分布于(yu)中國(guo)河(he)北(武(wu)安)、山西(陽城)、河(he)南(nan)(伏牛山)、陜西(秦嶺(ling))、甘肅、浙江(天目山)、湖北、四川、貴州、云南(nan)、西藏(zang)。印度(du)也(ye)有分布。生長在海拔900-3600米的溪邊雜木(mu)林中。
落葉(xie)灌木或(huo)(huo)(huo)小喬木,高2-15米(mi);樹皮紫(zi)黑色(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)棕灰色(se);小枝無毛(mao)(mao),紫(zi)黑色(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)灰色(se);芽卵形(xing)(xing),鱗片深(shen)褐色(se),光亮。葉(xie)紙質,卵形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)(jin)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),少數(shu)橢圓(yuan)卵形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)橢圓(yuan)披針形(xing)(xing),長(chang)5-14厘(li)米(mi),寬(kuan)3-9厘(li)米(mi),先端漸尖,有1突生尾尖,長(chang)1-1.5厘(li)米(mi),基部楔形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)寬(kuan)楔形(xing)(xing),邊緣疏生頂端加厚的(de)鋸齒,下部或(huo)(huo)(huo)近(jin)(jin)基部全緣,上(shang)(shang)面無毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)散生柔毛(mao)(mao)后(hou)脫落,僅在(zai)脈(mo)(mo)上(shang)(shang)殘存,下面無毛(mao)(mao)或(huo)(huo)(huo)脈(mo)(mo)上(shang)(shang)有伏毛(mao)(mao),脈(mo)(mo)腋具(ju)叢毛(mao)(mao),側脈(mo)(mo)6-11對;葉(xie)柄長(chang)2-5厘(li)米(mi),有柔毛(mao)(mao)后(hou)脫落。
花叢生(sheng);花梗長(chang)(chang)3-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);苞片橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing),早(zao)落(luo);雄蕊6-14,長(chang)(chang)8-15毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),花藥紅色(se),比(bi)花絲長(chang)(chang),藥隔(ge)附(fu)屬物長(chang)(chang)0.7-2毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);心皮6-12,子房(fang)歪(wai)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)2-4毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),柱(zhu)頭面在腹面或遠軸,斧形(xing),具微(wei)小粘(zhan)質突起(qi),有1-3(-4)胚珠。翅果(guo)長(chang)(chang)5-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)3-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),棕(zong)色(se),子房(fang)柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)7-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),果(guo)梗長(chang)(chang)8-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);種(zhong)子1-3個,卵(luan)形(xing),長(chang)(chang)1.5-2.5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),黑色(se)。花期4-5月(yue),果(guo)期7-8月(yue)。
造(zao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)地要選擇(ze)在(zai)海拔700米(mi)左右的(de)陰坡且濕(shi)度較大的(de)環境,主要是模擬野(ye)生(sheng)自然生(sheng)境下水熱條(tiao)(tiao)件基本相(xiang)同的(de)溝谷兩岸地帶,以保證造(zao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)成功。造(zao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)采用隔行(xing)混(hun)交方式。混(hun)交樹種(zhong)可(ke)(ke)以選擇(ze)落葉的(de)闊葉樹種(zhong),如馬褂木、銀杏等,株行(xing)距3米(mi)×4米(mi),密度90株/667平方米(mi)左右。秋(qiu)季(ji)采用穴狀整地,規格為40厘(li)米(mi)×40厘(li)米(mi)×50厘(li)米(mi),春季(ji)于土壤解(jie)凍后栽植(zhi),一般造(zao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)時(shi)間(jian)在(zai)3月上旬,造(zao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)前要選好(hao)根(gen)系發達完整、無病(bing)蟲害的(de)Ⅰ級壯苗,栽植(zhi)時(shi)做到苗正、根(gen)舒、壓實,并覆土將樹根(gen)處培(pei)成小(xiao)錐形。當年(nian)撫育2-3次(ci)(ci),以后可(ke)(ke)根(gen)據立地條(tiao)(tiao)件和雜草繁茂程度,增加或(huo)減少撫育次(ci)(ci)數。
領(ling)春木種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)在9月(yue)下(xia)旬成(cheng)熟,選擇20年生以上(shang)(shang)、生長健康、無病蟲害、結實(shi)多的中壯(zhuang)年樹(shu)上(shang)(shang)采集(ji)。將采集(ji)的翅果種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)水浸3天(tian)后去除果翅和果梗,反復(fu)水洗得到純凈種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),晾(liang)干(gan)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)表面水分(fen)后室內低溫沙(sha)藏(zang)(zang)。值得注意(yi)的是種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)忌干(gan)藏(zang)(zang)和失水干(gan)燥,也不能爆曬,否則發芽率極低或喪失發芽能力。沙(sha)藏(zang)(zang)期間每5-7天(tian)翻(fan)動種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)一次(ci),防止種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)沙(sha)藏(zang)(zang)期間爛種(zhong)(zhong),造成(cheng)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)損失。
