示波器是一種用來測量交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)或(huo)脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)波的(de)形(xing)狀的(de)儀(yi)器,由電(dian)(dian)子管放大(da)器、掃描振(zhen)蕩器、陰極射線管等組(zu)成。除觀(guan)測電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)波形(xing)外(wai),還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)測定頻率(lv)、電(dian)(dian)壓強度等。凡(fan)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)變為電(dian)(dian)效應的(de)周期性物理過程都可(ke)(ke)以(yi)用示波器進行觀(guan)測。
模擬示波(bo)器采用(yong)的是模擬電路(lu)(示波(bo)管,其(qi)基礎是電子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍(qiang))電子(zi)(zi)(zi)槍(qiang)向屏幕(mu)發射(she)電子(zi)(zi)(zi),發射(she)的電子(zi)(zi)(zi)經聚焦形成電子(zi)(zi)(zi)束,并打(da)到屏幕(mu)上。屏幕(mu)的內表面涂有熒(ying)光物質,這樣(yang)電子(zi)(zi)(zi)束打(da)中的點(dian)就會發出光來。
數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)則是(shi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據采集(ji),A/D轉換(huan),軟件編(bian)程等一(yi)系列的技(ji)術制造出來(lai)的高性(xing)能示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)的工(gong)作方式是(shi)通過模擬(ni)轉換(huan)器(qi)(ADC)把(ba)被測電壓轉換(huan)為數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)信息。數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)捕獲的是(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)形的一(yi)系列樣(yang)值(zhi),并(bing)對樣(yang)值(zhi)進行存(cun)儲(chu),存(cun)儲(chu)限度是(shi)判斷累計的樣(yang)值(zhi)是(shi)否能描繪出波(bo)(bo)(bo)形為止,隨后,數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)重構(gou)波(bo)(bo)(bo)形。數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)可以分為數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)存(cun)儲(chu)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(DSO),數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)熒光示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)(DPO)和(he)采樣(yang)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)。
模(mo)擬示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)要提高(gao)帶寬,需(xu)要示(shi)波(bo)管、垂直放大和水平掃描全面(mian)推進。數(shu)(shu)字示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)要改善帶寬只需(xu)要提高(gao)前(qian)端的(de)(de)A/D轉換(huan)器(qi)的(de)(de)性(xing)能,對示(shi)波(bo)管和掃描電路沒(mei)有特殊要求(qiu)。加上數(shu)(shu)字示(shi)波(bo)管能充(chong)分利用記憶、存儲和處理,以(yi)及多種觸發和超(chao)前(qian)觸發能力。廿世紀八十年代數(shu)(shu)字示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)異(yi)軍突起,成果累累,大有全面(mian)取代模(mo)擬示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)之勢,模(mo)擬示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)的(de)(de)確(que)從前(qian)臺退到后(hou)臺。
①普通示波器。電路(lu)結構簡單,頻(pin)帶(dai)較窄,掃描線性差,僅用(yong)于觀察波形。
②多用示波器(qi)。頻(pin)(pin)帶較寬,掃描線(xian)性好,能(neng)對直流、低頻(pin)(pin)、高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)、超高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)信號和脈沖信號進行定量測試。借(jie)助幅度校準器(qi)和時間(jian)校準器(qi),測量的準確度可達±5%。
③多線示(shi)(shi)波器。采用(yong)多束示(shi)(shi)波管,能在熒光屏上同(tong)時顯示(shi)(shi)兩個(ge)以上同(tong)頻信號的(de)波形,沒有時差,時序關系準確。
④多蹤示波器。具有電(dian)子開關(guan)和(he)門控(kong)電(dian)路的結(jie)構,可在單(dan)束示波管(guan)的熒(ying)光屏上同(tong)時顯示兩個(ge)以上同(tong)頻信號的波形。但存在時差(cha),時序(xu)關(guan)系不準確(que)。
⑤取樣示波器(qi)。采用(yong)取樣技(ji)術將(jiang)高頻(pin)信號轉換(huan)成模擬(ni)低頻(pin)信號進(jin)行顯示,有效頻(pin)帶可達GHz級。
⑥記憶(yi)示(shi)波(bo)器。采(cai)用存(cun)(cun)儲示(shi)波(bo)管(guan)或數字(zi)存(cun)(cun)儲技術(shu),將單次(ci)電信(xin)號瞬變過程、非周期現(xian)象和超低頻信(xin)號長時間保留(liu)在(zai)示(shi)波(bo)管(guan)的熒光屏上或存(cun)(cun)儲在(zai)電路(lu)中,以供重(zhong)復測試。
⑦數(shu)字(zi)示波(bo)器(qi)(qi)。內部(bu)帶有(you)(you)微處理器(qi)(qi),外部(bu)裝有(you)(you)數(shu)字(zi)顯(xian)示器(qi)(qi),有(you)(you)的產品在(zai)示波(bo)管熒光屏上既可顯(xian)示波(bo)形,又可顯(xian)示字(zi)符。被測信號經(jing)模一數(shu)變(bian)換器(qi)(qi)(A/D變(bian)換器(qi)(qi))送(song)入數(shu)據存儲(chu)器(qi)(qi),通(tong)過(guo)鍵盤操作,可對捕獲的波(bo)形參數(shu)的數(shu)據,進行加、減、乘(cheng)、除、求平(ping)(ping)均值、求平(ping)(ping)方根值、求均方根值等(deng)的運算,并顯(xian)示出(chu)答案數(shu)字(zi)。
顯示(shi)(shi)電路(lu)包括示(shi)(shi)波(bo)管(guan)及其控制電路(lu)兩個部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。示(shi)(shi)波(bo)管(guan)是一種特殊的(de)電子(zi)管(guan),是示(shi)(shi)波(bo)器一個重(zhong)要(yao)組成部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。示(shi)(shi)波(bo)管(guan)由電子(zi)槍、偏轉系(xi)統和(he)熒光屏(ping)3個部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成。
(1)電子槍
電(dian)(dian)子槍用于產生并(bing)形成(cheng)高(gao)速、聚束的電(dian)(dian)子流,去(qu)轟擊熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)使(shi)之(zhi)發光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)。它主要由(you)燈絲F、陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)K、控(kong)制極(ji)(ji)(ji)G、第一(yi)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)A1、第二陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)A2組(zu)成(cheng)。除燈絲外,其余電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的結構都(dou)為金屬圓筒(tong),且(qie)它們的軸(zhou)心都(dou)保持(chi)在同一(yi)軸(zhou)線(xian)上。陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)被加(jia)熱(re)后,可沿軸(zhou)向發射電(dian)(dian)子;控(kong)制極(ji)(ji)(ji)相對(dui)陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)來說(shuo)是負電(dian)(dian)位(wei),改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)位(wei)可以改(gai)變通過控(kong)制極(ji)(ji)(ji)小(xiao)孔的電(dian)(dian)子數目,也就是控(kong)制熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)上光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點的亮度。為了提高(gao)屏(ping)上光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點亮度,又(you)不降低對(dui)電(dian)(dian)子束偏轉(zhuan)的靈敏度,現代示波管中,在偏轉(zhuan)系統和熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)之(zhi)間還加(jia)上一(yi)個后加(jia)速電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)A3。
第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)對陰(yin)極(ji)而言加(jia)(jia)有約(yue)幾(ji)百伏的(de)(de)(de)(de)正電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。在(zai)(zai)第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)上(shang)加(jia)(jia)有一(yi)個(ge)比第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)更高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。穿(chuan)過(guo)控(kong)制極(ji)小孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子束,在(zai)(zai)第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)下,得到加(jia)(jia)速,向熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏(ping)(ping)方向作(zuo)(zuo)高(gao)(gao)速運動。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)同性(xing)相(xiang)斥,電(dian)(dian)(dian)子束會逐(zhu)漸散(san)開。通過(guo)第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)、第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)之間電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚焦(jiao)(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子重新聚集(ji)起來并交匯于(yu)一(yi)點。適(shi)當控(kong)制第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)之間電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小,便能使(shi)(shi)焦(jiao)(jiao)點剛好(hao)落在(zai)(zai)熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang),顯(xian)現一(yi)個(ge)光(guang)亮細小的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)點。改變第(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)和第(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)差(cha),可起調(diao)節光(guang)點聚焦(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong),這(zhe)就(jiu)是示波器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“聚焦(jiao)(jiao)”和“輔助聚焦(jiao)(jiao)”調(diao)節的(de)(de)(de)(de)原理。第(di)(di)(di)(di)三陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)是示波管錐體內(nei)部涂上(shang)一(yi)層(ceng)石墨(mo)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de),通常加(jia)(jia)有很高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya),它有三個(ge)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong):①使(shi)(shi)穿(chuan)過(guo)偏轉系統以(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子進一(yi)步加(jia)(jia)速,使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子有足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量去轟擊熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏(ping)(ping),以(yi)獲得足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)亮度;②石墨(mo)層(ceng)涂在(zai)(zai)整個(ge)錐體上(shang),能起到屏(ping)(ping)蔽作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong);③電(dian)(dian)(dian)子束轟擊熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏(ping)(ping)會產生(sheng)二(er)(er)(er)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)子,處于(yu)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)A3可吸(xi)收這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)子。
(2)偏轉系統
示波管的(de)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統大都是靜電(dian)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)式,它由兩對(dui)相互垂(chui)直(zhi)的(de)平(ping)行金屬板(ban)(ban)(ban)組(zu)成(cheng),分別稱為(wei)水(shui)平(ping)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)垂(chui)直(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)。分別控制(zhi)電(dian)子(zi)束在水(shui)平(ping)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)垂(chui)直(zhi)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)運動(dong)。當電(dian)子(zi)在偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)之間運動(dong)時,如果(guo)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上沒有(you)加電(dian)壓(ya)(ya),偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)之間無電(dian)場,離開第二陽(yang)極后進入偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)電(dian)子(zi)將(jiang)沿軸向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)運動(dong),射(she)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)屏幕的(de)中心。如果(guo)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上有(you)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya),偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)(ban)之間則有(you)電(dian)場,進入偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)電(dian)子(zi)會在偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)場的(de)作用下射(she)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)熒光(guang)屏的(de)指定位置。
