高(gao)(gao)山族人民(min),自古聚居(ju)于我國第一大島(dao)——臺灣島(dao)的(de)山區、東(dong)部(bu)沿(yan)海平(ping)原及其東(dong)南的(de)蘭嶼(yu)島(dao)上,民(min)族內部(bu)有(you)阿美、排(pai)灣、泰雅(ya)、賽夏(xia)、布農、鄒、雅(ya)美、魯凱、邵、卑南和平(ping)埔(pu)等部(bu)族。能歌善舞的(de)高(gao)(gao)山族人民(min),有(you)著悠(you)久(jiu)的(de)文化(hua)藝術傳統,每逢收獲節、小(xiao)米(mi)祭(ji)、狩(shou)獵祭(ji)、漁(yu)祭(ji)、部(bu)族節日及結婚(hun)喜(xi)宴,便會(hui)身(shen)著民(min)族服裝,聚集在(zai)一起歌唱、舞蹈(dao)。民(min)歌內容豐(feng)富(fu),風格(ge)獨特,有(you)頌祖歌、狩(shou)獵歌和耕作(zuo)歌等,舞蹈(dao)多(duo)為集體舞。
弓琴(qin)的(de)歷(li)史(shi)十分久(jiu)遠,它脫胎于(yu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)獵弓,也可以(yi)(yi)稱(cheng)作“樂(le)弓”,是我(wo)國彈(dan)(dan)弦樂(le)器(qi)的(de)始(shi)祖。古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)有“后羿射(she)十日(ri)”的(de)神話,說明上古(gu)(gu)(gu)生民對善射(she)者的(de)尊(zun)崇,樂(le)弓自(zi)然(ran)是弓箭發明的(de)延伸。古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)傳(chuan)說將“琴(qin)”的(de)創始(shi)歸于(yu)伏羲,也正由(you)于(yu)他是以(yi)(yi)漁獵為生的(de)部落(luo)氏(shi)族(zu)首領。在(zai)我(wo)國古(gu)(gu)(gu)籍《吳越(yue)春秋》中,曾記(ji)載著:“斷(duan)竹、續竹,飛土逐肉”。這(zhe)首相傳(chuan)為黃帝時期所作的(de)《彈(dan)(dan)歌(ge)》,很可能是在(zai)撥弄獵弓弓弦的(de)伴奏中詠唱(chang)的(de),從簡單(dan)的(de)歌(ge)詞也可說明,古(gu)(gu)(gu)人是用竹制的(de)弓,發出泥(ni)制的(de)彈(dan)(dan)丸來追(zhui)打動物的(de)。臺灣高山族(zu)的(de)弓琴(qin),正是這(zhe)種古(gu)(gu)(gu)老的(de)始(shi)祖彈(dan)(dan)弦樂(le)器(qi)在(zai)我(wo)國的(de)遺存。清代(dai)(dai)(dai)朱景英(ying)在(zai)《海東札記(ji)》(卷四)中對弓琴(qin)記(ji)述道:“削竹為弓,長尺余(yu),或七(qi)八寸,以(yi)(yi)絲線為弦,一頭以(yi)(yi)薄竹片(pian)折而環其端(duan),承于(yu)近尾弦下,末疊系于(yu)弓面,扣于(yu)齒,爪其弦以(yi)(yi)成音,名曰突肉。”它仍保持著原(yuan)始(shi)的(de)形態。
外形與獵弓(gong)相同,由琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)和琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)構成。琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)多用(yong)(yong)(yong)毛竹的(de)板條制作(zuo),一(yi)般板長70厘(li)米、板寬約(yue)4厘(li)米,也(ye)有使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)芭茅根制作(zuo)琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)的(de),將其彎成弓(gong)狀(zhuang)后(hou),兩(liang)端(duan)張(zhang)以一(yi)條植物弦(xian)或金屬(shu)弦(xian)而成(圖)。民間常用(yong)(yong)(yong)草本蘭科植物“月(yue)桃(tao)”葉曬干(gan)卷抻制成的(de)植物弦(xian),因葉子(zi)豎韌,成弦(xian)后(hou)彈性(xing)較強。也(ye)有使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藤絲或麻絲作(zuo)為琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)的(de),但音(yin)質較差。弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)通常采用(yong)(yong)(yong)金屬(shu)鋼絲弦(xian),既結實耐用(yong)(yong)(yong),音(yin)色也(ye)優(you)美動聽。在弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)一(yi)端(duan)的(de)琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)與琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)之間,常夾以一(yi)顆玉米粒(li)或小炭(tan)塊,據說有利于彈撥發音(yin)。
流行于高山(shan)族的弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴,弓(gong)(gong)(gong)背多用(yong)毛(mao)竹板條(tiao)制作(zuo)(zuo),一(yi)般長70 厘(li)米、寬(kuan)17 毫米左(zuo)右(you),也有用(yong)芭茅根制作(zuo)(zuo)的,將其彎成弓(gong)(gong)(gong)狀后,兩(liang)端張以植物弦或金屬(shu)弦而成。
弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)屬(shu)于擦(ca)弦(xian)樂器(qi),是(shi)布農族盛行(xing)的樂器(qi),也是(shi)主要(yao)的一(yi)(yi)種獨奏(zou)(zou)樂器(qi)。 弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)利用(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)長條(tiao)竹片(pian)彎曲(qu)成(cheng)弓(gong),再(zai)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)鐵弦(xian) ( 或(huo)月桃(tao)弦(xian) ) 分別系於竹弓(gong)兩端而形成(cheng)的樂器(qi)。 彈奏(zou)(zou)時(shi)弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)置於左手(shou),右手(shou)以(yi)食指(zhi)(zhi)彈撥(bo)琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian),或(huo)以(yi)左手(shou)食指(zhi)(zhi)按(an)(an)壓(ya),右手(shou)彈奏(zou)(zou)。 彈奏(zou)(zou)時(shi)弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)置于左手(shou),右手(shou)以(yi)食指(zhi)(zhi)彈撥(bo)琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian),或(huo)以(yi)左手(shou)食指(zhi)(zhi)按(an)(an)壓(ya),右手(shou)彈奏(zou)(zou)。 若演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)空(kong)弦(xian)時(shi) ( 也就(jiu)是(shi)左手(shou)不按(an)(an)弦(xian) ) ,演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)者以(yi)口含弓(gong)背,利用(yong)(yong)呼吸氣作口腔變化(hua),還能夠產生以(yi) Do 為基礎(chu)(chu)音(yin)(yin)所(suo)形成(cheng)的三個泛(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)音(yin)(yin) --Sol 、 Do 、 Mi 。 若演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)空(kong)弦(xian)時(shi) ( 也就(jiu)是(shi)左手(shou)不按(an)(an)弦(xian) ) ,演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)者以(yi)口含弓(gong)背,利用(yong)(yong)呼吸氣作口腔變化(hua),還能夠產生以(yi) Do 為基礎(chu)(chu)音(yin)(yin)所(suo)形成(cheng)的三個泛(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)音(yin)(yin) --Sol 、 Do 、 Mi 。 弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)可做(zuo)泛(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)音(yin)(yin)奏(zou)(zou)法(fa),從第(di)四(si)泛(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)音(yin)(yin)起,包(bao)括(kuo)五聲音(yin)(yin)階(jie)之(zhi)所(suo)有音(yin)(yin)程。 弓(gong)琴(qin)(qin)可做(zuo)泛(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)音(yin)(yin)奏(zou)(zou)法(fa),從第(di)四(si)泛(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)音(yin)(yin)起,包(bao)括(kuo)五聲音(yin)(yin)階(jie)之(zhi)所(suo)有音(yin)(yin)程。
演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏(zou)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),將琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一端(duan)頂在(zai)(zai)嘴(zui)部(bu)牙間(jian),另一端(duan)抵在(zai)(zai)硬物(wu)上,用(yong)(yong)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)拇(mu)指按壓(ya)(ya)琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)端(duan),通過壓(ya)(ya)、放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)作(zuo),控制琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎曲度(du)(du),以(yi)改變(bian)琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)力,用(yong)(yong)右手(shou)(shou)拇(mu)指、食(shi)指撥彈(dan)琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)發(fa)音(yin)(yin)。彈(dan)奏(zou)高(gao)音(yin)(yin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),嘴(zui)要(yao)適當張(zhang)開,以(yi)便利用(yong)(yong)口腔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共鳴作(zuo)用(yong)(yong);彈(dan)奏(zou)低音(yin)(yin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),嘴(zui)則要(yao)閉攏起來(lai)。