長(chang)(chang)白(bai)松(song)產(chan)于吉林長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山北坡海拔800-1600米,在二(er)道白(bai)河(he)(he)以上的(de)(de)林中組成小(xiao)片(pian)純(chun)(chun)林;在海拔1600米的(de)(de)林中則與紅松(song)、長(chang)(chang)白(bai)魚鱗云杉等混(hun)生。模(mo)式標本采自(zi)長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山。長(chang)(chang)白(bai)松(song)天(tian)然分布區(qu)很狹窄(zhai),只見于吉林省安圖縣長(chang)(chang)白(bai)山北坡,海拔700-1600米的(de)(de)二(er)道白(bai)河(he)(he)與三道白(bai)河(he)(he)沿岸的(de)(de)狹長(chang)(chang)地(di)段(duan),尚(shang)存小(xiao)片(pian)純(chun)(chun)林及散生林木。
長白松是喬木,高20-30米,徑25-40厘米,稀達1米;樹(shu)干通(tong)直(zhi)平滑,基部稍粗糙(cao),棕(zong)褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)帶(dai)黃(huang)(huang)(huang),龜裂(lie),下中(zhong)部以上樹(shu)皮棕(zong)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)至金(jin)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),裂(lie)成鱗狀薄片剝落;冬芽卵圓形,芽鱗紅褐(he)(he)色(se)(se),有樹(shu)脂(zhi);一年生枝(zhi)(zhi)淡褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)或淡黃(huang)(huang)(huang)褐(he)(he)色(se)(se),無白粉,二至三年生枝(zhi)(zhi)淡灰褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)或灰褐(he)(he)色(se)(se)。
針葉2枚一束,長5-8厘米,較粗硬,徑1-1.5毫(hao)米;橫切面扁半圓形,單層皮下(xia)層細胞,維管(guan)束之(zhi)間的距離較寬,樹(shu)脂道4-8,邊生(sheng),稀角部1-2個(ge)(ge)中生(sheng)或背面1個(ge)(ge)中生(sheng)。
一年生(sheng)小球果(guo)近球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),具短(duan)梗,彎曲下(xia)垂(chui),種鱗(lin)具直伸的(de)短(duan)刺;成(cheng)熟的(de)球果(guo)卵(luan)狀圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),種鱗(lin)張開后為橢圓狀卵(luan)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或長卵(luan)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長4-5厘米(mi),徑3-4.5厘米(mi),種鱗(lin)背部(bu)深(shen)紫褐色(se)(se),鱗(lin)盾斜方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或不(bu)規則4-5角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),灰色(se)(se)或淡褐灰色(se)(se),強(qiang)隆起,很(hen)少微(wei)隆起或近平,球果(guo)基部(bu)種鱗(lin)之鱗(lin)盾隆起部(bu)分向(xiang)下(xia)彎,橫脊明顯(xian),縱脊不(bu)明顯(xian)或微(wei)明顯(xian),鱗(lin)臍呈瘤狀突起,具易脫落的(de)短(duan)刺。
種子長卵圓(yuan)形或三(san)角狀卵圓(yuan)形,長約4毫米(mi)(mi),連翅長約2厘米(mi)(mi),種翅淡褐色(se),有(you)少數褐色(se)條紋,寬約7毫米(mi)(mi)。
該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)針葉(xie)較(jiao)短,較(jiao)粗硬,葉(xie)內兩維管(guan)束之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)距離(li)較(jiao)寬(kuan),種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)的鱗(lin)(lin)盾(dun)(dun)斜(xie)方形(xing)或不(bu)規則多(duo)角形(xing),隆(long)起(qi)(qi),樹皮棕褐色(se)帶黃(huang)(huang),這(zhe)些性(xing)狀顯(xian)屬歐洲(zhou)赤松(song)(song)(P. sylvestris Linn.)的種(zhong)(zhong)群范圍。它與(yu)樟(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)松(song)(song)(P. sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.)的區(qu)別在于后者樹皮為黃(huang)(huang)色(se)至褐黃(huang)(huang)色(se)、內側金黃(huang)(huang)色(se),針葉(xie)更為粗硬,徑1.5-2毫米,樹脂道多(duo)達6-11個(ge),球(qiu)果(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)盾(dun)(dun)淡(dan)綠褐色(se);而該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)除樹皮顏色(se)與(yu)樟(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)松(song)(song)不(bu)同(tong)外(wai),針葉(xie)比(bi)樟(zhang)(zhang)子(zi)松(song)(song)略細,徑1-1.5毫米,球(qiu)果(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)盾(dun)(dun)淡(dan)褐灰色(se)。