如果(guo)兩(liang)塊(kuai)(kuai)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)互相平行,并且它們的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差等于(yu)零(ling),那么(me)通過偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)空間(jian)的(de)(de)(de),具有速(su)度υ的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)束就(jiu)會沿(yan)著(zhu)原(yuan)(yuan)方(fang)向(xiang)(設為軸(zhou)線方(fang)向(xiang))運(yun)動,并打在(zai)熒(ying)光屏的(de)(de)(de)坐標原(yuan)(yuan)點(dian)(dian)上(shang)。如果(guo)兩(liang)塊(kuai)(kuai)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)之間(jian)存(cun)在(zai)著(zhu)恒(heng)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)差,則偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)間(jian)就(jiu)形(xing)成一個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場,這(zhe)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動方(fang)向(xiang)相垂(chui)直,于(yu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)就(jiu)朝著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)比(bi)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。這(zhe)樣,在(zai)兩(liang)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)空間(jian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)就(jiu)沿(yan)著(zhu)拋物線在(zai)這(zhe)一點(dian)(dian)上(shang)做切線運(yun)動。最(zui)后,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)降(jiang)落在(zai)熒(ying)光屏上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)A點(dian)(dian),這(zhe)個(ge)A點(dian)(dian)距(ju)離熒(ying)光屏原(yuan)(yuan)點(dian)(dian)(0)有一段距(ju)離,這(zhe)段距(ju)離稱為偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)量,用y表(biao)示。偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)量y與偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)所加的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)Vy成正(zheng)比(bi)。同理,在(zai)水平偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)加有直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時,也發生類(lei)似情況,只(zhi)是光點(dian)(dian)在(zai)水平方(fang)向(xiang)上(shang)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。
(3)熒光屏
熒光(guang)(guang)屏(ping)位于(yu)示波(bo)管的(de)(de)終端,它的(de)(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)將(jiang)偏轉后(hou)的(de)(de)電子(zi)(zi)(zi)束顯示出來,以便觀察。在示波(bo)器的(de)(de)熒光(guang)(guang)屏(ping)內壁涂有一層(ceng)發光(guang)(guang)物質(zhi),因而,熒光(guang)(guang)屏(ping)上(shang)(shang)受到高速(su)電子(zi)(zi)(zi)沖擊(ji)的(de)(de)地(di)點就顯現(xian)出熒光(guang)(guang)。此時光(guang)(guang)點的(de)(de)亮度(du)決定于(yu)電子(zi)(zi)(zi)束的(de)(de)數(shu)目、密度(du)及其速(su)度(du)。改(gai)變控制極的(de)(de)電壓時,電子(zi)(zi)(zi)束中電子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)數(shu)目將(jiang)隨之改(gai)變,光(guang)(guang)點亮度(du)也就改(gai)變。在使用示波(bo)器時,不宜讓(rang)很(hen)亮的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)點固定出現(xian)在示波(bo)管熒光(guang)(guang)屏(ping)一個(ge)位置上(shang)(shang),否則該點熒光(guang)(guang)物質(zhi)將(jiang)因長(chang)期(qi)受電子(zi)(zi)(zi)沖擊(ji)而燒壞,從而失(shi)去(qu)發光(guang)(guang)能力。
涂有不同熒光(guang)物質的(de)(de)(de)熒光(guang)屏(ping),在(zai)受電子沖(chong)擊時(shi)將(jiang)顯示(shi)出不同的(de)(de)(de)顏色(se)和不同的(de)(de)(de)余(yu)輝(hui)時(shi)間,通(tong)常供(gong)(gong)觀察(cha)一般(ban)信號(hao)波(bo)形用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)發(fa)綠光(guang)的(de)(de)(de),屬(shu)中余(yu)輝(hui)示(shi)波(bo)管,供(gong)(gong)觀察(cha)非周期性及(ji)低頻信號(hao)用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)發(fa)橙黃(huang)色(se)光(guang)的(de)(de)(de),屬(shu)長余(yu)輝(hui)示(shi)波(bo)管;供(gong)(gong)照(zhao)相(xiang)用的(de)(de)(de)示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)中,一般(ban)都(dou)采用發(fa)藍(lan)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)短余(yu)輝(hui)示(shi)波(bo)管。
由于示(shi)波(bo)(bo)管(guan)的(de)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)靈敏(min)度(du)甚低,例如常用的(de)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)管(guan)13SJ38J型,其(qi)垂(chui)直偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)靈敏(min)度(du)為0.86mm/V(約12V電(dian)壓(ya)產(chan)生(sheng)1cm的(de)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)量),所以一般的(de)被測信號電(dian)壓(ya)都(dou)要先經過垂(chui)直放(fang)大(da)電(dian)路的(de)放(fang)大(da),再加到(dao)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)管(guan)的(de)垂(chui)直偏(pian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板上(shang),以得到(dao)垂(chui)直方向的(de)適(shi)當大(da)小的(de)圖(tu)形。
由于示波(bo)(bo)管水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)方向的(de)偏轉(zhuan)(zhuan)靈敏(min)度也(ye)很低(di),所以(yi)接入示波(bo)(bo)管水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)偏轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)的(de)電壓(ya)(鋸齒波(bo)(bo)電壓(ya)或其它電壓(ya))也(ye)要(yao)先經(jing)過水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)放大電路的(de)放大以(yi)后,再加到示波(bo)(bo)管的(de)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)偏轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)上,以(yi)得到水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)方向適當大小的(de)圖形。
掃(sao)描電(dian)路產生一個鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)壓。該鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)壓的(de)(de)頻(pin)率能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)一定(ding)的(de)(de)范圍內連續可調。鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)壓的(de)(de)作用是使示波(bo)(bo)(bo)管(guan)陰極發出的(de)(de)電(dian)子束在(zai)(zai)(zai)熒光屏上形成周期性(xing)的(de)(de)、與(yu)時(shi)間(jian)成正比(bi)的(de)(de)水平位(wei)移(yi),即形成時(shi)間(jian)基(ji)線。這樣(yang),才能(neng)把(ba)加在(zai)(zai)(zai)垂直方向的(de)(de)被測信號(hao)按(an)時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)變化波(bo)(bo)(bo)形展現在(zai)(zai)(zai)熒光屏上。
電(dian)源(yuan)供給(gei)電(dian)路:供給(gei)垂直與水平(ping)放(fang)大電(dian)路、掃(sao)描與同(tong)步電(dian)路以及(ji)示波管與控制電(dian)路所需(xu)的負高(gao)壓、燈(deng)絲電(dian)壓等(deng)。
由示(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)的(de)原理(li)功能可見,被測信號(hao)電(dian)壓(ya)加到示(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)的(de)Y軸輸入端(duan)(duan),經垂直(zhi)放(fang)大電(dian)路加于(yu)(yu)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)管的(de)垂直(zhi)偏轉(zhuan)板。示(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)管的(de)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)偏轉(zhuan)電(dian)壓(ya),雖然多數情況(kuang)都采用(yong)鋸(ju)齒電(dian)壓(ya)(用(yong)于(yu)(yu)觀察波(bo)(bo)(bo)形時(shi)),但有(you)時(shi)也采用(yong)其它的(de)外加電(dian)壓(ya)(用(yong)于(yu)(yu)測量頻率(lv)、相(xiang)位差等(deng)時(shi)),因此在(zai)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)放(fang)大電(dian)路輸入端(duan)(duan)有(you)一個水(shui)平(ping)(ping)信號(hao)選(xuan)擇開關,以便按照需要選(xuan)用(yong)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)器(qi)內部(bu)的(de)鋸(ju)齒波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)壓(ya),或選(xuan)用(yong)外加在(zai)X軸輸入端(duan)(duan)上的(de)其它電(dian)壓(ya)來作為水(shui)平(ping)(ping)偏轉(zhuan)電(dian)壓(ya)。
此外,為了(le)使熒光屏上(shang)顯(xian)示(shi)的(de)圖形保持穩定,要求鋸(ju)(ju)齒波(bo)(bo)電壓信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)和被(bei)測信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)保持同(tong)步。這樣,不僅要求鋸(ju)(ju)齒波(bo)(bo)電壓的(de)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)能(neng)連續調節,而(er)(er)且在產(chan)生(sheng)鋸(ju)(ju)齒波(bo)(bo)的(de)電路(lu)上(shang)還要輸入一(yi)個同(tong)步信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。這樣,對(dui)于只能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)連續掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)(即產(chan)生(sheng)周而(er)(er)復始、連續不斷的(de)鋸(ju)(ju)齒波(bo)(bo))一(yi)種狀態(tai)的(de)簡易示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(如國產(chan)SB10型等示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi))而(er)(er)言,需(xu)要在其掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)電路(lu)上(shang)輸入一(yi)個與被(bei)觀察(cha)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)相關的(de)同(tong)步信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao),以牽(qian)制(zhi)鋸(ju)(ju)齒波(bo)(bo)的(de)振蕩(dang)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)。對(dui)于具有(you)等待掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao)功能(neng)(即平時(shi)不產(chan)生(sheng)鋸(ju)(ju)齒波(bo)(bo),當被(bei)測信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)來(lai)到時(shi)才產(chan)生(sheng)一(yi)個鋸(ju)(ju)齒波(bo)(bo),進行一(yi)次掃(sao)(sao)描(miao)(miao))的(de)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(如國產(chan)ST-16型示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)、SR-8型雙蹤示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)等)為了(le)適應各種需(xu)要,同(tong)步(或(huo)觸發(fa))信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)可通過同(tong)步或(huo)觸發(fa)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)選擇開關來(lai)選擇,通常來(lai)源有(you)3個:
①從垂(chui)直放大(da)電路引來(lai)被測信(xin)號(hao)作(zuo)為同步(或(huo)觸發)信(xin)號(hao),此信(xin)號(hao)稱為“內同步”(或(huo)“內觸發”)信(xin)號(hao);
②引(yin)入(ru)某種相(xiang)關的外(wai)加信(xin)號為(wei)同(tong)步(或觸(chu)發(fa))信(xin)號,此信(xin)號稱為(wei)“外(wai)同(tong)步”(或“外(wai)觸(chu)發(fa)”)信(xin)號,該信(xin)號加在(zai)外(wai)同(tong)步(或外(wai)觸(chu)發(fa))輸入(ru)端;
③有些(xie)示波器(qi)的同步信號選(xuan)擇開關還(huan)有一(yi)檔“電源(yuan)(yuan)同步”,是由220V,50Hz電源(yuan)(yuan)電壓(ya),通過變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)次(ci)級降壓(ya)后(hou)作為同步信號。
由(you)示波管(guan)的(de)原理可知(zhi),一(yi)個(ge)直流電(dian)壓加到一(yi)對偏(pian)轉(zhuan)板上時(shi),將使光(guang)點(dian)(dian)在熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏上產生一(yi)個(ge)固定位移,該位移的(de)大小與所加直流電(dian)壓成正比。如果分(fen)別將兩(liang)個(ge)直流電(dian)壓同(tong)時(shi)加到垂直和水平兩(liang)對偏(pian)轉(zhuan)板上,則熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏上的(de)光(guang)點(dian)(dian)位置(zhi)就由(you)兩(liang)個(ge)方向的(de)位移所共同(tong)決定。
