中文正名:園蛛科拉丁學(xue)名:Araneidae
分類(lei)地位:動物(wu)(wu)界Fauna→節肢動物(wu)(wu)門Arthropoda→螯(ao)肢動物(wu)(wu)亞門Chelicerata→蛛(zhu)形(xing)綱Arachnoidea→柄(bing)腹亞綱Caulogastra→蜘蛛(zhu)目(mu)Araneae→園(yuan)蛛(zhu)科Araneidae
下屬分類:大腹園蛛Araneusventricosus
英文名:Argiopidae
中文俗名:金蛛科
是結圓網的類群(qun),經過(guo)較長時間的觀察(cha)得知這(zhe)個科中不同屬的網型表現不同的形狀(zhuang)和生(sheng)態(tai)適應。
(如大(da)(da)腹園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、黃斑園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)等)結(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)典型圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。大(da)(da)腹園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)直徑(jing)可達(da)50厘(li)米左右。在(zai)屋檐下、廄舍、庭院籬笆上(shang)(shang)、樹(shu)上(shang)(shang)、農田(tian)植株之(zhi)間(jian)結(jie)(jie)(jie)完(wan)全(quan)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。多數為垂直網(wang)(wang)(wang),離地面(mian)1.5米以上(shang)(shang)。傍(bang)(bang)晚時(shi)結(jie)(jie)(jie)網(wang)(wang)(wang),網(wang)(wang)(wang)上(shang)(shang)約有(you)15~22條(tiao)輻(fu)射線(xian),10~15條(tiao)螺旋線(xian)。網(wang)(wang)(wang)可連(lian)續(xu)用數日,如有(you)破損和污物(wu)(wu)則加以修補和清理。傍(bang)(bang)晚落(luo)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)獵物(wu)(wu)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)運(yun)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中(zhong)央(yang)存(cun)(cun)放或取食,白天落(luo)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)獵物(wu)(wu)用蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)捆(kun)縛(fu),存(cun)(cun)原處,傍(bang)(bang)晚再移動(dong)。喜食大(da)(da)型甲蟲(chong)、蛾、蜻蜒,如有(you)大(da)(da)型昆蟲(chong)吃,則不食蚊蠅(ying)。黑斑園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)不完(wan)全(quan)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。大(da)(da)的(de)(de)網(wang)(wang)(wang)直徑(jing)可達(da)20~25厘(li)米左右,每個(ge)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)缺45度~50度的(de)(de)扇面(mian)。蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)喜歡在(zai)灌術從(cong)中(zhong)上(shang)(shang)部結(jie)(jie)(jie)網(wang)(wang)(wang),蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)首(shou)先在(zai)一(yi)張較闊的(de)(de)葉子(zi)正面(mian)紡一(yi)層(ceng)致密的(de)(de)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si),蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)兩(liang)邊粘(zhan)在(zai)葉面(mian)上(shang)(shang),而(er)前、后端(duan)是(shi)(shi)空的(de)(de),使(shi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)與葉面(mian)問成(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)寬扁管(guan)(guan)子(zi),蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)平時(shi)棲息于管(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei),且頭部向著(zhu)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)(wang)(wang),而(er)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)扇形缺口正對著(zhu)這—棲息處,蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專門紡出一(yi)根蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si),使(shi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)在(zai)網(wang)(wang)(wang)上(shang)(shang),另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)牽住自己的(de)(de)步足,當有(you)昆蟲(chong)等獵物(wu)(wu)撞到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)網(wang)(wang)(wang)上(shang)(shang)掙扎時(shi)產生的(de)(de)振(zhen)動(dong)通過蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)傳給蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)迅(xun)速(su)跑到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)網(wang)(wang)(wang)上(shang)(shang)捕捉并把(ba)它拖到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)管(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei)食之(zhi)。大(da)(da)腹園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)天童是(shi)(shi)最常(chang)見的(de)(de)種類,主要分布(bu)(bu)于村莊及(ji)(ji)周圍的(de)(de)樹(shu)林(lin)}而(er)黑斑園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、五紋園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)(shi)不常(chang)見的(de)(de)種類,一(yi)般分布(bu)(bu)于山區林(lin)間(jian)小道(dao)邊的(de)(de)樹(shu)林(lin)中(zhong)。
