由于原產地(di)(di)地(di)(di)理分布的(de)差異,在原產中(zhong)國的(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹中(zhong),樟子(zi)松(song)(song)(song)(song)、新疆五針松(song)(song)(song)(song)、偃松(song)(song)(song)(song)最(zui)耐寒,對熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)要求最(zui)低。紅(hong)松(song)(song)(song)(song)對熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)要求也較(jiao)低。赤松(song)(song)(song)(song)、油松(song)(song)(song)(song)、白皮松(song)(song)(song)(song)、華山松(song)(song)(song)(song)、高山松(song)(song)(song)(song)、黃山松(song)(song)(song)(song)、巴山松(song)(song)(song)(song)為暖溫帶和亞熱(re)(re)帶高海拔地(di)(di)區樹種,對熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)要求中(zhong)等。馬(ma)尾松(song)(song)(song)(song)、云南松(song)(song)(song)(song)、喬(qiao)松(song)(song)(song)(song)和思茅松(song)(song)(song)(song)分布于更靠南的(de)地(di)(di)區,要求較(jiao)高的(de)熱(re)(re)量(liang)(liang)。
南亞松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)是熱(re)帶松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)樹,對(dui)熱(re)量的(de)要求最高(gao)。對(dui)濕(shi)潤(run)條件的(de)要求,五(wu)針松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)一般高(gao)于二(er)針松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),但也因種(zhong)而異。例如同為五(wu)針松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)紅松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)和(he)華山(shan)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song),前(qian)者比(bi)后(hou)者要求更濕(shi)潤(run)的(de)條件;同為二(er)針松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)赤(chi)松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)和(he)馬尾松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)對(dui)濕(shi)潤(run)狀況的(de)要求高(gao)于油松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)和(he)云南松(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。這與(yu)地理分布(bu)上隨經度(du)而發生(sheng)的(de)替代(dai)現象有(you)關。
土壤要求
松樹本身適應力較強,因而能夠(gou)在各種類型土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)生(sheng)長,但土(tu)壤(rang)仍會對松樹生(sheng)長的(de)態勢產生(sheng)直接的(de)影響,所以(yi)應盡量選(xuan)擇肥沃土(tu)壤(rang)區域種植(zhi)(zhi),才能夠(gou)保證松樹的(de)健(jian)康生(sheng)長。如果(guo)是(shi)水分(fen)相對充足(zu)的(de)區域,盡可能選(xuan)擇酸性(xing)土(tu)壤(rang)種植(zhi)(zhi)松樹,但仍存在部(bu)分(fen)品種更適宜種植(zhi)(zhi)在堿性(xing)土(tu)壤(rang)中(zhong)。
耐陰性
絕(jue)大多數松(song)樹(shu)喜(xi)歡光(guang)照,其(qi)外(wai)(wai)形(xing)具體(ti)表現在(zai)樹(shu)冠分布(bu)稀(xi)疏,自然整枝能(neng)(neng)力極強(qiang),所以在(zai)生理(li)方面,其(qi)補(bu)償點(dian)就(jiu)不會與(yu)其(qi)他(ta)樹(shu)種(zhong)高度相(xiang)同。在(zai)成林(lin)過程當中,通常都(dou)會形(xing)成先鋒樹(shu)種(zhong)。一(yi)旦原始森林(lin)受到外(wai)(wai)力傷害(hai),先鋒樹(shu)種(zhong)就(jiu)會迅速發展,替(ti)代原有樹(shu)種(zhong)位(wei)置,但其(qi)自身的穩定性并(bing)不理(li)想(xiang)。若松(song)樹(shu)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)形(xing)成特定環境,耐陰性較強(qiang)且長壽的樹(shu)種(zhong)就(jiu)會替(ti)代,最終使其(qi)喪(sang)失自身獨特優勢。對于(yu)松(song)樹(shu)樹(shu)種(zhong)而言,大部分樹(shu)種(zhong)都(dou)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)互相(xiang)進(jin)行(xing)替(ti)代,特別是(shi)耐陰性理(li)想(xiang)的樹(shu)種(zhong),優勢顯著。
