生(sheng)長于海(hai)拔1600-2000米的山地。多生(sheng)于濕潤山谷及坡積巖隙中,喜(xi)陰蔽、潮(chao)濕。在安徽黃山常(chang)與燈臺樹、華鵝耳櫪(li)等混生(sheng),該地年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)7.7℃,1月平(ping)(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)-3.4℃,7月平(ping)(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)17.8℃,年(nian)降(jiang)水量約2000毫米。土壤(rang)主(zhu)要為山地黃棕壤(rang),酸(suan)性(xing),pH值4.5-5,含有機質10%。
分布于韓(han)國(guo)、日(ri)本和中(zhong)國(guo);在中(zhong)國(guo)分布于吉林(集安(an))、遼寧、山東(嶗山)、安(an)徽、浙(zhe)江(jiang)、福建(jian)(崇安(an))、江(jiang)西、湖南、貴州(zhou)和廣西等。
落葉小喬木,高可達10米(mi),當年生小枝細長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),直徑約3毫米(mi),淡灰褐色(se)(se),初(chu)被(bei)銀(yin)灰色(se)(se)平(ping)伏(fu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)柔毛。葉膜質(zhi),倒(dao)卵形(xing)或(huo)寬倒(dao)卵形(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(6)9-15(25)厘米(mi),寬4-9(12)厘米(mi),先端驟狹急(ji)尖或(huo)短漸尖,基部(bu)闊楔形(xing)、鈍圓、平(ping)截(jie)或(huo)近心形(xing),上面中(zhong)脈及(ji)(ji)(ji)側(ce)脈被(bei)彎曲柔毛,下面蒼(cang)白色(se)(se),通常被(bei)褐色(se)(se)及(ji)(ji)(ji)白色(se)(se)多(duo)細胞毛,有(you)散(san)生金黃色(se)(se)小點,中(zhong)脈及(ji)(ji)(ji)側(ce)脈被(bei)白色(se)(se)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)絹毛,側(ce)脈每邊6-8條,葉柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)1-4(6.5)厘米(mi),被(bei)褐色(se)(se)及(ji)(ji)(ji)白色(se)(se)平(ping)伏(fu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)毛,托葉痕約為葉柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的1/2。
花(hua)與葉同時(shi)(shi)開放,白色(se)(se)(se),芳香(xiang),杯狀,盛(sheng)開時(shi)(shi)碟狀,直徑(jing)7-10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)梗(geng)長(chang)3-7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),密被(bei)褐色(se)(se)(se)及(ji)灰(hui)白色(se)(se)(se)平(ping)(ping)伏長(chang)柔毛(mao)(mao),著生平(ping)(ping)展或(huo)稍垂(chui)的花(hua)朵;花(hua)被(bei)片9,近等大,外輪(lun)3片長(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)狀倒卵(luan)形(xing)或(huo)倒卵(luan)形(xing),長(chang)4-6厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬2.5-3.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),基(ji)(ji)部被(bei)白色(se)(se)(se)毛(mao)(mao),頂(ding)端(duan)寬圓(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)圓(yuan)(yuan),內(nei)兩輪(lun)6片,較(jiao)狹(xia)小,基(ji)(ji)部漸狹(xia)成短爪;雄蕊(rui)紫紅色(se)(se)(se),長(chang)9-11毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)藥(yao)長(chang)約(yue)6毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),兩藥(yao)室鄰接,內(nei)向縱裂,頂(ding)端(duan)微(wei)凹(ao)或(huo)藥(yao)隔(ge)平(ping)(ping),不伸出,花(hua)絲長(chang)3-4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);雌蕊(rui)群橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),綠色(se)(se)(se),長(chang)約(yue)1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。聚合(he)果熟(shu)時(shi)(shi)紅色(se)(se)(se),倒卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)或(huo)長(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)體形(xing),長(chang)2-7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);蓇葖狹(xia)橢圓(yuan)(yuan)體形(xing),長(chang)約(yue)1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),沿背(bei)縫線(xian)二瓣全裂。頂(ding)端(duan)具長(chang)約(yue)2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的喙(hui);種(zhong)子心形(xing),假種(zhong)皮橘(ju)紅色(se)(se)(se),外種(zhong)皮深褐色(se)(se)(se),長(chang)與寬6-7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂(ding)孔細小末端(duan)具尖。
采種