如(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)將一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)正(zheng)(zheng)弦(xian)(xian)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)加到一(yi)(yi)(yi)對偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)時(shi),光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)熒(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)將隨電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化而(er)移動。當(dang)垂(chui)直(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)加一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)正(zheng)(zheng)弦(xian)(xian)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)時(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)t=0的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬(shun)(shun)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)Vo(零值(zhi)),熒(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)置(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)原點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)0上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)t=1的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬(shun)(shun)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)V1(正(zheng)(zheng)值(zhi)),熒(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)原點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)0點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)1上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),位(wei)移的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小正(zheng)(zheng)比于電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)V1;在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)t=2的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬(shun)(shun)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)V2(最大正(zheng)(zheng)值(zhi)),熒(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)原點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)0點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)2點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),位(wei)移的(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)正(zheng)(zheng)比于電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)V2;以此(ci)類推,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)t=3,t=4,…,t=8的(de)(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)(ge)瞬(shun)(shun)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),熒(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)置(zhi)分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)3、4、…、8點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)二個(ge)(ge)周期、第(di)三個(ge)(ge)周期……都將重(zhong)復第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)周期的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)此(ci)時(shi)加在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)垂(chui)直(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)弦(xian)(xian)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)之頻(pin)(pin)率很低,僅為(wei)lHz~2Hz,那(nei)么,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)熒(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)便會(hui)看(kan)見一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)移動著的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)離(li)坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)原點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬(shun)(shun)時(shi)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)值(zhi)將與加在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)垂(chui)直(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)瞬(shun)(shun)時(shi)值(zhi)成(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)比。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)加在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)垂(chui)直(zhi)偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)頻(pin)(pin)率在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10Hz~20Hz以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),則由于熒(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)余輝(hui)現(xian)(xian)象和人眼的(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺暫留現(xian)(xian)象,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)熒(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)看(kan)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)就不是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)移動的(de)(de)(de)(de)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),而(er)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)根垂(chui)直(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)亮線了。該亮線的(de)(de)(de)(de)長短在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)示波器的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)直(zhi)放大增益一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況下(xia)(xia)決定(ding)于正(zheng)(zheng)弦(xian)(xian)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)峰一(yi)(yi)(yi)峰值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)平偏(pian)(pian)轉(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)加一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)正(zheng)(zheng)弦(xian)(xian)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),則會(hui)產生相類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況,只是(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)平軸上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)移動罷了。
如(ru)果將(jiang)一隨時(shi)(shi)間(jian)線性(xing)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(如(ru)鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya))加到一對偏轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang),則光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)又(you)會怎樣移(yi)動呢?當水(shui)平偏轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)有鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)t=0瞬(shun)(shun)間(jian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)Vo(最(zui)大負值(zhi)),熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)坐(zuo)標原點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)左(zuo)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)始(shi)(shi)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(零(ling)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)),位(wei)(wei)移(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)正(zheng)比(bi)(bi)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)Vo;在(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)t=1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬(shun)(shun)間(jian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)V1(負值(zhi)),熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)坐(zuo)標原點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)左(zuo)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang),位(wei)(wei)移(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)正(zheng)比(bi)(bi)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)V1;以此類(lei)推,在(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)t=2,t=3,...,t=8的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個(ge)瞬(shun)(shun)間(jian),熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對應位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)是2、3、…、8各(ge)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)t=8這個(ge)瞬(shun)(shun)間(jian),鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)由(you)最(zui)大正(zheng)值(zhi)V8躍變(bian)到最(zui)大負值(zhi)Vo,則熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)從8點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極其迅速地(di)向左(zuo)移(yi)到起(qi)始(shi)(shi)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)零(ling)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。如(ru)果鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)是周期(qi)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),則在(zai)(zai)(zai)鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)二(er)個(ge)周期(qi)、第(di)三(san)個(ge)周期(qi)、……都(dou)將(jiang)重復(fu)第(di)一個(ge)周期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情形。如(ru)果此時(shi)(shi)加在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)平偏轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頻(pin)率很(hen)低,僅為(wei)1Hz~2Hz,在(zai)(zai)(zai)熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)便會看(kan)(kan)見(jian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自左(zuo)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)起(qi)始(shi)(shi)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)零(ling)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向右邊(bian)(bian)(bian)8點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處勻速地(di)移(yi)動,隨后光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又(you)從右邊(bian)(bian)(bian)8點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處極其迅速地(di)移(yi)動到左(zuo)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)起(qi)始(shi)(shi)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)零(ling)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。上(shang)(shang)述(shu)這個(ge)過程稱(cheng)為(wei)掃描。在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)平軸(zhou)加有周期(qi)性(xing)鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)時(shi)(shi),掃描將(jiang)周而復(fu)始(shi)(shi)地(di)進行(xing)下去。光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)離(li)起(qi)始(shi)(shi)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)零(ling)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬(shun)(shun)時(shi)(shi)值(zhi),將(jiang)與(yu)加在(zai)(zai)(zai)偏轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)瞬(shun)(shun)時(shi)(shi)值(zhi)成正(zheng)比(bi)(bi)。如(ru)果加在(zai)(zai)(zai)偏轉(zhuan)(zhuan)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)頻(pin)率在(zai)(zai)(zai)10Hz~20Hz以上(shang)(shang),則由(you)于熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余輝現象和人眼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺暫留現象,就看(kan)(kan)到一根水(shui)平亮(liang)線,該水(shui)平亮(liang)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度,在(zai)(zai)(zai)示波(bo)(bo)(bo)器水(shui)平放大增益一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下決定于鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi),鋸(ju)齒(chi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)是與(yu)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)變(bian)化(hua)成正(zheng)比(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),而熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)又(you)是與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)值(zhi)成正(zheng)比(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),因此熒(ying)光(guang)(guang)(guang)屏(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平亮(liang)線可以代表時(shi)(shi)間(jian)軸(zhou)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)此亮(liang)線上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任何(he)相等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線段(duan)都(dou)代表相等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一段(duan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)。