抗旱性
在松(song)樹(shu)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)整個過(guo)程中,其抗(kang)旱(han)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)極強(qiang),受(shou)其抗(kang)旱(han)結構的(de)影響(xiang),這種(zhong)類型的(de)松(song)樹(shu),其葉子狹窄而(er)且角(jiao)質層較(jiao)為發達,葉片表(biao)面積與(yu)體(ti)積都(dou)相(xiang)(xiang)對較(jiao)小(xiao),而(er)且氣(qi)孔通常都(dou)會出(chu)現下陷情況。但是,在組織發育(yu)方面相(xiang)(xiang)對理想,站在生(sheng)理角(jiao)度分(fen)析,耐寒(han)性(xing)(xing)與(yu)耐旱(han)性(xing)(xing)很強(qiang),所以并不會受(shou)到(dao)缺水影響(xiang)而(er)受(shou)到(dao)損(sun)傷。而(er)站在生(sheng)態角(jiao)度分(fen)析,松(song)樹(shu)屬于最常見的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)旱(han)生(sheng)植物,,即便(bian)氣(qi)候條件差異較(jiao)大(da)的(de)區域,同樣能(neng)夠使松(song)樹(shu)健(jian)康地生(sheng)存”。絕大(da)多(duo)數松(song)樹(shu)都(dou)在干(gan)旱(han)條件且土(tu)壤稀(xi)薄區域生(sheng)長(chang)(chang),其中,二針松(song)與(yu)五(wu)針松(song)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi),其抗(kang)旱(han)能(neng)力更強(qiang)。由此可見,若土(tu)壤當中的(de)含水量過(guo)大(da),會嚴重影響(xiang)松(song)樹(shu)的(de)正(zheng)常生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。
生長氣候
松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原產(chan)地分布(bu)具有(you)顯著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)之處(chu),一(yi)(yi)般情況下,樟子松(song)(song)(song)(song)與(yu)(yu)五(wu)(wu)針(zhen)(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)等(deng)(deng)具有(you)極強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐寒性,所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)種(zhong)植方面(mian)對于(yu)熱量要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)并不高(gao)。而油松(song)(song)(song)(song)、白皮松(song)(song)(song)(song)與(yu)(yu)赤松(song)(song)(song)(song)等(deng)(deng)屬于(yu)暖溫帶(dai)與(yu)(yu)亞熱帶(dai)高(gao)海拔(ba)區(qu)域所(suo)特有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong),因而對于(yu)熱量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)要(yao)(yao)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高(gao)于(yu)五(wu)(wu)針(zhen)(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)。馬尾(wei)松(song)(song)(song)(song)、喬松(song)(song)(song)(song)以及云南(nan)(nan)松(song)(song)(song)(song)等(deng)(deng)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分布(bu)于(yu)南(nan)(nan)方區(qu)域,其對于(yu)熱量要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)會更(geng)高(gao)-一(yi)(yi)些(xie)。而南(nan)(nan)亞松(song)(song)(song)(song)在(zai)(zai)所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)當中,其對于(yu)熱量要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)最高(gao)。在(zai)(zai)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)條(tiao)件方面(mian),五(wu)(wu)針(zhen)(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)和二針(zhen)(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)相比,在(zai)(zai)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)更(geng)高(gao),但(dan)同(tong)樣與(yu)(yu)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)緊密的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系。