根據領春木的生態學特性,我(wo)們要將圃地(di)選(xuan)在(zai)高(gao)海拔、交通(tong)方便(bian)、日照強(qiang)度(du)低、石礫含(han)量少(shao)、土層深厚、肥力(li)較好的黃紅壤(rang)(rang)等(deng)(deng),同時要求稍為蔽蔭和(he)有(you)水(shui)源的荒地(di)作(zuo)為苗(miao)床(chuang)用(yong)(yong)地(di)。忌用(yong)(yong)低海拔、日照強(qiang)度(du)高(gao)的用(yong)(yong)地(di)等(deng)(deng),否(fou)則育苗(miao)會失敗。圃地(di)必須要精耕細作(zuo)。3月(yue)上旬翻地(di)前要清理地(di)面(mian)雜(za)物,深翻地(di)表25厘(li)米(mi)(mi)以上,清除樹根、草蔸和(he)石塊等(deng)(deng)。每667平方米(mi)(mi)施用(yong)(yong)100千克復合肥作(zuo)為基肥,同時施用(yong)(yong)呋喃丹3千克翻入土中殺滅地(di)下害蟲。經過“3犁3耙”,使肥和(he)藥與圃地(di)土壤(rang)(rang)均勻混合在(zai)一起。然后作(zuo)苗(miao)床(chuang),苗(miao)床(chuang)要順坡而(er)作(zuo),床(chuang)面(mian)寬120厘(li)米(mi)(mi)、高(gao)20厘(li)米(mi)(mi),長度(du)可以隨(sui)地(di)勢而(er)定(ding),畦溝寬25厘(li)米(mi)(mi),床(chuang)面(mian)應平整(zheng)不(bu)積水(shui),四(si)周開好排(pai)水(shui)溝,隨(sui)時保(bao)持(chi)排(pai)水(shui)通(tong)暢。
來年(nian)3月5-10日(ri)篩出(chu)(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)水(shui)(shui)選2次(ci),去除劣(lie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou),再(zai)將(jiang)純凈種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)倒(dao)入容器中(zhong),用(yong)0.5%的(de)(de)高錳酸鉀溶液(ye)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)12小時(shi),浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期間(jian)經常攪動。12小時(shi)后(hou)(hou)撈(lao)出(chu)(chu)用(yong)清水(shui)(shui)沖洗(xi)干凈,再(zai)用(yong)生(sheng)根粉(fen)處(chu)理種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)。具體做法是用(yong)50℃溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)間(jian)歇浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2次(ci),2次(ci)溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)都(dou)要(yao)自然冷卻且浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)24小時(shi)后(hou)(hou)撈(lao)出(chu)(chu),然后(hou)(hou)用(yong)ABT7號稀(xi)釋的(de)(de)生(sheng)根粉(fen)溶劑浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1小時(shi),最后(hou)(hou)撈(lao)出(chu)(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)進行催芽,催芽期間(jian)要(yao)每天(tian)用(yong)溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)淘(tao)(tao)洗(xi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi),淘(tao)(tao)洗(xi)時(shi)動作要(yao)輕(qing),淘(tao)(tao)洗(xi)后(hou)(hou)要(yao)保溫(wen)保濕(shi),約(yue)8-10天(tian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)破(po)嘴即可播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)0.5%的(de)(de)高錳酸鉀溶液(ye)均(jun)勻噴(pen)灑床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)面消(xiao)毒(du),2小時(shi)后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)待播(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)均(jun)勻撒播(bo)(bo)于床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)面,大約(yue)播(bo)(bo)120-150粒/平方米,播(bo)(bo)消(xiao)毒(du)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)5千克/667平方米,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)蓋過篩的(de)(de)草皮灰混(hun)細土0.5厘米,一般以(yi)不見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)為度,噴(pen)一遍透(tou)水(shui)(shui),然后(hou)(hou)蓋上一層(ceng)薄稻草。蓋草即可預防(fang)(fang)鳥獸(shou)危害,又可以(yi)增加(jia)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)面溫(wen)度和濕(shi)度,預防(fang)(fang)晴天(tian)太(tai)陽(yang)的(de)(de)直射對床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)面水(shui)(shui)分的(de)(de)過量蒸發,從而影響種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)生(sheng)根萌(meng)芽。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)到出(chu)(chu)芽前,要(yao)注意防(fang)(fang)止苗床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)過干等不利(li)于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)休眠的(de)(de)條件(jian)。
經濟
領春(chun)木紋理美觀可做高(gao)檔家具或儀器表(biao)盒(he)等(deng);樹(shu)(shu)形(xing)優(you)美,樹(shu)(shu)干通(tong)直,也(ye)是優(you)美的庭院樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)。
研究
領(ling)春木(mu)為(wei)典型(xing)的(de)東亞(ya)植(zhi)物(wu)區系成(cheng)分(fen)的(de)特征種,又是古老的(de)殘遺植(zhi)物(wu),樹木(mu)。為(wei)典型(xing)的(de)東亞(ya)植(zhi)物(wu)區系成(cheng)分(fen)的(de)特征種,第3紀孑遺植(zhi)物(wu)和稀有(you)珍貴(gui)的(de)古老樹種,對于(yu)研(yan)究古植(zhi)物(wu)區系和古代地理氣候有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)學術價(jia)值。