瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)Perilitus coccinellae(Schrank)是繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)科優繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)亞科緣繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)屬的一個物種。瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)(feng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)操控瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)保護(hu)蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的時間長度存在差異。有時候瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)會一直保持警惕,直到幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)破(po)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)而出,蛻變成黃(huang)蜂(feng)(feng)。以(yi)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內和一部分(fen)以(yi)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在田間越冬,春季3-4月羽化為成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。寄(ji)主有七星瓤蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、稻(dao)紅瓢(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生,單寄(ji)生。
北京(海淀(dian),延(yan)慶(qing),懷柔),山(shan)西(花塔,榆(yu)次(ci),臨(lin)汾),內蒙古(賀(he)蘭(lan)山(shan)),浙江(jiang)(西天目山(shan),東陽),福建(jian)(福州,漳州,龍溪),河南(nan)(安陽),四川(西昌(chang)),云南(nan)(昆明,開遠),新疆(jiang)(烏魯木齊)。
全世(shi)界(包(bao)括夏威夷和(he)新(xin)西蘭)。
雌(ci)蜂(feng)體長(chang)(chang)約4毫米。頭頂黃(huang)褐(he)色(se),顏(yan)面黃(huang)色(se),復(fu)眼、單眼座及(ji)后(hou)頭黑色(se),觸角(jiao)由基部(bu)(bu)至端部(bu)(bu)深褐(he)色(se)至黑色(se);胸(xiong)部(bu)(bu)及(ji)并胸(xiong)腹節(jie)黑色(se);足(zu)暗褐(he)色(se),前足(zu)稍(shao)淡;翅(chi)透明,略帶煙(yan)褐(he)色(se),翅(chi)痣與(yu)翅(chi)脈暗褐(he)色(se);腹部(bu)(bu),第1背板端部(bu)(bu)變寬具刻紋及(ji)皺(zhou)狀刻點,第2節(jie)及(ji)其后(hou)各節(jie)背板平滑,具光澤。產卵(luan)管突出,直,產卵(luan)管鞘(qiao)長(chang)(chang)約為(wei)腹長(chang)(chang)之(zhi)半,被均勻(yun)白(bai)毛。
頭光滑具(ju)白色(se)柔毛(mao)(mao),顏面(mian)中央略隆起(qi),與(yu)唇基間(jian)分界明顯,唇基窩深,有(you)后(hou)頭脊;觸角與(yu)體(ti)約(yue)等(deng)長(chang)(chang)(chang),22節(jie)(jie)。中胸盾(dun)片(pian)中葉前半(ban)部(bu)(bu)及側葉后(hou)半(ban)部(bu)(bu)光滑具(ju)光澤(ze),稍隆起(qi),盾(dun)縱溝寬(kuan)而淺,有(you)網狀皺紋,至盾(dun)片(pian)中葉前半(ban)部(bu)(bu)連(lian)成(cheng)一片(pian),似“U”字形(xing);小(xiao)盾(dun)片(pian)具(ju)網紋;并胸腹節(jie)(jie)具(ju)粗(cu)網紋,自基部(bu)(bu)1/3以(yi)后(hou)向下(xia)傾斜,后(hou)半(ban)部(bu)(bu)有(you)細(xi)中脊。前翅徑(jing)室(shi)(shi)上緣(yuan)短于徑(jing)脈端(duan)(duan)部(bu)(bu)距(ju)翅端(duan)(duan)的(de)距(ju)離,徑(jing)脈第(di)1段很(hen)短,約(yue)與(yu)基徑(jing)基段等(deng)長(chang)(chang)(chang),無第(di)2肘(zhou)間(jian)脈,回脈自肘(zhou)室(shi)(shi)伸出,小(xiao)脈后(hou)叉式。腹部(bu)(bu)第(di)1節(jie)(jie)有(you)柄,具(ju)網狀皺紋,第(di)2節(jie)(jie)以(yi)后(hou)各節(jie)(jie)背板(ban)光滑,具(ju)光澤(ze)。產卵管鞘黑(hei)色(se),約(yue)為腹長(chang)(chang)(chang)之半(ban),被有(you)白色(se)細(xi)毛(mao)(mao)。幼蟲長(chang)(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing),黃白毛(mao)(mao),頭部(bu)(bu)較粗(cu),后(hou)端(duan)(duan)較細(xi),無足,腹末有(you)水泡狀突起(qi)。老熟(shu)時(shi)體(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)5.5毫米。繭長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)5毫米,紡錘形(xing),黃褐色(se),繭外有(you)一層(ceng)疏松的(de)深灰黃色(se)薄絲(si)。單繭。
