“龍(long)(long)抬頭”的(de)(de)(de)(de)說辭,來自古老的(de)(de)(de)(de)天文學(xue),上古時代人(ren)們(men)選擇(ze)黃道赤(chi)道附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)二十(shi)八(ba)個(ge)(ge)組(zu)星(xing)象(xiang)作為(wei)(wei)坐標,以此作為(wei)(wei)觀測天象(xiang)參照(zhao)物。古人(ren)根據日(ri)月星(xing)辰(chen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行軌跡和(he)(he)位置,把黃道附(fu)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)劃分(fen)為(wei)(wei)二十(shi)八(ba)組(zu),俗(su)稱“二十(shi)八(ba)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。“宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”表(biao)示居住(zhu),因為(wei)(wei)它們(men)環列在日(ri)、月、五星(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)方(fang)(fang)(fang),很像日(ri)、月、五星(xing)棲宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所,所以稱作“宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。“二十(shi)八(ba)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”按照(zhao)東西南北四(si)個(ge)(ge)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向劃分(fen)為(wei)(wei)四(si)大組(zu),產生“四(si)象(xiang)”:東方(fang)(fang)(fang)蒼龍(long)(long),西方(fang)(fang)(fang)白虎,南方(fang)(fang)(fang)朱雀,北方(fang)(fang)(fang)玄武。在東方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)7個(ge)(ge)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)分(fen)別叫做:“角(jiao)(jiao)、亢、氐、房、心(xin)、尾、箕(ji)”,七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)組(zu)成一個(ge)(ge)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)形星(xing)象(xiang),人(ren)們(men)稱它為(wei)(wei)“東方(fang)(fang)(fang)蒼龍(long)(long)”,其中角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代表(biao)龍(long)(long)角(jiao)(jiao),亢宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代表(biao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉,氐宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代表(biao)龍(long)(long)爪,心(xin)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代表(biao)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)臟,尾宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)和(he)(he)箕(ji)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)代表(biao)龍(long)(long)尾。在冬季,這蒼龍(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)都隱沒(mei)在北方(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)平線下。仲春(chun)(驚(jing)蟄至春(chun)分(fen)間),角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)一星(xing)和(he)(he)角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)二星(xing))就從東方(fang)(fang)(fang)地(di)平線上出現(xian)了,這時整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)蒼龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身子還隱沒(mei)在地(di)平線以下,只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)初露(lu),故(gu)稱“龍(long)(long)抬頭”。龍(long)(long)抬頭是(shi)(shi)指蒼龍(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)群星(xing)在天空的(de)(de)(de)(de)隱現(xian)變化,并非是(shi)(shi)真有一條動物之龍(long)(long)在變換。
蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)出沒周期與一(yi)年農時周期相一(yi)致。春(chun)天(tian)(tian)(tian)農耕(geng)開(kai)(kai)始之(zhi)際,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)在(zai)東方(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)平(ping)(ping)線上(shang)開(kai)(kai)始慢慢上(shang)升,最先露(lu)出的(de)(de)是(shi)明亮的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)首—角(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su);夏天(tian)(tian)(tian)作(zuo)物(wu)生(sheng)長(chang),蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)高懸于南(nan)(nan)方(fang)(fang)夜空(kong);而到了秋天(tian)(tian)(tian),莊稼豐收(shou),蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)也(ye)開(kai)(kai)始在(zai)西方(fang)(fang)下落;冬天(tian)(tian)(tian)萬物(wu)伏藏,蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)則(ze)隱藏于北方(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)平(ping)(ping)線以(yi)(yi)下。古人(ren)把仲春(chun)時蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)在(zai)東方(fang)(fang)地(di)(di)平(ping)(ping)線上(shang)嶄露(lu)頭角(jiao)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“見龍(long)(long)在(zai)田”(即(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“龍(long)(long)抬頭”),仲夏蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)升至正南(nan)(nan)中天(tian)(tian)(tian)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“飛龍(long)(long)在(zai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)”;此外還有(you)“亢龍(long)(long)有(you)悔”、“群龍(long)(long)無(wu)首”等,分別對應各(ge)(ge)(ge)時節天(tian)(tian)(tian)象。龍(long)(long)抬頭在(zai)農耕(geng)文(wen)化中標(biao)示陽氣(qi)自地(di)(di)底而出,雨水增多(duo)(duo),萬物(wu)生(sheng)機盎然,春(chun)耕(geng)由此開(kai)(kai)始了。龍(long)(long)抬頭時節,我國長(chang)江(jiang)中下游流域以(yi)(yi)南(nan)(nan)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)已開(kai)(kai)始進入雨季,春(chun)雷始鳴。元時期將陰(yin)歷“二月二”稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)抬頭,從節氣(qi)上(shang)說,“二月初二”正處在(zai)二十四(si)節氣(qi)的(de)(de)“雨水”、“驚(jing)蟄”、“春(chun)分”之(zhi)間。與“龍(long)(long)抬頭”相關(guan)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)活動很(hen)多(duo)(duo),但不論哪種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式,均圍繞美好的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)神信仰而展(zhan)開(kai)(kai),它是(shi)人(ren)們寄托生(sheng)存(cun)希望的(de)(de)活動。就全(quan)國而言,由于地(di)(di)域不同,各(ge)(ge)(ge)地(di)(di)風俗也(ye)各(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)差異。
龍(long)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)等東亞區域古代(dai)神話傳說生(sheng)(sheng)活于大海中(zhong)的(de)神異生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu),司掌行云布雨(yu)(yu),是(shi)(shi)和風化雨(yu)(yu)的(de)主宰,常用來(lai)象(xiang)征祥瑞(rui)。其由來(lai)于自然天象(xiang)崇拜,與上古時代(dai)天文(wen)(wen)學對星(xing)辰運行的(de)認識以及農耕(geng)文(wen)(wen)化有關。古人(ren)觀(guan)測天象(xiang)的(de)目的(de)在(zai)于確定時間,從(cong)而(er)為農業生(sheng)(sheng)產提供(gong)服務。龍(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)農耕(geng)文(wen)(wen)化對于時令的(de)反映(ying),“龍(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”雖有著(zhu)久遠的(de)歷(li)史源頭(tou),但(dan)廣(guang)泛(fan)流傳成為全國(guo)性節日并出現在(zai)文(wen)(wen)獻上記載是(shi)(shi)在(zai)元代(dai)之(zhi)后(hou)。
漢(han)(han)代是我國(guo)南(nan)北各地(di)文化交流融合的(de)(de)重要時期,在漢(han)(han)代文獻出現了龍(long)形象的(de)(de)記載。西(xi)漢(han)(han)董仲舒的(de)(de)《春(chun)秋繁露》中提到舞龍(long)求(qiu)雨的(de)(de)活動,直接借助(zhu)龍(long)的(de)(de)形象舉行求(qiu)雨活動。在漢(han)(han)代畫(hua)像石上也刻有(you)“戲龍(long)”的(de)(de)舞蹈場面,后世以此作為舞龍(long)燈的(de)(de)濫觴。
唐時期,在(zai)文獻上(shang)(shang)仍(reng)未出現龍抬頭的節(jie)(jie)俗記載(zai)。唐朝長(chang)安人把二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)朔作為(wei)一個特殊(shu)的日(ri)子,說這(zhe)是(shi)“迎富(fu)貴”的日(ri)子,在(zai)這(zhe)一天要吃“迎富(fu)貴果子”,就是(shi)吃一些點心類食品。據《唐書(shu)·李(li)泌傳》記載(zai),唐中(zhong)(zhong)葉以(yi)前,在(zai)當時的長(chang)安春天只有(you)三(san)個節(jie)(jie)日(ri)——正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)九、正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)晦(hui)(三(san)十日(ri))和(he)(he)(he)三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)巳(si)節(jie)(jie),二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)沒有(you)節(jie)(jie),李(li)泌上(shang)(shang)書(shu),廢正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)晦(hui),以(yi)二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)一為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)節(jie)(jie)(取中(zhong)(zhong)正(zheng)(zheng)、平和(he)(he)(he)之意(yi)),以(yi)示務本。德宗十分贊同,并下令(ling)以(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)(yue)(yue)初九、二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)朔和(he)(he)(he)三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)巳(si)合(he)稱(cheng)三(san)令(ling)節(jie)(jie)。
唐德宗(zong)時(shi)期,唐德宗(zong)認為,三月(yue)有(you)“上巳節(jie)”,九月(yue)有(you)“重陽節(jie)”,而二(er)月(yue)正是天(tian)(tian)氣由寒轉(zhuan)暖、萬(wan)物復蘇(su)、農事開始之際,卻沒有(you)一(yi)個節(jie)日(ri),實在說不過去,于是就征求宰(zai)相李泌的(de)意見。李泌覺得德宗(zong)所說頗(po)有(you)道理,為此他建(jian)議:廢除以往正月(yue)晦日(ri)(正月(yue)最后一(yi)天(tian)(tian))為節(jie)的(de)舊(jiu)例,改(gai)貞(zhen)元五年(790)二(er)月(yue)一(yi)日(ri)為“中和節(jie)”;這一(yi)天(tian)(tian),皇(huang)帝要賜宴群臣,并賜給他們刀、尺,表示裁(cai)度(du):百官要獻農書,表示務本;民間要用青(qing)色(se)的(de)袋(dai)子裝著(zhu)谷(gu)物及瓜(gua)果種粒,互相贈送親友;村社(she)居(ju)民要釀制宜春酒來祭(ji)祀(si)勾芒神,以祈禱(dao)豐收等等。德宗(zong)聽了(le)十(shi)分高興,完全采(cai)納了(le)李泌的(de)意見,立即頒布了(le)一(yi)道詔(zhao)令,以貞(zhen)元五年二(er)月(yue)一(yi)日(ri)為中和節(jie)。唐代宴會(hui)總少不了(le)賦詩樂舞,中和節(jie)宴亦復如此。
尉遲樞《南梵新聞》記載(zai)說(shuo):“李泌謂(wei)以(yi)二月一日為中和節,人家以(yi)青囊盛百谷果(guo)實,更相饋遺,務極新巧(qiao),宮中亦然,謂(wei)之獻生子(zi)。”可見獻生子(zi)是(shi)中和節活動的主要特(te)點(dian)。
宋(song)代時(shi)在我國一些(xie)地方二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)有(you)“挑菜(cai)”御宴活動(dong),但與“龍”無關。宋(song)人周密(mi)在《武林舊事》中(zhong)記述南(nan)宋(song)時(shi),二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)這一天(tian)宮中(zhong)有(you)“挑菜(cai)”御宴活動(dong)。唐宋(song)時(shi)文獻所記載的這些(xie)地方“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)”活動(dong)并沒有(you)和“龍抬頭”聯(lian)系在一起。
到(dao)了(le)元時(shi)期,在文獻上,陰歷二月二就明確(que)作為(wei)“龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)”了(le)。《析津(jin)志》在描述(shu)大都城的(de)風俗時(shi)提到(dao),“二月二,謂之龍(long)(long)抬頭(tou)”。這天北方(fang)地(di)區人們盛行吃(chi)面(mian)條,稱(cheng)為(wei)“龍(long)(long)須面(mian)”;還要(yao)(yao)烙餅(bing),叫作“龍(long)(long)鱗”;若(ruo)包餃子(zi),則(ze)稱(cheng)為(wei)“龍(long)(long)牙”。總之所(suo)吃(chi)的(de)食物都要(yao)(yao)以(yi)龍(long)(long)體部位命名。
明代(dai)以后(hou),“二(er)月二(er)”又有關(guan)于龍(long)抬頭的(de)諸多習俗(su)記(ji)載,諸如(ru)撒灰引(yin)龍(long)、扶龍(long)、熏(xun)蟲避蝎(xie)、剃龍(long)頭、忌針刺(ci)龍(long)眼等節俗(su),故稱龍(long)抬頭日。元費著《歲華紀麗譜》:“二(er)月二(er)日踏青節,韌郡(jun)人游(you)賞散四郊。……”。又汪灝《廣群芳譜天時(shi)譜》引(yin)《翰墨記(ji)》:“洛陽風(feng)俗(su),以二(er)月二(er)日為花朝節,士庶游(you)玩,又為挑菜節。”
明時期(qi)還(huan)在二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)還(huan)增添了“熏(xun)蟲”、“炒豆(dou)”的(de)活動。明人的(de)《帝京景(jing)物略(lve)》中說:“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)日曰(yue)龍抬頭……熏(xun)床炕,曰(yue)熏(xun)蟲,為引龍蟲不(bu)出也。”