雖然華山(shan)松(song)(song)(song)(song)與(yu)(yu)紅松(song)(song)(song)(song)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)針(zhen)(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong),但(dan)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)卻存(cun)在(zai)(zai)不同(tong)之處(chu),紅松(song)(song)(song)(song)所(suo)需濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度更(geng)高(gao)。另外,五(wu)(wu)尾(wei)松(song)(song)(song)(song)與(yu)(yu)赤松(song)(song)(song)(song)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)二針(zhen)(zhen)松(song)(song)(song)(song),在(zai)(zai)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)潤(run)條(tiao)件方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)仍(reng)然不同(tong),與(yu)(yu)植物分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地理位置(zhi)也存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關聯(lian)。
松樹較幼時(shi)的(de)(de)樹冠呈金字(zi)塔(ta)形,樹枝多呈輪狀著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)。幼苗(miao)出土、子葉(xie)展開以(yi)后,首先著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)為初(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie),單生(sheng)(sheng),螺(luo)旋狀排列,線狀披針形,葉(xie)緣(yuan)具齒。初(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)行(xing)使葉(xie)的(de)(de)功能(neng)1~3年(nian)后,才出現(xian)針葉(xie),通常(chang)2、3、5枚成束,著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)于短枝的(de)(de)頂端(duan)。每束針葉(xie)基部有(you)葉(xie)鞘,早(zao)期脫落或宿存(cun)。葉(xie)肉組織中的(de)(de)樹脂道的(de)(de)位置在(zai)成年(nian)植株比較恒定,可分(fen)為外生(sheng)(sheng)、中生(sheng)(sheng)、內生(sheng)(sheng)3種類型。
松(song)樹(shu)(shu)針葉橫切面中可見1或2個維管(guan)束(shu),特(te)殊(shu)環(huan)境下(xia)可在雙維管(guan)束(shu)松(song)樹(shu)(shu)中出現維管(guan)束(shu)合并的(de)(de)情況。球花單性,雌雄同株。球果多(duo)數由種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)組成(cheng),成(cheng)熟后木質化。種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)裸露增厚部分稱鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)盾,鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)盾先端的(de)(de)瘤狀(zhuang)突(tu)起稱鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)臍。有(you)的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)臍具(ju)(ju)刺,有(you)的(de)(de)無。球果成(cheng)熟時種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)張(zhang)開,種(zhong)(zhong)子脫(tuo)落;但少數樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)則長(chang)期(qi)保持關閉(bi)狀(zhuang)態。每個種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)(lin)(lin)具(ju)(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)子2粒,種(zhong)(zhong)子上部具(ju)(ju)一長(chang)翅(chi),少數具(ju)(ju)短翅(chi)或無翅(chi)。
