咚咚虧,是土家族單簧氣鳴樂器。土家語稱早古得,又稱呆呆哩。流行于湖南省湘西土家族(zu)(zu)苗(miao)族(zu)(zu)自治州龍山、桑植、保靖(jing)、永順,湖北省鄂西(xi)土家族(zu)(zu)苗(miao)族(zu)(zu)自治州來鳳、鶴峰等地。
歷史較(jiao)悠久(jiu)(jiu)。相傳秦(qin)始皇(huang)修筑長城時(shi),抓走(zou)土(tu)家族青年巴(ba)涅(nie)(nie)。他離家不(bu)(bu)久(jiu)(jiu),其妻冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)分娩(mian), 婆婆又虐待她(ta)。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)日夜盼望(wang)巴(ba)涅(nie)(nie)早日歸來,天天上山張望(wang),但總不(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)巴(ba)涅(nie)(nie)的(de)(de)身影,為了表露內心的(de)(de)苦衷,冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)采來一根竹子(zi)做成笛子(zi),每日吹奏(zou)寄托對巴(ba)涅(nie)(nie)的(de)(de)思(si)念之(zhi)情,一直(zhi)吹到她(ta)哀傷(shang)而死,還是不(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)巴(ba)涅(nie)(nie)歸來。后人懷念冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong),也學著(zhu)她(ta)的(de)(de)調子(zi)吹起(qi)竹笛,并把冬(dong)(dong)(dong)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)做的(de)(de)笛子(zi)稱(cheng)為咚咚虧。雖然故事富有(you)傳奇色彩(cai),但它說明咚咚虧是土(tu)家族婦女(nv)創制的(de)(de)樂器 ,至今仍(reng)為土(tu)家族的(de)(de)婦女(nv)和兒童所喜愛。
管(guan)身(shen)竹(zhu)制,多采(cai)用(yong)首(shou)端留有(you)竹(zhu)節的細(xi)竹(zhu)管(guan)制作,其(qi)長(chang)短、粗細(xi)不等,一(yi)般管(guan)長(chang)15厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)~20厘(li)(li)(li) 米(mi)、 尾端內徑0.8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)~1厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)。將首(shou)端正面(mian)管(guan)壁削(xue)薄,在距(ju)竹(zhu)節1厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)處,用(yong)鋒利小刀刻 出(chu)一(yi) 枚竹(zhu)制簧片,簧長(chang)1.2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)~2厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)、簧寬0.3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)~0.6厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi),簧根與(yu)竹(zhu)節相連(lian),簧舌(she)朝下(xia)。管(guan)身(shen)正面(mian)將管(guan)壁外皮(pi)削(xue)平,下(xia)部開有(you)三或四(si)個(ge)方形按音孔,近(jin)尾端開有(you)一(yi)個(ge)出(chu)音孔。
演奏(zou)(zou)(zou)時,管身(shen)豎置(zhi)。三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)者(zhe)(zhe),左手(shou)(shou)食(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)按(an)第三孔(kong)(kong)(kong),右(you)手(shou)(shou)中指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、食(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)別按(an)第一、二兩孔(kong)(kong)(kong) ,無 名(ming)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在出(chu)音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)下扶管;四(si)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)者(zhe)(zhe),左手(shou)(shou)食(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)按(an)第四(si)孔(kong)(kong)(kong),右(you)手(shou)(shou)食(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、中指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、無名(ming)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)按(an)另外三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)。 口(kou)含管首簧片,吹氣鼓(gu)簧發音(yin)(yin)。咚(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)虧(kui)音(yin)(yin)高隨管身(shen)長短(duan)和(he)音(yin)(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)位置(zhi)的(de)不同而(er)變(bian)化,可(ke)吹奏(zou)(zou)(zou)出(chu) 四(si)或五個音(yin)(yin)來。三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)咚(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)虧(kui)音(yin)(yin)列(lie)為:g、c1、d1、e1或c1、d1、e1、g1。四(si) 孔(kong)(kong)(kong)咚(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)虧(kui)音(yin)(yin)列(lie)為:g、c1、d1、e1、g1或c1、d1、e1、g1、a1。第三孔(kong)(kong)(kong) 可(ke)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)出(chu)各種裝飾音(yin)(yin)。音(yin)(yin)色柔(rou)和(he)、渾(hun)厚。可(ke)用于(yu)獨(du)奏(zou)(zou)(zou)或合奏(zou)(zou)(zou),經常兩支在一起對奏(zou)(zou)(zou)。主(zhu)要有打音(yin)(yin)、倚(yi)音(yin)(yin)和(he)顫音(yin)(yin)等演奏(zou)(zou)(zou)技巧(qiao)。