組(zu)佩(pei)(pei)又名“雜佩(pei)(pei)”、“佩(pei)(pei)玉”,專(zhuan)指春秋(qiu)戰國時(shi)盛行(xing)的(de)由多件(jian)玉器串聯組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)懸于身上的(de)佩(pei)(pei)飾玉。此佩(pei)(pei)玉現今所知最(zui)早見于春秋(qiu)早期,戰國達到極盛,漢代逐漸消(xiao)亡。其后南(nan)北朝(chao)、唐(tang),元等(deng)朝(chao)代雖(sui)偶(ou)有出土,但(dan)在當(dang)時(shi)社會中不具有較大的(de)影響(xiang)。
玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)組佩以(yi)鏤雕綬帶紋長方形玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)飾系鎏金銀鏈(lian)下掛5件(jian)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)墜而成,玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)墜分(fen)別為摩羯、雙魚(yu)(yu)、雙鳳、雙龍(long)、魚(yu)(yu)銜蓮枝佩。龍(long)、鳳、魚(yu)(yu)等(deng)吉(ji)祥題材的(de)(de)運(yun)用以(yi)及雕琢刻劃中所表現出的(de)(de)寫實風格,具有濃(nong)郁的(de)(de)中原文化氣息(xi),顯(xian)示出遼(liao)地諸族文化的(de)(de)交流及玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)制作的(de)(de)發展(zhan)水平。
春秋、戰(zhan)國組(zu)佩,一般由(you)璜、環(huan)、瓏、琥(hu)(hu)、觿、珠等(deng)(deng)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。人(ren)們佩戴成(cheng)(cheng)組(zu)佩玉(yu)(yu)(yu),不只是(shi)出于純(chun)粹的(de)飾目(mu)的(de),更是(shi)由(you)于玉(yu)(yu)(yu)具有(you)堅硬、潤(run)澤、純(chun)凈,美觀等(deng)(deng)屬性(xing),因(yin)此被(bei)當時士人(ren)看成(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)人(ren)的(de)完美品德(de)的(de)象征。組(zu)佩通常(chang)用(yong)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環(huan)(璧(bi)),玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜作主體(ti),以瓏、琥(hu)(hu)、觿為懸(xuan)飾。
從考(kao)古發掘(jue)所得幾(ji)套組(zu)佩(pei)的(de)(de)復(fu)原(yuan)圖中可知,龍(long)形(xing)(xing)佩(pei)(瓏)和(he)虎(hu)形(xing)(xing)佩(pei)(琥(hu))是(shi)(shi)春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)戰(zhan)國(guo)組(zu)佩(pei)中最(zui)具(ju)特(te)色的(de)(de)。龍(long)形(xing)(xing)佩(pei)為(wei)片(pian)狀,多數鏤(lou)刻成“s”形(xing)(xing)身軀,腹部(bu)上拱,中間有(you)孔用于懸(xuan)掛(gua)在(zai)組(zu)佩(pei)正中。頭部(bu)有(you)孔的(de)(de)身形(xing)(xing)較長(chang),有(you)的(de)(de)作鉤形(xing)(xing),應是(shi)(shi)懸(xuan)掛(gua)在(zai)側翼的(de)(de)飾(shi)件。龍(long)的(de)(de)身形(xing)(xing)雕(diao)刻得健(jian)勁有(you)力,除(chu)春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)早期部(bu)分平素外,常(chang)見的(de)(de)玉(yu)龍(long)首、爪、尾刻琢精(jing)細,身上飾(shi)圖案(an)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。春(chun)秋(qiu)(qiu)早中期以蟠螭紋(wen)(wen)、蟠虺紋(wen)(wen)為(wei)主,戰(zhan)國(guo)時則普遍施谷(gu)紋(wen)(wen)、渦紋(wen)(wen)、勾云(yun)紋(wen)(wen)等(deng),或者幾(ji)種紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)交織裝飾(shi),變化(hua)豐富。龍(long)首爪用隱起法雕(diao)刻,視之如同淺浮(fu)雕(diao)。龍(long)形(xing)(xing)象猙(zheng)獰,表情夸張,形(xing)(xing)式各異。除(chu)龍(long)形(xing)(xing)佩(pei)外,還(huan)常(chang)見有(you)虎(hu)形(xing)(xing)佩(pei)、鳥形(xing)(xing)佩(pei)和(he)沖牙等(deng)。這些(xie)玉(yu)件的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)與龍(long)形(xing)(xing)佩(pei)基本相同。
西(xi)漢初年,戰國風(feng)格的(de)組佩(pei)曾(ceng)流行過一段時間,串聯形(xing)式(shi)趨于簡化,西(xi)漢中(zhong)后期組佩(pei)基本(ben)消失(shi)。南北(bei)朝、唐、元墓葬(zang)中(zhong)曾(ceng)發現(xian)過當時新形(xing)式(shi)的(de)成組玉佩(pei),但玉件(jian)的(de)造型風(feng)格、組佩(pei)的(de)串聯形(xing)式(shi)與戰國已完(wan)全(quan)不同(tong)。玉件(jian)除少數刻陰線花鳥流云紋外,多為光素,與同(tong)時其他種類玉器相比(bi),顯得較(jiao)粗(cu)糙。宋至清(qing)代,關于戰國組佩(pei)的(de)確(que)切形(xing)式(shi),已不為世人所知。