清康熙時的《大(da)興縣志》記載,“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er),家各(ge)為(wei)(wei)葷素餅,以油(you)烹而食(shi)之(zhi),曰(yue)熏蟲。”清咸豐《武定府志》:“……以二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)日為(wei)(wei)春龍(long)(long)(long)節,取(qu)灶灰圍屋如龍(long)(long)(long)蛇(she)狀,名曰(yue)引錢龍(long)(long)(long),招福(fu)祥也(ye)。清末(mo)的《燕京歲時記》說(shuo):“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)日……今人呼為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭。是日食(shi)餅者謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)鱗餅,食(shi)面(mian)者謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)須面(mian)。閨(gui)中停(ting)止(zhi)針線,恐(kong)傷龍(long)(long)(long)目也(ye)。”這時不僅吃餅吃面(mian)條,婦女還不能(neng)操做針線活,怕傷害了龍(long)(long)(long)的眼睛。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)本源于(yu)(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)古(gu)(gu)星(xing)(xing)宿崇拜,是(shi)(shi)(shi)我國傳統二十八宿天(tian)學體系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由角、亢(kang)、氐、房、心(xin)、尾六(liu)宿星(xing)(xing)官(guan)所構(gou)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形象(xiang)。而“見龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)田”所描述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)伏沒之后(hou),位于(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)角的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角宿從(cong)東方地(di)(di)(di)(di)平線(xian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)重新(xin)升起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)象(xiang)。《象(xiang)》曰:“見龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)田,德施普也”。《易(yi)經·乾(qian)(qian)卦(gua)》爻(yao)辭中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所言的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”,實質是(shi)(shi)(shi)對蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)群(qun)星(xing)(xing)一年四時(shi)運行(xing)情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)闡發。“初九(jiu),潛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)勿用(yong)”;冬天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing),潛入(ru)北方地(di)(di)(di)(di)平線(xian)下(xia)看不見,所以無(wu)(wu)用(yong)。“九(jiu)二,見龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)田”;仲春的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)從(cong)東方地(di)(di)(di)(di)平線(xian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)升了起(qi)來,嶄露頭角,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)德顯揚。“九(jiu)三,君子終日(ri)(ri)(ri)乾(qian)(qian)乾(qian)(qian),夕惕(ti)若厲,無(wu)(wu)咎”;季春上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)不在(zai)(zai)天(tian),下(xia)不在(zai)(zai)田,故(gu)(gu)(gu)‘乾(qian)(qian)乾(qian)(qian)’。“九(jiu)四,或躍在(zai)(zai)淵(yuan)”;孟夏(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)春夏(xia)(xia)之交(jiao),蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全體都擺脫了大地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)羈(ji)絆,升上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)夜空。“九(jiu)五,飛(fei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)天(tian)”;仲夏(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)飛(fei)躍于(yu)(yu)正(zheng)南中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天(tian),故(gu)(gu)(gu)稱(cheng)“飛(fei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”。九(jiu)五,為(wei)(wei)乾(qian)(qian)卦(gua)諸(zhu)爻(yao)當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至吉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爻(yao),喻(yu)事物(wu)處于(yu)(yu)最(zui)鼎盛(sheng)時(shi)期。“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)九(jiu),亢(kang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有悔(hui)”;季夏(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)夏(xia)(xia)秋之交(jiao),蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿開始從(cong)最(zui)高點掉(diao)頭向西(xi)下(xia)降(jiang),故(gu)(gu)(gu)稱(cheng)“亢(kang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”。“用(yong)九(jiu),群(qun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)(wu)首”;季秋蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)群(qun)星(xing)(xing)前面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾個星(xing)(xing)宿在(zai)(zai)正(zheng)西(xi)偏(pian)北隱退潛入(ru)于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)。見群(qun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)無(wu)(wu)首,天(tian)德不可(ke)為(wei)(wei)首也,是(shi)(shi)(shi)吉利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兆頭。蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)象(xiang)運行(xing)情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事象(xiang)規律,在(zai)(zai)《易(yi)經》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表現得淋漓盡致。仲春龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)現于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)表上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),在(zai)(zai)卦(gua)象(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬吉兆,乃(nai)生(sheng)(sheng)發之象(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)農(nong)耕文化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標示著(zhu)陽氣(qi)自(zi)(zi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)底而出(chu)(chu),陽氣(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)發,雨(yu)(yu)水增多,萬物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)機盎然。在(zai)(zai)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信仰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)吉祥之物(wu),司掌行(xing)云(yun)布雨(yu)(yu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)和風(feng)化雨(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主宰。自(zi)(zi)古(gu)(gu)以來人們亦將仲春龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)星(xing)(xing)出(chu)(chu)現于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)表上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)(ri)子作為(wei)(wei)一個祈求風(feng)調(diao)雨(yu)(yu)順、驅邪攘(rang)災、納祥轉運的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吉日(ri)(ri)(ri)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)驅邪,百(bai)毒(du)不侵;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)賜福,人畜平安;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)發力,生(sheng)(sheng)機勃勃;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)行(xing)云(yun),風(feng)調(diao)雨(yu)(yu)順。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國傳統文(wen)化中(zhong),方(fang)位是(shi)和(he)星辰歷(li)的干支(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間以及八卦(gua)聯系在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)起(qi)的。當斗(dou)(dou)柄指(zhi)(zhi)向正(zheng)東(dong)方(fang),卦(gua)在(zai)(zai)(zai)震位,是(shi)為仲春(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue),萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所出達也,萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)出則天(tian)地(di)變化可現(xian)矣(yi)。故《易(yi)·說(shuo)卦(gua)傳》曰(yue):“帝出乎震,齊乎巽(xun),相(xiang)見乎離(li),致役(yi)乎坤,說(shuo)言(yan)乎兌,戰乎乾(qian),勞乎坎(kan),成言(yan)乎艮。”按(an)《易(yi)經》理論,斗(dou)(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)東(dong),卦(gua)象為震,天(tian)干甲乙,地(di)支(zhi)曰(yue)卯,五行(xing)屬木,時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)仲春(chun)。當其(qi)時(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)出達,生機勃勃。斗(dou)(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)南,卦(gua)象為離(li),天(tian)干丙丁,地(di)支(zhi)曰(yue)午,五行(xing)屬火,時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)仲夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)。當其(qi)時(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)生長,其(qi)勢盛(sheng)極。斗(dou)(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)西,卦(gua)象為兌,天(tian)干庚(geng)辛,地(di)支(zhi)曰(yue)酉,五行(xing)屬金,時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)仲秋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)。當其(qi)時(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)豐收,天(tian)氣肅殺(sha)。斗(dou)(dou)指(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)北,卦(gua)象為坎(kan),天(tian)干壬癸(gui),地(di)支(zhi)曰(yue)子,五行(xing)屬水,時(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)仲冬(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)。當其(qi)時(shi)(shi)也,萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)閉藏,不(bu)相(xiang)見也。
從節(jie)(jie)氣上(shang)(shang)說,農(nong)歷(li)二(er)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er),正(zheng)處在(zai)“雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)”、“驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)”和(he)“春(chun)(chun)分”之間(jian),我國南方(fang)很(hen)多地(di)方(fang)已開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)進入雨(yu)季(ji)。驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)立春(chun)(chun)、雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)之后,是(shi)(shi)春(chun)(chun)季(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第三個(ge)節(jie)(jie)氣,也是(shi)(shi)干支(zhi)歷(li)卯(mao)(mao)月(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)起(qi)始(shi)。卯(mao)(mao),冒(mao)也,萬物(wu)冒(mao)地(di)而(er)出(chu),為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)發之大(da)象(xiang)(xiang),代(dai)(dai)表著生(sheng)機茂發,如《律書》曰:”卯(mao)(mao)之為(wei)(wei)言(yan)茂也。言(yan)萬物(wu)茂也“。由此可知,卯(mao)(mao)是(shi)(shi)指萬物(wu)從地(di)下冒(mao)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思,也就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)草木都(dou)從地(di)下面(mian)冒(mao)出(chu)為(wei)(wei)卯(mao)(mao),卯(mao)(mao)也就(jiu)代(dai)(dai)表著生(sheng)命力(li),代(dai)(dai)表著生(sheng)機,所以二(er)月(yue)(yue)也是(shi)(shi)能量迸(beng)發,生(sheng)機開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)份,預示(shi)一(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)事(shi)活動即將開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)。仲(zhong)春(chun)(chun)時(shi)節(jie)(jie)龍抬頭(tou),萬物(wu)復蘇雨(yu)似油(you);年(nian)年(nian)角宿光明亮,歲歲如意(yi)大(da)豐收。一(yi)年(nian)十二(er)個(ge)月(yue)(yue),一(yi)個(ge)月(yue)(yue)對(dui)應一(yi)卦,卯(mao)(mao)月(yue)(yue)(包括驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)和(he)春(chun)(chun)分兩(liang)個(ge)節(jie)(jie)氣)對(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)雷(lei)(lei)天大(da)壯(zhuang)一(yi)卦。大(da)壯(zhuang)卦的(de)(de)(de)(de)卦象(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)天上(shang)(shang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)打雷(lei)(lei)了,雷(lei)(lei)在(zai)天上(shang)(shang)響,非常(chang)形象(xiang)(xiang)。驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)春(chun)(chun)天的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)聲驚(jing)(jing)雷(lei)(lei),所謂“春(chun)(chun)雷(lei)(lei)驚(jing)(jing)百蟲”,驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)節(jie)(jie),春(chun)(chun)雷(lei)(lei)始(shi)響,蟄(zhe)(zhe)伏于地(di)下冬(dong)眠的(de)(de)(de)(de)蟄(zhe)(zhe)蟲被雷(lei)(lei)驚(jing)(jing)醒,紛紛破土而(er)出(chu)。大(da)壯(zhuang)卦是(shi)(shi)卯(mao)(mao)月(yue)(yue)(二(er)月(yue)(yue))的(de)(de)(de)(de)消息卦。“卯(mao)(mao)”有茂盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思,卯(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)行屬木,木主生(sheng)發、生(sheng)長,所以大(da)壯(zhuang)卦對(dui)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)節(jie)(jie)氣,意(yi)味著萬物(wu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)欣(xin)欣(xin)向榮,生(sheng)機盎然(ran),大(da)地(di)上(shang)(shang)將出(chu)現春(chun)(chun)暖花(hua)開(kai)(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美好景象(xiang)(xiang)。
