產云南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(西(xi)雙版納,孟(meng)連)、西(xi)部(bu)(瑞麗,隴川,梁河)和西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)(耿(geng)馬,滄源)、廣(guang)東(信宜)、廣(guang)西(xi)(藤縣,容縣)等(deng)地(di),通常零星栽培;我國只有在云南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)耿(geng)馬縣孟(meng)定,海(hai)拔540-600米(mi)的低丘坡地(di),尚保存小(xiao)面積的逸生林(lin)。熱(re)帶亞洲(zhou)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)和東南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu),從印(yin)度(du)、斯里蘭卡、孟(meng)加拉、泰國經中南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)半島(dao)至馬來半島(dao)等(deng)地(di)均有分布。模式標本采自印(yin)度(du)阿薩姆。
常綠喬木(mu),具(ju)板(ban)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)根(gen),高20~30米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),樹(shu)干端(duan)(duan)直,樹(shu)冠錐形(xing)(xing),樹(shu)皮薄(bo),暗(an)灰褐色(se),薄(bo)葉(xie)(xie)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)開裂,創傷處滲出帶(dai)香(xiang)氣(qi)的白(bai)色(se)樹(shu)脂。葉(xie)(xie)全緣,單葉(xie)(xie)對(dui)生。葉(xie)(xie)嫩時(shi)(shi)黃(huang)色(se)帶(dai)紅(hong),老(lao)時(shi)(shi)深綠色(se),革質(zhi),通常下垂,披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)狹卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing)至線狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)披針(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(4-)6~10(-12)厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(1-)2~4厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端(duan)(duan)漸(jian)尖或(huo)(huo)長(chang)漸(jian)尖至尾尖,基部(bu)楔形(xing)(xing),上面(mian)暗(an)綠色(se),微(wei)具(ju)光澤(ze),下面(mian)通常被白(bai)粉,側(ce)脈極多數(shu),成(cheng)斜向平行脈,纖細而不明顯,網脈在放大(da)鏡下隱約(yue)可見;葉(xie)(xie)柄(bing)長(chang)0.5~0.8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。花(hua)(hua)芳香(xiang),兩(liang)性,1-2頂(ding)生或(huo)(huo)腋生,直徑5-8.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);花(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)3~5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);萼片4枚(mei),外方2枚(mei)較內方2枚(mei)略大(da),圓形(xing)(xing),內凹,邊緣膜(mo)質(zhi),有(you)時(shi)(shi)具(ju)白(bai)色(se)睫毛;花(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)4枚(mei),白(bai)色(se),倒(dao)卵(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)楔形(xing)(xing),長(chang)3~3.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);雄蕊極多數(shu),分離,花(hua)(hua)藥長(chang)圓形(xing)(xing),金黃(huang)色(se),長(chang)約(yue)1.5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)絲絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),長(chang)1.5~2厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);子房圓錐形(xing)(xing),高約(yue)1.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)(hua)柱長(chang)1~1.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),柱頭盾形(xing)(xing)。蒴(shuo)果(guo)卵(luan)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)扁(bian)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing),成(cheng)熟時(shi)(shi)長(chang)2.5~3.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),干后栗褐色(se),有(you)縱皺(zhou)紋,頂(ding)端(duan)(duan)花(hua)(hua)柱宿(su)存(cun),通常2瓣(ban)裂,基部(bu)具(ju)增(zeng)大(da)成(cheng)木(mu)質(zhi)的萼片和多數(shu)殘存(cun)的花(hua)(hua)絲,果(guo)柄(bing)粗壯(zhuang),長(chang)0.8~1.2厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。種子1~4,背面(mian)凸起,腹面(mian)平坦(tan)或(huo)(huo)兩(liang)面(mian)平坦(tan);種皮褐色(se),有(you)光澤(ze),堅而脆。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)3~5月,果(guo)期(qi)8~10月。
生長具(ju)有節律性,一年(nian)有3次生長的高(gao)峰期(qi),10月下旬(xun)至次年(nian)1月為生長的高(gao)峰期(qi),一般種(zhong)植后10~12年(nian)即可開花結果,開花期(qi)為6月中(zhong)旬(xun)至7月中(zhong)旬(xun),果實(shi)成熟期(qi)是10月底至11月。
鐵力木是熱帶季(ji)雨林(lin)特有樹(shu)種(zhong),喜光。在(zai)自然條件(jian)下(xia)(xia),由于種(zhong)群間的(de)強烈競(jing)爭,其形成種(zhong)群之(zhi)前,常處于被抑制狀態,因而生(sheng)長十分緩(huan)慢。自然條件(jian)下(xia)(xia),鐵力木在(zai)林(lin)窗的(de)更新比林(lin)緣好(hao),說明幼苗期尚需適當(dang)的(de)蔭蔽。
適宜生存于年均氣溫(wen)20~26℃,最冷(leng)月(yue)均氣溫(wen)12.6℃,極端低溫(wen)1℃以上,≥10℃的活動積溫(wen)≥7400℃,年降雨量≥1200mm,年均相對濕度80%以上等地。