如果(guo)將(jiang)被(bei)測信(xin)(xin)號(hao)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)加(jia)到垂(chui)直偏轉(zhuan)板上,鋸(ju)齒波掃(sao)描(miao)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)加(jia)到水平偏轉(zhuan)板上,而且被(bei)測信(xin)(xin)號(hao)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的頻率(lv)等于鋸(ju)齒波掃(sao)描(miao)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的頻率(lv),則熒(ying)(ying)光屏上將(jiang)顯示出一個(ge)周期的被(bei)測信(xin)(xin)號(hao)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)隨時間(jian)(jian)變化的波形曲(qu)線。在被(bei)測周期信(xin)(xin)號(hao)的第二個(ge)周期、第三(san)個(ge)周期……都重復(fu)第一個(ge)周期的情形,光點在熒(ying)(ying)光屏上描(miao)出的軌跡也(ye)都重疊在第一次描(miao)出的軌跡上。所以,熒(ying)(ying)光屏上顯示出來(lai)的被(bei)測信(xin)(xin)號(hao)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)是(shi)隨時間(jian)(jian)變化的穩定波形曲(qu)線。
為(wei)使(shi)熒光屏上(shang)的(de)(de)圖形穩(wen)定,被(bei)測(ce)(ce)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)頻(pin)率應與鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)頻(pin)率保持整(zheng)數(shu)比(bi)的(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)系(xi),即(ji)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步關(guan)(guan)系(xi)。為(wei)了實現這一(yi)(yi)點(dian),就(jiu)要(yao)求鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)頻(pin)率連續可(ke)調,以(yi)便適應觀察(cha)各種不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)頻(pin)率的(de)(de)周(zhou)期信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)。其(qi)(qi)次,由于被(bei)測(ce)(ce)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)頻(pin)率和鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)頻(pin)率的(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)不(bu)穩(wen)定性,即(ji)使(shi)把(ba)(ba)鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)頻(pin)率臨時(shi)調到與被(bei)測(ce)(ce)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)頻(pin)率成整(zheng)倍數(shu)關(guan)(guan)系(xi),也不(bu)能(neng)使(shi)圖形一(yi)(yi)直保持穩(wen)定。因此,示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)中都(dou)設(she)有(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步裝置(zhi)。也就(jiu)是在鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)某部分加(jia)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)來(lai)(lai)促(cu)使(shi)掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步,對(dui)于只能(neng)產生(sheng)連續掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(即(ji)產生(sheng)周(zhou)而(er)復始(shi)連續不(bu)斷的(de)(de)鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo))一(yi)(yi)種狀態的(de)(de)簡易示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(如國產SB-10型示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)等)而(er)言,需要(yao)在其(qi)(qi)掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)上(shang)輸入一(yi)(yi)個(ge)與被(bei)觀察(cha)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)頻(pin)率相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao),當所加(jia)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)頻(pin)率接近(jin)鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo)頻(pin)率的(de)(de)自主(zhu)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)頻(pin)率(或接近(jin)其(qi)(qi)整(zheng)數(shu)倍)時(shi),就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)把(ba)(ba)鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo)頻(pin)率“拖入同(tong)(tong)(tong)步”或“鎖住”。對(dui)于具有(you)等待掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(即(ji)平時(shi)不(bu)產生(sheng)鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo),當被(bei)測(ce)(ce)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)來(lai)(lai)到時(shi)才產生(sheng)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo)進行(xing)一(yi)(yi)次掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao))功能(neng)的(de)(de)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(如國產ST-16型示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)、SBT-5型同(tong)(tong)(tong)步示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)、SR-8型雙蹤示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)等等)而(er)言,需要(yao)在其(qi)(qi)掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)上(shang)輸入一(yi)(yi)個(ge)與被(bei)測(ce)(ce)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)觸發信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao),使(shi)掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)過程與被(bei)測(ce)(ce)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)密切配合(he)。這樣(yang),只要(yao)按照需要(yao)來(lai)(lai)選擇適當的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)或觸發信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao),便可(ke)使(shi)任何(he)欲研究(jiu)的(de)(de)過程與鋸(ju)(ju)齒(chi)(chi)波(bo)(bo)掃描(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)頻(pin)率保持同(tong)(tong)(tong)步。
在(zai)電子實(shi)踐技術過程中,常常需要同時(shi)觀察(cha)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(或兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)上)信號(hao)隨時(shi)間變化(hua)的過程。并對這些(xie)不同信號(hao)進行電量的測試和(he)(he)比較。為了達(da)到(dao)這個目的,人們在(zai)應用普(pu)通示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)原(yuan)理(li)的基礎(chu)上,采用了以(yi)下(xia)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)同時(shi)顯示(shi)多個波(bo)(bo)形的方(fang)法:一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是雙線(或多線)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)法;另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是雙蹤(zong)(或多蹤(zong))示(shi)波(bo)(bo)法。應用這兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法制造出來的示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)分(fen)別稱為雙線(或多線)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)雙蹤(zong)(或多蹤(zong))示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)。
雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)線(或多(duo)線)示(shi)(shi)波器是采用(yong)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)槍(qiang)(或多(duo)槍(qiang))示(shi)(shi)波管(guan)(guan)來實現(xian)的(de)(de)。下(xia)面(mian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)槍(qiang)示(shi)(shi)波管(guan)(guan)為例加以(yi)(yi)(yi)簡(jian)單說明。雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)槍(qiang)示(shi)(shi)波管(guan)(guan)有兩(liang)個互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)獨(du)立的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)槍(qiang)產生兩(liang)束(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)。另有兩(liang)組互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)獨(du)立的(de)(de)偏轉系(xi)(xi)統,它(ta)們各自(zi)控制(zhi)一束(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)作上下(xia)、左(zuo)右(you)的(de)(de)運動。熒光屏(ping)是共(gong)用(yong)的(de)(de),因(yin)而(er)屏(ping)上可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)時顯示(shi)(shi)出(chu)兩(liang)種不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號波形(xing),雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)線示(shi)(shi)波也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)采用(yong)單槍(qiang)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)線示(shi)(shi)波管(guan)(guan)來實現(xian)。這種示(shi)(shi)波管(guan)(guan)只有一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)槍(qiang),在工(gong)作時是依(yi)靠(kao)特殊的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)分成(cheng)兩(liang)束(shu)。然(ran)后(hou),由管(guan)(guan)內的(de)(de)兩(liang)組互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)獨(du)立的(de)(de)偏轉系(xi)(xi)統,分別控制(zhi)兩(liang)束(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)上下(xia)、左(zuo)右(you)運動。熒光屏(ping)是共(gong)用(yong)的(de)(de),能同(tong)時顯示(shi)(shi)出(chu)兩(liang)種不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號波形(xing)。由于(yu)雙(shuang)(shuang)(shuang)線示(shi)(shi)波管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)造工(gong)藝要(yao)求(qiu)高,成(cheng)本也高,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)應用(yong)并不(bu)十分普遍(bian)。
雙蹤(zong)(zong)(或(huo)(huo)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)蹤(zong)(zong))示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)是在單(dan)線示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)器的(de)基(ji)礎上(shang),增(zeng)設一個專(zhuan)用電子開關,用它來(lai)實(shi)現(xian)兩種(zhong)(或(huo)(huo)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong))波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)形(xing)的(de)分別顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。由于實(shi)現(xian)雙蹤(zong)(zong)(或(huo)(huo)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)蹤(zong)(zong))示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)比實(shi)現(xian)雙線(或(huo)(huo)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)線)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)來(lai)得簡單(dan),不(bu)需要(yao)使(shi)用結構(gou)復雜、價格昂貴的(de)“雙腔”或(huo)(huo)“多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)腔”示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)管,所以雙蹤(zong)(zong)(或(huo)(huo)多(duo)(duo)(duo)(duo)蹤(zong)(zong))示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)獲(huo)得了普遍的(de)應用。
為了保持熒光屏顯示出來的兩種信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)波形穩定,則要(yao)求被測(ce)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)頻率(lv)、掃描(miao)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)頻率(lv)與(yu)電子開關(guan)的轉換頻率(lv)三者之間必須滿足一定的關(guan)系。