鄉土天(tian)女花種(zhong)子(zi)是育苗(miao)的(de)(de)最(zui)佳(jia)選擇,此(ci)次(ci)播種(zhong)育苗(miao)的(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)采(cai)自黃山湯口鎮。選擇生長健(jian)壯、無(wu)病蟲害、林齡20年左右的(de)(de)母樹。最(zui)適(shi)宜的(de)(de)采(cai)種(zhong)時(shi)間為(wei)白(bai)露后5天(tian),此(ci)時(shi)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)果(guo)已經轉變為(wei)黃青色,采(cai)用(yong)(yong)長竹竿擊(ji)落聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)果(guo)進(jin)行(xing)收集(ji)。共收集(ji)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)果(guo)165千克(ke),將(jiang)其置于陰(yin)涼的(de)(de)地方(fang)堆(dui)漚(ou)7天(tian),再取出日曬3天(tian)。攤曬期間經常用(yong)(yong)釘(ding)耙翻(fan)動,待種(zhong)子(zi)從聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)果(guo)中脫落后,篩去(qu)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)果(guo)果(guo)脯,去(qu)除(chu)細碎雜物(wu)等,再用(yong)(yong)流(liu)動的(de)(de)河(he)水(shui)漂洗,直(zhi)至種(zhong)子(zi)干凈。種(zhong)子(zi)千粒重(zhong)為(wei)52.1克(ke)。
貯藏
采用低溫(wen)(wen)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏,首先將(jiang)天女花種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)置于陰涼通風干燥(zao)處5-7天,待種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)含水量下降(jiang)至15%左右時(shi),再進行(xing)低溫(wen)(wen)貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏。貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏時(shi)要用通氣的麻袋或(huo)布袋裝(zhuang)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),保證種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)有良(liang)好(hao)的透氣性(xing)。每袋種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不宜超(chao)過(guo)20千克,貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏溫(wen)(wen)度以3-5℃為宜。此次貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏是在冷庫(ku)中貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏,貯(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)藏期(qi)間要每隔15天檢查1次,以防止種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)霉變(bian)。如(ru)果是堆積存放(fang),還要在檢查時(shi)上下翻(fan)動(dong),以保證種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)有良(liang)好(hao)的透氣性(xing)。
天女(nv)花種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)外種(zhong)(zhong)皮較厚(hou),如果不進行種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)處(chu)理,種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發芽不整齊。因此,播種(zhong)(zhong)前必須對種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進行催(cui)芽處(chu)理。
將種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)從(cong)冷(leng)庫中取出(chu),放在陰涼的地方攤晾1-2天,再(zai)(zai)用清水(shui)漂洗(xi),去除漂浮的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),用手揉搓(cuo)數次,直(zhi)至種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)干(gan)凈(jing)、外種(zhong)(zhong)皮粗糙(cao)為止。再(zai)(zai)用2%硫酸銅溶液浸(jin)泡(pao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)20分(fen)鐘左右,其間要用木(mu)棒不停攪拌。之后撈出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),用流動的水(shui)漂洗(xi)2-3次,經(jing)過處理后的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)發芽(ya)率在74%左右。
天(tian)女花種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)時間一般在(zai)3月(yue)10日前后(hou)。將消毒處理后(hou)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子置于(yu)45℃水中浸(jin)泡30小(xiao)時,浸(jin)泡期間更換(huan)3-4次45℃溫(wen)(wen)水,更換(huan)溫(wen)(wen)水后(hou)都要攪拌,以保(bao)證上下(xia)層種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子受熱均(jun)勻。最后(hou)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子置于(yu)濕麻袋中,移(yi)至溫(wen)(wen)度(du)為20℃的(de)(de)室內催(cui)芽(ya)(ya),每天(tian)用45℃溫(wen)(wen)水淘(tao)洗2-3次,淘(tao)洗時要注意上下(xia)翻動不(bu)留死角,并瀝干袋中過多(duo)水分(fen),防止種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子含(han)水過多(duo)而造成種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子腐爛。待8天(tian)左右,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子有15%以上吐白即可播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