從西雙版納熱(re)帶植(zhi)物園引種(zhong)(zhong)栽培的植(zhi)株(zhu)上采得種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),隨采隨播。播種(zhong)(zhong)前用40℃溫水浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)12h,可提高發(fa)芽(ya)(ya)率。以沙作基質,采用條狀點(dian)播,條距(ju)12cm,株(zhu)距(ju)10cm,覆(fu)沙2cm厚(hou),并蓋草保持基質濕潤,播種(zhong)(zhong)15~25d后(hou)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)陸續發(fa)芽(ya)(ya),然后(hou)搭棚遮蔭。當出第(di)二片葉時即可移入12cm×20cm營養袋中。苗(miao)期生(sheng)長慢,當年苗(miao)高僅(jin)10~25cm。培育1.5~2a后(hou),當苗(miao)高50~70cm,便可出圃定植(zhi)。培育園林景觀大苗(miao)一(yi)般需(xu)4~5a,幼樹高2m以上時才(cai)能(neng)形成景觀效(xiao)果(guo)。
鐵力木(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)子含油量(liang)高(gao),因此播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后不宜澆(jiao)水太多(duo),否(fou)則(ze)會導致種(zhong)(zhong)子腐爛。此外,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前應將(jiang)基質(zhi)拌少(shao)許呋喃丹,以防白蟻危(wei)害。
播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前用(yong)(yong)600~1000倍(bei)液多(duo)菌(jun)(jun)靈或百(bai)菌(jun)(jun)清對播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基質進行全面消毒。采用(yong)(yong)干(gan)凈河沙(sha)做播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基質,條(tiao)狀(zhuang)點播(bo)(bo),條(tiao)距(ju)15cm,株距(ju)10cm,覆沙(sha)2cm厚,保(bao)持基質濕潤,播(bo)(bo)后15~20天種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)開始發(fa)芽(ya)。鐵力木種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含油量(liang)(liang)高(gao),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后不宜(yi)澆水太(tai)多(duo),否則(ze)會導致種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)腐爛(lan)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)播(bo)(bo)后易受白(bai)(bai)(bai)蟻(yi)害危(wei)害,造(zao)成(cheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不能正(zheng)常(chang)萌(meng)發(fa)或萌(meng)發(fa)后未(wei)出土(tu)就被白(bai)(bai)(bai)蟻(yi)蛀食,在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前應將基質按500:1拌呋喃丹,以防白(bai)(bai)(bai)蟻(yi)危(wei)害。若造(zao)林大量(liang)(liang)用(yong)(yong)苗,每(mei)667m2(公頃)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)30~40kg,可產(chan)苗112~115萬株。
一(yi)(yi)年生(sheng)鐵力木(mu)幼苗(miao)需(xu)一(yi)(yi)定程度的(de)遮蔭,蔭蔽度50%~70%。在充足(zu)的(de)水肥(fei)條件下(xia),苗(miao)期(qi)生(sheng)長會加快。幼苗(miao)定植(zhi)后需(xu)要充足(zu)的(de)光(guang)照(zhao)和(he)水肥(fei)供(gong)應,可每(mei)年追施(shi)一(yi)(yi)次有(you)機肥(fei),苗(miao)圃地(di)宜(yi)選在向南或(huo)東南的(de)緩坡地(di),土(tu)壤以(yi)腐殖質(zhi)較多(duo)的(de)中性(xing)至微酸性(xing)砂(sha)質(zhi)壤土(tu)或(huo)輕壤土(tu)較好(hao)。
鐵力木(mu)幼(you)時主干不(bu)明顯,分枝多,可根據培育(yu)的需(xu)要適當修剪。如作(zuo)園林(lin)景觀(guan)樹種(zhong),在幼(you)樹期應有選擇(ze)地(di)留側(ce)(ce)枝,修剪成型;作(zuo)行(xing)道樹和(he)用材樹時,在幼(you)苗期需(xu)除(chu)去側(ce)(ce)芽或修剪側(ce)(ce)枝,促進主干生長。
經濟價值
本(ben)種(zhong)結實豐(feng)富,種(zhong)子含油(you)量高達78.99%,是(shi)很好的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)油(you)料;木(mu)(mu)材(cai)結構較細,紋理(li)稍斜,心材(cai)和(he)邊(bian)材(cai)明(ming)顯(xian),材(cai)質(zhi)極重,堅硬強韌,難于加工(gong)(gong),唯耐磨、抗腐性強,抗白蟻及其他蟲害,不易變(bian)形;是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)有價值(zhi)的(de)(de)特種(zhong)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)用(yong)材(cai);鐵力(li)木(mu)(mu)是(shi)熱帶(dai)地區優良的(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)本(ben)油(you)料樹種(zhong)之一(yi)(yi)。其花(hua)大具香(xiang)氣,是(shi)很好的(de)(de)蜜源植(zhi)物(wu),鮮花(hua)經(jing)水蒸餾可得鐵力(li)木(mu)(mu)花(hua)精油(you),呈無(wu)色透(tou)明(ming)液體,出(chu)(chu)油(you)率(lv)達0.11%,內含30多種(zhong)化學(xue)成(cheng)份,主要成(cheng)份為(wei)B-馬(ma)欖(lan)烯,占總量的(de)(de)36.39%。其次為(wei)B-芹子烯,占總量的(de)(de)31.14%。鐵力(li)木(mu)(mu)花(hua)油(you)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)天(tian)然(ran)的(de)(de)調(diao)香(xiang)原料,可作為(wei)化妝品或日(ri)用(yong)化工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)調(diao)香(xiang)原料。鐵力(li)木(mu)(mu)樹干創傷處(chu)可滲出(chu)(chu)帶(dai)香(xiang)氣的(de)(de)樹脂,也是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)天(tian)然(ran)的(de)(de)調(diao)香(xiang)原料。
鐵力木種(zhong)仁富含油(you)(you)脂,出油(you)(you)率(lv)高達79%,油(you)(you)的比重(25°C)為(wei)0.9356g/cm3,為(wei)工業用油(you)(you),可用在工業上制肥皂等,其種(zhong)子油(you)(you)是西(xi)雙版納傣族佛里琰佛點的佛燈所必備的植物油(you)(you)。成年樹(shu)結實多,一(yi)般單株可收50~100kg種(zhong)子。
園藝價值
樹形美觀,花(hua)有香氣,也適宜于(yu)庭園綠化觀賞(shang)。