現代氣(qi)象科學表明,“驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)”前后,之所(suo)以(yi)(yi)偶(ou)有雷(lei)(lei)聲,是(shi)大(da)地(di)(di)濕度漸高而(er)(er)促使近地(di)(di)面熱氣(qi)上升(sheng)或北(bei)(bei)(bei)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)濕熱空(kong)氣(qi)勢力較強(qiang)與(yu)活動頻繁所(suo)致。從我(wo)國(guo)各地(di)(di)自然(ran)物(wu)候進程看,由于南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)跨度大(da),春雷(lei)(lei)始(shi)鳴的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間遲早不(bu)一(yi)(yi)。就多年平均而(er)(er)言,云南(nan)(nan)南(nan)(nan)部在(zai)1月底前后即(ji)可聞雷(lei)(lei),而(er)(er)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京的(de)(de)(de)(de)初雷(lei)(lei)日(ri)卻在(zai)4月下旬。“驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)始(shi)雷(lei)(lei)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)說法僅與(yu)沿長(chang)江(jiang)流域以(yi)(yi)南(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)候規律相(xiang)吻(wen)合。驚(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)(zhe)后,是(shi)萬物(wu)生長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)好時光,該種的(de)(de)(de)(de)農作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)都可以(yi)(yi)開始(shi)種了(le)。作(zuo)(zuo)為全年氣(qi)溫回(hui)升(sheng)最(zui)快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節氣(qi),除東北(bei)(bei)(bei)、西北(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)區(qu)仍是(shi)銀妝素裹的(de)(de)(de)(de)冬日(ri)景象外(wai),我(wo)國(guo)大(da)部分(fen)地(di)(di)區(qu)平均氣(qi)溫已(yi)(yi)升(sheng)至0℃以(yi)(yi)上,華北(bei)(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)區(qu)日(ri)平均氣(qi)溫為3至6℃,沿江(jiang)江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)地(di)(di)區(qu)為8℃以(yi)(yi)上,而(er)(er)西南(nan)(nan)和華南(nan)(nan)已(yi)(yi)達10至15℃以(yi)(yi)上,早已(yi)(yi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)派融融春光了(le),日(ri)照時數也有了(le)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加。
我國古代(dai)天(tian)(tian)文(wen)學家根據(ju)日(ri)月(yue)五星(xing)(xing)的(de)運(yun)行軌跡把(ba)天(tian)(tian)空劃(hua)分為28天(tian)(tian)宿(su)(su),即(ji)“黃道帶(dai)”,以此來(lai)表示日(ri)月(yue)五星(xing)(xing)的(de)運(yun)行和位(wei)置。28天(tian)(tian)宿(su)(su)可分為4個(ge)大區(4象或4神(shen)),東(dong)方(fang)蒼龍(long)(包括(kuo)(kuo)角、亢、氐、房、心、尾、箕七(qi)宿(su)(su));西方(fang)白虎(包括(kuo)(kuo)奎、婁、胃、昴(mao)、畢、觜、參七(qi)宿(su)(su));南方(fang)朱雀(包括(kuo)(kuo)井、鬼(gui)、柳、星(xing)(xing)、張、翼(yi)、軫七(qi)宿(su)(su));北方(fang)玄武(wu)(包括(kuo)(kuo)斗、牛、女、虛(xu)、危、室、壁七(qi)宿(su)(su))。其中‘角宿(su)(su)’就是龍(long)角。在仲(zhong)春卯月(yue)之初東(dong)方(fang)地平線上升起(qi)了龍(long)角星(xing)(xing),所以稱為龍(long)抬頭。即(ji)是指東(dong)方(fang)蒼龍(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)星(xing)(xing)象的(de)空間變(bian)化(hua)。
龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭的(de)(de)(de)由來與(yu)古(gu)代(dai)天(tian)象有(you)(you)關。中國古(gu)代(dai)天(tian)文學將周天(tian)黃(huang)道確(que)定為(wei)(wei)(wei)28個(ge)(ge)星(xing)座,稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“二十八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。古(gu)人又(you)將這(zhe)28個(ge)(ge)星(xing)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)按(an)(an)照東南西北分在(zai)四(si)宮,每(mei)宮7宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su),并按(an)(an)照它們的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象將四(si)宮形(xing)(xing)容為(wei)(wei)(wei)“青龍(long)(long)(long),白虎,朱(zhu)雀,玄(xuan)武(wu)“4種神獸。龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭所提到的(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)”,指的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)是(shi)天(tian)象周天(tian)二十八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)東方青龍(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。蒼龍(long)(long)(long)頭部“角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”上有(you)(you)兩(liang)顆星(xing):角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)一和角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)二,代(dai)表蒼龍(long)(long)(long)頭上的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)只犄角(jiao)(jiao)。“角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”之后的(de)(de)(de)四(si)顆星(xing)是(shi)“亢宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”,亢是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)咽(yan)喉,在(zai)咽(yan)喉下面有(you)(you)四(si)顆星(xing)排列成一個(ge)(ge)簸箕(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)狀是(shi)“氐宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”,代(dai)表著龍(long)(long)(long)爪。龍(long)(long)(long)爪后面的(de)(de)(de)房宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、心宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、尾宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)和箕(ji)(ji)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)分別(bie)代(dai)表了龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)心臟(zang)和尾巴。
每年的(de)(de)(de)(de)仲春晚上,蒼龍星宿(su)開始從(cong)東(dong)方露(lu)頭,角(jiao)宿(su),代表龍角(jiao),開始從(cong)東(dong)方地(di)平(ping)線上顯(xian)現(xian)(xian),約一個鐘(zhong)頭后(hou),亢宿(su),即(ji)龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉,升至(zhi)地(di)平(ping)線以上,接近子(zi)夜時(shi)(shi)分,氐宿(su),即(ji)龍爪也出現(xian)(xian)了。這就是(shi)“龍抬(tai)頭”的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程。之后(hou),每天的(de)(de)(de)(de)“龍抬(tai)頭”日(ri)期,均(jun)約提前一點,經過一個多月時(shi)(shi)間(jian),整個“龍頭”就“抬(tai)”起來(lai)了。當地(di)球公轉的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置使(shi)蒼龍七宿(su)與(yu)太(tai)陽(yang)處在同一方向時(shi)(shi),太(tai)陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光芒就會(hui)(hui)(hui)淹沒星光,人(ren)們就會(hui)(hui)(hui)看不到(dao)天上的(de)(de)(de)(de)那條巨龍;而過一段時(shi)(shi)間(jian)后(hou),地(di)球的(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置轉移了,這蒼龍七宿(su)又會(hui)(hui)(hui)重新出現(xian)(xian),周而復始,古人(ren)找到(dao)了這個規律,并以它來(lai)判斷時(shi)(shi)令。由(you)于“歲差”的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因,現(xian)(xian)"龍抬(tai)頭"實際時(shi)(shi)間(jian)或(huo)推遲。
“二月二、龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”,象(xiang)(xiang)征著(zhu)生機、萬(wan)物復蘇(su)。中(zhong)國與(yu)古代西方(fang)(fang)天(tian)文學不同,中(zhong)國把恒星(xing)劃分(fen)成為“三垣(yuan)(yuan)”和(he)“四(si)象(xiang)(xiang)”七大星(xing)區(qu)。所謂(wei)“垣(yuan)(yuan)”就是“城墻”的(de)(de)意(yi)思。“三垣(yuan)(yuan)”是“紫微(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)”,象(xiang)(xiang)征皇宮;“太微(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)”象(xiang)(xiang)征行政機構(gou);“天(tian)市垣(yuan)(yuan)”象(xiang)(xiang)征繁華街市。這三垣(yuan)(yuan)環繞著(zhu)北極星(xing)呈三角(jiao)狀排(pai)列。在“三垣(yuan)(yuan)”外(wai)圍分(fen)布著(zhu)“四(si)象(xiang)(xiang)”:東蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)、西白(bai)(bai)虎、南朱(zhu)雀、北玄武(wu),也(ye)就是說,東方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)如一(yi)條龍(long)(long),西方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)如一(yi)只(zhi)虎,南方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)如一(yi)只(zhi)大鳥,北方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)如龜和(he)蛇。由于地球圍繞太陽公轉,天(tian)空的(de)(de)星(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)隨(sui)著(zhu)季節轉換。每到冬春(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)的(de)(de)傍(bang)晚(wan),蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)顯現;春(chun)夏之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao),玄武(wu)升(sheng)起(qi);夏秋(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao),白(bai)(bai)虎露頭;秋(qiu)冬之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao),朱(zhu)雀上升(sheng)。
《春(chun)秋命(ming)歷序》曰:“天(tian)地(di)開辟,萬物渾(hun)(hun)渾(hun)(hun),無(wu)知無(wu)識;陰(yin)陽所憑,天(tian)體始于北極之(zhi)野…日(ri)月(yue)五(wu)緯俱起牽牛(niu);四萬五(wu)千年,日(ri)月(yue)五(wu)緯一(yi)輪(lun)轉;天(tian)皇出焉…定(ding)(ding)天(tian)之(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang),法(fa)地(di)之(zhi)儀(yi),作干支以(yi)定(ding)(ding)日(ri)月(yue)度。”早在(zai)遠(yuan)古時期古人就已經能“觀象(xiang)(xiang)授(shou)時”,定(ding)(ding)天(tian)之(zhi)象(xiang)(xiang)、法(fa)地(di)之(zhi)儀(yi),并(bing)確(que)定(ding)(ding)了星宿(su)天(tian)象(xiang)(xiang)、干支及二十四節氣。
詞典(dian)《爾雅》中有云:數起(qi)角(jiao)亢,列宿(su)之長(chang)。故角(jiao)之見于東(dong)方(fang)也(ye),物換春(chun)回,鳥獸生角(jiao),草木(mu)甲坼。它(ta)的意思是在萬物復(fu)蘇的春(chun)天(tian),東(dong)方(fang)蒼龍的角(jiao)宿(su)每到傍(bang)晚將從東(dong)方(fang)升起(qi)。
龍是(shi)(shi)海中(zhong)神(shen)(shen)物,主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)宰雨(yu)水(shui),如(ru)《山(shan)海經》中(zhong)所說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)應(ying)龍,民間的(de)“龍抬頭”節,其(qi)源頭應(ying)追溯(su)至遠古。神(shen)(shen)話(hua)著作《山(shan)海經》中(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo),應(ying)龍居處在(zai)南方(fang),“故南方(fang)多雨(yu)”,而燭龍“不(bu)(bu)食不(bu)(bu)寢不(bu)(bu)息,風(feng)雨(yu)是(shi)(shi)謁”,也就是(shi)(shi)經常(chang)招來風(feng)雨(yu)。由(you)于想象中(zhong)的(de)龍能(neng)騰云(yun)駕霧,于是(shi)(shi)相信(xin)龍能(neng)給人帶來祥瑞。傳(chuan)說(shuo)(shuo)龍能(neng)行(xing)云(yun)布雨(yu)、消災(zai)降福(fu),象征祥瑞。
《說文解字(zi)》中解釋“龍”字(zi):“龍,鱗蟲(chong)之長。能幽能明,能細能巨,能短(duan)能長。春分而登天(tian),秋分而潛淵。”?