(如黃褐新(xin)(xin)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛、茶色(se)新(xin)(xin)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛等)在較(jiao)矮的灌(guan)(guan)術叢、向陽(yang)的山坡草叢間(jian)結中,小型圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網。不論晚(wan)上(shang)、白天(tian),蜘蛛都棲(qi)息于(yu)網上(shang),只有(you)當驚動時才逃離網,躲(duo)到(dao)周(zhou)圍(wei)的葉子、灌(guan)(guan)木叢間(jian)。黃褐褐新(xin)(xin)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛、茶色(se)新(xin)(xin)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛、綠(lv)腹新(xin)(xin)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛一般(ban)分布于(yu)低(di)海拔的路邊灌(guan)(guan)木叢、草叢間(jian),數(shu)量大,是(shi)最常見的種(zhong)類。
(如八瘤(liu)艾(ai)蛛(zhu)(zhu),四(si)突(tu)艾(ai)蛛(zhu)(zhu)等(deng)(deng))體褐色,并有疣突(tu)。艾(ai)蛛(zhu)(zhu)在圓網中(zhong)央集蟲(chong)骸成條狀垃(la)(la)圾(ji)或(huo)散顆(ke)粒狀垃(la)(la)圾(ji),蜘蛛(zhu)(zhu)隱藏于中(zhong)。敵(di)害不(bu)易發現(xian)(xian)而(er)得到保護,同時又使昆蟲(chong)等(deng)(deng)誤(wu)投羅(luo)網。在其身上充分(fen)體現(xian)(xian)了(le)形態結構(gou)、行為特征與生態的(de)適(shi)應。艾(ai)蛛(zhu)(zhu)童分(fen)布于海拔100~500米的(de)山林(lin)間,也是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)類(lei)群。
(如悅目金蛛、貝氏金蛛等)在圓網上有“×”型白(bai)(bai)(bai)色鋸(ju)齒狀(zhuang)絲(si)帶,在網(wang)中央交叉(cha)蜘(zhi)蛛將前后四對步足(zu)分成四組,蛛體(ti)居網(wang)中,頭向下(xia)腹向上(shang),四組步足(zu)恰恰與“X”型的(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)色鋸(ju)齒狀(zhuang)支持帶相一致(zhi)。蜘(zhi)蛛白(bai)(bai)(bai)天也(ye)棲息子四條白(bai)(bai)(bai)色絲(si)帶交叉(cha)點上(shang)。本身體(ti)邑(yi)艷麗,利用(yong)其(qi)顯(xian)目的(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)色絲(si)帶和艷麗的(de)體(ti)色引誘害蟲上(shang)網(wang)。屬于最常見的(de)類群(qun)。
(如捧(peng)絡新婦等)結(jie)的網(wang)有(you)3層(ceng),中間一層(ceng)是垂直圓網(wang),而圓網(wang)兩側是雜亂無章、不規則網(wang),往往在樹的中上部結(jie)網(wang)。屬于“山林(lin)型”蜘蛛。
(如皿云斑蛛)在(zai)樹枝(zhi)上(shang)(shang)部結(jie)網(wang)(wang),網(wang)(wang)分為幾層(ceng),中間一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)由細(xi)方格組成的水平(ping)圓網(wang)(wang),網(wang)(wang)中央向上(shang)(shang)突起,象一(yi)(yi)只倒扣的器皿,在(zai)圓網(wang)(wang)的上(shang)(shang)下(xia)面有許多(duo)不規則的亂網(wang)(wang),這亂網(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)面與圓網(wang)(wang)相連,另一(yi)(yi)面與樹枝(zhi)相連,使(shi)整(zheng)個網(wang)(wang)固定樹叢間。
蜘蛛(zhu)目的(de)1科,通稱園(yuan)蛛(zhu)。園(yuan)蛛(zhu)的(de)體長2~60毫米。8眼(yan),排(pai)成兩列(4-4)。前、后側眼(yan)接近,生(sheng)在眼(yan)丘(qiu)上。4個中眼(yan)排(pai)成方(fang)形(xing)或(huo)梯形(xing)。除(chu)用螯牙在獵物上咬(yao)孔(kong)和注入(ru)毒液外,還(huan)能(neng)用第4足拉絲(si)纏繞,使之(zhi)不能(neng)動彈。然后把獵物固(gu)定在網(wang)上,或(huo)帶到(dao)網(wang)中央或(huo)隱蔽處(chu)取(qu)食(shi)。不能(neng)攝取(qu)的(de)外殼則扔到(dao)網(wang)外。許(xu)多種(zhong)(zhong)在秋季產(chan)卵(luan)袋,內含卵(luan)數(shu)百個。產(chan)卵(luan)后雌(ci)蛛(zhu)死亡。有的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類卵(luan)產(chan)出后立(li)即孵(fu)化(hua),有的(de)到(dao)第二年春天孵(fu)化(hua)。全球約2500種(zhong)(zhong),分布廣泛。
在庭院(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最常見的(de)(de)(de)為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)腹(fu)園(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(Araneaventrico-sa),體強大(da)(da),雌(ci)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體長約3厘(li)米,暗(an)褐色,體分(fen)(fen)頭(tou)(tou)胸部和腹(fu)部。頭(tou)(tou)胸部的(de)(de)(de)背面具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)單眼4對(dui)(dui)。