據說(shuo)舌頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong),對弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)音(yin)(yin)也(ye)(ye)有(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)可以(yi)演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏(zou)出(chu)相(xiang)隔大(da)二度(du)(du)或(huo)四(si)度(du)(du)音(yin)(yin)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個實音(yin)(yin)來(lai),這(zhe)種演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏(zou)主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)民(min)間(jian)舞(wu)蹈(dao)伴奏(zou),以(yi)強調(diao)舞(wu)蹈(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重拍節奏(zou)或(huo)稍加變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節奏(zou);弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)富有(you)特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)泛音(yin)(yin)演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏(zou)技巧,它可以(yi)發(fa)出(chu)c1、e1、g1、c2四(si)個音(yin)(yin),左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)壓(ya)(ya)住琴(qin)(qin)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)方(fang)(fang),還可以(yi)發(fa)出(chu)d1音(yin)(yin),這(zhe)些具有(you)地方(fang)(fang)特(te)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)調(diao),與布(bu)農(nong)部(bu)族(zu)民(min)歌(ge)音(yin)(yin)調(diao)相(xiang)同。弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)音(yin)(yin)色清晰、明(ming)亮。可用(yong)(yong)于(yu)獨奏(zou)或(huo)為(wei)民(min)歌(ge)、舞(wu)蹈(dao)伴奏(zou),尤以(yi)獨奏(zou)常見(jian)。用(yong)(yong)于(yu)民(min)歌(ge)伴奏(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin),規格要(yao)比獨奏(zou)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)稍大(da)。弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)是(shi)布(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂器(qi)。布(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)稱為(wei) la tuk 。 彈(dan)奏(zou)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)置于(yu)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou),右手(shou)(shou)以(yi)食(shi)指彈(dan)撥琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian),此(ci)為(wei)空弦(xian)(xian)彈(dan)奏(zou);或(huo)以(yi)左(zuo)手(shou)(shou)食(shi)指壓(ya)(ya)弦(xian)(xian),右手(shou)(shou)彈(dan)奏(zou)。布(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)就以(yi)空弦(xian)(xian)和壓(ya)(ya)弦(xian)(xian)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)簡單旋律配合頑(wan)固節奏(zou)以(yi)自(zi)娛。 布(bu)農(nong)族(zu)使用(yong)(yong)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou),大(da)都為(wei)平(ping)日各人(ren)(ren)獨居(ju)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)娛之(zhi)用(yong)(yong),也(ye)(ye)有(you)一些聚落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)農(nong)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)認為(wei)個人(ren)(ren)內心悲(bei)妻(qi)孤寂之(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)彈(dan)奏(zou)舒(shu)解心中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苦悶,因(yin)此(ci)音(yin)(yin)量微弱(ruo)也(ye)(ye)亦無所謂(wei),畢竟它是(shi)彈(dan)給(gei)自(zi)己聽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂器(qi)。但是(shi)在(zai)(zai)歡宴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場合,弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合奏(zou),弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)與口簧(huang),弓(gong)(gong)(gong)琴(qin)(qin)與五弦(xian)(xian)琴(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二重奏(zou),也(ye)(ye)都是(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)(yan)(yan)奏(zou)方(fang)(fang)式。