《帝(di)京景(jing)物略·卷二(er)春場》:“二(er)月(yue)二(er),曰(yue)龍抬頭(tou),煎元旦祭(ji)余餅,熏床炕(kang),謂(wei)之熏蟲兒,謂(wei)引(yin)龍,沖、蟲不出也。”
《燕(yan)京歲時(shi)記(ji)》:“二月二日(ri),古(gu)之(zhi)中和節(jie)也。今人呼為龍(long)抬頭(tou)。是(shi)日(ri)食餅(bing)者謂之(zhi)龍(long)鱗餅(bing),食面者謂之(zhi)龍(long)須面。閨(gui)中停止針線,恐(kong)傷(shang)龍(long)目。”
《大同府志》:“二月(yue)二日,各村疃社醵錢獻生,謂之‘扶龍頭’。提壺汲(ji)井水(shui)注之,曰‘引龍頭’。”
唐代著名詩人白居易有(you)詩云:“二月二日新雨晴,草芽菜甲一時(shi)生;輕衫細馬春年少,十(shi)字津頭(tou)一字行。”
中(zhong)國(guo)民(min)間認為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)吉祥(xiang)之(zhi)物,和(he)(he)風化雨(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)宰。“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)”,意味著(zhu)陽氣(qi)(qi)生發(fa)(fa)(fa)、萬(wan)物生機盎然。故自古以(yi)(yi)來(lai),人們(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)時(shi)節(jie),會舉行(xing)敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈(qi)雨(yu)(yu)、放生,以(yi)(yi)求(qiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)吉祥(xiang)豐收,并(bing)將(jiang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)時(shi)節(jie)作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個納祥(xiang)轉運的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子。在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)流(liu)傳(chuan)著(zhu)“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er),拜村(cun)社;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou),祈(qi)豐收;八月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er),祭(ji)(ji)村(cun)堂(tang);龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)收尾,送龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)歸”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法。從節(jie)氣(qi)(qi)上說(shuo),農歷(li)二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初,正處(chu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)“雨(yu)(yu)水”、“驚蟄”和(he)(he)“春(chun)分”之(zhi)間,我(wo)(wo)國(guo)南方(fang)(fang)很(hen)多(duo)地(di)方(fang)(fang)已開始(shi)(shi)進入雨(yu)(yu)季。俗(su)(su)(su)話說(shuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)不抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)天不雨(yu)(yu)”。在(zai)(zai)(zai)古代神(shen)格譜系(xi)中(zhong),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是(shi)海中(zhong)神(shen)物,掌管(guan)著(zhu)降(jiang)雨(yu)(yu),降(jiang)雨(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)少直接關系(xi)到一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)莊稼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐歉,因此,為(wei)了(le)求(qiu)得龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)行(xing)云布雨(yu)(yu),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)時(shi)節(jie)要在(zai)(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)廟前擺(bai)供(gong),舉行(xing)隆(long)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)(ji)拜儀式,同時(shi)唱大戲以(yi)(yi)娛神(shen);敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈(qi)雨(yu)(yu),放生,以(yi)(yi)求(qiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)吉祥(xiang)豐收;也有一(yi)(yi)(yi)些地(di)方(fang)(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)節(jie)有“起龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)船”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)。二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)既是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)節(jie)也是(shi)“土地(di)誕(dan)”,在(zai)(zai)(zai)南方(fang)(fang)沿海地(di)區,二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)主(zhu)要舉行(xing)社祭(ji)(ji),祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)土地(di)神(shen)。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)民(min)間有剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)、祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)、敬(jing)文昌神(shen)、吃(chi)面(mian)條、炸油糕、爆玉(yu)米花、吃(chi)豬頭(tou)等習俗(su)(su)(su)。“剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)”習俗(su)(su)(su),或源于古人對(dui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇拜,如古籍中(zhong)所記載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古人斷發(fa)(fa)(fa)紋(wen)身以(yi)(yi)像龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子習俗(su)(su)(su)。“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er)”這天,許多(duo)人都要理發(fa)(fa)(fa),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日子理發(fa)(fa)(fa)叫作(zuo)“剃(ti)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)”,這預示一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)有好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開始(shi)(shi)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)時(shi)節(jie)敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)習俗(su)(su)(su),體(ti)現了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)“天人合(he)一(yi)(yi)(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然觀。在(zai)(zai)(zai)天氣(qi)(qi)漸漸轉暖、雨(yu)(yu)水開始(shi)(shi)增多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)節(jie),人們(men)希望通過敬(jing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)祈(qi)福順應(ying)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)過程,從而(er)做到與自然和(he)(he)諧(xie)相處(chu)。
古時我國北方一(yi)些地(di)區二月二有圍糧囤、引田(tian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、敲房梁、理發(fa)、煎燜(men)子(zi)、吃(chi)(chi)豬(zhu)頭(tou)肉、吃(chi)(chi)面條(tiao)(tiao)、吃(chi)(chi)水(shui)餃、吃(chi)(chi)糖(tang)豆、吃(chi)(chi)煎餅、忌(ji)動針線的習俗。為了納吉,二月初二這天我國北方人的吃(chi)(chi)食物均取(qu)與(yu)(yu)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”相關(guan)的名字,面條(tiao)(tiao)不(bu)叫(jiao)“面條(tiao)(tiao)”,稱(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)須面”;水(shui)餃稱(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)耳”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)角(jiao)”;米飯稱(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)”;煎餅烙成龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗狀,稱(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗餅”;面條(tiao)(tiao)、餛飩(tun)一(yi)塊煮叫(jiao)做(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)拿珠”;吃(chi)(chi)豬(zhu)頭(tou)稱(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)“食龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)”;吃(chi)(chi)蔥餅叫(jiao)做(zuo)“撕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)皮”。一(yi)切均取(qu)與(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有關(guan)的象征與(yu)(yu)寓意。
民間有許多(duo)禁忌(ji)避諱“龍(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)”,諸(zhu)如(ru)此日家中忌(ji)動針線,怕傷到龍(long)眼,招災惹禍;忌(ji)擔(dan)水,認為這(zhe)天(tian)晚(wan)上(shang)(shang)龍(long)要出來活(huo)動,禁止到河邊或(huo)井邊擔(dan)水,以免驚擾龍(long)的行(xing)動,招致旱災之年(nian);忌(ji)諱蓋房打夯,以防傷“龍(long)頭(tou)”;再(zai)者(zhe),忌(ji)諱磨(mo)面(mian),認為磨(mo)面(mian)會榨(zha)到龍(long)頭(tou),不吉(ji)利。俗話說“磨(mo)為虎(hu),碾為龍(long)”,有石磨(mo)的人家,這(zhe)天(tian)要將磨(mo)支(zhi)起(qi)上(shang)(shang)扇,方(fang)便“龍(long)抬(tai)頭(tou)升天(tian)”。除如(ru)上(shang)(shang)習俗外(wai),民間往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)還舉行(xing)多(duo)種活(huo)動納吉(ji),諸(zhu)如(ru)舞龍(long)、戴龍(long)尾、開筆(bi)等。
民(min)諺(yan)云:“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭,八月二(er)(er)龍(long)(long)收尾。”二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭作為古代民(min)俗的(de)(de)一種(zhong)節(jie)日,如今(jin)已(yi)經基本上從中(zhong)國人的(de)(de)現代生(sheng)活(huo)中(zhong)淡化出去了。不過,對于“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”的(de)(de)一些文(wen)化內涵,例如古人對龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)崇拜、“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”在古天文(wen)學上的(de)(de)唯(wei)物(wu)解釋等等,是(shi)仍(reng)然具有研究價值(zhi)。