天女花整(zheng)個苗(miao)期都不耐陰。因此,育苗(miao)地要選擇背風向(xiang)陽(yang)的地方,且要求地下水位低、排灌良好、土壤含砂性中等、交通(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)便利(li)、前茬(cha)最(zui)好是(shi)水稻。
此次天(tian)女花(hua)在3月15日(ri)開(kai)始播種。播種前10天(tian)施腐(fu)熟有機肥(fei)(fei)22.5噸(dun)/公頃(qing)、磷肥(fei)(fei)450千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/公頃(qing)、菜籽餅肥(fei)(fei)1.5噸(dun)/公頃(qing)、復合肥(fei)(fei)525千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/公頃(qing)、硫(liu)酸亞鐵375千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/公頃(qing),均勻撒在田地上。經(jing)多次犁耙后,育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)田必須深翻45厘米(mi)左右,再(zai)將育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)田整成南北向育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang),苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)高35厘米(mi)、寬80厘米(mi)、長(chang)12-15米(mi),苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)中溝寬40厘米(mi)。整理(li)苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)時,要將苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)表面土壤(rang)細碎平整,或者(zhe)苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)中間略高于苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)兩邊,主(zhu)要是便于苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)排水。
播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前在整理(li)好的苗床(chuang)(chuang)上(shang)均勻鋪一層5厘米左右的黃(huang)心(xin)土,以減少苗期雜草滋生。將(jiang)經催芽處理(li)的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)均勻撒播(bo)于床(chuang)(chuang)面,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)量以100-120粒/平方米為宜(yi)。再蓋一層1厘米厚的散碎黃(huang)心(xin)土,用(yong)細噴霧(wu)澆1遍透水(shui),蓋上(shang)干凈(jing)的稻草以保(bao)溫保(bao)濕(shi),應注意(yi)的是床(chuang)(chuang)面上(shang)的稻草要用(yong)木棍壓住防止(zhi)風吹。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后至(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)出土前,要經常檢查苗床(chuang)(chuang),防止(zhi)鳥獸(shou)危害和(he)風吹等。用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)量為127.5千克/公頃左右,種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發(fa)芽率在65%以上(shang)。
4月中旬以后種(zhong)子陸續(xu)破土(tu),當種(zhong)子有30%左右破土(tu)時于晴天傍(bang)晚揭去覆(fu)蓋的稻草。第2天傍(bang)晚,噴1遍多菌靈600倍液防止(zhi)幼(you)苗病害。苗木(mu)10天左右出齊,苗木(mu)前期一般不需要(yao)施(shi)肥,但必(bi)須保(bao)(bao)持苗床(chuang)濕(shi)潤。及(ji)時清理苗床(chuang)溝,保(bao)(bao)證雨天排(pai)水通暢。
當苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)高生長至8厘米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)時,要結(jie)合(he)間(jian)苗(miao)進(jin)行(xing)移栽(zai),幼(you)苗(miao)保(bao)留量為35株/平(ping)方米(mi),多余(yu)的間(jian)苗(miao)也可以(yi)另行(xing)移栽(zai)。間(jian)苗(miao)和移栽(zai)幼(you)苗(miao)前后都必須澆透(tou)水,防(fang)止(zhi)幼(you)苗(miao)根(gen)脆(cui)弱影響幼(you)苗(miao)成活(huo)。6-8月每隔20天左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)1次,施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量為30-75千克/公(gong)頃,施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)可以(yi)結(jie)合(he)除草同時進(jin)行(xing)。雨季一(yi)定(ding)要注意排(pai)澇(lao),連續干旱要對苗(miao)床進(jin)行(xing)漫(man)灌,確保(bao)苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)正常生長。8月上旬停(ting)止(zhi)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei),促進(jin)苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)質化便于(yu)苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)正常過冬。翌年春(chun)季即可將苗(miao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)進(jin)行(xing)移栽(zai)定(ding)植。
該種間斷(duan)分布(bu)于中國、朝鮮(xian)和(he)日本,對研究植物區系有(you)科學價值。
植(zhi)株秀(xiu)麗,花(hua)芳香、白色,是珍貴的(de)觀賞植(zhi)物(wu),是一種重要的(de)種質資源。
木材(cai)可(ke)制農具,花可(ke)提取芳香(xiang)油。
花入藥,可制浸(jin)膏。