水松在其分(fen)布區內(nei)幾無天然林(lin)，多系人(ren)工栽(zai)培的(de)樹木。為(wei)喜光樹種，喜溫暖濕潤的(de)氣(qi)侯及水濕的(de)環境，耐水濕不耐低溫，對(dui)土壤(rang)的(de)適應性(xing)較(jiao)強，除鹽堿(jian)土之外(wai)，在其他(ta)各種土壤(rang)上均能生(sheng)長(chang)。而(er)以水分(fen)較(jiao)多的(de)沖漬土上生(sheng)長(chang)最好(hao)。
為中國特有(you)樹種，主要分(fen)布在廣州(zhou)(zhou)珠江(jiang)三角洲(zhou)和(he)福(fu)建(jian)中部及閩江(jiang)下游海拔(ba)1000米(mi)以(yi)下地(di)區(qu)。廣東(dong)(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部及西(xi)部、福(fu)建(jian)西(xi)部及北部、江(jiang)西(xi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部、四(si)川東(dong)(dong)(dong)南部、廣西(xi)及云南東(dong)(dong)(dong)南部也有(you)零星分(fen)布。此外南京、武漢(han)、廬山、上海、杭州(zhou)(zhou)等地(di)有(you)栽培。模式標本采(cai)自廣東(dong)(dong)(dong)廣州(zhou)(zhou)。
喬木，高(gao)8-10米(mi)，稀(xi)高(gao)達25米(mi)，生(sheng)于濕(shi)生(sheng)環境者，樹(shu)干(gan)基部(bu)膨(peng)大成(cheng)柱槽(cao)狀，并且有(you)伸出土面或水面的吸收(shou)根(gen)，柱槽(cao)高(gao)達70余厘(li)米(mi)，干(gan)基直徑(jing)達60-120，厘(li)米(mi)，樹(shu)干(gan)有(you)扭紋；樹(shu)皮褐(he)(he)色(se)或灰白色(se)而帶褐(he)(he)色(se)，縱裂(lie)成(cheng)不規則(ze)的長(chang)條(tiao)(tiao)片；枝條(tiao)(tiao)稀(xi)疏，大枝近平展，上部(bu)枝條(tiao)(tiao)斜伸；短枝從(cong)二年生(sheng)枝的頂芽(ya)或多年生(sheng)枝的腋(ye)芽(ya)伸出，長(chang)8-18厘(li)米(mi)，冬(dong)季脫(tuo)落；主枝則(ze)從(cong)多年生(sheng)及二年生(sheng)的頂芽(ya)伸出，冬(dong)季不脫(tuo)落。
葉(xie)(xie)(xie)多(duo)型：鱗(lin)形(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)較厚或(huo)(huo)背腹隆(long)起(qi)，螺旋狀(zhuang)著生(sheng)于多(duo)年生(sheng)或(huo)(huo)當年生(sheng)的主枝(zhi)上，長約(yue)2毫(hao)米，有白色氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)點，冬季不脫落；條形(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)扁(bian)平，薄(bo)，常列成(cheng)二列，先(xian)端尖，基部漸窄(zhai)，長1-3厘米，寬1.5-4毫(hao)米，淡綠色，背面(mian)中脈兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)有氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)帶(dai)；條狀(zhuang)鉆(zhan)形(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)扁(bian)，背腹窿(long)起(qi)，先(xian)端漸尖或(huo)(huo)尖鈍，微向外彎(wan)，長4-11毫(hao)米，輻射伸(shen)展或(huo)(huo)列成(cheng)三列狀(zhuang)；條形(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)及條狀(zhuang)鉆(zhan)形(xing)(xing)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)均于冬季連同側(ce)生(sheng)短枝(zhi)-同脫落。
球(qiu)果倒卵圓形(xing)，長2-2.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)，徑1.3-1.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)；種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)木質，扁平(ping)，中(zhong)部(bu)的倒卵形(xing)，基(ji)部(bu)楔形(xing)，先端圓，鱗(lin)背近邊緣(yuan)處(chu)有(you)6-10個微向外反的三角(jiao)狀(zhuang)尖齒；苞(bao)鱗(lin)與種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)幾全部(bu)合(he)生(sheng)，僅(jin)先端分離，三角(jiao)狀(zhuang)，向外反曲，位(wei)于種(zhong)(zhong)鱗(lin)背面的中(zhong)部(bu)或(huo)中(zhong)上(shang)部(bu)；種(zhong)(zhong)子橢圓形(xing)，稍扁，褐(he)色，長5-7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)3-4毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，下端有(you)長翅，翅長4-7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。子葉(xie)4-5枚，條狀(zhuang)針形(xing)，長1.2-1.6厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)不及(ji)1毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，無氣孔線；初生(sheng)葉(xie)條形(xing)，長約(yue)2厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)1.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，輪生(sheng)、對生(sheng)或(huo)互(hu)生(sheng)，主莖(jing)有(you)白色小點。花期1-2月，球(qiu)果秋(qiu)后成熟。