松(song)(song)樹最明顯的(de)特征是(shi)葉(xie)成(cheng)針(zhen)狀,常2針(zhen)、3針(zhen)或5針(zhen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)束(shu)(shu)。如油松(song)(song)、馬尾(wei)松(song)(song)、黃山松(song)(song)的(de)葉(xie)2針(zhen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)束(shu)(shu),白皮松(song)(song)的(de)葉(xie)3針(zhen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)束(shu)(shu),紅松(song)(song)、華山松(song)(song)、五針(zhen)松(song)(song)的(de)葉(xie)5針(zhen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)束(shu)(shu)。松(song)(song)樹為雌(ci)雄同(tong)株植物(wu),而且孢(bao)子葉(xie)成(cheng)球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)狀排列,形(xing)成(cheng)雌(ci)、雄球(qiu)(qiu)花。雌(ci)球(qiu)(qiu)花單個(ge)(ge)或2一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)4個(ge)(ge)著生(sheng)于(yu)新枝(zhi)頂端,雄球(qiu)(qiu)花多數聚集于(yu)新枝(zhi)下部。松(song)(song)樹的(de)球(qiu)(qiu)花一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)于(yu)春(chun)夏季(ji)開(kai)放,但花粉(fen)傳到雌(ci)球(qiu)(qiu)花上后,要到第二年初夏才(cai)萌(meng)發(fa),使雌(ci)花受(shou)精,發(fa)育成(cheng)球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)(俗稱松(song)(song)塔或松(song)(song)球(qiu)(qiu),不(bu)是(shi)果(guo)實)。球(qiu)(qiu)果(guo)于(yu)秋后成(cheng)熟,種(zhong)鱗張(zhang)開(kai),每(mei)個(ge)(ge)種(zhong)鱗具(ju)兩(liang)粒種(zhong)子。
松(song)(song)屬植(zhi)物中(zhong)的(de)(de)多數種類是高大挺拔(ba)的(de)(de)喬(qiao)木,而且材(cai)質好(hao),不乏(fa)棟梁之(zhi)材(cai)。中(zhong)國(guo)東北的(de)(de)“木材(cai)之(zhi)王”——紅松(song)(song)、北美西(xi)部(bu)廣(guang)為分布的(de)(de)高大樹種(高達(da)75米)—西(xi)黃松(song)(song)、原產(chan)于(yu)(yu)美國(guo)加(jia)州沿海(hai)(hai)生長速度最快的(de)(de)松(song)(song)樹——輻射(she)松(song)(song)、原產(chan)于(yu)(yu)美國(guo)東南(nan)部(bu)的(de)(de)濕地松(song)(song)、美洲加(jia)勒比海(hai)(hai)地區原產(chan)的(de)(de)加(jia)勒比松(song)(song)、廣(guang)布于(yu)(yu)歐亞(ya)大陸西(xi)部(bu)和北部(bu)的(de)(de)歐洲赤松(song)(song)等(deng)等(deng),都是著(zhu)名的(de)(de)用(yong)材(cai)樹種。
松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)觀賞價值也是(shi)(shi)有目共睹的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo),從皇家古典園林到(dao)現(xian)代居(ju)民家中(zhong)都能(neng)見到(dao)松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)倩影(ying),例如北(bei)京北(bei)海、頤和園中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)油松(song)(song)、白皮(pi)松(song)(song),樹(shu)(shu)樁盆景中(zhong)廣泛使用的(de)(de)(de)五針松(song)(song)等,一(yi)些名山(shan)勝地,更是(shi)(shi)山(shan)以松(song)(song)壯勢、松(song)(song)以山(shan)出名。黃山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)迎客松(song)(song)、華(hua)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)華(hua)山(shan)松(song)(song)、長(chang)白山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)美人(ren)松(song)(song)……無一(yi)不(bu)令游(you)人(ren)贊嘆。另外(wai),松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)根部位常(chang)常(chang)會有大型真菌(jun)(jun)(jun)生長(chang)。它們有的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)木腐菌(jun)(jun)(jun),可以對(dui)松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)進(jin)行分(fen)解,造成(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)木根腐;有的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)外(wai)生菌(jun)(jun)(jun)根菌(jun)(jun)(jun),可以與松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)互換(huan)營養,防止樹(shu)(shu)木營養缺乏,從而導致影(ying)響生長(chang)。成(cheng)熟后(hou)高達45米,胸(xiong)徑(jing)1.5米;樹(shu)(shu)皮(pi)紅褐(he)色,下部灰褐(he)色,裂成(cheng)不(bu)規(gui)則的(de)(de)(de)鱗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)塊片(pian);枝平展或斜(xie)展,樹(shu)(shu)冠寬塔形(xing)或傘(san)形(xing),枝條每年生長(chang)一(yi)輪,但在(zai)廣東(dong)南部則通(tong)常(chang)生長(chang)兩輪,淡黃褐(he)色,無白粉,稀有白粉,無毛;冬芽卵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)圓(yuan)柱形(xing)或圓(yuan)柱形(xing),褐(he)色,頂端(duan)(duan)尖(jian)(jian),芽鱗邊緣(yuan)絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)尖(jian)(jian)或成(cheng)漸尖(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)尖(jian)(jian)頭,微(wei)反曲。