二月二既(ji)是龍抬頭(tou)節也是土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)的(de)誕辰,“土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)誕”也稱(cheng)“社日(ri)節”。社日(ri)分為(wei)春(chun)社日(ri)和秋(qiu)社日(ri),古(gu)時(shi)春(chun)社是立(li)春(chun)后第五個(ge)戊日(ri),秋(qiu)社是立(li)秋(qiu)后第五個(ge)戊日(ri)(戊,五行(xing)屬土(tu)(tu))。古(gu)人(ren)認(ren)為(wei)土(tu)(tu)生萬物,土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)是廣(guang)為(wei)敬奉(feng)的(de)神(shen)靈之一。人(ren)們認(ren)為(wei)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)管(guan)理著五谷的(de)生長和地(di)(di)(di)(di)方的(de)平(ping)安,很多地(di)(di)(di)(di)方的(de)百姓都(dou)在(zai)社日(ri)奉(feng)祀土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)。土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)又稱(cheng)福德(de)正神(shen),在(zai)中(zhong)國南方地(di)(di)(di)(di)區,為(wei)給土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)公(gong)“暖壽”,有(you)的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)方有(you)舉辦(ban)“土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)會”的(de)習俗:家家湊錢為(wei)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)祝(zhu)賀生日(ri),到土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)廟燒香祭祀,敲鑼鼓(gu),放(fang)鞭炮(pao)。
古代(dai)把土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)和祭祀土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)地(di)方都(dou)叫"社(she)(she)",按照民間的(de)習俗,每到(dao)播種或收獲(huo)的(de)季節,農民們都(dou)要立(li)社(she)(she)祭祀,祈求或酬(chou)報土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)。土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)在(zai)人的(de)日常生活中處于重要地(di)位,不但家(jia)(jia)族大,而且分布(bu)廣。在(zai)居家(jia)(jia)中有(you)(you)居家(jia)(jia)土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),村(cun)屯有(you)(you)村(cun)屯的(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),城(cheng)(cheng)市有(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen),有(you)(you)的(de)將土(tu)(tu)地(di)供奉在(zai)家(jia)(jia)中,有(you)(you)的(de)供奉在(zai)門口,有(you)(you)的(de)則(ze)供在(zai)村(cun)落(luo)的(de)社(she)(she)廟中。總之土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)職責(ze)就是保佑(you)著一方土(tu)(tu)地(di)之內(nei)的(de)人物康泰,人口清(qing)潔,出入平安了。
二(er)月二(er)這天在飲(yin)食上(shang)也有(you)一定的講(jiang)究(jiu),北方百姓(xing)在這天飲(yin)食多(duo)以龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)為名(ming)。吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春餅名(ming)曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗(lin)”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)面條(tiao)名(ming)曰“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)須”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)餛(hun)飩為“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)眼(yan)”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)餃子(zi)(zi)則叫(jiao)(jiao)“吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)耳”,面條(tiao)、餛(hun)飩一塊煮(zhu)叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)拿(na)珠”,吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)蔥(cong)餅叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)“撕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)皮”。有(you)些地(di)方還有(you)吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)眼(yan)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)須”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)舌(she)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)耳”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)皮”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)(zi)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)蛋”以及吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)春餅、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)豬頭肉的習俗。一切均取與(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)有(you)關的象征與(yu)寓意。這些都寄托(tuo)了(le)人們(men)祈龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)賜(si)福的強烈愿望(wang)。
北方地(di)區過二(er)(er)月二(er)(er),農家(jia)就開(kai)始準(zhun)備(bei)炒糖(tang)豆的(de)(de)原料。二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)早上(shang),家(jia)家(jia)戶戶都用糖(tang)炒花生和黃豆,有的(de)(de)地(di)方叫(jiao)糖(tang)豆,有的(de)(de)地(di)方叫(jiao)蝎豆,還(huan)有的(de)(de)爆(bao)玉米花。過去(qu)都是自家(jia)制作自家(jia)食用,現(xian)在不同了(le),一般沒有自家(jia)制作的(de)(de)了(le)。城里(li)的(de)(de)超市里(li),農村的(de)(de)集(ji)市上(shang),二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)前后擺(bai)滿了(le)各式各樣的(de)(de)糖(tang)豆,大(da)概有十幾(ji)種甚至更多(duo)。隨吃隨買,香(xiang)甜可口。二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)這(zhe)(zhe)天,農家(jia)的(de)(de)餐(can)桌上(shang)要(yao)擺(bai)多(duo)種糖(tang)豆,以示(shi)慶賀這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)節(jie)日。
早上卯(mao)時(5點到(dao)7點之(zhi)間),卯(mao)月的(de)第一個(ge)卯(mao)日(ri)卯(mao)時,出門面向東(dong)方深吸氣,此為一吉。
指二(er)月初二(er)理發,兒童(tong)理發,叫剃“喜(xi)頭”,借龍抬頭之吉(ji)時,保(bao)佑孩童(tong)健(jian)康成(cheng)長,長大后出(chu)人(ren)頭地;大人(ren)理發,辭舊迎(ying)新,希望帶來好運,新的一(yi)年順(shun)順(shun)利(li)利(li)。
古時,龍抬頭節(jie)是祭(ji)(ji)祀龍神的(de)日子,每年的(de)這一(yi)天,人們都(dou)要到(dao)龍神廟(miao)或水畔焚香上供祭(ji)(ji)祀龍神,祈(qi)求龍神興云化雨,保佑一(yi)年五(wu)谷豐登(deng)。龍抬頭時節(jie)我國部分地區會(hui)有“起龍船”的(de)活動,請龍出水,以(yi)及祈(qi)求事事順(shun)利的(de)心愿(yuan)。
“龍抬頭”也是(shi)農(nong)村(cun)的農(nong)事節。農(nong)諺(yan)曰:“二(er)月二(er)龍抬頭,大(da)家小戶使(shi)耕牛”。農(nong)時(shi)春雨貴(gui)如油。倘春雨充沛,預示著(zhu)一年的大(da)豐收。
相傳農(nong)歷二月初三為(wei)文昌(主宰功名之神)誕辰日(ri),舊時這天讓孩子(zi)開(kai)筆寫字(zi),取龍抬(tai)頭之吉兆(zhao),為(wei)孩子(zi)正衣冠、點朱砂啟蒙明智,寓意孩子(zi)眼(yan)明心明,祝愿孩子(zi)長(chang)大(da)斷文識字(zi)。開(kai)筆禮(li)是人生的第一次(ci)大(da)禮(li),是中(zhong)國傳統(tong)中(zhong)對少兒開(kai)始(shi)識字(zi)習禮(li)的啟蒙教育形(xing)式。
每當春龍(long)(long)(long)(long)節到來(lai)(lai),我國部分地區在這(zhe)天早晨家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)戶(hu)打著(zhu)燈籠到井邊(bian)或(huo)河邊(bian)挑水,回到家(jia)里便點(dian)燈、燒香、上供。舊(jiu)時,人(ren)(ren)們把這(zhe)種儀式叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“引(yin)(yin)田(tian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”。引(yin)(yin)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)伏蟲(chong)的(de)活動有很(hen)多,最有特(te)點(dian)是(shi)撒灰(hui)。撒灰(hui)十分講究,灰(hui)多選用(yong)草(cao)木灰(hui),人(ren)(ren)們自家(jia)門口以草(cao)木灰(hui)撒一(yi)(yi)條龍(long)(long)(long)(long)到河邊(bian),再用(yong)谷糠撒一(yi)(yi)條龍(long)(long)(long)(long)引(yin)(yin)到家(jia),意(yi)為送走懶(青)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、引(yin)(yin)來(lai)(lai)錢(qian)(qian)(黃)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),保(bao)佑(you)人(ren)(ren)財兩(liang)旺;從臨街大門外一(yi)(yi)直撒到廚房灶間,并繞水缸一(yi)(yi)圈,叫做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)“引(yin)(yin)錢(qian)(qian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”;將草(cao)木灰(hui)撒于門口,攔門辟災;將草(cao)木灰(hui)撒于墻(qiang)(qiang)腳,呈龍(long)(long)(long)(long)蛇狀,以招福祥、避(bi)蟲(chong)害。陜西富縣一(yi)(yi)帶還流行(xing)撒灰(hui)圍莊墻(qiang)(qiang)外的(de)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)法,也(ye)是(shi)伏龍(long)(long)(long)(long)驅蟲(chong)的(de)表現。后來(lai)(lai),也(ye)出現用(yong)石灰(hui)替代草(cao)木灰(hui)伏龍(long)(long)(long)(long)降(jiang)蟲(chong)的(de)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)法。
①山東地區用灶煙在地面畫(hua)一條龍(long)。一是(shi)請龍(long)回來興云(yun)布(bu)雨,祈求豐收;二是(shi)龍(long)為百蟲之神,龍(long)來了,蟲都躲起來,對人體健康(kang)、農作物(wu)生長都有益。
②晉西(xi)北地區引(yin)錢(qian)龍(long),選擇(ze)一(yi)棵大(da)樹或一(yi)塊大(da)石(shi),用(yong)(yong)灰(hui)線圍灑一(yi)圈,再用(yong)(yong)紅線拴一(yi)枚銅錢(qian)置圈內(nei),牽線回家,用(yong)(yong)容器(qi)蓋住即成。
③還有地區在這天清(qing)早,人們從井里挑水回家,倒(dao)入水缸。誰最(zui)先挑回家就最(zui)先引到(dao)錢龍,這年財運就會非常好,所(suo)以經常出現凌晨爭先恐后挑水的情形。
黃河三(san)角洲及一些沿河地區還有”放(fang)龍(long)燈(deng)“的(de)習俗(su)。不少(shao)人家用(yong)蘆葦或(huo)秫(shu)秸扎成小(xiao)船,插上(shang)蠟(la)燭或(huo)放(fang)上(shang)用(yong)蘿卜(bu)挖成的(de)小(xiao)油碗,待到傍晚時(shi)分,放(fang)到河里或(huo)灣里點(dian)燃,為龍(long)照路。借此娛樂同時(shi)又傳(chuan)遞一種美好的(de)祝愿。
東北部分地(di)區在二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)早晨,以長(chang)竿擊(ji)打(da)房(fang)(fang)(fang)梁(liang),謂之”敲(qiao)龍(long)頭“。把龍(long)喚醒,佑一方平安(an)。大人小孩(hai)還念著(zhu):”二(er)(er)月二(er)(er),龍(long)抬頭,大倉滿,小倉流(liu)。“有的地(di)方在院子(zi)里(li)用灶(zao)灰撒一個個大圓圈,將五(wu)谷雜糧(liang)放于中間,稱作”打(da)囤“或(huo)”填倉“,預祝(zhu)當年五(wu)谷豐登,倉囤盈滿。擊(ji)房(fang)(fang)(fang)梁(liang)就是用木(mu)棍或(huo)者竹竿敲(qiao)擊(ji)房(fang)(fang)(fang)梁(liang),以驚走蛇(she)、蝎等毒蟲,毋使為(wei)害。有的地(di)方流(liu)行(xing)敲(qiao)擊(ji)炕沿,目的與敲(qiao)擊(ji)房(fang)(fang)(fang)梁(liang)相同(tong)。