首(shou)先(xian),兩個(ge)被測信號頻(pin)率(lv)與(yu)掃(sao)描信號頻(pin)率(lv)之間應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)成整數(shu)比的(de)(de)關系,也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)“同步(bu)”。這一點與(yu)單線示波器(qi)的(de)(de)原理是(shi)(shi)(shi)相同的(de)(de),區(qu)別在(zai)于(yu)被測信號是(shi)(shi)(shi)兩個(ge),而掃(sao)描電壓是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)。在(zai)實(shi)際應用中(zhong),需要(yao)(yao)觀察和比較的(de)(de)兩個(ge)信號常(chang)常(chang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)互相有內在(zai)聯系的(de)(de),所以上述的(de)(de)同步(bu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)一般是(shi)(shi)(shi)容易滿足的(de)(de)。
為了使(shi)熒光屏上(shang)顯示的(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)被測信號波(bo)形(xing)都穩定,除滿足上(shang)述要求外,還必須(xu)合(he)(he)理地選(xuan)擇電子開(kai)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換頻率,使(shi)得在(zai)示波(bo)器上(shang)所顯示的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)形(xing)個(ge)數合(he)(he)適,以便于觀察(cha)。下(xia)面談(tan)談(tan)電子開(kai)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)方式問(wen)題(ti)(ti),這個(ge)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)與電子開(kai)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換頻率有關(guan)。電子開(kai)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)方式有“交替”轉(zhuan)換和“斷續”轉(zhuan)換兩種。
采(cai)用交替轉(zhuan)換(huan)工作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)形(xing)(xing)與雙線示(shi)(shi)(shi)波(bo)法所(suo)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)形(xing)(xing)非常相(xiang)似(si),它們都(dou)沒有(you)(you)間(jian)(jian)(jian)斷(duan)點。但(dan)由(you)于被(bei)測(ce)信號(hao)UA、UB的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)形(xing)(xing)是依次(ci)交替地出現在(zai)熒(ying)光屏上的(de)(de)(de),所(suo)以,如果交替的(de)(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隙時間(jian)(jian)(jian)超過了人眼的(de)(de)(de)視(shi)覺(jue)暫留時間(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)熒(ying)光屏的(de)(de)(de)余輝時間(jian)(jian)(jian),則人們所(suo)看到的(de)(de)(de)熒(ying)光屏上的(de)(de)(de)波(bo)形(xing)(xing)就會有(you)(you)閃爍現象。為了避免(mian)這(zhe)種情況的(de)(de)(de)出現,就要求電(dian)子開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)有(you)(you)足夠(gou)(gou)高的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)頻率(lv)。這(zhe)就是說當被(bei)測(ce)信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)頻率(lv)較低(di)時,不宜采(cai)用交替轉(zhuan)換(huan)工作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi),而應采(cai)用斷(duan)續轉(zhuan)換(huan)工作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi)。當電(dian)子開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)用斷(duan)續轉(zhuan)換(huan)工作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi)時,在(zai)X軸掃(sao)描的(de)(de)(de)每一個過程中,電(dian)子開(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)都(dou)以足夠(gou)(gou)高的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)頻率(lv),分(fen)別對所(suo)顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)每個被(bei)測(ce)信號(hao)進行多次(ci)取樣。這(zhe)樣,即使被(bei)測(ce)信號(hao)頻率(lv)較低(di),也可避免(mian)出現波(bo)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)閃爍現象。
雙蹤示波器的主(zhu)要是(shi)由兩個通道(dao)的Y軸前置(zhi)放大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、門控電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子開關(guan)、混合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、延遲(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、Y軸后(hou)置(zhi)放大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、觸發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、掃描(miao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、X軸放大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、Z軸放大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、校(xiao)準信號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、示波管(guan)和高低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等組成。
當顯示方式開(kai)關(guan)置于(yu)交(jiao)替位置時,電子開(kai)關(guan)為一雙穩態電路(lu)。它受由掃描(miao)電路(lu)來的閘(zha)門信號控制,使(shi)得Y軸兩個前置通道(dao)隨著掃描(miao)電路(lu)門信號的變化而交(jiao)替地工作(zuo)。每(mei)秒鐘交(jiao)替轉換次數(shu)與由掃描(miao)電路(lu)產生的掃描(miao)信號的重復頻率(lv)有關(guan)。交(jiao)替工作(zuo)狀態適用于(yu)觀察頻率(lv)不太(tai)低的被測(ce)信號。
為了(le)(le)觀察(cha)被測信(xin)(xin)(xin)號隨時(shi)間變(bian)化的(de)(de)波(bo)形,示波(bo)管的(de)(de)水(shui)平偏(pian)轉板(ban)上必須加以(yi)線性掃(sao)描(miao)電壓(ya)(鋸齒波(bo)電壓(ya))。這個(ge)掃(sao)描(miao)電壓(ya)是由(you)掃(sao)描(miao)電路(lu)產生的(de)(de)。當(dang)觸發信(xin)(xin)(xin)號加到觸發電路(lu)時(shi),觸發了(le)(le)掃(sao)描(miao)電路(lu),掃(sao)描(miao)電路(lu)就產生相應的(de)(de)掃(sao)描(miao)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號;當(dang)不加觸發信(xin)(xin)(xin)號時(shi),掃(sao)描(miao)電路(lu)就不產生掃(sao)描(miao)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號。
觸(chu)發(fa)有內觸(chu)發(fa)、外觸(chu)發(fa)兩種,由觸(chu)發(fa)選擇開關來選擇。當該(gai)開關置于(yu)內的位(wei)置時(shi),觸(chu)發(fa)信號(hao)(hao)來自經Y軸通道送入(ru)(ru)的被(bei)測(ce)信號(hao)(hao)。當該(gai)開關置于(yu)外的位(wei)置時(shi),觸(chu)發(fa)信號(hao)(hao)是由外部送入(ru)(ru)的。這個信號(hao)(hao)應(ying)與(yu)被(bei)測(ce)信號(hao)(hao)的頻率(lv)成整(zheng)數比的關系。示波器在使用(yong)中,多數采(cai)用(yong)內觸(chu)發(fa)工作方式。
高、低壓(ya)電(dian)源供(gong)給(gei)(gei)電(dian)路中的低壓(ya)是(shi)供(gong)給(gei)(gei)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)器(qi)各級所(suo)需的低壓(ya)電(dian)源的,高壓(ya)是(shi)供(gong)給(gei)(gei)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)管(guan)顯示(shi)(shi)系統電(dian)源的。
示波(bo)器可以分為(wei)模(mo)擬示波(bo)器和(he)數字示波(bo)器,對(dui)于大多數的(de)(de)電子應用,無論模(mo)擬示波(bo)器和(he)數字示波(bo)器都(dou)是可以勝任的(de)(de),只是對(dui)于一些特定(ding)的(de)(de)應用,由(you)于模(mo)擬示波(bo)器和(he)數字示波(bo)器所具備的(de)(de)不同特性,才會出現適(shi)合和(he)不適(shi)合的(de)(de)地方。
模擬示(shi)波(bo)器的工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)式是(shi)直接測量(liang)信號電壓,并且通過從左(zuo)到右穿(chuan)過示(shi)波(bo)器屏幕的電子束(shu)在垂直方(fang)向描繪電壓。
數(shu)字(zi)示波(bo)器(qi)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)方(fang)式(shi)是(shi)通過模(mo)擬轉(zhuan)換器(qi)(ADC)把被測電壓轉(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)數(shu)字(zi)信息。數(shu)字(zi)示波(bo)器(qi)捕獲(huo)的(de)(de)是(shi)波(bo)形(xing)的(de)(de)一系列樣值,并對樣值進行(xing)存(cun)儲,存(cun)儲限度是(shi)判(pan)斷累計(ji)的(de)(de)樣值是(shi)否能(neng)描繪出波(bo)形(xing)為(wei)(wei)止(zhi),隨(sui)后,數(shu)字(zi)示波(bo)器(qi)重(zhong)構波(bo)形(xing)。
數字(zi)示波(bo)器可(ke)以分為數字(zi)存儲示波(bo)器(DSO),數字(zi)熒光示波(bo)器(DPO)和采樣示波(bo)器。
模擬(ni)(ni)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)要(yao)(yao)提高帶(dai)寬(kuan),需要(yao)(yao)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)管、垂直放(fang)大和(he)(he)(he)水(shui)平(ping)掃描全(quan)面(mian)推進。數字(zi)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)要(yao)(yao)改善帶(dai)寬(kuan)只(zhi)需要(yao)(yao)提高前(qian)端(duan)的A/D轉(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)的性能(neng)(neng),對(dui)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)管和(he)(he)(he)掃描電路沒有特殊要(yao)(yao)求。加(jia)上數字(zi)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)管能(neng)(neng)充分利用(yong)記憶、存儲(chu)和(he)(he)(he)處(chu)理,以及多種觸發和(he)(he)(he)超前(qian)觸發能(neng)(neng)力。廿(nian)世紀八十年代(dai)數字(zi)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)異軍突起,成果累(lei)累(lei),大有全(quan)面(mian)取代(dai)模擬(ni)(ni)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)之(zhi)勢(shi),模擬(ni)(ni)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)的確從前(qian)臺(tai)(tai)退到后臺(tai)(tai)。
通(tong)常無(wu)論(lun)是模擬示(shi)(shi)波器(qi)還是數(shu)字示(shi)(shi)波器(qi),可以根據其(qi)通(tong)道(dao)數(shu)分(fen)為:單通(tong)道(dao)/單蹤示(shi)(shi)波器(qi);雙(shuang)通(tong)道(dao)/雙(shuang)蹤示(shi)(shi)波器(qi);2+1通(tong)道(dao)(1外部觸(chu)發(fa))/三蹤示(shi)(shi)波器(qi);四(si)通(tong)道(dao)/四(si)蹤示(shi)(shi)波器(qi)。
帶寬是根據示波器測(ce)試(shi)要求來定(ding),5M/10M/20M/40M/60M/100M/1G......等分類選(xuan)型。
示波(bo)器(qi)雖然分成好幾(ji)類,各類又(you)有許多種型(xing)號,但是一般的示波(bo)器(qi)除(chu)頻帶寬度、輸入(ru)靈敏度等不完全(quan)相(xiang)同(tong)外,在使用方(fang)法的基本方(fang)面都是相(xiang)同(tong)的。以SR-8型(xing)雙蹤(zong)示波(bo)器(qi)為(wei)例介(jie)紹。
(一)模擬示波器面板裝置
SR-8型雙蹤示波器的(de)面板(ban)圖(tu)如(ru)上圖(tu)所示。其面板(ban)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)按其位置(zhi)和功能通(tong)常可劃分為3大部(bu)分:顯示、垂直(Y軸)、水平(X軸)。現分別介紹這(zhe)3個部(bu)分控制裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)作用。
1.顯示(shi)部(bu)分主要控制件為(wei):
(1)電源開關。
(2)電源指(zhi)示(shi)燈。
(3)輝(hui)度調整光點亮度。
(4)聚焦調整(zheng)光點或波形清晰度(du)。
(5)輔助聚焦配合“聚焦”旋(xuan)鈕調節清晰(xi)度。
(6)標(biao)尺(chi)亮(liang)度(du)調節坐標(biao)片上刻(ke)度(du)線亮(liang)度(du)。
(7)尋(xun)跡當(dang)按(an)鍵向下(xia)按(an)時(shi),使偏離熒光屏的(de)光點回到顯示(shi)區域(yu),而(er)尋(xun)到光點位置(zhi)。
(8)標準信(xin)號(hao)輸(shu)出(chu)1kHz、1V方波(bo)校(xiao)準信(xin)號(hao)由此引(yin)出(chu)。加到Y軸輸(shu)入(ru)端,用以校(xiao)準Y軸輸(shu)入(ru)靈(ling)敏度和X軸掃描速度。
2.Y軸插件部分
(1)顯示方式(shi)選擇(ze)開關用以轉換兩個Y軸前(qian)置放大器YA與YB工(gong)作狀態的控制件,具有五(wu)種不(bu)同作用的顯示方式(shi):
“交替”:當顯示方式開(kai)關(guan)置于“交替”時,電(dian)(dian)子開(kai)關(guan)受掃(sao)描(miao)信號(hao)控制轉換(huan),每次掃(sao)描(miao)都輪流接通YA或YB信號(hao)。當被(bei)測信號(hao)的(de)頻率(lv)越高(gao),掃(sao)描(miao)信號(hao)頻率(lv)也越高(gao)。電(dian)(dian)
子開關轉換速(su)率也越快,不會有閃爍現象。這種(zhong)工作狀態(tai)適用于觀察兩個工作頻率較(jiao)高的(de)信號。
“斷(duan)(duan)續(xu)”:當(dang)顯示(shi)方式開(kai)(kai)關(guan)置(zhi)于“斷(duan)(duan)續(xu)”時,電子開(kai)(kai)關(guan)不(bu)受(shou)掃描(miao)信(xin)號(hao)控制,產生頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)固定為(wei)200kHz方波信(xin)號(hao),使電子開(kai)(kai)關(guan)快(kuai)速交(jiao)替接(jie)通YA和(he)YB。由于開(kai)(kai)關(guan)動作(zuo)(zuo)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)高于被測信(xin)號(hao)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv),因(yin)此屏幕上(shang)顯示(shi)的兩個(ge)通道(dao)信(xin)號(hao)波形是斷(duan)(duan)續(xu)的。當(dang)被測信(xin)號(hao)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)較高時,斷(duan)(duan)續(xu)現象十(shi)分明(ming)顯,甚至(zhi)無法觀測;當(dang)被測信(xin)號(hao)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)較低時,斷(duan)(duan)續(xu)現象被掩蓋。因(yin)此,這種工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)狀態適(shi)合于觀察兩個(ge)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)較低的信(xin)號(hao)。