寄(ji)主有七星瓤蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、稻紅瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng),單寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)。蜂(feng)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)老熟時鉆出寄(ji)主體外,在(zai)其腹下吐絲(si)結繭(jian)(jian),繭(jian)(jian)白(bai)色,并有一絲(si)與瓤蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)相連,此時蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)已進人垂死狀態,俯(fu)在(zai)蜂(feng)繭(jian)(jian)之上,尤如孵蛋一樣,觸之能微動,不食不動維持十天(tian)左右(you),寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)蜂(feng)才(cai)咬破繭(jian)(jian)的(de)一端(切口整齊)羽化(hua)出來。貴(gui)定(ding)地區四月(yue)底在(zai)麥田可見七星瓢蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)被(bei)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng);9月(yue)間可見稻田稻紅艦蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)被(bei)寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)。另發現(xian)有一種金小蜂(feng)作重寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng),從蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)繭(jian)(jian)內羽化(hua)出來。
黃蜂(feng)家族的(de)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)將瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)變成(cheng)僵尸的(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)。瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)繭(jian)(jian)蜂(feng)鎖定目標,準備將一(yi)(yi)枚卵(luan)注入瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)內。在(zai)蜂(feng)毒(du)的(de)侵襲下,瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)將陷入癱(tan)瘓(huan)狀態。在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)內,卵(luan)孵化(hua)成(cheng)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong),發育幾(ji)天(tian)之后便在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)腹(fu)部(bu)(bu)抓(zhua)出一(yi)(yi)個(ge)小(xiao)洞。隨后,幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)腿(tui)之間織出一(yi)(yi)個(ge)繭(jian)(jian),幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)蛻變期間,瓢(piao)(piao)(piao)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)尸體(ti)一(yi)(yi)直安息(xi)在(zai)繭(jian)(jian)頂部(bu)(bu)。
研究(jiu)指出絕大多數(shu)寄(ji)生蟲最終都(dou)殺死宿主(zhu),一些瓢蟲經受住可(ke)怕的(de)考驗(yan),幸存(cun)(cun)下(xia)來。30%到(dao)40%的(de)瓢蟲宿主(zhu)在(zai)黃蜂(feng)幼(you)(you)蟲孵化之后仍然(ran)存(cun)(cun)活,其中一些個體還能繼續產卵。這些瓢蟲之所以能夠幸存(cun)(cun)的(de)原因在(zai)于(yu),黃蜂(feng)幼(you)(you)蟲只以并不(bu)對瓢蟲構成致命威(wei)脅的(de)組(zu)織為食,例如(ru)脂肪。
仍(reng)然活(huo)著的(de)(de)瓢蟲(chong)站在(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)上面(mian)(mian),此時(shi)的(de)(de)瓢蟲(chong)具有攻擊性,攻擊入(ru)侵者。這種行(xing)為(wei)與(yu)黃蜂(feng)(feng)幼蟲(chong)鉆出并結繭(jian)后留在(zai)瓢蟲(chong)體內(nei)的(de)(de)毒液有關。研究小組將捕(bu)食性草(cao)蜻(qing)蛉(ling)放入(ru)培養皿,蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)有的(de)(de)上面(mian)(mian)站著活(huo)瓢蟲(chong),有的(de)(de)站著死蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian),有的(de)(de)則沒有這個(ge)保(bao)(bao)鏢(biao)。實驗結果(guo)顯示,草(cao)蜻(qing)蛉(ling)在(zai)攻擊受到僵(jiang)尸保(bao)(bao)鏢(biao)保(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de)蜂(feng)(feng)繭(jian)時(shi)成功(gong)率較(jiao)低。
瓢蟲(chong)繭(jian)蜂幼蟲(chong)操(cao)控(kong)瓢蟲(chong)保護蜂繭(jian)的時(shi)間長度(du)存在差(cha)異。有(you)時(shi)候瓢蟲(chong)會一(yi)(yi)直保持警惕,直到幼蟲(chong)破繭(jian)而出,蛻(tui)變成黃蜂。其(qi)他情況下,瓢蟲(chong)被控(kong)制的時(shi)間只有(you)幾天。研(yan)究(jiu)發現,如果(guo)投入更多時(shi)間和能量控(kong)制它們(men)的瓢蟲(chong)保鏢,黃蜂幼蟲(chong)成年后產卵較少。這是科學家第(di)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)發現控(kong)制宿(su)主與自身繁(fan)殖之間的取舍關系。
最(zui)終,一只新黃蜂從受到(dao)保護(hu)的繭中鉆出。布羅德表示這(zhe)項研究揭開了(le)加(jia)拿(na)大的一個謎團。他說:“在森林中散步時,我(wo)們經常看到(dao)瓢蟲站在一個繭上面,這(zhe)讓我(wo)們大為迷惑。現在,我(wo)們終于找到(dao)答案。”
以幼(you)蟲在(zai)(zai)瓢蟲體內和一部分以繭在(zai)(zai)田(tian)間越冬,春季3-4月羽化為(wei)成蟲,產卵于(yu)瓢蟲腹(fu)末或腹(fu)側的(de)節(jie)間膜內,單(dan)寄生,幼(you)蟲老熟后(hou)在(zai)(zai)寄主(zhu)腹(fu)部背(bei)面第(di)4-5節(jie)間咬圓孔外出,在(zai)(zai)瓢蟲體下吐(tu)絲(si)作繭。成蟲壽(shou)命(ming)平均7天(tian),蛹期平均14天(tian),卵和幼(you)蟲期共43天(tian),第(di)1代幼(you)蟲期在(zai)(zai)4月上旬(xun)至4月底,第(di)2代在(zai)(zai)6月。
生(sheng)境(jing):農田、果園、森林。
地理分布:河北、山東(dong)、河南(nan)、陜西、上海(hai)、四(si)川、臺灣、福建(jian)、廣東(dong)、廣西、云南(nan)。