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樂器概述

因其鼓身形(xing)似(si)蜂(feng)而得名，是瑤族(zu)、壯(zhuang)族(zu)和毛南族(zu)膜鳴樂器，流(liu)行于(yu)廣西(xi)壯(zhuang)族(zu)自治區各地。每(mei)當(dang)慶(qing)祝(zhu)豐收(shou)和歡度節日之際，能歌善舞的(de)各族(zu)人民便身著盛(sheng)裝，在蜂(feng)鼓的(de)伴奏下歡歌暢舞。

蜂鼓歷史悠(you)久，它(ta)和(he)朝鮮族的長鼓同(tong)出一源。在古代(dai)不僅叫作杖鼓，還有拍(pai)鼓、正鼓和(he)魏(wei)鼓（因北魏(wei)時使(shi)用普遍）之稱，至今已有一千多(duo)年歷史。

蜂鼓(gu)鼓(gu)身用黃泥捏成，然后入窯燒為陶瓷，兩(liang)端粗(cu)大(da)，中(zhong)間(jian)細小，全長(chang)50—64厘米，鼓(gu)腔一端呈圓球(qiu)狀，鼓(gu)面較(jiao)小；另一端呈喇(la)叭狀，鼓(gu)面較(jiao)大(da)。鼓(gu)腔兩(liang)端相通，中(zhong)間(jian)細如蜂腰。鼓(gu)兩(liang)端蒙以牛皮或(huo)羊(yang)皮，鼓(gu)皮附于圓形鐵(tie)圈上，鐵(tie)圈四周置鐵(tie)鉤，通過繩索聯結(jie)系緊，并可調節鼓(gu)皮的張力，以改變音高和(he)音色。

演奏蜂鼓(gu)時，將(jiang)鼓(gu)系以(yi)彩帶橫掛在腹前或置于鼓(gu)架上，圓球狀一端鼓(gu)面置于左(zuo)側(ce)。

既可用(yong)雙(shuang)手拍擊兩端鼓(gu)(gu)面，也(ye)(ye)可左手執竹木鼓(gu)(gu)棰敲擊、右手拍擊。球狀(zhuang)一端鼓(gu)(gu)面發出(chu)清脆明亮的(de)高(gao)音；喇叭狀(zhuang)鼓(gu)(gu)面發出(chu)深沉渾厚的(de)低音。它(ta)常與小鼓(gu)(gu)、鑼、鈸、鈴等民間(jian)樂器一起用(yong)于合奏(zou)，也(ye)(ye)為師公戲、師公舞(wu)、蜂鼓(gu)(gu)舞(wu)等民間(jian)歌(ge)舞(wu)和曲藝伴奏(zou)。

文化藝術

生活(huo)在美(mei)麗富饒(rao)的祖國西南邊陲的瑤、壯、毛(mao)南各(ge)族(zu)人民，都創造了本民族(zu)的文化藝術。

山歌(ge)對(dui)唱悅耳動聽，民間舞蹈(dao)絢麗多姿。在廣西各(ge)地(di)，每當慶祝豐收和歡度節日之(zhi)時，能歌(ge)善舞的各(ge)族人(ren)民便(bian)身穿(chuan)盛裝(zhuang)，在蜂鼓的伴奏下(xia)高歌(ge)歡舞。

歷史追溯

蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)歷(li)史悠久，它(ta)是(shi)流(liu)傳(chuan)在廣(guang)西壯(zhuang)族自(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)的細(xi)腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，它(ta)和朝鮮族的杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)同出(chu)一(yi)源。在古代(dai)(dai)(dai)不僅(jin)叫(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)拍(pai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、正鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和魏(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(因北魏(wei)時使(shi)用(yong)(yong)普(pu)遍)之(zhi)(zhi)稱，至今已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)千多年的歷(li)史。南宋范成大(da)《桂(gui)(gui)海虞衡志》：“花(hua)腔腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，出(chu)臨桂(gui)(gui)職(zhi)田(tian)鄉(xiang)，其土特宜鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)腔，村人(ren)專作(zuo)(zuo)窯(yao)燒(shao)之(zhi)(zhi)，油畫(hua)紅花(hua)紋，以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)飾。”周去非《嶺(ling)外代(dai)(dai)(dai)答》：“腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，靜江(jiang)腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，有(you)(you)(you)聲(sheng)腔，出(chu)于臨桂(gui)(gui)職(zhi)田(tian)鄉(xiang)”。用(yong)(yong)陶瓷(ci)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)由來已(yi)久，它(ta)源于唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)陶瓷(ci)細(xi)腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。宋人(ren)筆(bi)記中(zhong)記載的臨桂(gui)(gui)職(zhi)田(tian)鄉(xiang)以(yi)(yi)燒(shao)制(zhi)“腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”腔著名，叫(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)“窯(yao)燒(shao)腔”，當為(wei)(wei)(wei)歷(li)史上盛產(chan)蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)精品(pin)之(zhi)(zhi)地。在其鄰近的永福縣(xian)(xian)及藤縣(xian)(xian)、容縣(xian)(xian)等(deng)宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)窯(yao)址中(zhong)，都曾出(chu)土了完好(hao)的窯(yao)燒(shao)腔，它(ta)與(yu)(yu)現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)民間(jian)流(liu)傳(chuan)的蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)相(xiang)比，只是(shi)中(zhong)間(jian)的鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)腰(yao)(yao)(yao)略長。北宋陳旸《樂書(shu)》對鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的形(xing)狀、制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)和用(yong)(yong)途記述(shu)道：“……大(da)者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)瓦，小者(zhe)以(yi)(yi)木類，皆廣(guang)首纖(xian)腹。……右擊(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)杖(zhang)，左拍(pai)以(yi)(yi)手，后世謂之(zhi)(zhi)杖(zhang)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、拍(pai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，亦謂之(zhi)(zhi)魏(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。每(mei)奏(zou)(zou)大(da)曲入破時，與(yu)(yu)羯鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、大(da)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)同震作(zuo)(zuo)，其聲(sheng)和壯(zhuang)而有(you)(you)(you)節(jie)也。”在敦(dun)煌唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)壁畫(hua)、五(wu)代(dai)(dai)(dai)前蜀皇帝王(wang)建(jian)墓的樂舞浮雕中(zhong)，都有(you)(you)(you)敲擊(ji)(ji)細(xi)腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的舞樂圖(tu)，其鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)形(xing)和奏(zou)(zou)法與(yu)(yu)今日廣(guang)西地區(qu)(qu)的蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)相(xiang)似。蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)：困鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)身形(xing)似蜂(feng)(feng)腰(yao)(yao)(yao)而得名，又(you)以(yi)(yi)橫置胸(xiong)前演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)而有(you)(you)(you)“橫鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”之(zhi)(zhi)稱。 蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)流(liu)傳(chuan)在廣(guang)西壯(zhuang)族自(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)的細(xi)腰(yao)(yao)(yao)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，其式樣和演(yan)奏(zou)(zou)方法與(yu)(yu)朝鮮族長鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)相(xiang)似，兩者(zhe)同出(chu)一(yi)源。蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)在古代(dai)(dai)(dai)不僅(jin)叫(jiao)作(zuo)(zuo)“仗鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)“拍(pai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”、“正鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”，在北魏(wei)流(liu)行一(yi)時，因而又(you)有(you)(you)(you)“魏(wei)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”之(zhi)(zhi)稱。至今已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)1000多年的歷(li)史。蜂(feng)(feng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)形(xing)體較小。常用(yong)(yong)于民間(jian)歌舞伴奏(zou)(zou)。