松樹(shu)的(de)苗(miao)木繁育主要采用(yong)種子育苗(miao)或者用(yong)枝條進行(xing)扦(qian)插,此外,另有由我(wo)國研究人(ren)員創立(li)的(de)直接用(yong)松樹(shu)的(de)針(zhen)葉束進行(xing)無性(xing)系,苗(miao)木繁育的(de)方法(fa),即(ji):針(zhen)葉束育苗(miao)。
松(song)(song)(song)樹除經(jing)濟用途外,由于其樹姿雄偉(wei)、蒼勁,樹體高大、長壽,還具(ju)有重要的(de)(de)觀賞(shang)價值。它(ta)是中(zhong)國很多風(feng)景(jing)區(qu)的(de)(de)重要景(jing)觀成分。如(ru)遼(liao)寧(ning)千(qian)山(shan)、山(shan)東泰山(shan)、江西廬山(shan)都(dou)以(yi)松(song)(song)(song)樹景(jing)色而馳(chi)名。尤其是安徽的(de)(de)黃山(shan),松(song)(song)(song)、云、石(shi)號稱“三(san)絕(jue)”,而以(yi)松(song)(song)(song)為(wei)首(shou)。各地不少古松(song)(song)(song)與(yu)中(zhong)國悠久的(de)(de)歷史文化有密切聯(lian)系。如(ru)北(bei)京北(bei)海團城(cheng)有一株800年生的(de)(de)古松(song)(song)(song),傳說曾被清乾隆封為(wei)“遮陰(yin)侯(hou)”;泰山(shan)“五大夫(fu)松(song)(song)(song)”傳說是秦(qin)始皇登山(shan)在此避雨而被封以(yi)官爵的(de)(de)。中(zhong)國人民把松(song)(song)(song)樹作(zuo)為(wei)堅(jian)定、貞(zhen)潔、長壽的(de)(de)象(xiang)征。松(song)(song)(song)、竹(zhu)、梅(mei)世稱“歲寒(han)三(san)友”,喻不畏逆(ni)境、戰勝困(kun)難(nan)的(de)(de)堅(jian)韌精神。
按照結構特征和材(cai)(cai)性,一(yi)般將(jiang)松(song)(song)樹分為軟(ruan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)松(song)(song)和硬(ying)(ying)木(mu)(mu)(mu)松(song)(song)。軟(ruan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)松(song)(song)(即(ji)單(dan)維(wei)管束(shu)亞(ya)屬)比較輕(qing)軟(ruan),紋理均(jun)(jun)勻,強(qiang)度小,加工(gong)(gong)(gong)容易(yi),早(zao)材(cai)(cai)至晚(wan)材(cai)(cai)漸(jian)變,少翅裂。硬(ying)(ying)木(mu)(mu)(mu)松(song)(song)(即(ji)雙維(wei)管束(shu)亞(ya)屬)比較重(zhong)硬(ying)(ying),紋理不均(jun)(jun)勻,強(qiang)度較大,加工(gong)(gong)(gong)較難,早(zao)材(cai)(cai)至晚(wan)材(cai)(cai)急變,松(song)(song)脂含量(liang)高。但屬于軟(ruan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)松(song)(song)中的海南(nan)五(wu)針松(song)(song)和華南(nan)五(wu)針松(song)(song)在(zai)強(qiang)度和容重(zhong)上接近于硬(ying)(ying)木(mu)(mu)(mu)松(song)(song)。松(song)(song)樹木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)(cai)可供(gong)建筑、電桿、枕木(mu)(mu)(mu)、礦柱、橋梁(liang)、農具(ju)、器(qi)具(ju)、家具(ju)等多種用途。各(ge)種松(song)(song)木(mu)(mu)(mu)的纖維(wei)素(su)含量(liang)約為50~60%,木(mu)(mu)(mu)質素(su)為25~30%,為制漿造紙(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業重(zhong)要的原料之一(yi)。松(song)(song)樹也可用作薪炭材(cai)(cai)。