該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)赤松(song)(song)(P. densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.)顯(xian)然不(bu)同(tong),除針葉(xie)較(jiao)粗外(wai),該變(bian)種(zhong)(zhong)針葉(xie)內2維管(guan)束之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的距離(li)較(jiao)大(da),一(yi)年(nian)生小(xiao)球(qiu)果(guo)下垂,具(ju)直伸(shen)的短刺(ci),成(cheng)熟球(qiu)果(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)的鱗(lin)(lin)盾(dun)(dun)強(qiang)隆(long)起(qi)(qi);而赤松(song)(song)雖(sui)然變(bian)異(yi)很大(da),但針葉(xie)內2維管(guan)束之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的距離(li)較(jiao)小(xiao),一(yi)年(nian)生小(xiao)球(qiu)果(guo)不(bu)下垂,鱗(lin)(lin)臍具(ju)斜(xie)上(shang)伸(shen)展之(zhi)(zhi)刺(ci),成(cheng)熟球(qiu)果(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)鱗(lin)(lin)盾(dun)(dun)僅微肥厚或部(bu)分種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)上(shang)部(bu)呈角脊狀隆(long)起(qi)(qi),這(zhe)些穩定(ding)性(xing)狀易(yi)與(yu)長白松(song)(song)區(qu)別。
長(chang)白(bai)松(song)為(wei)喜光(guang)性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)、深根性(xing)(xing)樹種(zhong),能適(shi)應土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)水分較(jiao)少的山(shan)脊及(ji)(ji)向陽(yang)山(shan)坡(po),以及(ji)(ji)較(jiao)干(gan)旱(han)的砂(sha)地(di)及(ji)(ji)石礫(li)砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)區。分布區的氣(qi)候溫涼,濕(shi)度大(da),積雪時(shi)間長(chang)。年(nian)平(ping)均溫4.4℃,1月(yue)份平(ping)均溫-15℃-18℃,7月(yue)份平(ping)均溫20-22℃以上(shang),極(ji)端最高溫37.5℃,極(ji)端最低(di)(di)溫-40℃左(zuo)右(you);年(nian)降水量(liang)600-1340毫(hao)米(mi),相對(dui)濕(shi)度70%以上(shang),無霜期90-100天。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)發育在(zai)火山(shan)灰土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)上(shang)的山(shan)地(di)暗棕(zong)(zong)色森林土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)及(ji)(ji)山(shan)地(di)棕(zong)(zong)色針葉森林土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),二(er)氧化(hua)硅(gui)(Sio2)粉沫(mo)含(han)量(liang)大(da),腐殖質(zhi)含(han)量(liang)少,保水性(xing)(xing)能低(di)(di)而透水性(xing)(xing)能強(qiang),pH值4.7-6.2。長(chang)白(bai)松(song)為(wei)陽(yang)性(xing)(xing)樹種(zhong),根系深長(chang),可耐一定干(gan)旱(han),在(zai)海拔較(jiao)低(di)(di)的地(di)帶常(chang)組成(cheng)小塊純林,在(zai)海拔1300米(mi)以上(shang)常(chang)與(yu)紅(hong)松(song)、紅(hong)皮云杉(shan)、長(chang)白(bai)魚鱗云杉(shan)、臭(chou)冷杉(shan)、黃花落葉松(song)等樹種(zhong)組成(cheng)混交林。
種子繁殖,長白松種子既(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)秋采春播,也可(ke)(ke)(ke)在低溫干燥條件下(xia)長期保存。播種前(qian)要(yao)消毒、催(cui)芽,條播或散播,播種后7天出(chu)土,出(chu)苗后要(yao)預(yu)防立枯病。在高生長速生期結束前(qian),要(yao)注(zhu)意灌溉,2年(nian)即可(ke)(ke)(ke)出(chu)圃(pu)造林,避免營造純林。
長(chang)白松可(ke)供建筑、枕木、電(dian)桿、船舶、器具、家具及木纖維工業原(yuan)料(liao)等用材。可(ke)作庭園觀賞(shang)及綠(lv)化樹種。花粉可(ke)入藥,莖干(gan)木質部提取(qu)物也可(ke)入藥。