“YA”、“YB”:顯示(shi)(shi)方(fang)式開關置于(yu)“YA”或者“YB”時(shi),表示(shi)(shi)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)處于(yu)單(dan)(dan)通道工(gong)作(zuo),此時(shi)示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)的工(gong)作(zuo)方(fang)式相當于(yu)單(dan)(dan)蹤示(shi)(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi),即只能單(dan)(dan)獨(du)顯示(shi)(shi)“YA”或“YB”通道的信號波(bo)(bo)形。
“YA+YB”:顯(xian)示(shi)方式開關置于“YA+YB”時,電子開關不工作(zuo),YA與(yu)YB兩路信號(hao)均通過放大器和門(men)電路,示(shi)波器將顯(xian)示(shi)出兩路信號(hao)疊加的波形。
(2)“DC-⊥-AC”Y軸輸(shu)入選(xuan)擇(ze)開關(guan),用(yong)以(yi)選(xuan)擇(ze)被(bei)測信(xin)號(hao)接至輸(shu)入端的(de)耦(ou)合(he)方式。置(zhi)于“DC”是直(zhi)(zhi)接耦(ou)合(he),能輸(shu)入含有直(zhi)(zhi)流分量的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流信(xin)號(hao);置(zhi)于“AC”位置(zhi),實(shi)現交(jiao)(jiao)流耦(ou)合(he),只(zhi)能輸(shu)入交(jiao)(jiao)流分量;置(zhi)于“⊥”位置(zhi)時(shi),Y軸輸(shu)入端接地,這時(shi)顯示的(de)時(shi)基線一般用(yong)來(lai)作為(wei)測試直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)壓零電(dian)平的(de)參考基準線。
(3)“微調(diao)(diao)V/div”靈(ling)敏(min)度(du)(du)選擇(ze)開(kai)關及微調(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。靈(ling)敏(min)度(du)(du)選擇(ze)開(kai)關系(xi)套(tao)軸(zhou)結構,黑色旋(xuan)鈕是Y軸(zhou)靈(ling)敏(min)度(du)(du)粗(cu)調(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi),自10mv/div~20v/div分11檔。紅(hong)色旋(xuan)鈕為細調(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi),順時針方(fang)向(xiang)增加到(dao)滿(man)度(du)(du)時為校(xiao)準位置(zhi)(zhi),可按(an)粗(cu)調(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)鈕所指示的(de)數值,讀取被測信號的(de)幅度(du)(du)。當此旋(xuan)鈕反時針轉(zhuan)到(dao)滿(man)度(du)(du)時,其變化范圍應(ying)大于2.5倍,連續(xu)調(diao)(diao)節“微調(diao)(diao)”電位器,可實現各檔級之(zhi)間的(de)靈(ling)敏(min)度(du)(du)覆蓋,在作定量(liang)測量(liang)時,此旋(xuan)鈕應(ying)置(zhi)(zhi)于順時針滿(man)度(du)(du)的(de)“校(xiao)準”位置(zhi)(zhi)。
(4)“平(ping)衡”當Y軸(zhou)放(fang)大(da)器輸(shu)入電路出現(xian)不平(ping)衡時,顯示的光點(dian)或(huo)波形就(jiu)會(hui)隨“V/div”開(kai)關的“微(wei)調”旋轉而出現(xian)Y軸(zhou)方向的位移,調節“平(ping)衡”電位器能(neng)將(jiang)這種位移減至最小(xiao)。
(5)“↑↓”Y軸位(wei)(wei)(wei)移電位(wei)(wei)(wei)器,用以調節波形的垂直位(wei)(wei)(wei)置。
(6)“極性、拉YA”YA通道的(de)極性轉換(huan)按(an)拉式(shi)開(kai)關。拉出時YA通道信(xin)號倒(dao)相(xiang)顯(xian)示,即顯(xian)示方式(shi)(YA+YB)時,顯(xian)示圖(tu)像為YB-YA。
(7)“內觸(chu)(chu)發、拉YB”觸(chu)(chu)發源選(xuan)擇開關。在(zai)按的(de)位(wei)置(zhi)上(常(chang)態)掃描觸(chu)(chu)發信(xin)號(hao)分別取自(zi)YA及YB通(tong)道的(de)輸入(ru)信(xin)號(hao),適應于單蹤(zong)或(huo)雙(shuang)蹤(zong)顯(xian)示,但不(bu)能夠(gou)對雙(shuang)蹤(zong)波形作(zuo)時間(jian)比較(jiao)。當把(ba)開關拉出時,掃描的(de)觸(chu)(chu)發信(xin)號(hao)只取自(zi)于YB通(tong)道的(de)輸入(ru)信(xin)號(hao),因而它適合于雙(shuang)蹤(zong)顯(xian)示時對比兩個波形的(de)時間(jian)和(he)相位(wei)差。
(8)Y軸輸入插座(zuo)采用BNC型插座(zuo),被(bei)測信(xin)號由此直(zhi)接或經(jing)探頭輸入。
3.X軸插件部分(fen)
(1)“t/div”掃描(miao)速度選擇(ze)開關及(ji)微調旋(xuan)鈕。X軸的光點移動速度由其決定,從(cong)0.2μs~1s共分21檔級。當(dang)該開關“微調”電位(wei)器順時針(zhen)方(fang)向旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)到(dao)底并接上開關后,即為“校(xiao)準”位(wei)置,此時“t/div”的指示值,即為掃描(miao)速度的實際值。
(2)“擴(kuo)展(zhan)、拉×10”掃描速度擴(kuo)展(zhan)裝置(zhi)。是(shi)按拉式開關,在按的狀態作(zuo)正常使用(yong),拉的位置(zhi)掃描速度增加10倍。“t/div”的指示值(zhi),也應相(xiang)應計取。采用(yong)“擴(kuo)展(zhan)拉×10”適(shi)于觀察波形細節。
(3)“→←”X軸(zhou)位置(zhi)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)。系X軸(zhou)光跡(ji)的水(shui)平位置(zhi)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)電位器,是套軸(zhou)結(jie)構(gou)。外圈旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)為(wei)粗調(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)置(zhi),順時針方向旋(xuan)(xuan)轉基線右(you)移(yi)(yi),反時針方向旋(xuan)(xuan)轉則基線左移(yi)(yi)。置(zhi)于套軸(zhou)上的小旋(xuan)(xuan)鈕(niu)為(wei)細調(diao)(diao)裝(zhuang)置(zhi),適用(yong)于經擴展后信號的調(diao)(diao)節(jie)。
(4)“外(wai)觸發、X外(wai)接”插(cha)座采(cai)用BNC型插(cha)座。在使用外(wai)觸發時,作為連接外(wai)觸發信(xin)(xin)號的插(cha)座。也可以作為X軸(zhou)放大器外(wai)接時信(xin)(xin)號輸入插(cha)座。其輸入阻抗(kang)約為1MΩ。外(wai)接使用時,輸入信(xin)(xin)號的峰值應小(xiao)于12V。
(5)“觸發(fa)電平(ping)”旋(xuan)鈕觸發(fa)電平(ping)調節電位器旋(xuan)鈕。用于選擇輸入信(xin)號波(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)的(de)觸發(fa)點。具體地(di)說,就是調節開始掃(sao)描(miao)的(de)時(shi)間,決定掃(sao)描(miao)在(zai)觸發(fa)信(xin)號波(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)的(de)哪一點上被觸發(fa)。順時(shi)針方(fang)向(xiang)旋(xuan)動時(shi),觸發(fa)點趨(qu)向(xiang)信(xin)號波(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)的(de)正向(xiang)部(bu)分(fen),逆時(shi)針方(fang)向(xiang)旋(xuan)動時(shi),觸發(fa)點趨(qu)向(xiang)信(xin)號波(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)的(de)負向(xiang)部(bu)分(fen)。
(6)“穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)性”觸發(fa)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)性微(wei)調(diao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)。用(yong)以改變掃(sao)描(miao)電(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)工作狀(zhuang)態(tai),一般應(ying)處于(yu)待(dai)觸發(fa)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。調(diao)整方(fang)(fang)法(fa)是將(jiang)Y軸輸入耦合(he)方(fang)(fang)式選擇(ze)(ze)(AC-地-DC)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)置(zhi)于(yu)地檔(dang),將(jiang)V/div開(kai)(kai)關(guan)置(zhi)于(yu)最(zui)高(gao)靈敏(min)度的(de)(de)檔(dang)級(ji),在(zai)電(dian)平旋(xuan)鈕(niu)調(diao)離(li)自激狀(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)(de)情況下,用(yong)小螺絲刀將(jiang)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)度電(dian)位器(qi)(qi)順(shun)時(shi)針方(fang)(fang)向旋(xuan)到底(di),則掃(sao)描(miao)電(dian)路(lu)產生自激掃(sao)描(miao),此(ci)時(shi)屏(ping)(ping)幕(mu)(mu)(mu)上(shang)(shang)出現掃(sao)描(miao)線(xian);然后(hou)逆(ni)時(shi)針方(fang)(fang)向慢(man)(man)(man)慢(man)(man)(man)旋(xuan)動,使掃(sao)描(miao)線(xian)剛(gang)消(xiao)失。此(ci)時(shi)掃(sao)描(miao)電(dian)路(lu)即處于(yu)待(dai)觸發(fa)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。在(zai)這種狀(zhuang)態(tai)下,用(yong)示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)進行測量(liang)時(shi),只要調(diao)節(jie)電(dian)平旋(xuan)鈕(niu),即能在(zai)屏(ping)(ping)幕(mu)(mu)(mu)上(shang)(shang)獲得穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)波(bo)(bo)形,并能隨意調(diao)節(jie)選擇(ze)(ze)屏(ping)(ping)幕(mu)(mu)(mu)上(shang)(shang)波(bo)(bo)形的(de)(de)起(qi)始點位置(zhi)。少數示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi),當穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)(ding)度電(dian)位器(qi)(qi)逆(ni)時(shi)針方(fang)(fang)向旋(xuan)到底(di)時(shi),屏(ping)(ping)幕(mu)(mu)(mu)上(shang)(shang)出現掃(sao)描(miao)線(xian);然后(hou)順(shun)時(shi)針方(fang)(fang)向慢(man)(man)(man)慢(man)(man)(man)旋(xuan)動,使屏(ping)(ping)幕(mu)(mu)(mu)上(shang)(shang)掃(sao)描(miao)線(xian)剛(gang)消(xiao)失,此(ci)時(shi)掃(sao)描(miao)電(dian)路(lu)即處于(yu)待(dai)觸發(fa)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。
(7)“內、外(wai)(wai)”觸(chu)發源選(xuan)擇(ze)開關。置(zhi)于“內”位置(zhi)時,掃(sao)描觸(chu)發信(xin)號(hao)取自Y軸通(tong)道的被測信(xin)號(hao);置(zhi)于“外(wai)(wai)”位置(zhi)時,觸(chu)發信(xin)號(hao)取自“外(wai)(wai)觸(chu)發X外(wai)(wai)接”輸入端引入的外(wai)(wai)觸(chu)發信(xin)號(hao)。
(8)“AC”“AC(H)”“DC”觸發耦(ou)合(he)(he)(he)方式開關(guan)。“DC”檔(dang),是直(zhi)(zhi)流藕合(he)(he)(he)狀(zhuang)態,適合(he)(he)(he)于(yu)變化緩慢或頻(pin)率甚低(di)(di)(如低(di)(di)于(yu)100Hz)的(de)觸發信(xin)號。“AC”檔(dang),是交流藕合(he)(he)(he)狀(zhuang)態,由于(yu)隔斷了(le)觸發中的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流分(fen)量(liang),因(yin)此觸發性能不受直(zhi)(zhi)流分(fen)量(liang)影響(xiang)。“AC(H)”檔(dang),是低(di)(di)頻(pin)抑制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)交流耦(ou)合(he)(he)(he)狀(zhuang)態,在觀察包含(han)低(di)(di)頻(pin)分(fen)量(liang)的(de)高(gao)頻(pin)復合(he)(he)(he)波(bo)(bo)時,觸發信(xin)號通過(guo)高(gao)通濾波(bo)(bo)器進行耦(ou)合(he)(he)(he),抑制(zhi)(zhi)了(le)低(di)(di)頻(pin)噪聲和低(di)(di)頻(pin)觸發信(xin)號(2MHz以下的(de)低(di)(di)頻(pin)分(fen)量(liang)),免除(chu)因(yin)誤觸發而造成的(de)波(bo)(bo)形幌動。
(9)“高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)、常(chang)態、自(zi)動”觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)開關。用(yong)以選擇不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi),以適應不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)被(bei)測(ce)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)與測(ce)試目的(de)(de)(de)。“高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)”檔,頻(pin)(pin)率甚(shen)高(gao)時(shi)(如高(gao)于(yu)5MHz),且無足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)幅度使觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)穩定時(shi),選該檔。此時(shi)掃描處于(yu)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)狀態,由(you)示波器自(zi)身(shen)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(200kHz信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)),對被(bei)測(ce)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)進行(xing)(xing)同(tong)步(bu)。不(bu)必經常(chang)調(diao)(diao)整電(dian)平旋(xuan)鈕,屏幕(mu)上即能顯示穩定的(de)(de)(de)波形(xing),操作方(fang)便,有利(li)于(yu)觀察高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)波形(xing)。“常(chang)態”檔,采用(yong)來自(zi)Y軸或外(wai)接(jie)觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)輸入(ru)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)進行(xing)(xing)觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)掃描,是常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)掃描方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。“自(zi)動”擋,掃描處于(yu)自(zi)動狀態(與高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)仿(fang)),但(dan)不(bu)必調(diao)(diao)整電(dian)平旋(xuan)鈕,也能觀察到穩定的(de)(de)(de)波形(xing),操作方(fang)便,有利(li)于(yu)觀察較低頻(pin)(pin)率的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)。
(10)“+、-”觸(chu)發極性開關。在“+”位(wei)置(zhi)時(shi)選用觸(chu)發信號(hao)的(de)(de)上升(sheng)部分,在“-”位(wei)置(zhi)時(shi)選用觸(chu)發信號(hao)的(de)(de)下降部分對(dui)掃描(miao)電路(lu)進行觸(chu)發。
(二)使用前的檢查
示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器初次使用(yong)(yong)前或久(jiu)藏復用(yong)(yong)時(shi),有必要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)一次能否工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)簡單檢查和(he)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)掃描電(dian)路(lu)穩定(ding)度(du)、垂(chui)直(zhi)放(fang)大電(dian)路(lu)直(zhi)流平衡的(de)調(diao)整。示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)電(dian)壓和(he)時(shi)間的(de)定(ding)量(liang)測(ce)試時(shi),還必須進(jin)(jin)行(xing)垂(chui)直(zhi)放(fang)大電(dian)路(lu)增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)和(he)水(shui)平掃描速度(du)的(de)校準(zhun)。示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器能否正常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)檢查方法(fa)、垂(chui)直(zhi)放(fang)大電(dian)路(lu)增(zeng)益(yi)(yi)和(he)水(shui)平掃描速度(du)的(de)校準(zhun)方法(fa),由于各種型號示(shi)波(bo)(bo)器的(de)校準(zhun)信號的(de)幅度(du)、頻率等參數不一樣,因而檢查、校準(zhun)方法(fa)略有差異。