頭(tou)(tou)胸部具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)6對(dui)(dui)附肢(zhi),第(di)1對(dui)(dui)為(wei)(wei)螯(ao)肢(zhi),內有(you)(you)(you)(you)毒腺(xian),末(mo)端(duan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)鉤(gou)和毒腺(xian)孔(kong),用(yong)以捕(bu)捉食(shi)物(wu);第(di)2對(dui)(dui)為(wei)(wei)觸(chu)肢(zhi),雄(xiong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)肢(zhi)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)交配功能;其余4對(dui)(dui)為(wei)(wei)步(bu)足,上有(you)(you)(you)(you)剛毛,末(mo)端(duan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)爪(zhua),用(yong)以爬行(xing)。腹(fu)部很大(da)(da),不分(fen)(fen)節(jie),前端(duan)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)1對(dui)(dui)書肺孔(kong),其下(xia)方中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)1個生(sheng)殖(zhi)板,蓋住(zhu)生(sheng)殖(zhi)孔(kong);腹(fu)部后(hou)端(duan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)氣(qi)門的(de)(de)(de)開孔(kong),為(wei)(wei)氣(qi)孔(kong),氣(qi)門之后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)3對(dui)(dui)紡(fang)績(ji)(ji)(ji)器;腹(fu)部末(mo)端(duan)為(wei)(wei)肛門。園(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)肉食(shi)性(xing)動物(wu),以蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網捕(bu)食(shi)。網大(da)(da)型,結構較規整,近圓(yuan)(yuan)車輪形,故又(you)稱“圓(yuan)(yuan)網蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”。園(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)紡(fang)績(ji)(ji)(ji)器上有(you)(you)(you)(you)許多紡(fang)績(ji)(ji)(ji)管,絲(si)腺(xian)分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)的(de)(de)(de)透明液(ye)體即從紡(fang)績(ji)(ji)(ji)管上的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)孔(kong)流出,遇空氣(qi)凝結成(cheng)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si),用(yong)它(ta)來(lai)結網。先(xian)用(yong)無(wu)彈性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)織成(cheng)網架,再用(yong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)彈性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)絲(si)織成(cheng)同(tong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)螺(luo)旋網。網的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)無(wu)空洞。園(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)通常傍晚在檐前、樹枝間、墻角等(deng)處(chu)張網;有(you)(you)(you)(you)時居于網的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),有(you)(you)(you)(you)時隱藏(zang)暗(an)處(chu)等(deng)待昆蟲觸(chu)網后(hou)捕(bu)食(shi)。先(xian)以毒腺(xian)分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)的(de)(de)(de)毒液(ye)將昆蟲麻(ma)醉(zui)殺(sha)死(si),再分(fen)(fen)泌(mi)消化(hua)酶,先(xian)行(xing)體外消化(hua),然后(hou)吸食(shi)。夜間居網的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),白天(tian)在網旁的(de)(de)(de)縫(feng)隙(xi)或樹葉叢(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隱蔽。卵袋產(chan)于墻或樹皮裂縫(feng)等(deng)處(chu),每卵袋中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)卵500~1000個。本科中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也有(you)(you)(you)(you)許多種(zhong)類(lei)腹(fu)部背面有(you)(you)(you)(you)艷麗的(de)(de)(de)斑紋(wen),如十字園(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、各種(zhong)金蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和絡新婦等(deng)。新園(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、艾蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和亮腹(fu)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)等(deng)屬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)許多種(zhong),在消滅農田害蟲方面起重要作用(yong)。我國南(nan)北(bei)各地(di)都有(you)(you)(you)(you)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)。
蜘蛛(zhu)的(de)種類(lei)繁多,分布(bu)較(jiao)廣,我國新疆、湖北(bei)、廣西(xi)、陜(shan)西(xi)及海(hai)南均有分布(bu),適應性強,它能(neng)生活或結網在土表、土中、樹(shu)上(shang)、草間、石下、洞穴、水邊、低洼地、灌木叢、苔蘚中、房屋內外(wai),或棲息在淡水中(如水蛛(zhu)),海(hai)岸湖泊帶(如湖蛛(zhu))。總之(zhi),水、陸(lu)、空都有蜘蛛(zhu)的(de)蹤(zong)跡。
園蛛(zhu)腹部后端(duan)有一個稱(cheng)做(zuo)紡績器的結構,此(ci)結構與體內的絲(si)腺(xian)相通(tong),絲(si)腺(xian)分泌(mi)透明(ming)的液體經由紡績器的流出,遇空氣凝(ning)結成蛛(zhu)絲(si)。