造林地(di)(di)應選(xuan)擇(ze)江河兩岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥灘地(di)(di)、河涌邊地(di)(di)、圍堤基地(di)(di)、地(di)(di)勢(shi)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農田(tian)和塘(tang)(tang)邊地(di)(di)。選(xuan)擇(ze)適(shi)宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)位(wei)置對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)松(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)關系極大(da)，是影響水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)松(song)(song)(song)(song)生(sheng)(sheng)產力的(de)(de)(de)(de)一項重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)松(song)(song)(song)(song)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)區(qu)(qu)一般分為(wei)潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)影響大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)、潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)影響不(bu)太明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)洪(hong)混合區(qu)(qu)和洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)三大(da)地(di)(di)類。在(zai)潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)或(huo)潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)洪(hong)混合區(qu)(qu)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)松(song)(song)(song)(song)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)點(dian)應在(zai)平均潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)線之上(shang)(shang)，近海的(de)(de)(de)(de)潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)可栽(zai)(zai)在(zai)潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)線上(shang)(shang)50-60厘米(mi)處，離海岸(an)稍(shao)遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域，種植(zhi)點(dian)應相應降低(di)；在(zai)潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)洪(hong)混合區(qu)(qu)，潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)漲落差(cha)異(yi)不(bu)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域，種植(zhi)點(dian)則為(wei)設(she)在(zai)平均潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)線上(shang)(shang)，目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)就是要求(qiu)在(zai)傅(fu)日漲潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)時(shi)，潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能夠(gou)浸(jin)過(guo)(guo)植(zhi)株基部10-50厘米(mi)，使土壤濕潤，退潮(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)時(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)而低(di)千栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)點(dian)l米(mi)以上(shang)(shang)，以保持(chi)土壤良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)通氣(qi)條(tiao)件。