瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)Perilitus coccinellae(Schrank)是(shi)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)科(ke)優(you)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)亞科(ke)緣繭(jian)(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)屬的一個物(wu)種。瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)操控瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)保護(hu)蜂(feng)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)的時(shi)間長度存在(zai)差異。有時(shi)候(hou)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)會一直保持警惕,直到幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)破繭(jian)(jian)(jian)而出,蛻變成黃蜂(feng)。以幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)體內和(he)一部分以繭(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)田間越冬,春(chun)季3-4月羽化為(wei)成蟲(chong)(chong)。寄(ji)主(zhu)有七星瓤(rang)蟲(chong)(chong)、稻紅瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)。成蟲(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng),單寄(ji)生(sheng)。
北京(海淀,延慶,懷柔),山西(xi)(花(hua)塔,榆次,臨汾),內蒙(meng)古(賀蘭(lan)山),浙江(西(xi)天目(mu)山,東(dong)陽),福建(福州(zhou),漳州(zhou),龍溪(xi)),河南(安(an)陽),四川(西(xi)昌),云南(昆明,開遠(yuan)),新(xin)疆(烏魯木齊)。
全世界(包括夏威夷(yi)和新西蘭(lan))。
雌蜂體長(chang)約4毫米。頭頂黃褐色(se)(se),顏面黃色(se)(se),復眼、單眼座(zuo)及(ji)后頭黑色(se)(se),觸(chu)角由(you)基部(bu)至(zhi)端部(bu)深(shen)褐色(se)(se)至(zhi)黑色(se)(se);胸部(bu)及(ji)并(bing)胸腹節(jie)黑色(se)(se);足暗(an)褐色(se)(se),前(qian)足稍淡;翅(chi)透明,略帶煙褐色(se)(se),翅(chi)痣與翅(chi)脈(mo)暗(an)褐色(se)(se);腹部(bu),第1背(bei)板端部(bu)變(bian)寬具(ju)刻(ke)紋及(ji)皺狀刻(ke)點,第2節(jie)及(ji)其(qi)后各節(jie)背(bei)板平滑,具(ju)光澤。產卵管突出(chu),直,產卵管鞘長(chang)約為腹長(chang)之半(ban),被均勻白毛。
頭光滑具白色(se)柔毛,顏面中(zhong)央略隆起,與唇(chun)基(ji)間分界(jie)明(ming)顯,唇(chun)基(ji)窩(wo)深,有(you)(you)(you)后頭脊;觸角與體約(yue)等(deng)長(chang)(chang),22節。中(zhong)胸(xiong)盾(dun)片中(zhong)葉前(qian)半部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及側葉后半部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)光滑具光澤(ze),稍隆起,盾(dun)縱溝寬而淺,有(you)(you)(you)網狀(zhuang)皺(zhou)紋(wen),至盾(dun)片中(zhong)葉前(qian)半部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)連(lian)成一(yi)片,似“U”字形;小盾(dun)片具網紋(wen);并胸(xiong)腹(fu)節具粗網紋(wen),自(zi)基(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)1/3以(yi)后向下傾(qing)斜(xie),后半部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)細(xi)中(zhong)脊。前(qian)翅徑(jing)(jing)室(shi)上(shang)緣短(duan)于徑(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)端(duan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)距(ju)翅端(duan)的距(ju)離(li),徑(jing)(jing)脈(mo)(mo)第(di)1段很短(duan),約(yue)與基(ji)徑(jing)(jing)基(ji)段等(deng)長(chang)(chang),無(wu)第(di)2肘間脈(mo)(mo),回脈(mo)(mo)自(zi)肘室(shi)伸(shen)出,小脈(mo)(mo)后叉式(shi)。腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)第(di)1節有(you)(you)(you)柄,具網狀(zhuang)皺(zhou)紋(wen),第(di)2節以(yi)后各(ge)節背板光滑,具光澤(ze)。產(chan)卵管鞘黑色(se),約(yue)為腹(fu)長(chang)(chang)之半,被有(you)(you)(you)白色(se)細(xi)毛。幼蟲長(chang)(chang)橢圓形,黃白毛,頭部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)較粗,后端(duan)較細(xi),無(wu)足,腹(fu)末有(you)(you)(you)水泡狀(zhuang)突(tu)起。老熟時體長(chang)(chang)約(yue)5.5毫米(mi)。繭長(chang)(chang)約(yue)5毫米(mi),紡(fang)錘形,黃褐(he)色(se),繭外有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)層疏松的深灰黃色(se)薄絲(si)。單繭。
寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主有(you)七星(xing)瓤蟲(chong)、稻(dao)(dao)紅瓢蟲(chong)。成蟲(chong)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生,單寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生。蜂(feng)幼蟲(chong)老熟時鉆出(chu)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)主體外,在其腹下吐絲(si)結(jie)繭(jian),繭(jian)白色,并有(you)一絲(si)與瓤蟲(chong)相連,此時蟲(chong)已進(jin)人垂死狀態(tai),俯在蜂(feng)繭(jian)之(zhi)上,尤(you)如(ru)孵蛋一樣,觸之(zhi)能微動,不(bu)食不(bu)動維(wei)持十天左右,寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生蜂(feng)才咬破繭(jian)的(de)一端(切(qie)口整齊)羽化(hua)出(chu)來。貴定地區四月底在麥田可見(jian)(jian)七星(xing)瓢蟲(chong)被(bei)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生;9月間可見(jian)(jian)稻(dao)(dao)田稻(dao)(dao)紅艦蟲(chong)被(bei)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生。另(ling)發現(xian)有(you)一種金小蜂(feng)作(zuo)重(zhong)寄(ji)(ji)(ji)生,從蟲(chong)繭(jian)蜂(feng)繭(jian)內羽化(hua)出(chu)來。