玉組(zu)佩(M92:83)
最大的璜長8.5厘米
1994年晉侯墓(mu)地92號墓(mu)出土
出(chu)土于墓主的(de)胸腹部(bu),過頸(jing)佩(pei)戴。由282件(jian)形(xing)制(zhi)各異的(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器組合而(er)成(cheng),主要有(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)珩、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)圭、束(shu)腰形(xing)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian),以及玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)貝、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)珠、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)管、瑪瑙(nao)珠、瑪瑙(nao)管、綠松石管、料珠、料管等。過頸(jing)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)三(san)列珠、管,兩(liang)側為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)串的(de)珠、管,并各有(you)兩(liang)件(jian)束(shu)腰形(xing)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)片(pian),下端分(fen)(fen)別系有(you)一(yi)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)貝為(wei)(wei)墜。中間自上而(er)下為(wei)(wei)4珩4璜(huang),末一(yi)行(xing)珩的(de)兩(liang)端分(fen)(fen)別系有(you)2件(jian)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)圭。珩、璜(huang)中素面2件(jian),其余均單面刻有(you)相交(jiao)的(de)龍(long)(long)紋,珩的(de)龍(long)(long)首相反,而(er)璜(huang)的(de)龍(long)(long)首向對,布局對稱,刻工細膩,頗為(wei)(wei)精致。據研(yan)究,大型玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)組佩(pei)的(de)使(shi)用,有(you)嚴格的(de)制(zhi)度,使(shi)用范圍有(you)可能僅限(xian)于公(gong)、侯(hou)等諸侯(hou)國國君及其夫人或(huo)有(you)相應(ying)封號的(de)貴(gui)族。多璜(huang)組玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)佩(pei)是國君與高級(ji)貴(gui)族區別貴(gui)賤(jian),等級(ji)的(de)標志之一(yi)。
玉組佩,明晚期(qi),通長(chang)53.6cm。
清宮舊(jiu)藏。組(zu)(zu)佩(pei)由53件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)玉(yu)(yu)飾串成(cheng)。上(shang)部(bu)以一件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)壽(shou)星騎鶴(he)式(shi)玉(yu)(yu)紐總攬組(zu)(zu)佩(pei),其下(xia)有(you)金質(zhi)橫(heng)梁,橫(heng)梁兩端為(wei)(wei)龍頭。橫(heng)梁下(xia)懸(xuan)有(you)4串玉(yu)(yu)片,每串由上(shang)下(xia)5組(zu)(zu)構(gou)成(cheng),橫(heng)向相對(dui)。上(shang)4組(zu)(zu)玉(yu)(yu)飾每串各為(wei)(wei)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),其中(zhong)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)玉(yu)(yu)葉(xie),1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)玉(yu)(yu)鏤件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),玉(yu)(yu)鏤件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)分別為(wei)(wei)“卍”字、“壽(shou)”字、鳳(feng)、雙(shuang)魚、雙(shuang)桃、華蓋、麒(qi)麟等,第5組(zu)(zu)均為(wei)(wei)單個(ge)玉(yu)(yu)文臣。這類成(cheng)組(zu)(zu)玉(yu)(yu)飾產生的年代很早,與(yu)《詩(shi)經》中(zhong)所言(yan)“雜佩(pei)”類似,按不同的部(bu)位,玉(yu)(yu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)被稱為(wei)(wei)“珩”、“琚”、“瑀”、“沖牙”,佩(pei)戴于人身,行走時玉(yu)(yu)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)相觸(chu)而有(you)聲。明代墓(mu)葬(zang)中(zhong)出土有(you)成(cheng)組(zu)(zu)玉(yu)(yu)佩(pei)多套(tao),如定(ding)陵(ling)中(zhong)即有(you)與(yu)此(ci)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)類似的組(zu)(zu)佩(pei)。這組(zu)(zu)玉(yu)(yu)佩(pei)所用白(bai)玉(yu)(yu)質(zhi)地優良(liang),加工(gong)精致,是宮廷玉(yu)(yu)器中(zhong)的精品。