(三)使用步驟
用示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)能觀(guan)察(cha)(cha)各(ge)種不同(tong)電信(xin)號(hao)幅(fu)度隨時間(jian)變化的波(bo)形曲線(xian),在這個(ge)基礎上(shang)示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)可以應用于(yu)測量電壓、時間(jian)、頻率、相(xiang)位差和調幅(fu)度等電參數。下面介紹用示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)(qi)觀(guan)察(cha)(cha)電信(xin)號(hao)波(bo)形的使用步驟。
1.選擇Y軸(zhou)耦(ou)合方式
根據被測信號(hao)頻率(lv)的高低,將Y軸輸入耦合方式選擇“AC-地-DC”開關置(zhi)于(yu)AC或DC。
2.選擇Y軸(zhou)靈敏(min)度
根據被測信號的大約峰(feng)-峰(feng)值(如(ru)果采用(yong)衰(shuai)減探頭,應除以衰(shuai)減倍數;在(zai)耦合方式取DC檔時(shi),還要考(kao)慮疊加的直流電壓值),將Y軸靈(ling)敏度(du)選擇V/div開關(guan)(或(huo)Y軸衰(shuai)減開關(guan))置于適(shi)當(dang)檔級。實際使(shi)用(yong)中(zhong)如(ru)不需(xu)讀測電壓值,則可適(shi)當(dang)調(diao)節(jie)Y軸靈(ling)敏度(du)微(wei)調(diao)(或(huo)Y軸增(zeng)益)旋鈕,使(shi)屏(ping)幕上顯現所需(xu)要高(gao)度(du)的波形。
3.選(xuan)擇(ze)觸發(fa)(或同(tong)步)信號來源與極(ji)性
通(tong)常將觸(chu)發(或同步)信號極性開(kai)關置于“+”或“-”檔。
4.選擇掃(sao)描(miao)速(su)度(du)
根據被(bei)測信(xin)號(hao)(hao)周(zhou)期(或頻率(lv))的大約值(zhi),將X軸掃描(miao)(miao)速(su)度(du)t/div(或掃描(miao)(miao)范圍(wei))開關置于(yu)適當(dang)檔(dang)級。實際使用中如不(bu)需(xu)讀測時(shi)間值(zhi),則(ze)可適當(dang)調(diao)節掃速(su)t/div微調(diao)(或掃描(miao)(miao)微調(diao))旋鈕,使屏幕上顯示測試所(suo)需(xu)周(zhou)期數的波形。如果(guo)需(xu)要觀察的是信(xin)號(hao)(hao)的邊沿部分,則(ze)掃速(su)t/div開關應(ying)置于(yu)最快掃速(su)檔(dang)。
5.輸入(ru)被(bei)測信號
被(bei)測信號(hao)由探頭衰減(jian)后(或由同軸電(dian)纜不(bu)衰減(jian)直接輸(shu)(shu)入(ru),但此時的輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)阻(zu)抗(kang)降(jiang)低、輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)容(rong)增大),通(tong)過Y軸輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)端(duan)輸(shu)(shu)入(ru)示波器。
沒有光點或波形電源未接(jie)通。
輝度旋鈕(niu)未調節好。
X,Y軸(zhou)移位旋鈕位置調偏(pian)。
Y軸(zhou)平衡電位器調整(zheng)不當,造成直流(liu)放大電路嚴重失衡。
水平方向展不開觸(chu)發源選擇開關置于外(wai)檔,且無(wu)外(wai)觸(chu)發信號輸入,則無(wu)鋸齒波產生。
電(dian)平(ping)旋鈕調節不當(dang)。
穩定度電位器沒有(you)調整在(zai)使(shi)掃描電路處于待(dai)觸發的臨界狀態。
X軸選擇誤置(zhi)于X外接位置(zhi),且外接插座上又無信號輸入。
兩蹤示波器如果只(zhi)使用A通(tong)道(dao)(B通(tong)道(dao)無(wu)輸入信號),而內觸(chu)發開關置于拉YB位置,則無(wu)鋸(ju)齒波產生。
垂直方向無展示輸(shu)入耦合方式DC-接地-AC開關誤置于接地位置。
輸(shu)入端的高(gao)、低電位端與被測電路的高(gao)、低電位端接反。
輸(shu)入信號較小(xiao),而V/div誤(wu)置于低靈(ling)敏度(du)檔。
波形不穩定穩(wen)定度(du)(du)電(dian)位器順時針旋轉過度(du)(du),致使掃(sao)描電(dian)路處于自激掃(sao)描狀態(未處于待(dai)觸(chu)發的(de)臨界(jie)狀態)。
觸(chu)發(fa)耦合(he)方式AC、AC(H)、DC開關未能按照不(bu)同觸(chu)發(fa)信號頻率(lv)正確選擇相應檔級(ji)。
選擇(ze)高頻觸發狀態時,觸發源選擇(ze)開關誤置于(yu)外檔(應(ying)置于(yu)內檔。)
部分示波(bo)器掃描處于自動(dong)檔(連續掃描)時,波(bo)形(xing)不穩定(ding)。
垂直線條密集或呈現一矩形t/div開關選擇不當,致使f掃描<水平線(xian)條密集或呈一條傾斜水平線(xian)t/div關(guan)選擇(ze)不當(dang),致使f掃(sao)描>>f信號。垂直方向的電壓讀數(shu)不準未進行(xing)垂直(zhi)方(fang)向的偏轉靈敏度(v/div)校準。
進行v/div校(xiao)準時,v/div微調旋鈕未置(zhi)于校(xiao)正位置(zhi)(即(ji)順時針方向(xiang)未旋足)。
進行測(ce)試時,v/div微調(diao)(diao)旋(xuan)鈕調(diao)(diao)離了校正位置(zhi)(即(ji)調(diao)(diao)離了順時針方向旋(xuan)足的位置(zhi))。
使(shi)用10:1衰(shuai)減探頭(tou),計算電壓時(shi)未乘以10倍。
被測信號頻(pin)(pin)率超(chao)過示波(bo)器的最(zui)高使用頻(pin)(pin)率,示波(bo)器讀數比實(shi)際值(zhi)偏小。
測得(de)的是(shi)峰-峰值(zhi),正弦有效值(zhi)需換算求得(de)。
水平方向的讀數不準未(wei)進行水平方向的偏轉靈敏度(t/div)校準。
進行t/div校準時,t/div微調旋鈕未置于(yu)校準位(wei)置(即順時針方向未旋足)。
進行測試(shi)時(shi),t/div微調旋鈕調離了(le)校正位置(即調離了(le)順時(shi)針方向旋足(zu)的位置)。
掃速擴展開關置于拉(×10)位置時,測試(shi)未按(an)t/div開關指示值(zhi)提高靈敏度(du)10倍(bei)計算。
交直流疊加信號的直流電壓值分辨不清Y軸輸(shu)入(ru)耦(ou)合選擇DC-接地-AC開關誤置(zhi)于AC檔(應置(zhi)于DC檔)。
測試前未(wei)將(jiang)DC-接(jie)地-AC開關置于接(jie)地檔進行直(zhi)流(liu)電平參考點校(xiao)正。
Y軸平(ping)衡電位器未調整(zheng)好。
測不(bu)出兩(liang)個(ge)信號間的相位差;
測不出兩個(ge)信號間的相位(wei)差(波形顯示法);
雙蹤示(shi)波器(qi)誤把內觸發(拉YB)開關(guan)置于按(常態)位置應把該開關(guan)置于拉YB位置。
雙蹤示(shi)波器沒有正(zheng)確選擇顯示(shi)方式開關的交替和斷續檔(dang)。
單(dan)線示波(bo)器觸(chu)發選擇開關誤置于內檔。
單線示波器觸(chu)發選擇開關雖置于外(wai)檔,但(dan)兩次外(wai)觸(chu)發未采用同一信號。
調幅波(bo)形失常t/div開關選擇不當,掃描頻(pin)(pin)率誤按(an)(an)調幅波(bo)載波(bo)頻(pin)(pin)率選擇(應(ying)按(an)(an)音頻(pin)(pin)調幅信(xin)號頻(pin)(pin)率選擇)。
波(bo)形調不到要求的(de)起始時間和部位(wei)穩定度電位(wei)器(qi)未調整在待觸(chu)發的(de)臨界觸(chu)發點上。
觸(chu)發極(ji)性(xing)(+、-)與觸(chu)發電平(+、-)配(pei)合不當。
觸發方(fang)式開關誤置于自(zi)動檔(dang)(應置于常態檔(dang))。
觸發(fa)或同步掃描緩(huan)緩(huan)調節觸發(fa)電平(或同步)旋鈕,屏幕(mu)上(shang)顯(xian)現穩定的波(bo)形(xing),根(gen)據觀察(cha)需(xu)要,適(shi)當調節電平旋鈕,以顯(xian)示相應(ying)起始(shi)位(wei)置的波(bo)形(xing)。
如果用(yong)(yong)雙(shuang)蹤(zong)示(shi)波(bo)器觀(guan)察波(bo)形,作單蹤(zong)顯(xian)示(shi)時,顯(xian)示(shi)方式開(kai)(kai)關(guan)置(zhi)(zhi)于YA或YB。被測信號通過YA或YB輸入端輸入示(shi)波(bo)器。Y軸(zhou)(zhou)的觸發(fa)(fa)源(yuan)選擇(ze)“內觸發(fa)(fa)一拉YB”開(kai)(kai)關(guan)置(zhi)(zhi)于按(常態)位置(zhi)(zhi)。若示(shi)波(bo)器作兩蹤(zong)顯(xian)示(shi)時,顯(xian)示(shi)方式開(kai)(kai)關(guan)置(zhi)(zhi)于交替檔(適用(yong)(yong)于觀(guan)察頻(pin)率(lv)不太(tai)低的信號),或斷續檔(適用(yong)(yong)于觀(guan)察頻(pin)率(lv)不太(tai)高的信號),此時Y軸(zhou)(zhou)的觸發(fa)(fa)源(yuan)選擇(ze)“內觸發(fa)(fa)-拉YB”開(kai)(kai)關(guan)置(zhi)(zhi)“拉YB”檔。
使用(yong)(yong)不(bu)當造成(cheng)的異常現象(xiang)示(shi)波器在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)中,往往由于(yu)操作(zuo)者(zhe)對于(yu)示(shi)波原理(li)(li)不(bu)甚(shen)理(li)(li)解和對示(shi)波器面板控制(zhi)裝(zhuang)置的作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)熟(shu)悉(xi),會(hui)出現由于(yu)調節(jie)不(bu)當而造成(cheng)異常現象(xiang)。
利用示(shi)波(bo)器所做的(de)(de)(de)任何測(ce)(ce)量(liang),都是(shi)歸結為對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)。示(shi)波(bo)器可(ke)以(yi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)各種波(bo)形的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)幅(fu)度(du),既可(ke)以(yi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和正弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya),又(you)可(ke)以(yi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)脈沖(chong)或非正弦(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)幅(fu)度(du)。更有用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)它可(ke)以(yi)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)一個脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波(bo)形各部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)幅(fu)值,如上沖(chong)量(liang)或頂部下降量(liang)等。這(zhe)是(shi)其他(ta)任何電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀器都不能比(bi)擬(ni)的(de)(de)(de)。
1.直接測量法
所謂直接測(ce)(ce)量法,就是直接從屏幕上量出被測(ce)(ce)電壓波形的(de)高(gao)度,然(ran)后換算(suan)成電壓值。定(ding)量測(ce)(ce)試電壓時,一般把Y軸(zhou)靈敏度開關的(de)微(wei)調旋鈕轉至(zhi)“校準”位置上,這樣,就可以從“V/div”的(de)指示值和被測(ce)(ce)信號占取(qu)的(de)縱(zong)軸(zhou)坐(zuo)標值直接計算(suan)被測(ce)(ce)電壓值。所以,直接測(ce)(ce)量法又稱為標尺法。
(1)交流電壓的測量(liang)
將Y軸輸入耦合開關(guan)置(zhi)于“AC”位置(zhi),顯示出輸入波形的(de)交流(liu)成分。如交流(liu)信號(hao)的(de)頻(pin)率很低時,則應(ying)將Y軸輸入耦合開關(guan)置(zhi)于“DC”位置(zhi)。
將被(bei)測(ce)波(bo)(bo)形移至示(shi)波(bo)(bo)管屏幕的(de)(de)中心(xin)位置(zhi),用“V/div”開(kai)關將被(bei)測(ce)波(bo)(bo)形控制在屏幕有(you)效工作(zuo)面積的(de)(de)范圍內,按坐(zuo)標刻度片的(de)(de)分度讀取整(zheng)個(ge)波(bo)(bo)形所(suo)占(zhan)Y軸方向的(de)(de)度數(shu)H,則被(bei)測(ce)電壓的(de)(de)峰-峰值(zhi)VP-P可等(deng)于“V/div”開(kai)關指示(shi)值(zhi)與(yu)H的(de)(de)乘(cheng)積。如(ru)果使用探頭測(ce)量(liang)時(shi),應把探頭的(de)(de)衰(shuai)減量(liang)計(ji)算(suan)在內,即把上(shang)述計(ji)算(suan)數(shu)值(zhi)乘(cheng)10。
例如示波器的Y軸(zhou)靈(ling)敏度(du)開關“V/div”位于0.2檔級,被測波形(xing)占Y軸(zhou)的坐(zuo)標幅度(du)H為5div,則(ze)此信號(hao)電(dian)壓的峰-峰值為1V。如是經探頭測量,仍(reng)指示上述數值,則(ze)被測信號(hao)電(dian)壓的峰-峰值就為10V。
(2)直流(liu)電(dian)壓的(de)測量
將Y軸輸(shu)入(ru)耦合開關置于“地”位置,觸發(fa)方式開關置“自動”位置,使屏幕(mu)顯示一(yi)水平掃描(miao)線(xian),此掃描(miao)線(xian)便(bian)為(wei)零(ling)電平線(xian)。
將Y軸(zhou)輸入(ru)耦合開關(guan)置“DC”位(wei)置,加(jia)入(ru)被測(ce)電壓,此時,掃描線在Y軸(zhou)方向產生跳變位(wei)移H,被測(ce)電壓即為“V/div”開關(guan)指示值與H的(de)乘積。
直(zhi)接測量法簡(jian)單易(yi)行(xing),但誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)較大。產生誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)的因素(su)有(you)讀數誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)、視差(cha)(cha)和示波(bo)器(qi)的系統誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(衰減器(qi)、偏轉(zhuan)系統、示波(bo)管(guan)邊(bian)緣效應)等(deng)。
2.比較測量法
比較(jiao)測量法就是用一已知(zhi)的標準(zhun)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)形與(yu)被測電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)形進(jin)行(xing)比較(jiao)求得被測電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值。
將被(bei)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)Vx輸入(ru)示波器的(de)(de)Y軸通道(dao),調(diao)節Y軸靈敏度(du)選擇開關“V/div”及其微(wei)調(diao)旋鈕,使熒光(guang)屏顯(xian)(xian)示出便(bian)于測(ce)量的(de)(de)高度(du)Hx并做好(hao)記錄,且(qie)“V/div”開關及微(wei)調(diao)旋鈕位置保持不變。去(qu)掉被(bei)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),把一個已知(zhi)的(de)(de)可調(diao)標準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)Vs輸入(ru)Y軸,調(diao)節標準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)輸出幅度(du),使它顯(xian)(xian)示與被(bei)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)幅度(du)。此時,標準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)輸出幅度(du)等于被(bei)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)幅度(du)。比較(jiao)法(fa)測(ce)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)可避免垂直系統引起(qi)和誤差,因(yin)而提高了測(ce)量精度(du)。
示波(bo)器(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)基能產生(sheng)與時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)呈(cheng)線性關系的掃(sao)描線,因而(er)可(ke)以用熒光屏的水(shui)平刻度來(lai)測量(liang)波(bo)形(xing)的時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)參數,如周(zhou)期(qi)性信(xin)(xin)號(hao)的重復周(zhou)期(qi)、脈沖信(xin)(xin)號(hao)的寬度、時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)隔、上升時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(前(qian)沿)和下降時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(后沿)、兩個(ge)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)的時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)差(cha)等(deng)等(deng)。