在(zai)靜(jing)態水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)（池塘(tang)(tang)）或(huo)半靜(jing)態水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)（水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫、洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區(qu)(qu)），水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)松(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)區(qu)(qu)宜(yi)設(she)在(zai)高(gao)于平常水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面l米(mi)左右，可避免水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)松(song)(song)(song)(song)尖削度過(guo)(guo)大(da)和因受淹時(shi)間過(guo)(guo)長(chang)而影響生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。若為(wei)了防(fang)浪固堤而栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)松(song)(song)(song)(song)林，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)松(song)(song)(song)(song)栽(zai)(zai)植(zhi)點(dian)可稍(shao)為(wei)低(di)一些。
適(shi)合水松生長(chang)的造(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin)地(di)往往水草(cao)叢生，必須清除(chu)雜草(cao)。連(lian)片造(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin)應(ying)全墾(ken)整(zheng)(zheng)地(di)；若(ruo)只(zhi)適(shi)宜帶(dai)狀造(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin)，可采(cai)用(yong)穴(xue)墾(ken)，植(zhi)穴(xue)40厘(li)米×40厘(li)米×30厘(li)米，在“大寒“，前(qian)完(wan)成整(zheng)(zheng)地(di)。
栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)水松宜(yi)在冬末春(chun)初嫩稍(shao)抽高(gao)生長(chang)前進行。容(rong)器苗可(ke)在“大(da)寒”開始定植(zhi)(zhi)，種植(zhi)(zhi)時除去塑料袋。裸根苗抓緊在“立春(chun)”前后雨天進行定植(zhi)(zhi)。若造林地較近，最好帶泥頭移栽(zai):如果起裸根苗，運(yun)輸又遠，則要泥漿漿根，遮蔭(yin)保濕防日曬。植(zhi)(zhi)時要培土(tu)壓實，使土(tu)壤(rang)與根系(xi)緊密結合(he)。植(zhi)(zhi)后，有(you)條件的用竹竿把苗木(mu)(mu)固(gu)定，免使苗木(mu)(mu)被(bei)潮水沖倒，以提高(gao)造林成活率。營造水松片林每公頃2000-2500株；單(dan)行栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)株距1-1.8米。
母(mu)樹年(nian)齡不同，其種子質量有明顯(xian)的(de)差異。宜選擇生(sheng)長旺盛(sheng)，無病蟲害(hai)，生(sheng)長在陽(yang)光充沛的(de)地方(fang)15-20年(nian)生(sheng)水松植株(zhu)作(zuo)為采(cai)種母(mu)樹。
壯齡(ling)母(mu)樹種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)量較(jiao)好。10-11月(yue)，球(qiu)果由粉綠色(se)轉為淺黃褐色(se)，鱗片端部微裂(lie)時進(jin)行采(cai)種(zhong)。曝曬棒打(da)球(qiu)果，使(shi)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)脫(tuo)落，篩去雜物，收集種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)即(ji)可播種(zhong)。
播(bo)(bo)育水松(song)(song)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)時(shi)間，越早越好(hao)，早播(bo)(bo)是防止苗木拌(ban)倒病的(de)技術關鍵。育苗應(ying)選擇陽光(guang)充(chong)足，背(bei)北(bei)風，近水源，排(pai)(pai)灌(guan)良好(hao)，地勢平(ping)坦，肥沃(wo)的(de)中壤土(tu)(tu)作播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗床(chuang)。整(zheng)地要充(chong)分碎(sui)土(tu)(tu)，結(jie)合翻耕清除雜草。撒石灰進行(xing)(xing)(xing)土(tu)(tu)壤消(xiao)毒，施(shi)吠喃丹消(xiao)滅(mie)地下(xia)害蟲。