我國北(bei)方(fang)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)流(liu)傳著“二月二,龍抬頭;大(da)倉(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)滿,小(xiao)倉(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)流(liu)”的(de)(de)民(min)諺(yan)。農歷二月初二清(qing)晨(chen),北(bei)方(fang)很(hen)多地(di)區的(de)(de)村民(min)早早起床(chuang),家庭主婦(fu)從自家鍋灶底下掏一(yi)筐燒柴禾余下的(de)(de)草木(mu)灰,拿一(yi)把小(xiao)鐵(tie)鏟子鏟些草木(mu)灰,人(ren)走手搖,在地(di)上畫出一(yi)個個圓來。圍(wei)倉(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)的(de)(de)圓圈,大(da)套小(xiao),少則三圈,多則五圈,圍(wei)單不圍(wei)雙(shuang)。圍(wei)好倉(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)后,把家中(zhong)的(de)(de)糧食虔誠(cheng)地(di)放在倉(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)的(de)(de)中(zhong)間,還有意(yi)撒在倉(cang)(cang)(cang)(cang)的(de)(de)外(wai)圍(wei),象征當年的(de)(de)大(da)豐(feng)收。
古(gu)代(dai)將自然界中的生物分成毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、羽蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、介蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、人類(lei)五(wu)大(da)類(lei)。毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指披毛(mao)獸類(lei),羽蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指鳥類(lei),介蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指帶(dai)甲殼類(lei),鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指有(you)鱗(lin)(lin)之魚(yu)和帶(dai)翅昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)。龍是鱗(lin)(lin)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)之長,龍出(chu)則(ze)百(bai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)伏(fu)(fu)藏。二(er)月初二(er)正是驚蟄前(qian)后,百(bai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)萌動,疾病易生,蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害也是莊(zhuang)稼的天敵,因此人們引龍伏(fu)(fu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),希望(wang)借龍威鎮伏(fu)(fu)百(bai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),保佑人畜(chu)平(ping)安,五(wu)谷豐登。進入農(nong)歷二(er)月,天氣(qi)漸暖,各種昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)開(kai)始活(huo)動,有(you)些昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)對人的健康是有(you)害的,所以二(er)月二(er)這一天,人們紛紛攤烙煎餅、燃燒熏香,希望(wang)憑借煙氣(qi)驅走毒(du)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。
二(er)月(yue)初二(er)吃(chi)豬(zhu)頭(tou)肉也(ye)有(you)說法。自古(gu)以來,供奉(feng)祭(ji)神總要用豬(zhu)牛羊三(san)牲(sheng),后來簡(jian)化為三(san)牲(sheng)之(zhi)頭(tou),豬(zhu)頭(tou)即其中之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。如今就(jiu)有(you)一(yi)(yi)道名菜叫(jiao)做“扒(ba)(ba)豬(zhu)臉”,經過選料、清洗(xi)、噴烤(kao)、洗(xi)泡、醬制等十(shi)二(er)道步驟(zou),歷(li)經十(shi)多個小時的烹(peng)飪(ren),才能(neng)端上餐桌。“扒(ba)(ba)豬(zhu)臉”有(you)三(san)種(zhong),一(yi)(yi)是(shi)原汁原味(wei)吃(chi);二(er)是(shi)蘸醬汁吃(chi);三(san)是(shi)卷煎餅吃(chi)。每一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)吃(chi)法都有(you)不同的滋味(wei)。
撒灰(hui)引龍、打灰(hui)囤
我國山東部分(fen)地(di)區(qu)農(nong)村,這(zhe)一天(tian)(tian)有“撒灰(hui)(hui)(hui)引龍(long)(long)”、“打(da)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)囤(dun)(dun)”的習俗。這(zhe)一天(tian)(tian),天(tian)(tian)還(huan)蒙蒙亮的時候(hou),家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)就(jiu)開始撒灰(hui)(hui)(hui)了,用簸(bo)(bo)箕盛著(zhu)草木(mu)灰(hui)(hui)(hui),沿著(zhu)自家(jia)(jia)房子(zi)外圍(wei)墻根(gen)密(mi)密(mi)的撒一圈(quan)(quan),因為這(zhe)條灰(hui)(hui)(hui)線又細又長,形(xing)似傳說中(zhong)的龍(long)(long),所以(yi)這(zhe)個(ge)舉(ju)動也(ye)被叫做“撒灰(hui)(hui)(hui)引龍(long)(long)”,寓(yu)意把象(xiang)征吉祥的龍(long)(long)請到(dao)家(jia)(jia)里。除此(ci)之外,家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)還(huan)會在門前、場院用草木(mu)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)圍(wei)成(cheng)一個(ge)個(ge)圓圈(quan)(quan),中(zhong)間放上五谷、硬幣。代(dai)表著(zhu)糧食屯、錢屯,有的囤(dun)(dun)外再畫上梯子(zi),以(yi)表明(ming)囤(dun)(dun)的高(gao)大。一邊用灰(hui)(hui)(hui)畫圈(quan)(quan)還(huan)一面嘴里念叨著(zhu):“二(er)月(yue)二(er)、打(da)簸(bo)(bo)箕,大囤(dun)(dun)滿、小囤(dun)(dun)漾”,希(xi)望來年家(jia)(jia)里糧食豐收,財(cai)源滾滾。
實際上,撒灰除了象征(zheng)意(yi)義,在(zai)實際中也是有用(yong)(yong)的,在(zai)農(nong)村(cun),舊式的農(nong)家房屋為(wei)土(tu)木建(jian)筑,房舍墻體或由土(tu)墼壘砌(qi),寒冬里,墻縫(feng)、炕縫(feng)自然(ran)成了蝎(xie)子、蚰蜒、“草鞋(xie)底(di)”等(deng)毒蟲蟄伏之處(chu)。驚蟄以后,這(zhe)些(xie)毒蟲伺機出動(dong),危害人身。二月二當天(tian),村(cun)民便在(zai)炕墻下面及房屋墻根底(di)下撒上點(dian)草木灰,也有熏蟲辟(pi)邪的作用(yong)(yong)。臨(lin)沂(yi)一(yi)些(xie)地方(fang)這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)舉(ju)辦土(tu)地會,農(nong)戶(hu)湊錢(qian)為(wei)土(tu)地爺過生日,到(dao)土(tu)地廟燒香祭祀、敲鑼鼓(gu)、放(fang)鞭炮,以求土(tu)地爺保(bao)佑有個(ge)好收成。
剃龍頭
二(er)月初二(er),民間最大的習俗是(shi)“剃龍頭”,不(bu)管(guan)是(shi)老(lao)人小(xiao)孩,剪發(fa)(fa)、修容(rong),讓(rang)自己(ji)煥然一(yi)(yi)(yi)新,預示著可以求得(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年的好運。從一(yi)(yi)(yi)大早開始(shi),一(yi)(yi)(yi)些理發(fa)(fa)店里就人來人往,顧客迎門(men),理發(fa)(fa)師們都(dou)忙得(de)(de)不(bu)亦樂乎(hu)。許多(duo)人之所(suo)以選在這天剪發(fa)(fa),是(shi)因為民間有(you)習俗,正月剃頭不(bu)吉利,所(suo)以很多(duo)人普遍是(shi)在年前理一(yi)(yi)(yi)次發(fa)(fa),然后一(yi)(yi)(yi)直等到二(er)月二(er)才(cai)“理發(fa)(fa)去舊(jiu)”。
吃豆子(zi)、攤煎餅,舞龍(long)燈(deng)
二(er)月二(er)這天(tian),山東傳統民(min)俗(su),這一天(tian)要吃炒黃(huang)豆(dou)、炒豆(dou)萁,也都有(you)攤煎(jian)餅的習俗(su)。祈求今年(nian)五谷豐登,有(you)個好收成。不少地方還有(you)舞(wu)龍燈等活動,為(wei)的就是祈福送福。
吃春餅
二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)(er)日既然(ran)是“龍抬頭”之時(shi),許多食(shi)品就與龍牽扯在(zai)一(yi)起。北京民俗食(shi)品,一(yi)種烙得(de)很薄(bo)(bo)的面餅(bing),又稱薄(bo)(bo)餅(bing)。北方(fang)地(di)區還(huan)時(shi)興食(shi)用面條(tiao)、水餃等。每年立(li)春(chun)(chun)日,北京人都要(yao)吃春(chun)(chun)餅(bing),名(ming)曰“咬春(chun)(chun)”。農歷二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)(er),這一(yi)天北京人也(ye)要(yao)吃春(chun)(chun)餅(bing),名(ming)曰“吃龍鱗”。春(chun)(chun)餅(bing)比吃烤鴨的薄(bo)(bo)餅(bing)要(yao)大,并且有(you)韌性(北京人稱為要(yao)有(you)“骨(gu)立(li)勁(jing)兒(er)”),因為要(yao)卷很多菜吃。昔日,吃春(chun)(chun)餅(bing)時(shi)講(jiang)(jiang)究到盒(he)子(zi)鋪(pu)去(qu)叫“蘇盤”(又稱盒(he)子(zi)菜)。吃春(chun)(chun)餅(bing)時(shi),全家圍坐(zuo)一(yi)起,把(ba)烙好的春(chun)(chun)餅(bing)放在(zai)蒸(zheng)鍋里(li),隨吃隨拿,為的是吃個熱乎勁(jing)兒(er)。若在(zai)二(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)(er)這一(yi)天吃春(chun)(chun)餅(bing),北京人還(huan)講(jiang)(jiang)究把(ba)出(chu)嫁的姑娘接回家吃春(chun)(chun)餅(bing)。
吃“驢打滾”
老北京的習俗(su),人(ren)們喜(xi)歡在農歷二(er)月二(er)買(mai)“驢打(da)滾(gun)”品嘗。黃豆粉面裹(guo)豆沙餡兒的驢打(da)滾(gun)外形圓(yuan)潤,有“財源滾(gun)滾(gun)”的吉祥(xiang)含義。
照房梁、驅蟲
在北京民(min)間有民(min)諺(yan)說“二月二,照房(fang)梁(liang)(liang),蝎子(zi)蜈(wu)蚣(gong)(gong)無處(chu)藏”,老(lao)百(bai)姓要(yao)在這(zhe)天(tian)(tian)驅(qu)除害(hai)蟲,點著蠟燭,照著房(fang)梁(liang)(liang)和墻壁(bi)驅(qu)除蝎子(zi)、蜈(wu)蚣(gong)(gong)等(deng)(deng),這(zhe)些(xie)蟲兒一(yi)見亮光就掉(diao)下來被消滅了(le)。龍抬頭(tou)這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)(tian)進行驅(qu)蟲活(huo)動(dong)的習俗主要(yao)流行于(yu)我國北方地區。二月二時各種昆蟲包括(kuo)毒(du)蟲的活(huo)動(dong)開始頻繁,為了(le)避(bi)免毒(du)蟲的傷害(hai),人們舉行一(yi)些(xie)含有驅(qu)蟲意味的活(huo)動(dong)。如用(yong)棍棒、掃(sao)帚(zhou)或者鞋子(zi)敲打梁(liang)(liang)頭(tou)、墻壁(bi)、門戶(hu)、床(chuang)炕等(deng)(deng),以避(bi)蛇(she)蝎、蚰蜒、老(lao)鼠(shu)等(deng)(deng)蟲物。通常還要(yao)念吟唱歌謠(yao),如“二月二,龍抬頭(tou),蝎子(zi)、蜈(wu)蚣(gong)(gong)不露頭(tou)。”(天(tian)(tian)津(jin))。”
在晉西北地區,人們盛行(xing)“司錢(qian)(qian)龍(long)”,早上(shang)太陽未出山,家家戶戶提一(yi)(yi)把茶壺(hu),到河邊或井上(shang)去(qu)汲(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。按照這一(yi)(yi)年幾龍(long)治水(shui)(shui)(shui)的推算,在茶壺(hu)內放幾枚銅錢(qian)(qian)或硬(ying)幣。汲(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)以后,隨(sui)走隨(sui)傾(qing)地灑一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)跡回到家中(zhong),將余下的水(shui)(shui)(shui)與錢(qian)(qian)全部倒入水(shui)(shui)(shui)缸(gang),錢(qian)(qian)龍(long)就引(yin)回家來了,意喻(yu)一(yi)(yi)年發(fa)財。“引(yin)錢(qian)(qian)龍(long)”時(shi)特別忌說(shuo)話,以免驚(jing)跑了錢(qian)(qian)龍(long)。
