分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國、印度、斯(si)里蘭(lan)卡(ka)、泰(tai)國、柬埔寨、越南(nan)、菲律賓及(ji)大洋洲;在中(zhong)(zhong)國分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)廣(guang)西(xi)(東(dong)興)、廣(guang)東(dong)(南(nan)部及(ji)沿海各島嶼)和臺灣(基隆、高(gao)雄、屏(ping)東(dong))。多生(sheng)于(yu)海陸交(jiao)錯區(qu)的高(gao)潮帶(dai)或(huo)超高(gao)潮帶(dai)的鹽堿地上,對土(tu)壤要求不(bu)高(gao),在潮濕貧瘠(ji)的沙礫土(tu)上或(huo)潮溝邊(bian)較高(gao)的地方均(jun)可生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。喜光、喜熱,生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)速度較快。
常(chang)綠(lv)喬木,高2-3米(mi)(mi),稀(xi)有(you)更高;枝無毛,具(ju)多(duo)數(shu)皮(pi)孔。葉(xie)(xie)互生(sheng),厚,近革質,葉(xie)(xie)片橢圓(yuan)形(xing)或闊橢圓(yuan)形(xing),少(shao)有(you)卵狀長(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing),長(chang)6-8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬3-4.2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),頂端短(duan)尖,尖頭鈍(dun),基部鈍(dun)圓(yuan)或闊楔(xie)形(xing),邊(bian)全緣或有(you)不明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)疏細(xi)齒(chi),干時略背卷,兩面均無毛,腹(fu)面光滑;中脈(mo)粗(cu)壯,在(zai)腹(fu)面凹入(ru),背面顯(xian)著凸起,側脈(mo)約10對(dui),纖細(xi),斜伸,離緣2-5毫米(mi)(mi)彎拱連接,網脈(mo)不明(ming)顯(xian);葉(xie)(xie)柄粗(cu)壯,長(chang)1.5-3厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),無毛,頂端有(you)2圓(yuan)形(xing)的(de)腺體(ti);托葉(xie)(xie)卵形(xing),頂端尖,長(chang)1.5-2毫米(mi)(mi)。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)(dan)性,雌(ci)雄(xiong)(xiong)異(yi)株,聚集成腋生(sheng)、單(dan)(dan)生(sheng)或雙生(sheng)的總狀花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu),雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)長(chang)(chang)3-4.5厘米,雌(ci)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)較短。雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua):苞片闊卵(luan)(luan)形(xing),肉質,長(chang)(chang)和寬近(jin)(jin)相等約(yue)2毫(hao)米,頂端(duan)截平或略凸,基部(bu)(bu)腹面兩側各(ge)(ge)具(ju)(ju)1腺體,每一(yi)苞片內含1朵花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua);小(xiao)苞片2,披針形(xing),長(chang)(chang)約(yue)2毫(hao)米,寬約(yue)0.6毫(hao)米,基部(bu)(bu)兩側各(ge)(ge)具(ju)(ju)1腺體;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗粗(cu)短或近(jin)(jin)無(wu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗;萼片3,線狀漸尖,長(chang)(chang)約(yue)1.2毫(hao)米;雄(xiong)(xiong)蕊3枚(mei),常伸出(chu)于萼片之外;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲向(xiang)基部(bu)(bu)漸粗(cu)。雌(ci)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua);苞片和小(xiao)苞片與雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的相同,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗比雄(xiong)(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的略長(chang)(chang);萼片闊卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)或三角形(xing),頂端(duan)尖,基部(bu)(bu)稍(shao)連(lian)合,長(chang)(chang)約(yue)1.4毫(hao)米,基部(bu)(bu)寬近(jin)(jin)1毫(hao)米;子房(fang)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱3,分(fen)離,頂端(duan)外卷。蒴果球(qiu)形(xing),具(ju)(ju)3溝槽,長(chang)(chang)7-8毫(hao)米,寬約(yue)10毫(hao)米;分(fen)果爿(pan)尖卵(luan)(luan)形(xing),頂端(duan)具(ju)(ju)喙;種子球(qiu)形(xing),直徑約(yue)4毫(hao)米。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)果期(qi)1-9月。
海漆栽培時要選(xuan)擇合(he)適的(de)造林(lin)(lin)地和種植(zhi)時間。苗初植(zhi)要適當密植(zhi),有利于(yu)形成良好生(sheng)境,提高幼林(lin)(lin)成活率,采用1米×1米的(de)株行距為(wei)宜。幼林(lin)(lin)期應(ying)加強管理,林(lin)(lin)地容(rong)易受(shou)其他雜草侵(qin)襲,影響生(sheng)長,難(nan)于(yu)郁閉成林(lin)(lin)。
種植初期,要禁止漁民在幼(you)(you)(you)苗幼(you)(you)(you)樹區(qu)的(de)活動,減少對幼(you)(you)(you)苗幼(you)(you)(you)樹造成(cheng)損害。海(hai)漆枝條柔軟(ruan),匍(pu)匐生長(chang)地面易受水浸泡,可用竹子扶撐,待長(chang)大后再獨立生長(chang)。
采(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)盡(jin)可能(neng)在(zai)上半年采(cai)種(zhong)(zhong),以保證(zheng)種(zhong)(zhong)子質量。新(xin)鮮種(zhong)(zhong)子發(fa)芽率較(jiao)(jiao)高,貯(zhu)藏時間越(yue)長(chang)(chang)(chang),發(fa)芽率越(yue)低(di),種(zhong)(zhong)子隨(sui)采(cai)隨(sui)播為好。海(hai)漆在(zai)育苗(miao)(miao)中(zhong)最好采(cai)用(yong)(yong)疏(shu)松、透(tou)氣性強的(de)(de)基質播種(zhong)(zhong)育苗(miao)(miao)。此外,播種(zhong)(zhong)后,用(yong)(yong)紗(sha)網(wang)蓋住苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang),以免潮(chao)水(shui)或(huo)下雨時雨水(shui)沖刷種(zhong)(zhong)子,也便于(yu)澆水(shui)。退潮(chao)后及時用(yong)(yong)淡水(shui)澆苗(miao)(miao),以免泥漿黏附于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)子或(huo)苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)表(biao)面(mian),影響種(zhong)(zhong)子和(he)苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)的(de)(de)透(tou)氣性。溫度越(yue)高,海(hai)漆幼苗(miao)(miao)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)越(yue)快,低(di)溫和(he)高鹽度均能(neng)制(zhi)約苗(miao)(miao)木生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)。在(zai)育苗(miao)(miao)過程中(zhong),應(ying)根據實(shi)際情況,加強水(shui)肥管理,保證(zheng)土(tu)壤含(han)水(shui)量和(he)土(tu)壤水(shui)分較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)的(de)(de)含(han)鹽量,提高苗(miao)(miao)木生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)量。
海(hai)(hai)漆具有速生、抗逆性強等特點(dian),對防風固岸(an)有顯著(zhu)效果(guo),是海(hai)(hai)濱高(gao)潮位地帶(dai)和河道的(de)護(hu)岸(an)樹。中國東南沿海(hai)(hai)大面積營(ying)造紅樹林的(de)重要樹種(zhong)(zhong),可(ke)用于沿海(hai)(hai)生態景(jing)觀(guan)林種(zhong)(zhong)植。