分布于中(zhong)(zhong)國河北(武(wu)安)、山西(陽城)、河南(nan)(伏牛(niu)山)、陜西(秦嶺)、甘肅、浙(zhe)江(天(tian)目山)、湖北、四川、貴州、云南(nan)、西藏。印度也有分布。生長在海拔900-3600米的溪(xi)邊雜(za)木林中(zhong)(zhong)。
落葉(xie)灌木(mu)或(huo)小喬木(mu),高2-15米(mi)(mi);樹皮紫(zi)黑色(se)(se)或(huo)棕灰色(se)(se);小枝無(wu)毛,紫(zi)黑色(se)(se)或(huo)灰色(se)(se);芽(ya)卵(luan)形,鱗片深褐色(se)(se),光亮。葉(xie)紙質,卵(luan)形或(huo)近(jin)圓形,少數橢圓卵(luan)形或(huo)橢圓披針形,長5-14厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3-9厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),先端(duan)漸尖,有1突(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)尾尖,長1-1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),基部楔形或(huo)寬(kuan)楔形,邊緣疏生(sheng)(sheng)頂端(duan)加厚(hou)的鋸齒,下部或(huo)近(jin)基部全緣,上(shang)面(mian)無(wu)毛或(huo)散生(sheng)(sheng)柔毛后脫落,僅(jin)在脈(mo)上(shang)殘存,下面(mian)無(wu)毛或(huo)脈(mo)上(shang)有伏毛,脈(mo)腋(ye)具(ju)叢(cong)毛,側脈(mo)6-11對(dui);葉(xie)柄長2-5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),有柔毛后脫落。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)叢生(sheng);花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗長(chang)(chang)3-5毫(hao)米;苞片橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),早落;雄蕊6-14,長(chang)(chang)8-15毫(hao)米,花(hua)(hua)(hua)藥紅色,比花(hua)(hua)(hua)絲長(chang)(chang),藥隔(ge)附(fu)屬物長(chang)(chang)0.7-2毫(hao)米;心皮6-12,子(zi)(zi)房歪形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)2-4毫(hao)米,柱頭面在腹面或遠(yuan)軸,斧形(xing)(xing),具微小粘質突起,有1-3(-4)胚珠。翅果(guo)長(chang)(chang)5-10毫(hao)米,寬3-5毫(hao)米,棕色,子(zi)(zi)房柄長(chang)(chang)7-10毫(hao)米,果(guo)梗長(chang)(chang)8-10毫(hao)米;種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)1-3個,卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.5-2.5毫(hao)米,黑色。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)4-5月(yue),果(guo)期(qi)7-8月(yue)。
造(zao)林地(di)要(yao)(yao)選擇在海拔700米左右(you)(you)的(de)陰坡且濕度(du)(du)較大的(de)環(huan)境(jing),主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是模擬(ni)野(ye)生自然生境(jing)下水(shui)熱條件(jian)基本相同(tong)的(de)溝谷兩岸地(di)帶,以(yi)(yi)保證(zheng)造(zao)林的(de)成功。造(zao)林采用隔行(xing)(xing)混交(jiao)方式。混交(jiao)樹種(zhong)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)選擇落(luo)葉(xie)的(de)闊葉(xie)樹種(zhong),如馬褂木、銀杏等,株(zhu)行(xing)(xing)距3米×4米,密(mi)度(du)(du)90株(zhu)/667平方米左右(you)(you)。秋(qiu)季采用穴(xue)狀(zhuang)整地(di),規格為(wei)40厘(li)米×40厘(li)米×50厘(li)米,春季于土(tu)壤解凍后栽(zai)植(zhi),一般(ban)造(zao)林時(shi)間(jian)在3月上旬(xun),造(zao)林前要(yao)(yao)選好根(gen)系發達完整、無病蟲害的(de)Ⅰ級壯苗(miao),栽(zai)植(zhi)時(shi)做到苗(miao)正、根(gen)舒、壓實,并覆土(tu)將樹根(gen)處培成小(xiao)錐形。當年撫育(yu)(yu)2-3次(ci),以(yi)(yi)后可(ke)根(gen)據立地(di)條件(jian)和雜草繁茂程度(du)(du),增加或減少撫育(yu)(yu)次(ci)數。
領(ling)春木種子(zi)在9月下旬(xun)成(cheng)熟,選擇20年生以上、生長健康、無(wu)病蟲害、結實(shi)多的中壯年樹上采集。將采集的翅果種子(zi)水(shui)浸3天后去(qu)除(chu)果翅和果梗,反復(fu)水(shui)洗得到純凈種子(zi),晾干(gan)種子(zi)表面(mian)水(shui)分后室內低(di)溫沙藏。值得注意的是種子(zi)忌干(gan)藏和失水(shui)干(gan)燥,也(ye)不能爆曬,否則發芽(ya)率(lv)極低(di)或喪失發芽(ya)能力。沙藏期間(jian)(jian)每5-7天翻動種子(zi)一次,防止種子(zi)沙藏期間(jian)(jian)爛(lan)種,造(zao)成(cheng)種子(zi)損(sun)失。
根(gen)據(ju)領春木(mu)的(de)生態學特性,我們要將(jiang)圃(pu)(pu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)選在高海拔(ba)、交通方便、日照強(qiang)度(du)低、石礫含量少、土(tu)層深厚(hou)、肥力較好的(de)黃紅壤等,同(tong)(tong)時要求(qiu)稍為蔽蔭(yin)和(he)(he)有水源(yuan)的(de)荒地(di)(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)(zuo)為苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。忌用(yong)低海拔(ba)、日照強(qiang)度(du)高的(de)用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)等,否則育苗(miao)(miao)會失敗。圃(pu)(pu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)必須要精耕細作(zuo)(zuo)。3月上旬翻地(di)(di)(di)(di)前要清理地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)雜(za)物(wu),深翻地(di)(di)(di)(di)表25厘米(mi)以上,清除樹根(gen)、草蔸和(he)(he)石塊等。