內心(xin)(xin)里真誠地沉痛哀悼。”朱熹《論(lun)語集(ji)注》解(jie)釋這(zhe)段(duan)話時(shi)(shi),認為(wei)(wei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)“見世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)禮(li)者,專事(shi)繁文(wen)(wen),而(er)疑(yi)其(qi)本(ben)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)是也,故(gu)以為(wei)(wei)問(wen)。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)以時(shi)(shi)方(fang)逐末(mo)而(er)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)獨有(you)(you)志于(yu)(yu)(yu)本(ben),故(gu)大其(qi)問(wen)”。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)說(shuo)這(zhe)段(duan)話時(shi)(shi),正是奴(nu)隸制崩潰(kui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)代,即(ji)使魯(lu)國(guo)也發生(sheng)(sheng)了(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)尊“周禮(li)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。如(ru),根據“周禮(li)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規定,天子(zi)(zi)才有(you)(you)祭(ji)掃全國(guo)知名大山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)格,諸侯只有(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)自己轄區內祭(ji)掃小丘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)格,但(dan)是季(ji)(ji)孫(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)卻到泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)上(shang)去進行祭(ji)掃。面(mian)對(dui)魯(lu)國(guo)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)這(zhe)種禮(li)崩樂(le)壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)憂心(xin)(xin)如(ru)焚(fen)。《論(lun)語?八(ba)佾》又(you)(you)載(zai):“季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)旅于(yu)(yu)(yu)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)。子(zi)(zi)謂冉(ran)有(you)(you)曰(yue)(yue):女(汝)弗能(neng)(neng)救(jiu)與(yu)?對(dui)曰(yue)(yue):不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)。子(zi)(zi)曰(yue)(yue):嗚呼!曾謂泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan),不(bu)(bu)如(ru)林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)乎?”季(ji)(ji)孫(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)是當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)執掌(zhang)魯(lu)國(guo)朝政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三大權門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),(孟孫(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、叔孫(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、季(ji)(ji)孫(sun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)三家(jia)(jia)世(shi)卿,因(yin)為(wei)(wei)是魯(lu)桓(huan)(huan)(huán,音環)公的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三個孫(sun)子(zi)(zi)故(gu)稱(cheng)“三桓(huan)(huan)”,當(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)國(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)權實(shi)際掌(zhang)握在(zai)(zai)(zai)他們手中(zhong),而(er)“三桓(huan)(huan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些家(jia)(jia)臣又(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)同程度(du)上(shang)控制著“三桓(huan)(huan)”),冉(ran)有(you)(you)是孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng),時(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)宰(zai)。這(zhe)段(duan)話的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)是,季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)去祭(ji)祀泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan),孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)對(dui)時(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)季(ji)(ji)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)家(jia)(jia)總管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)冉(ran)有(you)(you)說(shuo):“你(ni)(ni)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)勸阻他不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)前去,從而(er)挽(wan)救(jiu)其(qi)陷于(yu)(yu)(yu)僭(jian)越(超越本(ben)分(fen)。僭(jian)jiàn,音見;非(fei)法越權)之(zhi)(zhi)罪嗎?”冉(ran)有(you)(you)回(hui)答說(shuo):“不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)。”孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)見求助于(yu)(yu)(yu)人(ren)已經不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)挽(wan)救(jiu)禮(li)法,嘆了(le)(le)口氣轉而(er)求助于(yu)(yu)(yu)神,說(shuo):“唉(ai)!我曾對(dui)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)說(shuo),(泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan)神啊,快阻止那些破壞禮(li)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)吧(ba)!)難道(dao)你(ni)(ni)這(zhe)通天神明,還不(bu)(bu)如(ru)林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)知道(dao)應該怎樣(yang)按照禮(li)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)質來(lai)(lai)(lai)行事(shi)嗎?”北宋真宗趙恒命廷臣撰孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)弟子(zi)(zi)贊(zan),主客郎中(zhong)刁(diao)衎(kàn,音看(kan))贊(zan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)曰(yue)(yue):“問(wen)禮(li)之(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)。為(wei)(wei)儒所宗。樂(le)岳(泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)山(shan))稱(cheng)美,長(chang)山(shan)(今山(shan)東新泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)市放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)長(chang)林(lin)(lin)(lin)山(shan))表封。”南(nan)宋高宗也曾贊(zan)其(qi)“大哉斯言(yan),恍照明訓”。為(wei)(wei)紀念(nian)這(zhe)位先賢(xian),其(qi)故(gu)里便名放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。顏(yan)希深(shen)(shen)作《林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)故(gu)里考(kao)》認定,在(zai)(zai)(zai)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東南(nan)百(bai)八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)里”之(zhi)(zhi)“泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)安(an)崇禮(li)鄉(xiang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)集(ji)(舊名放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen))為(wei)(wei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)故(gu)里”“可信”。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)顏(yan)希深(shen)(shen)作《林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)里考(kao)》十(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)專業,解(jie)釋起來(lai)(lai)(lai)非(fei)常(chang)復(fu)雜,恕不(bu)(bu)照錄(lu)原文(wen)(wen),只將林(lin)(lin)(lin)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)其(qi)人(ren)其(qi)事(shi)簡(jian)述(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)此(ci)。
《創建試院(yuan)碑記》字(zi)里(li)行(xing)間反映出顏希深(shen)一意(yi)興利除弊(bi)、教養(yang)斯民(min)的循吏作風,以及對(dui)百(bai)姓負(fu)(fu)責(ze)、對(dui)歷史負(fu)(fu)責(ze)的治政態(tai)度;《林放(fang)故(gu)里(li)考》字(zi)里(li)行(xing)間反映出顏希深(shen)博覽(lan)群書、窮究經(jing)典(dian)的文(wen)化修養(yang),以及躬行(xing)實踐、格物致知的治學方法。顏希深(shen)既勤于政務處理,又潛心(xin)學術研(yan)究,確有古代士大夫之風范。