板鼓,因常與(yu)拍(pai)板由一人兼奏而(er)得名。又稱單皮(pi)(一面蒙皮(pi))、班鼓(過去戲班專用)。是納西(xi)(xi)、土家、侗、蒙古、漢等族(zu)棰(chui)擊(ji)膜鳴樂器。納西(xi)(xi)族(zu)稱環鼓。流行(xing)于云南(nan)、貴州、湖(hu)北、湖(hu)南(nan) 、廣西(xi)(xi)、廣東、內蒙古、河北等省區及全國各地。
早在唐代(618~907)就已用(yong)于“清(qing)(qing)樂”中(zhong),那時稱為(wei)“節(jie)鼓(gu)(gu)”。隋唐時期已用(yong)于隋九部(bu)樂、唐十部(bu)樂的“清(qing)(qing)樂”中(zhong),當(dang)時稱為(wei)節(jie)鼓(gu)(gu)。隨著明(ming)清(qing)(qing)戲曲藝術(shu)的發展,廣泛用(yong)于昆(kun)曲、京劇等地方戲曲伴奏中(zhong)。清(qing)(qing)代還稱搭鼓(gu)(gu),《清(qing)(qing)朝續文獻通考》載:“班鼓(gu)(gu),又名搭鼓(gu)(gu),音噍(jiao)急(ji),為(wei)各器之(zhi)領袖,擊(ji)法甚不易。”
板鼓:常與(yu)拍(pai)板由(you)一(yi)人兼奏而得名,并有“單皮(pi)”(一(yi)面蒙皮(pi))和“班鼓”(過去戲班專用)之稱,是中(zhong)國戲曲樂隊(dui)中(zhong)的(de)指揮樂器(qi)。
板(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)形體矮小的(de)單面(mian)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)身(shen)(shen)用(yong)色木(mu)(mu)(mu)、樺(hua)木(mu)(mu)(mu)、槐木(mu)(mu)(mu)、桑木(mu)(mu)(mu)、櫸(ju)木(mu)(mu)(mu)或柚木(mu)(mu)(mu)等(deng)硬質木(mu)(mu)(mu)料制作,由5塊較(jiao)厚木(mu)(mu)(mu)板(ban)(ban)拼合而成(cheng),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)身(shen)(shen)直(zhi)徑25厘(li)米,但(dan)絕大(da)部分是(shi)木(mu)(mu)(mu)質板(ban)(ban)面(mian),中間振動發音(yin)的(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)面(mian)僅(jin)有5~10厘(li)米,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膛(tang)呈八字形,鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)邊高9.5厘(li)米。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)皮(pi)用(yong)牛皮(pi),張緊于(yu)整(zheng)個板(ban)(ban)面(mian)直(zhi)到底邊為(wei)止。蒙皮(pi)的(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膛(tang)部分又叫“鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)光(guang)”,是(shi)敲(qiao)擊發音(yin)部位(wei)。板(ban)(ban)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發音(yin)的(de)高低,取決于(yu)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)膛(tang)的(de)大(da)小和蒙皮(pi)的(de)松(song)緊。為(wei)保持鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)皮(pi)的(de)張力(li),所釘(ding)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)釘(ding)較(jiao)多,并在底部箍(gu)以鐵圈。