蛛絲有粘(zhan)性,昆蟲(chong)不慎落入蛛網中會(hui)被粘(zhan)住,藏匿(ni)的(de)(de)蜘蛛就(jiu)會(hui)爬到蛛網上捉(zhuo)住昆蟲(chong)吸食其(qi)體內的(de)(de)液體。
人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)只要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證有充(chong)足(zu)的(de)(de)食(shi)物、水份、隱蔽三個基本條件就能成(cheng)(cheng)功。園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)食(shi)性(xing)雜(za),蝗蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、蟋蟀(shuai)、蝶(die)類、蒼蠅、黃粉(fen)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)是園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)最(zui)(zui)優(you)質(zhi)的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao),如(ru)果養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)進(jin)行深度開(kai)發,規模(mo)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)、綜合(he)加工(gong)(gong)。最(zui)(zui)好(hao)再(zai)搞個小型昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)場,采取籠(long)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蒼蠅或(huo)(huo)箱(xiang)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)黃粉(fen)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),就能滿(man)足(zu)園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應。人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)主要(yao)是牛奶,蛋(dan)黃等,可(ke)(ke)(ke)隨(sui)配隨(sui)喂,每周喂一(yi)(yi)次。家庭(ting)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)就地(di)自捕(bu)自繁自養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),減(jian)少開(kai)支。也可(ke)(ke)(ke)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)經濟價值高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)捕(bu)鳥(niao)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、黑寡婦蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、悅目金蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、穴居(ju)狼(lang)(lang)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、棒絡新(xin)婦蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、白(bai)額巨蟹蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、大(da)腹園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、中華狼(lang)(lang)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)等。在飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)方(fang)(fang)式上(shang)(shang)(shang)要(yao)因蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)而異。一(yi)(yi)是飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)不結(jie)網的(de)(de)游(you)獵(lie)性(xing)園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),一(yi)(yi)般大(da)口(kou)罐頭瓶(ping),廣(guang)口(kou)瓶(ping)、標本瓶(ping),廢(fei)棄燈罩或(huo)(huo)其它(ta)玻(bo)璃(li)器皿(min)均(jun)可(ke)(ke)(ke)作(zuo)(zuo)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)工(gong)(gong)具。但瓶(ping)口(kou)均(jun)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)雙層(ceng)紗布(bu)(bu)封口(kou)扎(zha)緊,里面(mian)放(fang)以曲折秸(jie)稈供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)攀緣和隱蔽用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),瓶(ping)口(kou)一(yi)(yi)側(ce)開(kai)小孔裝玻(bo)璃(li)管供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)食(shi)。二是飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)穴居(ju)性(xing)園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),可(ke)(ke)(ke)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)池(chi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi),即用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)磚(zhuan)砌成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)寬高(gao)(gao)各(ge)50厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)池(chi),內(nei)(nei)部填入1/2高(gao)(gao)度的(de)(de)泥(ni)土,人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)好(hao)洞穴,上(shang)(shang)(shang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鐵紗網封頂并留小門觀(guan)察與供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)食(shi)。