苗地要下(xia)足基肥，每畝(mu)施(shi)腐熟土(tu)(tu)雜肥或豬糞(fen)750-1000千克，修好(hao)排(pai)(pai)灌(guan)渠后(hou)(hou)，作苗床(chuang)寬(kuan)1米(mi)(mi)、高20厘米(mi)(mi)，整(zheng)成(cheng)平(ping)床(chuang)，以備播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。每畝(mu)用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)9-10千克。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前用0.5%福爾馬林液噴灑種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，悶種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2小(xiao)時(shi)后(hou)(hou)，用清水洗(xi)凈。再以清水浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1天，把種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)撈(lao)起堆放進行(xing)(xing)(xing)催芽。每天翻動(dong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)數次并灑水，待種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)露白(bai)后(hou)(hou)即行(xing)(xing)(xing)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。采用撒播(bo)(bo)，播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)用細碎(sui)火(huo)燒土(tu)(tu)薄層覆蓋(gai)至不(bu)見(jian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)為(wei)度(du)，再覆蓋(gai)山草或松(song)(song)針(zhen)。
幼(you)苗初(chu)期抗逆(ni)性差(cha)，必須加(jia)強管理。
注意防寒。水松育苗處在(zai)冬春季間，氣溫(wen)較(jiao)低，常(chang)受(shou)(shou)寒潮襲擊，必要時用薄(bo)膜覆(fu)蓋，使幼苗免受(shou)(shou)凍(dong)害。
保持(chi)苗圃地(di)濕潤。土壤含水量(liang)低會造成幼苗萎(wei)蔫(nian)至死。尤(you)其冬季(ji)干旱(han)要加強淋(lin)水。
合理追(zhui)肥(fei)。當(dang)幼苗(miao)出真葉后(hou)(hou)，高6-8厘米時，按(an)勤施(shi)薄施(shi)原(yuan)則進行(xing)追(zhui)肥(fei)管理。開始(shi)以腐熟人尿，濃度5%-10%，每隔10-15天施(shi)1次。往后(hou)(hou)濃度可逐漸加(jia)大。中、后(hou)(hou)期(qi)應多(duo)施(shi)磷、鉀肥(fei)，促進幼苗(miao)木(mu)質化。
當苗(miao)(miao)高(gao)約10-20厘(li)米，即要(yao)(yao)分床(chuang)。移苗(miao)(miao)前先將苗(miao)(miao)地淋透水，起(qi)苗(miao)(miao)力求保(bao)持幼苗(miao)(miao)根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)完整(zheng)，隨(sui)起(qi)苗(miao)(miao)隨(sui)移植。進行苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)分級，用泥漿(jiang)漿(jiang)根(gen)(gen)，運(yun)苗(miao)(miao)時注(zhu)意保(bao)濕，防止根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)日曬風吹，未能移植的苗(miao)(miao)要(yao)(yao)遮蔭或假植。分床(chuang)時苗(miao)(miao)要(yao)(yao)種(zhong)得正直(zhi)，既保(bao)持根(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)舒(shu)展，又(you)要(yao)(yao)使(shi)苗(miao)(miao)根(gen)(gen)與土壤(rang)緊(jin)接。
水(shui)松幼(you)苗的病害主要(yao)是根腐病和(he)立枯病。每隔7-10天噴(pen)1次波爾(er)多液；遇連(lian)日(ri)陰雨后撒干草木灰（每畝(mu)10-15千克）。并注(zhu)意及時消滅(mie)害蟲。
木材(cai)淡紅(hong)黃色，材(cai)質(zhi)輕軟(ruan)，紋(wen)理細，耐水濕(shi)，比(bi)重0.39-0.42。供(gong)建筑、橋梁、家(jia)具(ju)等用材(cai)。根部木質(zhi)松軟(ruan)，浮力大，可做救(jiu)生圈、瓶(ping)塞(sai)等軟(ruan)木用具(ju)；球果、樹(shu)皮含單(dan)寧，可提取栲膠；枝、葉及球果入(ru)藥，有祛風濕(shi)、收斂(lian)止(zhi)痛的效用。根系發達，可栽于河邊、堤旁或田埂作固堤護岸和防風之用。樹(shu)形(xing)優美，可作庭園樹(shu)種。
該種(zhong)列入(ru)中國國務(wu)院1999年8月4日批(pi)準的《國家重點保(bao)護野生植物名錄(lu)（第一批(pi)）》：Ⅰ級；《世界自然保(bao)護聯盟瀕(bin)危物種(zhong)紅(hong)色名錄(lu)》（IUCN）：易危（VU）。
瀕危原因
稀有種。殘存于中國(guo)南(nan)(nan)部和(he)東南(nan)(nan)部，因主(zhu)產區人口(kou)稠密，交通方便，破壞嚴重(zhong)，植株多(duo)零(ling)散(san)生長(chang)。
保護措施
保護好已存的大(da)樹、古樹，大(da)力育苗(miao)造(zao)林。
巧笑倩兮 