從松(song)(song)(song)樹樹干(gan)割取(qu)松(song)(song)(song)脂(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)以提取(qu)松(song)(song)(song)香和松(song)(song)(song)節(jie)油。松(song)(song)(song)樹種子(zi)(zi)富(fu)含蛋(dan)白(bai)(bai)質和油脂(zhi)(zhi),含油量都在(zai)30%以上,其中具食(shi)用(yong)價值的有20種,如產(chan)于中國的有紅松(song)(song)(song)、偃松(song)(song)(song)、華山松(song)(song)(song)等。紅松(song)(song)(song)的種子(zi)(zi)還可(ke)(ke)入藥,藥名(ming)“海松(song)(song)(song)子(zi)(zi)”,是一種滋養(yang)強(qiang)壯劑。松(song)(song)(song)樹的樹皮(pi)(pi)、種皮(pi)(pi)富(fu)含單(dan)寧,可(ke)(ke)浸水提取(qu)栲膠(jiao)。樹皮(pi)(pi)經(jing)粉碎后(hou),與其他原(yuan)料混合,加(jia)壓可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)(zhi)成硬纖維板。此(ci)外還可(ke)(ke)從松(song)(song)(song)樹針葉中提取(qu)松(song)(song)(song)針揮發油。針葉中含有較豐(feng)富(fu)的胡蘿卜素(su)、維生素(su)、脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)、蛋(dan)白(bai)(bai)質以及鈣、磷等多種礦質元素(su),可(ke)(ke)加(jia)工成飼(si)料添加(jia)劑,用(yong)來飼(si)養(yang)家禽、家畜。利用(yong)松(song)(song)(song)枝(zhi)、松(song)(song)(song)根(gen)在(zai)窯(yao)內進行不完全的燃燒,可(ke)(ke)制(zhi)(zhi)得(de)松(song)(song)(song)煙(yan)(見木材(cai)干(gan)餾),用(yong)于制(zhi)(zhi)造墨、油墨和黑(hei)色(se)涂料。松(song)(song)(song)枝(zhi)和松(song)(song)(song)根(gen)還是培養(yang)名(ming)貴藥材(cai)茯苓的原(yuan)料。
綜上所述,松針(zhen)以其鮮為人知(zhi)的驚人功(gong)效和(he)覆蓋全國的豐富資源,必將成(cheng)保(bao)健產業革命的標志性產品。
馬尾松的葉——松針有極(ji)大的藥用價值(zhi),最早由孫思邈發現,主要(yao)是(shi)清(qing)除人體(ti)自由基,可防暈車,可煨水、泡酒,延年益壽。
松針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)是(shi)松樹藥(yao)用的(de)(de)代表部位,味苦、無毒、藥(yao)性(xing)溫和(he),它(ta)的(de)(de)提取物中(zhong)含(han)有植物酵(jiao)素(su)(su)、植物纖維(wei)、生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)激松 針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)素(su)(su)、蛋白質(zhi)、脂肪(fang)和(he) 2 4種(zhong)氨基(ji)酸,松 針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)具 有降血(xue)壓的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。松針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)中(zhong)含(han)有豐(feng)富的(de)(de)β-胡蘿卜素(su)(su)、維(wei)生(sheng)素(su)(su)C、維(wei)生(sheng)素(su)(su)E,這(zhe)三種(zhong)物質(zhi)被稱為(wei)抗氧(yang)化(hua)的(de)(de)“金三角(jiao)”,三者共同保(bao)護人體組織細胞免(mian)受氧(yang)化(hua),延長(chang)(chang)細胞的(de)(de)壽命。松針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)提取物前花青(qing)素(su)(su) (PCA)是(shi)一種(zhong)能力超強的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)然抗氧(yang)化(hua)劑,前花青(qing)素(su)(su)是(shi)世界(jie)上(shang)迄今為(wei)止文獻記載(zai)和(he)實(shi)驗(yan)室發現最強的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)然抗氧(yang)化(hua)(抗衰(shuai)老)物質(zhi)!它(ta)有優(you)異的(de)(de)清除多(duo)種(zhong)有害自(zi)(zi)由基(ji)的(de)(de)功效(xiao),與(yu)其他植物抗氧(yang)化(hua)劑相比,前花青(qing)素(su)(su)對超氧(yang)化(hua)物陰離子(zi)自(zi)(zi)由基(ji)和(he)羥自(zi)(zi)由基(ji)的(de)(de)清除能力更勝(sheng)一籌;松針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)精(jing)油和(he)松針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)黃(huang)酮有獨特的(de)(de)水溶性(xing),能和(he)松針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)所含(han)的(de)(de)不飽(bao)和(he)脂肪(fang)酸透過血(xue)管壁(bi)進(jin)入血(xue)液:通過增(zeng)加膽(dan)(dan)汁分泌(mi),減少膽(dan)(dan)固醇(chun)的(de)(de)積累,通過清除膽(dan)(dan)固醇(chun),預防動脈(mo)硬化(hua)、擴張末梢血(xue)管、改善紅細胞攜(xie)氧(yang)能力,促進(jin)人的(de)(de)血(xue)液循環(huan)。人類心(xin)(xin)腦血(xue)管疾病的(de)(de)幾大(da)癥狀:心(xin)(xin)絞痛、心(xin)(xin)悸(ji)、喘息、浮腫、暈眩(xuan)、呼吸(xi)困難,飲用松針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)茶后,都(dou)得到了(le)改善多(duo)種(zhong)實(shi)驗(yan)證明。