此方(fang)(fang)法適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)捕(bu)鳥(niao)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),穴居(ju)中華狼(lang)(lang)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)等。三是飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)結(jie)網性(xing)園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)立體籠(long)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)白(bai)色塑料(liao)(liao)窗(chuang)紗縫制而成(cheng)(cheng),規格為長(chang)寬高(gao)(gao)各(ge)20厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),籠(long)側(ce)開(kai)10厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)圓(yuan)孔,并用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)條兩(liang)頭空(kong)的(de)(de)布(bu)(bu)袋,把一(yi)(yi)端縫在圓(yuan)孔邊上(shang)(shang)(shang),作(zuo)(zuo)為操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)孔,平(ping)時布(bu)(bu)袋用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)橡皮筋(jin)捆住,操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)時才(cai)打(da)(da)開(kai)。籠(long)子四(si)角(jiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)四(si)條布(bu)(bu)帶子固定(ding)在籠(long)架上(shang)(shang)(shang),使園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)籠(long)固定(ding)成(cheng)(cheng)型。籠(long)架用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)木或(huo)(huo)細鋼(gang)筋(jin)電(dian)焊,籠(long)架外圍高(gao)(gao)2米(mi)(mi)(mi),長(chang)1米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬20厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、高(gao)(gao)9層(ceng),每層(ceng)設(she)制5個籠(long)子,下部腿高(gao)(gao)10~20厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),一(yi)(yi)間20平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)空(kong)間可(ke)(ke)(ke)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)1000只,也可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)廢(fei)棄大(da)紙箱(xiang)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)竹片架井字形成(cheng)(cheng)箱(xiang)內(nei)(nei)加入麥稈模(mo)擬自然生態布(bu)(bu)置(zhi),便于園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)網,棲(qi)息和捕(bu)食(shi)。在箱(xiang)兩(liang)側(ce)下方(fang)(fang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)尼(ni)龍紗布(bu)(bu)各(ge)設(she)一(yi)(yi)活動門,使箱(xiang)內(nei)(nei)空(kong)氣流通,在箱(xiang)底放(fang)入飲(yin)水海綿、投碟盤放(fang)入蒼蠅、葉蟬(chan)、黃粉(fen)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)采食(shi)。保(bao)(bao)持飲(yin)水、飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)新(xin)鮮和箱(xiang)籠(long)內(nei)(nei)清潔衛生,防蜂進(jin)入侵害。
隨著科學的進一步發展,以園蛛為原料生產(chan)的(de)保健產(chan)品也風行市(shi)(shi)場,法國(guo)的(de)烤園(yuan)蛛(zhu),德國(guo)的(de)園(yuan)蛛(zhu)醬,美國(guo)的(de)園(yuan)蛛(zhu)口服(fu)液(ye)(ye)(ye),我國(guo)的(de)園(yuan)蛛(zhu)羹(geng)已成為普通(tong)的(de)滋(zi)補(bu)品和饋贈佳(jia)品。在醫學(xue)方面,園(yuan)蛛(zhu)的(de)應用范圍在不(bu)斷擴大,園(yuan)蛛(zhu)毒(du)(du)注射液(ye)(ye)(ye),園(yuan)蛛(zhu)丸、純蛛(zhu)粉、腋臭靈(ling)、腦力再造丸,增微一(yi)號等應用于臨床的(de)已達200多種。在美國(guo)一(yi)支谷氨酸脂蛛(zhu)毒(du)(du)對抗劑售價(jia)高達1300美元(yuan)。國(guo)際市(shi)(shi)場蛛(zhu)毒(du)(du)價(jia)格更(geng)高。園(yuan)蛛(zhu)入藥(yao)有解毒(du)(du),消(xiao)腫、治(zhi)療瘡、口噤(jin)、中風口斜、毒(du)(du)蟲咬(yao)傷、小兒驚風、陽痿(wei)等。美國(guo)鹽湖城(cheng)自然(ran)產(chan)品公司的(de)杰(jie)克(ke)遜等人已從園(yuan)蛛(zhu)身上研制了一(yi)系(xi)列新(xin)藥(yao)。園(yuan)蛛(zhu)毒(du)(du)液(ye)(ye)(ye)對治(zhi)療腦溢血、動脈硬化、癌癥、癲病(bing)(bing)效(xiao)果(guo)奇特,是世界(jie)上任何(he)一(yi)種藥(yao)物所無法比擬(ni)的(de)。采用活園(yuan)蛛(zhu)泡酒(jiu)祛濕消(xiao)炎(yan)解毒(du)(du)效(xiao)果(guo)很好。用園(yuan)蛛(zhu)絲(si)生產(chan)的(de)蜘網口服(fu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)對神(shen)經(jing)性疾病(bing)(bing)療效(xiao)顯著。
