喜(xi)光樹種,喜(xi)溫(wen)涼、溫(wen)暖氣(qi)候(hou)及(ji)濕潤土壤。在(zai)華(hua)北及(ji)長江(jiang)下游(you)海拔(ba)(ba)500米以(yi)下,中上(shang)游(you)海拔(ba)(ba)1000米以(yi)下排水良好之山地可選用造林。
產(chan)于內蒙古烏(wu)拉山(shan)(shan)、河(he)北、山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)、山(shan)(shan)東、江(jiang)(jiang)蘇、浙江(jiang)(jiang)、福(fu)建(jian)、安(an)徽、江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)(xi)、河(he)南(nan)、陜(shan)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)部(bu)、甘肅南(nan)部(bu)、四川(chuan)、湖北西(xi)(xi)部(bu)、湖南(nan)、貴州、廣東、廣西(xi)(xi)北部(bu)及(ji)云南(nan)等地。生于中(zhong)性土(tu)(tu)(tu)、鈣(gai)質土(tu)(tu)(tu)及(ji)微酸性土(tu)(tu)(tu)上,各地亦多栽培,西(xi)(xi)藏也有栽培。朝(chao)鮮、日本(ben)也有分布。華北及(ji)長江(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)域各地多栽培作園林樹(shu)種。
喬木,高達20米(mi)(mi)(mi),胸徑達3.5米(mi)(mi)(mi);樹(shu)(shu)皮深灰(hui)(hui)色(se),縱裂(lie),成(cheng)條(tiao)片(pian)開裂(lie);幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)枝(zhi)條(tiao)通(tong)常(chang)斜(xie)(xie)上(shang)(shang)伸展,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)尖塔(ta)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan),老則(ze)下部大(da)枝(zhi)平(ping)展,形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)廣圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan);樹(shu)(shu)皮灰(hui)(hui)褐(he)色(se),縱裂(lie),裂(lie)成(cheng)不(bu)規則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)薄片(pian)脫(tuo)落;小(xiao)枝(zhi)通(tong)常(chang)直(zhi)或稍成(cheng)弧狀彎(wan)曲,生(sheng)鱗(lin)(lin)葉(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)枝(zhi)近圓柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或近四棱(leng)(leng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),徑1-1.2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。葉(xie)(xie)二型,即刺葉(xie)(xie)及鱗(lin)(lin)葉(xie)(xie);刺葉(xie)(xie)生(sheng)于(yu)幼(you)樹(shu)(shu)之上(shang)(shang),老齡樹(shu)(shu)則(ze)全為鱗(lin)(lin)葉(xie)(xie),壯(zhuang)齡樹(shu)(shu)兼有刺葉(xie)(xie)與鱗(lin)(lin)葉(xie)(xie);生(sheng)于(yu)一年(nian)生(sheng)小(xiao)枝(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)一回分枝(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)鱗(lin)(lin)葉(xie)(xie)三葉(xie)(xie)輪生(sheng),直(zhi)伸而緊密,近披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)微(wei)漸(jian)尖,長2.5-5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),背面(mian)近中部有橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)微(wei)凹(ao)的(de)(de)(de)腺體;刺葉(xie)(xie)三葉(xie)(xie)交互輪生(sheng),斜(xie)(xie)展,疏松,披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)漸(jian)尖,長6-12毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),上(shang)(shang)面(mian)微(wei)凹(ao),有兩條(tiao)白(bai)(bai)粉帶。雌雄(xiong)異株(zhu)(zhu),稀同株(zhu)(zhu),雄(xiong)球(qiu)花黃色(se),橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長2.5-3.5毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),雄(xiong)蕊5-7對(dui),常(chang)有3-4花藥。球(qiu)果近圓球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),徑6-8毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),兩年(nian)成(cheng)熟,熟時(shi)暗(an)褐(he)色(se),被白(bai)(bai)粉或白(bai)(bai)粉脫(tuo)落,有1-4粒種(zhong)(zhong)子;種(zhong)(zhong)子卵圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),扁,頂端(duan)(duan)鈍,有棱(leng)(leng)脊及少數樹(shu)(shu)脂槽(cao);子葉(xie)(xie)2枚,出土,條(tiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長1.3-1.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬約1毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),先(xian)端(duan)(duan)銳尖,下面(mian)有兩條(tiao)白(bai)(bai)色(se)氣孔帶,上(shang)(shang)面(mian)則(ze)不(bu)明(ming)顯。
枝向上(shang)直展,密(mi)生,樹冠圓柱狀(zhuang)或圓柱狀(zhuang)尖(jian)塔形(xing);葉(xie)多為(wei)刺形(xing)稀間(jian)有鱗葉(xie)。
常見(jian)病(bing)(bing)害有圓(yuan)柏(bo)梨(li)銹病(bing)(bing)、圓(yuan)柏(bo)蘋果銹病(bing)(bing)及(ji)圓(yuan)柏(bo)石楠銹病(bing)(bing)等。這些病(bing)(bing)以塔柏(bo)為越冬寄主(zhu)。對(dui)塔柏(bo)本身雖傷害不太嚴重,但對(dui)梨(li)、蘋果、海棠、石楠等則(ze)危害頗巨(ju),故應注意防治,最好避(bi)免在蘋果、梨(li)園等附近(jin)種(zhong)植。
心材(cai)(cai)淡(dan)褐(he)紅色(se),邊材(cai)(cai)淡(dan)黃(huang)褐(he)色(se),有香氣(qi),堅韌(ren)致(zhi)密,耐腐力強(qiang)。可(ke)作房(fang)屋(wu)建(jian)筑(zhu)、家(jia)具、文具及(ji)工藝品等用(yong)材(cai)(cai);樹根、樹干及(ji)枝葉可(ke)提取(qu)柏(bo)木腦的原料(liao)及(ji)柏(bo)木油(you);枝葉入(ru)藥,能祛風散寒,活血(xue)消腫(zhong)、利(li)尿;種子可(ke)提潤滑油(you);為普(pu)遍栽培的庭園樹種。
檜(gui)柏材質(zhi)致密,堅硬,桃紅色,美(mei)觀而有(you)芳香,極耐久,故宜供(gong)作(zuo)圖板、棺木、鉛筆、家具或建筑材料。種子可榨油,或入藥。因其(qi)生(sheng)長速(su)度中等而偏(pian)慢,故除(chu)作(zuo)觀賞外,尚少用作(zuo)大規模(mo)造林者。