芒果视频下载

基本構造

小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)由(you)30多(duo)個零件(jian)組成(cheng)(cheng)。其主要構件(jian)有琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭(tou)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頸、弦(xian)(xian)軸、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬、腮托、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓、面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、側板(ban)(ban)(ban)、音(yin)(yin)柱(zhu)等。小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)共有四根弦(xian)(xian)，分為：1弦(xian)(xian)（E弦(xian)(xian)）、2弦(xian)(xian)（A弦(xian)(xian)）、3弦(xian)(xian)（D弦(xian)(xian)）和(he)(he)(he)4弦(xian)(xian)（G弦(xian)(xian)）。小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)身（共鳴箱(xiang)）長約35.5厘米，由(you)具有弧度的(de)面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)、背(bei)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)(he)側板(ban)(ban)(ban)粘合(he)而成(cheng)(cheng)。面(mian)板(ban)(ban)(ban)常(chang)用(yong)云杉制作，質(zhi)地較(jiao)軟；背(bei)板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)(he)側板(ban)(ban)(ban)用(yong)楓木，質(zhi)地較(jiao)硬(ying)。琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頭(tou)、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)頸用(yong)整(zheng)條(tiao)楓木，指板(ban)(ban)(ban)用(yong)烏木。小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)音(yin)(yin)質(zhi)基(ji)本上取(qu)決于它的(de)木質(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)相(xiang)應的(de)結構，取(qu)決于木材的(de)振(zhen)動(dong)頻率和(he)(he)(he)它對弦(xian)(xian)振(zhen)動(dong)的(de)反應。優(you)質(zhi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)能把發出(chu)的(de)每個聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)的(de)基(ji)音(yin)(yin)和(he)(he)(he)泛(fan)音(yin)(yin)都同樣靈敏地傳播出(chu)去(qu)。

小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)有(you)(you)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)4根(gen)，原均為(wei)羊腸(chang)制的(de)裸弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，約從(cong)(cong)18世紀起，低(di)音(yin)(yin)G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)常包以(yi)銀絲(si)(si)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)反應(ying)靈敏。現代則將G、D、A3根(gen)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)(yong)纏(chan)金屬(shu)絲(si)(si)的(de)羊腸(chang)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)纏(chan)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，晚近也用(yong)(yong)尼龍弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)改用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)在高(gao)音(yin)(yin)區的(de)音(yin)(yin)色(se)更佳。小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)制作(zuo)(zuo)成現代這種(zhong)(zhong)樣式，并非(fei)完全從(cong)(cong)形態美觀(guan)出發，而是有(you)(you)其(qi)音(yin)(yin)響上(shang)和(he)演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏上(shang)的(de)需(xu)要(yao)。小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)面(mian)板(ban)和(he)背板(ban)有(you)(you)弧度(du)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)共(gong)鳴良好，發音(yin)(yin)洪亮；琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)腰身(shen)狹窄(zhai)，便于(yu)演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏高(gao)把位(wei)和(he)低(di)音(yin)(yin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)；面(mian)板(ban)和(he)背板(ban)加嵌(qian)條，除防止木板(ban)開裂外(wai)，對(dui)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)音(yin)(yin)質也起一定(ding)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。面(mian)板(ban)與背板(ban)中間有(you)(you)音(yin)(yin)柱支(zhi)撐，其(qi)位(wei)置變化對(dui)小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)音(yin)(yin)色(se)影(ying)響明(ming)顯。面(mian)板(ban)左(zuo)下方(fang)粘低(di)音(yin)(yin)梁，既起加固作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，又(you)具音(yin)(yin)響作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。小(xiao)提(ti)(ti)(ti)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)表面(mian)的(de)油(you)漆如太硬、太軟(ruan)，或漆得不勻，都會有(you)(you)損于(yu)音(yin)(yin)質。當(dang)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弓(gong)與琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)摩擦使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振動(dong)時，通過(guo)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬引起面(mian)板(ban)振動(dong)，又(you)通過(guo)音(yin)(yin)柱使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)背板(ban)振動(dong)，E弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振動(dong)較少，而G弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)振動(dong)較大，從(cong)(cong)而使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)低(di)音(yin)(yin)梁有(you)(you)更大的(de)振動(dong)，并造成共(gong)鳴箱振動(dong)。能否使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)聲得以(yi)充(chong)分發揮(hui)，取決于(yu)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)及其(qi)張力、琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)馬質量(liang)、運弓(gong)的(de)壓力和(he)速度(du)。要(yao)想把琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)音(yin)(yin)質都表達(da)出來(lai)，還要(yao)加上(shang)演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏者的(de)弓(gong)法、指(zhi)法和(he)揉弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、彈弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏技巧。

琴(qin)弓作(zuo)為(wei)樂器的(de)附加物，最早(zao)出現在拜占(zhan)庭帝國時代(dai)，但其價值就如平(ping)民(min)老百姓一般身份低(di)下，究其原因(yin)是與彈撥方法所產(chan)生的(de)聲音(yin)相(xiang)比，運(yun)弓生成的(de)音(yin)質實在是太弱。

器樂分類

小(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)分(fen)電子(zi)小(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)和木琴(qin)(qin)兩(liang)種(zhong)，兩(liang)者(zhe)發聲(sheng)原理迥乎不同。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)與普通(tong)(tong)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)最主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)用共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)像普通(tong)(tong)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)一樣通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)音柱帶動共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)內的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣振動發聲，所以(yi)弦的(de)(de)(de)震動要(yao)靠(kao)琴(qin)(qin)弦根(gen)(gen)部下方的(de)(de)(de)幾個(ge)磁拾(shi)音器（就像電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)吉(ji)他的(de)(de)(de)一樣）拾(shi)取，然(ran)后通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)音響放大。也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)使(shi)用耳(er)機，在練習時可(ke)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)影響他人(ren)。所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang)只是(shi)(shi)個(ge)擺(bai)設(she)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)插(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)能(neng)拉(la)響，但(dan)那(nei)個(ge)聲音根(gen)(gen)本不(bu)(bu)(bu)像是(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)，而且聲音極(ji)小(xiao)(xiao)，就像蚊(wen)子(zi)(zi)叫(jiao)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)少大一些的(de)(de)(de)琴(qin)(qin)行都有(you)賣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)，一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)有(you)自己的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)體的(de)(de)(de)，和(he)普通(tong)(tong)提(ti)琴(qin)(qin)外形相同，只不(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)(guo)多了(le)一個(ge)拾(shi)音器，類似于吉(ji)他家族中的(de)(de)(de)箱(xiang)琴(qin)(qin)；還有(you)一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)調音共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)的(de)(de)(de)，沒(mei)有(you)共(gong)(gong)鳴(ming)體，看上去(qu)是(shi)(shi)“鏤(lou)空(kong)”的(de)(de)(de)那(nei)種(zhong)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路對(dui)微弱的(de)(de)(de)振動進行拾(shi)取放大及調音。