由(you)于園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)具有很(hen)高的(de)醫療、保(bao)健、美(mei)食作用(yong),國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)外(wai)已對園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)資(zi)源進行了(le)(le)開發利用(yong)。美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、日本及港澳地(di)(di)區的(de)化學商已看準了(le)(le)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)這塊豐富的(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)寶地(di)(di),國(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)毒(du)素委員(yuan)會對河(he)南(nan)的(de)寶天漫園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)群產(chan)生(sheng)了(le)(le)濃厚的(de)興(xing)趣(qu),欲(yu)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)開發園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)產(chan)品。國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)已辦起(qi)慧(hui)龍蛛(zhu)(zhu)業、夢塵(chen)(chen)蛛(zhu)(zhu)業等(deng)大型(xing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)地(di)(di)。采(cai)取自捕(bu)自繁(fan)自養(yang)(yang)方式。無(wu)需投(tou)(tou)資(zi),養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)效(xiao)益(yi)可(ke)觀(guan)。如(ru)山東曹縣(xian)位灣鎮王(wang)澤鋪村劉慧(hui)敏投(tou)(tou)資(zi)10萬元(yuan)創(chuang)(chuang)辦國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)慧(hui)龍蛛(zhu)(zhu)業養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)地(di)(di)。已成功提(ti)取穴(xue)居狼蛛(zhu)(zhu)毒(du)7.5克、捕(bu)鳥(niao)蛛(zhu)(zhu)毒(du)12.6克,采(cai)捕(bu)收(shou)購干蛛(zhu)(zhu)300余(yu)公斤(jin)、活蛛(zhu)(zhu)1萬余(yu)只,創(chuang)(chuang)效(xiao)益(yi)26萬余(yu)元(yuan)。河(he)南(nan)新(xin)野(ye)縣(xian)新(xin)甸鎮于廟村劉夢塵(chen)(chen)創(chuang)(chuang)辦了(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)首(shou)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)研究所,辦起(qi)了(le)(le)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)地(di)(di)和藥物動物制品廠,集園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)科研、養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)、加工、經營為一體(ti)。四(si)季生(sheng)意興(xing)隆、預計今年收(shou)入(ru)(ru)50萬元(yuan)以上。湖北的(de)郭進敏捕(bu)養(yang)(yang)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)年收(shou)入(ru)(ru)近10萬元(yuan)。山西(xi)李素芹養(yang)(yang)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)當年收(shou)入(ru)(ru)7.8萬元(yuan)。重(zhong)慶忠縣(xian)下海干部向順華搞園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)捕(bu)養(yang)(yang),收(shou)干蛛(zhu)(zhu)187公斤(jin),取蛛(zhu)(zhu)毒(du)3.8克,獲利13.2萬元(yuan)。實踐證明人(ren)工養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)少、風險小,效(xiao)益(yi)高,市場前景好。各地(di)(di)均可(ke)開展園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)蛛(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)工養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)。
在我國古籍(ji)中(zhong),記(ji)載蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)的異名甚多(duo)。如網蟲(chong)、扁珠(zhu)、圓珠(zhu)等,在李(li)時珍著(zhu)的《本(ben)草綱目》中(zhong)記(ji)載:“蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)即爾雅土(tu)蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)也,土(tu)中(zhong)有(you)網”。
蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)對人類有(you)(you)益又有(you)(you)害,但就其貢獻而言,主要是(shi)(shi)益蟲。例(li)如,在農田(tian)(tian)中蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)捕食的,大(da)多(duo)是(shi)(shi)農作物(wu)的害蟲。同時(shi)許(xu)多(duo)中醫藥(yao)中,都有(you)(you)用(yong)蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)入(ru)藥(yao)的記載,因此,保(bao)護和(he)利(li)用(yong)蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)具有(you)(you)重要的意義(yi)。特別是(shi)(shi)保(bao)護稻田(tian)(tian)蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)有(you)(you)三大(da)好處:一是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)效地穩(wen)定了生物(wu)種群的平衡(heng);二是(shi)(shi)減少了稻米化學農藥(yao)殘毒,保(bao)障(zhang)人畜安全;三是(shi)(shi)降(jiang)低了生產成本(ben),可獲得增產增收(shou)。所(suo)以,在防治(zhi)農作物(wu)病蟲害中,提倡使用(yong)高(gao)效低毒農藥(yao),開(kai)展(zhan)生物(wu)防治(zhi),保(bao)護天敵,兩項并舉。