晉西北一(yi)些(xie)地方的引錢龍,選擇一(yi)棵大樹或一(yi)塊大石,用灰線(xian)(xian)圍灑(sa)一(yi)圈。再用紅線(xian)(xian)拴一(yi)枚(mei)銅(tong)錢,先將銅(tong)錢置(zhi)放在灰線(xian)(xian)圈內,手拉線(xian)(xian)牽(qian)回家中,用容(rong)器蓋住即成(cheng)。
另一習(xi)俗是驅(qu)毒活動。俗話(hua)說:“驚蟄過,百蟲蘇。”《陽城縣志》載:“百蟄初驚,懸天師符以(yi)辟(pi)蟲毒。”
陜(shan)西西安(an)地區這一天,一般是(shi)外婆(舅家(jia))給(gei)外甥(女)送(song)爆米花及餑餑饃。媽媽會(hui)前一天炒(chao)好(hao)齊(qi)子(zi)豆(dou),準備(bei)給(gei)家(jia)里人。齊(qi)子(zi)豆(dou)是(shi)用油(you)、水(shui)和(he)面,然后切成小的立(li)方體(ti),再用油(you)炒(chao)了(le)。有的地方會(hui)把花生(sheng)和(he)齊(qi)子(zi)豆(dou)一齊(qi)炒(chao)。
二(er)月(yue)二(er)在河北,農村(cun)早(zao)起有挑(tiao)龍(long)蛋的(de)風俗(su),天還沒(mei)有亮的(de)時候(hou),男(nan)主人用(yong)水桶從村(cun)里(li)的(de)水井里(li)打水,相傳二(er)月(yue)二(er)的(de)水井里(li)會有龍(long)蛋,挑(tiao)回家里(li)以求風調(diao)雨順,取吉祥(xiang)之意。
邯鄲:吃“龍(long)(long)須(xu)面”;“龍(long)(long)耳(er)”、“龍(long)(long)角(jiao)”(餃(jiao)子(zi));“龍(long)(long)子(zi)”(米(mi)飯);“龍(long)(long)拿(na)珠”(混(hun)沌面);“食龍(long)(long)頭”(豬(zhu)頭)。每逢農歷(li)二(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er),磁州(zhou)附近山(shan)村有(you)姑(gu)娘們過乞巧(qiao)節的習(xi)俗。這一(yi)天,姑(gu)娘們可(ke)自由結伴,穿上(shang)好衣(yi)裳(shang),帶好小(xiao)米(mi)、白面、油(you)、鹽(yan)及鍋、碗、盆、勺等工具,一(yi)起(qi)上(shang)山(shan)野餐,這就是磁州(zhou)古時流傳下來的"姑(gu)娘二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)吃乞巧(qiao)飯"習(xi)俗。
石家莊:吃麻花,豬(zhu)頭肉,餃子。那邊是要吃那種面片(pian),石家莊人(ren)叫咸(xian)食,混(hun)著雞蛋和面粉香(xiang)味的(de)面片(pian)香(xiang);也有叫菜餅子的(de),就是把在地窖里藏了一(yi)冬天的(de)蘿卜挖出(chu)來(lai),切成絲(si)和面和到一(yi)起,烙出(chu)來(lai)的(de)餅,沾著蒜泥和醋(cu),很多(duo)人(ren)吃不習慣,不過這么多(duo)年的(de)風俗沿(yan)襲(xi)下來(lai),而且(qie)還一(yi)直能(neng)傳(chuan)承(cheng)下去。
承德:早起煎(jian)餅早起煎(jian)餅午餃子煎(jian)肉(rou)片煎(jian)魚:二(er)月二(er)炸魚煎(jian)肉(rou),這叫“熏(xun)蟲(chong)(chong)兒”。因為二(er)月二(er)正值(zhi)驚蟄(zhe)前后(hou),百蟲(chong)(chong)蠢動,疫病易生,人們(men)祈望用這香味熏(xun)醒傳(chuan)說(shuo)中的(de)龍鎮(zhen)住毒蟲(chong)(chong),吃(chi)豬頭肉(rou)。
滄(cang)州:吃(chi)龍拿珠,就(jiu)是面(mian)(mian)條和餃子(zi)一起下鍋煮,煮熟了(le)再(zai)吃(chi)。吃(chi)餃子(zi)就(jiu)是龍耳(er)朵的意(yi)思(si)或面(mian)(mian)條就(jiu)是龍須子(zi)意(yi)思(si)。吃(chi)龍鱗餅。
奉祀土地公
南方”二月二“主要以(yi)祭(ji)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(土地(di)神(shen)(shen))習(xi)俗為(wei)主,祭(ji)龍習(xi)俗主要在(zai)龍升(sheng)天的(de)(de)(de)仲夏端午。在(zai)浙江、福(fu)建、廣東、廣西(xi)等地(di)區,既有(you)龍抬頭節(jie)習(xi)俗,又以(yi)祭(ji)社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗。由于(yu)(yu)”地(di)載萬物“、”聚財于(yu)(yu)地(di)“,我國南方普遍奉(feng)祀土地(di)神(shen)(shen),土地(di)神(shen)(shen)又稱(cheng)”社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)“、”社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)“、”土神(shen)(shen)“、“土地(di)公”、”福(fu)德正神(shen)(shen)“,客(ke)家人(ren)稱(cheng)”土地(di)伯公“。”二月二“(古時(shi)(shi)春社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)是(shi)立春后第(di)五(wu)個戊日(ri),秋社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)是(shi)立秋后第(di)五(wu)個戊日(ri))社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)日(ri)節(jie)主要是(shi)祭(ji)祀土地(di)和聚社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)會飲(yin),借敬神(shen)(shen)、娛神(shen)(shen)而娛人(ren)。從上古開始,社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)就成為(wei)了祭(ji)祀系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)祀典(dian)之神(shen)(shen)。時(shi)(shi)至今日(ri),古老的(de)(de)(de)“社(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)神(shen)(shen)”已有(you)了很多變化,但祭(ji)祀土地(di)神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗一直保留下來,并隨(sui)著華人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)遷(qian)徙(xi),在(zai)泰國,新(xin)加坡,馬來西(xi)亞等東南亞國家也開花結(jie)果(guo),落地(di)生根(gen)。
分祭豬肉
分祭肉,聚眾宴飲(yin),奏樂(le)(le)歡娛。社祭作為(wei)民眾歡聚節日的習俗,在(zai)龍抬頭這(zhe)天(tian)也會上演(yan)。《廣州府(fu)志(zhi)》引《番禺志(zhi)》載:“二月二日土地會,大(da)小(xiao)衙(ya)署及街(jie)巷無不召梨園奏樂(le)(le)娛神。”昔日那祭社的盛況(kuang)及人們聚眾宴飲(yin)的歡娛場面,在(zai)這(zhe)些記載中可見一斑。?
開筆禮
“二(er)月二(er),龍抬(tai)頭,龍不抬(tai)頭我抬(tai)頭。”在(zai)傳(chuan)統習俗(su)里(li),為(wei)取龍抬(tai)頭之吉兆。兒童在(zai)二(er)月二(er)這(zhe)天,會舉(ju)行(xing)“開筆禮”,過去私塾(shu)先生多(duo)在(zai)這(zhe)一天收學生,謂之“占鰲頭”。人們希望通(tong)過這(zhe)種方式,祝愿每一個孩子(zi)長大后斷文(wen)識字。
起龍船
在(zai)龍(long)抬頭這天(tian),廣東一些地方有“起(qi)(qi)龍(long)船”的活動,眾人(ren)跳入水(shui)(shui)中“起(qi)(qi)龍(long)船”,請龍(long)出水(shui)(shui)、清洗(xi)龍(long)船、試扒龍(long)船。人(ren)們選擇這天(tian)作為(wei)傳(chuan)統“起(qi)(qi)龍(long)船”的日子,是(shi)為(wei)了(le)顯示百姓(xing)對龍(long)舟的尊重,以(yi)及祈(qi)求事(shi)事(shi)順利的心愿。
敬龍神
在過去,潮州(zhou)有(you)“迎青龍(long)”之俗(su),是(shi)以青色蛇為青龍(long),用(yong)彩車(che)、彩隊扛了游巡,這是(shi)敬祭龍(long)神的遺風。
剪龍頭
一(yi)(yi)直流(liu)傳(chuan)著二(er)月二(er)“剪(jian)龍頭(tou)”的(de)習(xi)俗,這天(tian)大人、孩子(zi)都剃(ti)頭(tou),叫“剃(ti)喜頭(tou)”。特別是男孩子(zi),都要理發(fa),謂(wei)之(zhi)“剪(jian)龍頭(tou)”,據說在這一(yi)(yi)天(tian)理發(fa)能(neng)夠帶(dai)來一(yi)(yi)年的(de)好運(yun),也有要想鴻運(yun)當剃(ti)頭(tou)的(de)寓意。
炮會
二(er)月二(er)土地(di)神誕辰,在廣(guang)東(dong)部分(fen)地(di)區,當地(di)男女老(lao)少會用震天的鞭(bian)炮祈求風調雨順(shun)、五谷(gu)豐(feng)登,這(zhe)一習俗被人們稱(cheng)作“炮會”。
龍食
由于(yu)人(ren)們對龍(long)(long)的崇(chong)拜,龍(long)(long)抬頭這天人(ren)們要吃有“龍(long)(long)”字的食品來(lai)沾“龍(long)(long)氣”,所以(yi)龍(long)(long)抬頭風味食物大都以(yi)“龍(long)(long)”來(lai)命名(ming)。面條(tiao)稱(cheng)作“龍(long)(long)須面”、面餅稱(cheng)作“龍(long)(long)鱗餅”……,人(ren)們希望以(yi)此祈求龍(long)(long)王保佑一年風調雨順。
浙南(nan):泗溪二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)廟(miao)會,地處浙江(jiang)南(nan)部的(de)(de)(de)泰順縣泗溪鎮是著名的(de)(de)(de)廊橋(qiao)之鄉,世界最美廊橋(qiao)“姊妹(mei)橋(qiao)”的(de)(de)(de)所在(zai)地,這里山清(qing)(qing)水秀,空氣清(qing)(qing)新。在(zai)泗溪鎮白粉(fen)墻(qiang)村有著近三百年歷史的(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)祈福(fu)廟(miao)會活(huo)動,每(mei)年農(nong)歷二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er)這天,白粉(fen)墻(qiang)村都要在(zai)本村的(de)(de)(de)“陳十四娘(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)”廟(miao)舉行(xing)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)廟(miao)會(祈福(fu)活(huo)動)。該習俗(su)興起于清(qing)(qing)朝雍(yong)正年間,俗(su)稱“做福(fu)”或“福(fu)酒”,從(cong)清(qing)(qing)代至民國(guo)“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)”廟(miao)會活(huo)動發展(zhan)到鼎盛,前(qian)往參(can)加“福(fu)宴”的(de)(de)(de)人群除本境鄉民,更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)來客(ke)都是從(cong)十鄉八里之外慕(mu)名面(mian)來,可(ke)謂盛況空前(qian)。廟(miao)會活(huo)動內容精彩,其中(zhong)最大的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)特色是“娘(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)踩街”、“福(fu)宴”和浙南(nan)木(mu)偶戲。
唐(tang)山遷(qian)(qian)安:遷(qian)(qian)安地區的風俗是登(deng)山。
江(jiang)蘇南(nan)通:民(min)間(jian)有(you)用面粉制(zhi)作壽桃、牲(sheng)畜,蒸熟后插在竹簽上,晚上再插在田間(jian),認為(wei)這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)供(gong)百蟲之神(shen)和(he)(he)祭祀祖(zu)先的(de)食品,祈求祖(zu)先驅趕蟲災,也希望百蟲之神(shen)不(bu)要危害莊(zhuang)稼(jia)。山(shan)東(dong)(dong)日照濰坊地(di)區農村(cun)會用草(cao)木灰(hui)在地(di)上畫谷(gu)(gu)(gu)倉(cang)糧倉(cang),在倉(cang)內撒(sa)上五谷(gu)(gu)(gu),祈禱新一(yi)年谷(gu)(gu)(gu)糧滿(man)倉(cang)。并在這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)炒(chao)糖(tang)(tang)豆(dou),(白糖(tang)(tang)、冰糖(tang)(tang)和(he)(he)花生一(yi)起(qi)炒(chao))吃(chi)糖(tang)(tang)豆(dou)。是(shi)(shi)日,各(ge)地(di)普遍把食品名稱加(jia)上“龍(long)(long)”的(de)頭銜,吃(chi)水餃叫吃(chi)“龍(long)(long)耳”,吃(chi)春餅叫吃(chi)“龍(long)(long)鱗”,吃(chi)面條叫食“龍(long)(long)須”,吃(chi)米飯(fan)叫吃(chi)“龍(long)(long)子(zi)”,吃(chi)餛飩叫吃(chi)“龍(long)(long)眼(yan)”等(deng)。婦女們在這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)不(bu)能做針線活,因為(wei)蒼龍(long)(long)在這(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)要抬頭觀望天(tian)下,使(shi)用針會刺傷(shang)龍(long)(long)的(de)眼(yan)睛。婦女起(qi)床前,先念“二(er)月二(er),龍(long)(long)抬頭,龍(long)(long)不(bu)抬頭我抬頭”。起(qi)床后還要打著燈籠照房(fang)梁(liang),邊照邊念“二(er)月二(er),照房(fang)梁(liang),蝎(xie)子(zi)蜈(wu)蚣(gong)無處藏”。有(you)的(de)地(di)方婦女停(ting)止洗衣(yi)服,怕傷(shang)了(le)龍(long)(long)皮,等(deng)等(deng)。山(shan)東(dong)(dong)菏澤民(min)間(jian)習俗是(shi)(shi)二(er)月二(er)這(zhe)天(tian)炒(chao)鹽水黃豆(dou),讓黃豆(dou)開花。