黃蜂家(jia)族的瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂將(jiang)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)變成(cheng)僵(jiang)尸的全過程。瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂鎖定(ding)目(mu)標,準備將(jiang)一枚卵(luan)注入(ru)瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內。在蜂毒的侵襲下,瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)將(jiang)陷入(ru)癱瘓狀態。在瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內,卵(luan)孵化(hua)成(cheng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),發育幾天之后便在瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)腹部抓出一個小洞。隨后,幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)腿之間織出一個繭(jian)(jian),幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)蛻(tui)變期間,瓢(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的尸體一直安(an)息在繭(jian)(jian)頂(ding)部。
研究指(zhi)出絕大(da)多數寄生蟲(chong)(chong)最終都殺死(si)宿主,一些(xie)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)經(jing)受住可(ke)怕的(de)(de)考驗,幸存(cun)(cun)下來。30%到40%的(de)(de)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)宿主在黃蜂幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)孵(fu)化(hua)之(zhi)后(hou)仍然存(cun)(cun)活,其(qi)中一些(xie)個體還能繼續產(chan)卵(luan)。這些(xie)瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)之(zhi)所以(yi)能夠幸存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)原因在于,黃蜂幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)只以(yi)并不對瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)構成致命(ming)威脅的(de)(de)組織為食,例如脂肪。
仍(reng)然活著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)瓢(piao)蟲站(zhan)在(zai)(zai)蜂繭(jian)(jian)上面,此時的(de)(de)(de)瓢(piao)蟲具有(you)(you)(you)攻擊(ji)性(xing),攻擊(ji)入侵者(zhe)。這種(zhong)行為與黃蜂幼蟲鉆出并結繭(jian)(jian)后留在(zai)(zai)瓢(piao)蟲體內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)毒(du)液有(you)(you)(you)關。研(yan)究小組(zu)將捕食性(xing)草蜻(qing)(qing)蛉放(fang)入培養皿,蜂繭(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)上面站(zhan)著(zhu)活瓢(piao)蟲,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)站(zhan)著(zhu)死蜂繭(jian)(jian),有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)則沒有(you)(you)(you)這個保鏢。實驗結果顯示,草蜻(qing)(qing)蛉在(zai)(zai)攻擊(ji)受到僵尸保鏢保護的(de)(de)(de)蜂繭(jian)(jian)時成功(gong)率(lv)較(jiao)低。
瓢蟲繭(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)蟲操(cao)控瓢蟲保護蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間長度存在差異。有時(shi)(shi)(shi)候瓢蟲會一直保持(chi)警惕(ti),直到幼(you)蟲破(po)繭(jian)而出,蛻(tui)變成黃蜂(feng)(feng)。其他情況下,瓢蟲被控制(zhi)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間只有幾(ji)天。研究發現,如果投入更多時(shi)(shi)(shi)間和(he)能量控制(zhi)它們的(de)(de)瓢蟲保鏢,黃蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)蟲成年后產卵較少(shao)。這是(shi)科學家第一次發現控制(zhi)宿主與自身繁(fan)殖之間的(de)(de)取(qu)舍關系。
最終,一只新黃(huang)蜂(feng)從受到(dao)保護的(de)繭中(zhong)鉆出。布(bu)羅(luo)德(de)表(biao)示這項研究揭開了加拿大的(de)一個(ge)謎(mi)團。他說(shuo):“在森林中(zhong)散步時,我們(men)經常看到(dao)瓢蟲站在一個(ge)繭上面,這讓(rang)我們(men)大為迷惑。現在,我們(men)終于找到(dao)答案。”
以幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)體內(nei)和(he)一部分以繭在(zai)田間越(yue)冬,春季3-4月羽化為成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong),產(chan)卵于瓢蟲(chong)(chong)腹末或腹側(ce)的(de)節(jie)間膜內(nei),單寄生,幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)老熟后(hou)在(zai)寄主腹部背面(mian)第4-5節(jie)間咬圓孔外出,在(zai)瓢蟲(chong)(chong)體下(xia)吐絲作(zuo)繭。成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)壽命平均7天(tian)(tian),蛹期(qi)平均14天(tian)(tian),卵和(he)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)期(qi)共43天(tian)(tian),第1代幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)期(qi)在(zai)4月上旬至4月底,第2代在(zai)6月。
生(sheng)境:農田、果園、森林。
地理分布(bu):河北(bei)、山(shan)東(dong)、河南、陜西、上海、四川、臺(tai)灣、福(fu)建(jian)、廣東(dong)、廣西、云南。