將示波器的(de)掃(sao)速開關“t/div”的(de)“微(wei)調”裝置轉至校準(zhun)位置時,顯示的(de)波形(xing)在水平方向(xiang)刻度所代表(biao)的(de)時間可按“t/div”開關的(de)指示值直讀計算,從(cong)而(er)較準(zhun)確地(di)求出被測(ce)信號的(de)時間參數。
利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)示波器(qi)測(ce)量兩個(ge)正弦電壓之間(jian)的(de)相(xiang)位(wei)差具有(you)實用(yong)(yong)意義,用(yong)(yong)計數器(qi)可(ke)以測(ce)量頻率和(he)時間(jian),但不能(neng)直(zhi)接測(ce)量正弦電壓之間(jian)的(de)相(xiang)位(wei)關系。利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)示波器(qi)測(ce)量相(xiang)位(wei)的(de)方(fang)法很(hen)多,下面,僅(jin)介紹幾種常用(yong)(yong)的(de)簡單方(fang)法。
1.雙蹤法
雙(shuang)蹤法是用雙(shuang)蹤示波(bo)(bo)器在熒光屏上直接(jie)(jie)比較兩個被(bei)測電壓的波(bo)(bo)形來測量(liang)其相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)關系。測量(liang)時,將相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)超(chao)前(qian)的信號接(jie)(jie)入YB通道(dao),另一個信號接(jie)(jie)入YA通道(dao)。選用YB觸發。調節“t/div”開關,使被(bei)測波(bo)(bo)形的一個周期(qi)在水(shui)平標尺上準(zhun)確地占(zhan)滿8div,這樣,一個周期(qi)的相(xiang)(xiang)角360°被(bei)8等(deng)分,每(mei)1div相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)于45°。讀出超(chao)前(qian)波(bo)(bo)與(yu)滯后波(bo)(bo)在水(shui)平軸的差(cha)(cha)距T,按下式計算相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)差(cha)(cha)φ:
φ=45°/div×T(div)如(ru)T==1.5div,則φ=45°/div×1.5div=67.5°
2.圖形法測相位
將示波器(qi)(qi)的(de)X軸(zhou)選(xuan)擇置于(yu)X軸(zhou)輸(shu)入位置,將信號u1接(jie)入示波器(qi)(qi)的(de)Y軸(zhou)輸(shu)入端,信號u2接(jie)入示波器(qi)(qi)的(de)X軸(zhou)輸(shu)入端。適當調節示波器(qi)(qi)面板上(shang)相關旋鈕,使熒光屏上(shang)顯(xian)現(xian)一個(ge)大(da)小適宜(yi)的(de)橢(tuo)圓(在特(te)殊情況下(xia),可(ke)能是一個(ge)正(zheng)圓或一根(gen)斜(xie)線)。
設Y軸偏(pian)轉板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)u1導(dao)前于X軸偏(pian)轉板(ban)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)u21/8周(zhou)期,設u2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)初(chu)相(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)零(ling),即φ2=0,因此(ci)(ci)當(dang)u2為(wei)零(ling)時(shi),u1為(wei)一個(ge)(ge)較大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)值(zhi)(zhi)。如(ru)圖(tu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“0”點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。此(ci)(ci)時(shi),熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)(ye)相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)地(di)位(wei)(wei)于“0”點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。隨(sui)著時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化,u1上(shang)(shang)(shang)升(sheng),u2也(ye)(ye)上(shang)(shang)(shang)升(sheng),則熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向右上(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)(fang)移動。當(dang)經1/8周(zhou)期后,u1、u2分別到(dao)達(da)“1”點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),此(ci)(ci)時(shi)u1到(dao)達(da)最大(da)(da)(da)值(zhi)(zhi),u2為(wei)一個(ge)(ge)較大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)值(zhi)(zhi),熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)于相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“1”。如(ru)此(ci)(ci)繼續下去,熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)將描出一個(ge)(ge)順時(shi)針(zhen)旋轉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)。如(ru)果u1滯后于u2則形成一個(ge)(ge)逆時(shi)針(zhen)旋轉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)。當(dang)然(ran),這只有在(zai)(zai)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)頻率很低時(shi)(如(ru)幾赫(he)茲(zi)),且(qie)在(zai)(zai)短余輝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏上(shang)(shang)(shang)便會(hui)清楚地(di)看到(dao)熒(ying)(ying)光(guang)屏上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)順時(shi)針(zhen)或(huo)逆時(shi)針(zhen)旋轉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。由上(shang)(shang)(shang)述可見橢(tuo)圓(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形狀是(shi)(shi)(shi)隨(sui)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)正弦(xian)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)電壓u1、u2相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同而(er)不同。因此(ci)(ci)可以根據(ju)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形狀確定(ding)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)正弦(xian)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)Δφ。設A是(shi)(shi)(shi)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)與(yu)Y軸交點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縱坐標(biao),B是(shi)(shi)(shi)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)各(ge)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)坐標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)(da)值(zhi)(zhi)。由圖(tu)可見,A是(shi)(shi)(shi)對應(ying)于t=0時(shi)u1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬時(shi)電壓,即A=Um1sinφ1B是(shi)(shi)(shi)對應(ying)于u1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幅值(zhi)(zhi),即B=Um1于是(shi)(shi)(shi)A/B=(Um1sinφ1)/Um1=sinφ1來表(biao)示。在(zai)(zai)實際(ji)測試(shi)中(zhong)為(wei)讀數(shu)方(fang)(fang)便,常讀取2A,2B(或(huo)2C,2D),按(an)式(shi)Δφ=arcsin(2A/2B)或(huo)Δφ=arcsin(2C/2D)來計算相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)差(cha)。
如(ru)果橢圓的(de)主軸在第(di)(di)1和第(di)(di)3象限內,則相位(wei)差在0°~90°或270°~360°之間(jian)(jian);如(ru)果主軸在第(di)(di)2和第(di)(di)4象限內,相位(wei)差在90°~180°或180°~270°之間(jian)(jian)。
用示波器測量信號頻(pin)率的方(fang)法(fa)很多,下面(mian)介紹常用的兩種基本(ben)方(fang)法(fa)。
1.周期法
對于任何周(zhou)期(qi)信(xin)號,可用前述(shu)的時間間隔的測(ce)量方法,先測(ce)定(ding)其每個(ge)周(zhou)期(qi)的時間T,再用下式(shi)求出頻率f:f=1/T
例如(ru)示波器上顯(xian)示的被(bei)測波形,一周期為(wei)8div,“t/div”開關(guan)置(zhi)“1μs”位(wei)(wei)置(zhi),其(qi)“微調(diao)”置(zhi)“校準”位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)。則其(qi)周期和頻率(lv)計算如(ru)下:
T=1us/div×8div=8usf=1/8us=125kHz所以,被(bei)測波(bo)形的頻率為125kHz。
2.圖形法測頻率
將示波器置X-Y工作方式(shi),被測信號輸(shu)入(ru)Y軸,標準頻率(lv)信號輸(shu)入(ru)“X外接”,慢慢改變標準頻率(lv),使這兩個信號頻率(lv)成整數倍時,例如fx:
fy=1:2,則在熒光屏上會形成穩定的圖形。
圖(tu)的形(xing)狀不但與(yu)兩個偏轉(zhuan)電(dian)壓(ya)的相位有關(guan),而且與(yu)兩個偏轉(zhuan)電(dian)壓(ya)的頻(pin)率也有關(guan)。用(yong)描跡法可以畫出ux與(yu)uy的各(ge)種頻(pin)率比(bi)、不同(tong)相位差時的圖(tu)形(xing)。
利用圖(tu)形(xing)與(yu)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)的(de)關系(xi),可進行準確的(de)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)比較來測定(ding)被測信號的(de)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)。其方法(fa)是分別通(tong)過圖(tu)形(xing)引(yin)水(shui)平線(xian)和垂直線(xian),所引(yin)的(de)水(shui)平線(xian)垂直線(xian)不要通(tong)過圖(tu)形(xing)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)叉點或(huo)與(yu)其相(xiang)切。若(ruo)水(shui)平線(xian)與(yu)圖(tu)形(xing)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)點數(shu)為m,垂直線(xian)與(yu)圖(tu)形(xing)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)點數(shu)n,則
fy/fx=m/n
當(dang)標準頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)fx(或(huo)fy)為已(yi)知(zhi)時(shi),由(you)上式可以求出被測信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)fy(或(huo)fx)。顯然,在(zai)實(shi)際測試(shi)工作中,用李沙育圖形進行頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)測試(shi)時(shi),為了使(shi)測試(shi)簡(jian)便正確,在(zai)條件許可的(de)情況下,通(tong)常盡可能調節已(yi)知(zhi)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv),使(shi)熒光屏上顯示的(de)圖形為圓(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)(yuan)。這(zhe)時(shi)被測信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)等于(yu)已(yi)知(zhi)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)。
由(you)于加到示波器(qi)上的兩個電(dian)壓相位不(bu)同,熒(ying)光屏上圖形會有(you)不(bu)同的形狀(zhuang),但這對確定未知頻率并無影響。
儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)操作人員的安全和儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)安全,儀(yi)器(qi)(qi)在安全范圍內正常工(gong)作,保證測量波形(xing)準確、數據可靠,應注(zhu)意:
1.通(tong)用示波器通(tong)過(guo)調節亮度(du)和聚焦旋鈕使(shi)(shi)光(guang)點(dian)直徑(jing)最小以(yi)使(shi)(shi)波形清(qing)晰,減小測(ce)試誤差;不(bu)要使(shi)(shi)光(guang)點(dian)停留在(zai)一點(dian)不(bu)動(dong),否則電子束轟擊(ji)一點(dian)宜在(zai)熒光(guang)屏上(shang)形成暗斑,損壞熒光(guang)屏。
2.測量系統-例如(ru)示波器、信號源;打印機(ji)、計算機(ji)等(deng)設(she)備(bei)(bei)等(deng)。被測電(dian)(dian)子設(she)備(bei)(bei)-例如(ru)儀器、電(dian)(dian)子部(bu)件、電(dian)(dian)路板、被測設(she)備(bei)(bei)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源等(deng)設(she)備(bei)(bei)接(jie)地線必須與公共地(大地)相連。
3.TDS200/TDS1000/TDS2000系(xi)列(lie)數(shu)字示波器(qi)配合探頭使用時,只能(neng)測(ce)量(被測(ce)信號(hao)-信號(hao)地(di)(di)(di)就是大地(di)(di)(di),信號(hao)端輸出幅(fu)度小(xiao)于300VCATII)信號(hao)的(de)波形。絕對不(bu)(bu)能(neng)測(ce)量市(shi)電AC220V或與市(shi)電AC220V不(bu)(bu)能(neng)隔離的(de)電子(zi)設(she)備的(de)浮地(di)(di)(di)信號(hao)。(浮地(di)(di)(di)是不(bu)(bu)能(neng)接大地(di)(di)(di)的(de),否則造成儀器(qi)損壞,如測(ce)試電磁爐。)
4.通用(yong)(yong)(yong)示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)的外殼,信號(hao)(hao)輸(shu)入端(duan)BNC插座金屬外圈,探(tan)頭(tou)接(jie)地(di)(di)線(xian),AC220V電源(yuan)插座接(jie)地(di)(di)線(xian)端(duan)都是相通的。如儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)時不接(jie)大地(di)(di)線(xian),直(zhi)接(jie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)探(tan)頭(tou)對浮地(di)(di)信號(hao)(hao)測(ce)量,則儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)相對大地(di)(di)會產生電位差;電壓值等于探(tan)頭(tou)接(jie)地(di)(di)線(xian)接(jie)觸(chu)被測(ce)設(she)備(bei)點與大地(di)(di)之間(jian)的電位差。這將對儀(yi)(yi)器(qi)操作人(ren)員、示(shi)波(bo)器(qi)、被測(ce)電子設(she)備(bei)帶來嚴(yan)重安全危(wei)險。
5.用(yong)戶如須要(yao)測量開(kai)關電(dian)源(開(kai)關電(dian)源初級,控制電(dian)路)、UPS(不(bu)間斷電(dian)源)、電(dian)子(zi)整流器(qi)、節能燈、變頻(pin)器(qi)等(deng)類型產品或其它與市電(dian)AC220V不(bu)能隔離(li)的電(dian)子(zi)設備進行浮地(di)信號測試時,必(bi)使用(yong)DP100高壓隔離(li)差分探(tan)頭(tou)。
示波(bo)器使用中的其他注(zhu)意(yi)事(shi)項:
(1)熱電子儀器(qi)一般要避免頻繁開機(ji)、關機(ji),示波(bo)器(qi)也是這樣(yang)。
(2)如果發現波形受(shou)外界(jie)干擾,可將示波器外殼接地。
(3)“Y輸(shu)入”的電壓不可太高,以免(mian)損壞儀器,在(zai)最大(da)衰減時也(ye)不能超(chao)過(guo)400V.“Y輸(shu)入”導線懸空時,受(shou)外界(jie)電磁干(gan)擾出現(xian)干(gan)擾波(bo)形,應避免(mian)出現(xian)這種現(xian)象。
(4)關機前先(xian)將輝度(du)調節旋(xuan)鈕沿逆時針方向轉到底,使亮度(du)減到最(zui)小,然后再(zai)斷開電(dian)源(yuan)開關。
(5)在觀察熒屏上的亮(liang)(liang)斑并進(jin)行調節時,亮(liang)(liang)斑的亮(liang)(liang)度(du)要適中,不(bu)能過亮(liang)(liang)。
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