每667平方米(mi)施(shi)用(yong)100千克(ke)(ke)復(fu)合肥作(zuo)(zuo)為基肥,同(tong)(tong)時施(shi)用(yong)呋喃(nan)丹(dan)3千克(ke)(ke)翻入(ru)土(tu)中殺滅地(di)(di)(di)(di)下害蟲。經過“3犁3耙”,使肥和(he)(he)藥與(yu)圃(pu)(pu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)土(tu)壤均勻(yun)混合在一起。然后作(zuo)(zuo)苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang),苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)要順坡(po)而作(zuo)(zuo),床(chuang)面(mian)(mian)寬120厘米(mi)、高20厘米(mi),長度(du)可(ke)以隨地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢而定,畦溝寬25厘米(mi),床(chuang)面(mian)(mian)應平整(zheng)不積水,四周開好排水溝,隨時保(bao)持排水通暢(chang)。
來年3月5-10日篩出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)水(shui)選(xuan)2次(ci),去除劣(lie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou),再將(jiang)純凈(jing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)倒入(ru)容器中,用(yong)0.5%的(de)(de)高錳酸鉀(jia)(jia)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)12小(xiao)時(shi),浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期間(jian)經常攪(jiao)動。12小(xiao)時(shi)后(hou)(hou)撈(lao)出(chu)用(yong)清水(shui)沖洗(xi)干凈(jing),再用(yong)生(sheng)根(gen)粉處理種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。具體做法是用(yong)50℃溫水(shui)間(jian)歇浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2次(ci),2次(ci)溫水(shui)都(dou)要(yao)(yao)自然(ran)冷(leng)卻且浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)24小(xiao)時(shi)后(hou)(hou)撈(lao)出(chu),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)ABT7號稀釋(shi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)根(gen)粉溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1小(xiao)時(shi),最后(hou)(hou)撈(lao)出(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)進行催(cui)芽,催(cui)芽期間(jian)要(yao)(yao)每天(tian)用(yong)溫水(shui)淘(tao)洗(xi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),淘(tao)洗(xi)時(shi)動作要(yao)(yao)輕,淘(tao)洗(xi)后(hou)(hou)要(yao)(yao)保溫保濕(shi),約8-10天(tian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)破嘴即(ji)(ji)可(ke)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)0.5%的(de)(de)高錳酸鉀(jia)(jia)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)均勻噴灑床(chuang)(chuang)面(mian)消(xiao)毒,2小(xiao)時(shi)后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)待(dai)播(bo)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)均勻撒播(bo)于床(chuang)(chuang)面(mian),大(da)約播(bo)120-150粒(li)/平方(fang)米,播(bo)消(xiao)毒后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)5千(qian)克/667平方(fang)米,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)蓋(gai)過(guo)篩的(de)(de)草(cao)皮灰混細土0.5厘米,一(yi)般以不見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)為度,噴一(yi)遍(bian)透(tou)水(shui),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)蓋(gai)上一(yi)層薄稻草(cao)。蓋(gai)草(cao)即(ji)(ji)可(ke)預(yu)防鳥(niao)獸危害(hai),又(you)可(ke)以增加床(chuang)(chuang)面(mian)溫度和濕(shi)度,預(yu)防晴(qing)天(tian)太陽的(de)(de)直射對床(chuang)(chuang)面(mian)水(shui)分的(de)(de)過(guo)量蒸(zheng)發,從(cong)而影響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)根(gen)萌(meng)芽。播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)到出(chu)芽前,要(yao)(yao)注意防止(zhi)苗床(chuang)(chuang)過(guo)干等不利于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)休眠(mian)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件。
經濟
領春木紋理美(mei)觀可(ke)做高檔家具或儀器表盒(he)等;樹形(xing)優美(mei),樹干通(tong)直,也是優美(mei)的庭院樹種。
研究
領春木為(wei)典型的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)亞植(zhi)物(wu)區系成分(fen)的(de)(de)特征(zheng)種(zhong),又(you)是古(gu)老的(de)(de)殘遺(yi)植(zhi)物(wu),樹木。為(wei)典型的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)亞植(zhi)物(wu)區系成分(fen)的(de)(de)特征(zheng)種(zhong),第3紀孑遺(yi)植(zhi)物(wu)和稀有珍貴的(de)(de)古(gu)老樹種(zhong),對于研究古(gu)植(zhi)物(wu)區系和古(gu)代(dai)地理(li)氣(qi)候有重要的(de)(de)學(xue)術價(jia)值。