分(fen)布(bu)于中(zhong)國(guo)、印度(du)(du)、斯里蘭卡、泰國(guo)、柬埔寨、越南、菲律賓及大洋洲;在中(zhong)國(guo)分(fen)布(bu)于廣西(xi)(東興(xing))、廣東(南部及沿海各島(dao)嶼)和(he)臺灣(基隆、高雄、屏(ping)東)。多(duo)生(sheng)于海陸交錯區的高潮帶(dai)或(huo)超高潮帶(dai)的鹽(yan)堿(jian)地上(shang)(shang),對土壤要求不(bu)高,在潮濕貧瘠(ji)的沙礫土上(shang)(shang)或(huo)潮溝邊(bian)較高的地方均可生(sheng)長。喜(xi)光、喜(xi)熱,生(sheng)長速度(du)(du)較快。
常綠喬木,高(gao)2-3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),稀有(you)更高(gao);枝無(wu)毛(mao),具多數皮孔(kong)。葉互(hu)生,厚,近(jin)革質,葉片(pian)橢圓形(xing)或闊(kuo)橢圓形(xing),少有(you)卵狀(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓形(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)6-8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3-4.2厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),頂端短尖,尖頭(tou)鈍,基部鈍圓或闊(kuo)楔形(xing),邊(bian)全緣或有(you)不(bu)明(ming)顯的(de)疏細齒,干時略背卷(juan),兩面均無(wu)毛(mao),腹面光滑;中脈(mo)粗壯(zhuang),在腹面凹(ao)入,背面顯著凸起,側脈(mo)約(yue)10對(dui),纖細,斜伸,離緣2-5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)彎(wan)拱連接,網脈(mo)不(bu)明(ming)顯;葉柄粗壯(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-3厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),無(wu)毛(mao),頂端有(you)2圓形(xing)的(de)腺體(ti);托葉卵形(xing),頂端尖,長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5-2毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)性,雌雄(xiong)異株,聚(ju)集成腋生、單(dan)生或(huo)雙生的(de)總狀花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序,雄(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-4.5厘米(mi),雌花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序較(jiao)短。雄(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua):苞片(pian)(pian)(pian)闊卵(luan)形(xing),肉質,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)寬(kuan)近(jin)相等(deng)約(yue)2毫米(mi),頂端(duan)截(jie)平(ping)或(huo)略(lve)凸,基部腹面兩(liang)側(ce)各具1腺體,每一苞片(pian)(pian)(pian)內含(han)1朵花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua);小苞片(pian)(pian)(pian)2,披針形(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)2毫米(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)0.6毫米(mi),基部兩(liang)側(ce)各具1腺體;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)(geng)粗(cu)短或(huo)近(jin)無(wu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)(geng);萼片(pian)(pian)(pian)3,線(xian)狀漸尖,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)1.2毫米(mi);雄(xiong)蕊3枚,常伸出于(yu)萼片(pian)(pian)(pian)之外;花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲向基部漸粗(cu)。雌花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua);苞片(pian)(pian)(pian)和(he)小苞片(pian)(pian)(pian)與雄(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)相同,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)梗(geng)(geng)比雄(xiong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)略(lve)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang);萼片(pian)(pian)(pian)闊卵(luan)形(xing)或(huo)三角形(xing),頂端(duan)尖,基部稍連合,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)1.4毫米(mi),基部寬(kuan)近(jin)1毫米(mi);子房卵(luan)形(xing),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱3,分離,頂端(duan)外卷。蒴(shuo)果(guo)球形(xing),具3溝槽(cao),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)7-8毫米(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)10毫米(mi);分果(guo)爿尖卵(luan)形(xing),頂端(duan)具喙;種子球形(xing),直(zhi)徑約(yue)4毫米(mi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)果(guo)期1-9月(yue)。
海漆(qi)栽培時(shi)要(yao)選擇合(he)適的造林(lin)地(di)和種植時(shi)間。苗初植要(yao)適當密植,有利于形成良好生境(jing),提高幼林(lin)成活率,采(cai)用1米×1米的株行距為宜(yi)。幼林(lin)期(qi)應加(jia)強管理,林(lin)地(di)容(rong)易受其他雜草侵襲,影響生長,難于郁閉成林(lin)。
種植初(chu)期(qi),要禁止漁民在幼(you)苗(miao)幼(you)樹區的活動,減少對幼(you)苗(miao)幼(you)樹造成損害。海漆枝條柔軟,匍匐(fu)生長(chang)地面(mian)易(yi)受(shou)水(shui)浸泡,可用竹子(zi)扶撐,待(dai)長(chang)大后再(zai)獨立生長(chang)。
采種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)在上(shang)半(ban)年采種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),以保證種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)量。新鮮種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)發芽率(lv)較高,貯藏時(shi)間越(yue)(yue)長,發芽率(lv)越(yue)(yue)低(di),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)隨采隨播為好。海(hai)漆在育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)中最好采用(yong)疏松、透氣性(xing)強的基(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。此外,播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou),用(yong)紗網蓋住苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang),以免潮水(shui)(shui)或下雨時(shi)雨水(shui)(shui)沖刷種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),也(ye)便于澆水(shui)(shui)。退潮后(hou)及時(shi)用(yong)淡水(shui)(shui)澆苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),以免泥(ni)漿(jiang)黏(nian)附于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)或苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)表面(mian),影響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)和苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)的透氣性(xing)。溫度越(yue)(yue)高,海(hai)漆幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)生(sheng)(sheng)長越(yue)(yue)快,低(di)溫和高鹽度均(jun)能(neng)(neng)制約苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)長。在育(yu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)過程中,應根據實際情(qing)況,加強水(shui)(shui)肥管理,保證土壤含(han)水(shui)(shui)量和土壤水(shui)(shui)分(fen)較低(di)的含(han)鹽量,提高苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)長量。
海(hai)(hai)漆具有(you)速生、抗(kang)逆性強等特點(dian),對防風(feng)固岸有(you)顯(xian)著效果,是海(hai)(hai)濱高潮位地帶和(he)河(he)道的(de)護岸樹(shu)。中(zhong)國東南沿海(hai)(hai)大面積營造紅樹(shu)林的(de)重要(yao)樹(shu)種,可(ke)用于(yu)沿海(hai)(hai)生態(tai)景觀林種植。