福建莆(pu)田:莆(pu)田民間有“二(er)月二(er),龍抬頭(tou),打(da)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)祭,大聚餐(can)”之俗(su)(su)。農歷二(er)月初(chu)二(er),俗(su)(su)稱“二(er)月二(er)”,莆(pu)仙(xian)人稱二(er)月二(er)為“頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”,而(er)(er)且與臘月十六的(de)“尾牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”同等重視。按地方方言,“做(zuo)(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”也(ye)叫“打(da)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)祭”。所(suo)謂“打(da)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)祭”,在《現代(dai)漢(han)語詞典》注解說:“原(yuan)指每逢月初(chu)、月中(zhong)吃(chi)(chi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)頓有葷(hun)菜的(de)飯(fan),后(hou)來泛指偶而(er)(er)吃(chi)(chi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)頓豐盛的(de)飯(fan)。”然而(er)(er),在莆(pu)仙(xian),整(zheng)個正月里(li)鬧元宵(xiao),都有“豐盛的(de)菜肴(yao)”,算不上(shang)是(shi)(shi)“做(zuo)(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”“打(da)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)祭”。到二(er)月初(chu)二(er),才是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年中(zhong)“做(zuo)(zuo)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”的(de)頭(tou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次,所(suo)以稱為“頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”。“頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”這一(yi)(yi)(yi)天,按傳統慣例,各(ge)行業(ye)、商店鋪(pu)、包括各(ge)戶主,一(yi)(yi)(yi)到黃(huang)昏(hun)前后(hou)時段,置辦果品酒(jiu)肴(yao)等,點香燭、燒“貢銀(yin)”、放鞭炮等。城里(li)的(de)把供(gong)案擺在自家店門前,鄉(xiang)村(cun)的(de)到田頭(tou)、社廟祭祀土地神(shen),祈(qi)求豐收。然后(hou),以祭神(shen)福余,邀請雇傭伙友工匠們(men)聚餐(can),未得邀請者,就(jiu)意(yi)味著被“解雇”。莆(pu)仙(xian)村(cun)民凡有雇傭木工、泥工等工匠做(zuo)(zuo)工的(de)人家,戶主須于(yu)二(er)月初(chu)二(er)晚上(shang)辦酒(jiu)席請工匠“做(zuo)(zuo)頭(tou)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)”。
福建福清:江陰鎮的(de)(de)南(nan)曹村二(er)月初二(er)日報恩(en)寺桃溪境迎(ying)春神游(you)(you)甚為壯觀,人們裝扮成狀元、榜眼(yan)、探花郎、文(wen)武百官,彩旗、腰鼓隊、旱船、蚌女(nv)、十番、舞龍、舞獅參(can)游(you)(you)人數(shu)眾多(duo)。春和景(jing)明(ming),大地(di)綠遍,到郊外(wai)走(zou)走(zou),空氣新(xin)鮮,陽光充足,大氣中的(de)(de)“長(chang)壽素”——陰離子較多(duo),是調整(zheng)人體代謝的(de)(de)天然(ran)“藥物”,更是治療精神緊張的(de)(de)理想“解毒劑”。村民們以淳(chun)樸的(de)(de)情懷用(yong)古老傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)方式迎(ying)接著新(xin)一年的(de)(de)平安與豐(feng)收,祈(qi)盼著風調雨(yu)順(shun)、五谷豐(feng)登、繁榮昌(chang)盛。
傳說堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)父(fu)親帝(di)嚳(帝(di)俊)共有(you)四(si)個(ge)王(wang)(wang)妃:姜嫄(jiāng yuán)、簡狄(jiǎn dí)、慶都、常(chang)儀。本來(lai)(lai)常(chang)儀的(de)(de)(de)地位最低,可(ke)自從(cong)生了(le)(le)(le)兒子(zi)(zi),眾人就(jiu)(jiu)另眼相看(kan)了(le)(le)(le)。慶都一(yi)直為沒(mei)有(you)兒子(zi)(zi)煩惱。有(you)人告訴她(ta),神母廟求(qiu)子(zi)(zi)很靈驗,只要真心實意,沒(mei)有(you)不成的(de)(de)(de)。慶都照女巫說的(de)(de)(de),在(zai)元宵節的(de)(de)(de)晚飯后,去廟里(li)擺上供品,然后恭恭敬敬地磕了(le)(le)(le)仨頭(tou)(tou),雙手合十,祈(qi)求(qiu)神靈賜子(zi)(zi)。話(hua)分兩頭(tou)(tou)說。有(you)年大旱,百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)生活困苦(ku)。天(tian)上有(you)條(tiao)(tiao)赤龍(long),看(kan)見人間的(de)(de)(de)凄慘境況,產生了(le)(le)(le)憐憫之心,私下里(li)下了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)場雨。這事被(bei)玉皇大帝(di)知道(dao)了(le)(le)(le),就(jiu)(jiu)把赤龍(long)壓在(zai)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)座山底(di)下。百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)為赤龍(long)求(qiu)情,玉皇大帝(di)發話(hua)說:“除非金豆子(zi)(zi)開花(hua)。”到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)這天(tian),不知從(cong)哪里(li)來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)(le)個(ge)老(lao)媽媽,一(yi)個(ge)勁(jing)地喊:“賣(mai)金豆子(zi)(zi)!”人們(men)很納悶,買回家(jia)一(yi)看(kan),是(shi)(shi)些(xie)黃豆。這些(xie)黃豆放(fang)在(zai)鍋里(li)一(yi)炒,噼里(li)啪啦地開了(le)(le)(le)花(hua)。玉帝(di)得(de)知,只得(de)把那(nei)條(tiao)(tiao)赤龍(long)放(fang)了(le)(le)(le)出來(lai)(lai),貶下凡間。慶都從(cong)神母廟求(qiu)子(zi)(zi)后,就(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)天(tian)盼著好消(xiao)息。一(yi)天(tian)夜里(li),她(ta)夢見一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)赤龍(long)追隨(sui),從(cong)此(ci),就(jiu)(jiu)懷孕了(le)(le)(le)。到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)第(di)二(er)年的(de)(de)(de)二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er),先是(shi)(shi)電閃(shan)雷(lei)鳴,后又艷陽高照。院子(zi)(zi)里(li)一(yi)道(dao)金光照耀,孩子(zi)(zi)降生了(le)(le)(le),起名叫放(fang)勛,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)后來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)。放(fang)勛聰明伶俐(li),從(cong)小就(jiu)(jiu)惹人喜(xi)愛,長(chang)大當了(le)(le)(le)帝(di)王(wang)(wang)后,每到(dao)(dao)(dao)二(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)這天(tian),就(jiu)(jiu)同百(bai)(bai)(bai)姓(xing)一(yi)起耕(geng)田(tian)。帝(di)王(wang)(wang)耕(geng)田(tian)的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)俗就(jiu)(jiu)這樣傳了(le)(le)(le)下來(lai)(lai)。每逢過年的(de)(de)(de)時候,集上賣(mai)的(de)(de)(de)木版年畫,“皇帝(di)爺爺使(shi)金牛”,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)由此(ci)而(er)來(lai)(lai)。對于堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)出世大家(jia)都是(shi)(shi)眾說紛紜,后世編一(yi)段(duan):金豆開花(hua)赤龍(long)遂抬頭(tou)(tou)二(er)月(yue)(yue)初二(er)堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)喜(xi)出世。
傳(chuan)說龍抬頭(tou)節起(qi)源(yuan)于伏羲氏時(shi)代,伏羲“重(zhong)(zhong)農桑,務耕(geng)(geng)田”,每年農歷二月初二這天(tian)“皇娘送(song)飯,御駕(jia)親耕(geng)(geng)”,自(zi)理一(yi)畝三分(fen)(fen)地。后來黃帝、唐堯、虞舜、夏禹紛紛效法先王(wang)。到周武王(wang)時(shi)期,不僅沿襲了這一(yi)傳(chuan)統作法,而且(qie)還當(dang)作一(yi)項重(zhong)(zhong)要的國策來實(shi)行。于每年農歷二月初二,舉行重(zhong)(zhong)大儀式,讓文武百(bai)官都親耕(geng)(geng)一(yi)畝三分(fen)(fen)地。據(ju)說,這便(bian)是龍抬頭(tou)節的由(you)來。
在(zai)我國(guo)北方民間(jian)(jian)還流傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)著這樣一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)故事。說武則天當(dang)上皇(huang)帝(di),惹惱了(le)玉(yu)皇(huang)大(da)帝(di),傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)諭四(si)海龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang),三年內不得向人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)降雨。不久,司管天河的龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)聽見(jian)民間(jian)(jian)人(ren)(ren)家(jia)(jia)的哭(ku)聲,看見(jian)餓(e)死人(ren)(ren)的慘景,擔心人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)生路斷絕,便(bian)違抗玉(yu)帝(di)的旨意,為人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)降了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)雨。玉(yu)帝(di)得知,把龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)打下凡(fan)間(jian)(jian),壓(ya)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座大(da)山(shan)下受(shou)罪,山(shan)上立碑:“龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)降雨犯(fan)天規(gui),當(dang)受(shou)人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)千秋罪;要想重登靈霄(xiao)閣,除非金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)開(kai)(kai)(kai)花時。”人(ren)(ren)們為了(le)拯救龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang),到(dao)(dao)(dao)處(chu)找開(kai)(kai)(kai)花的金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)。到(dao)(dao)(dao)次(ci)年農歷二(er)月(yue)初(chu)二(er),人(ren)(ren)們正在(zai)翻曬玉(yu)米種子(zi)時,想到(dao)(dao)(dao)這玉(yu)米就像金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou),炒(chao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)炒(chao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)了(le)花不就是金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)開(kai)(kai)(kai)花嗎?于是家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)爆玉(yu)米花,并在(zai)院子(zi)里設案(an)焚香,供上開(kai)(kai)(kai)了(le)花的“金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)”。(傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)說有誤,武則天是唐(tang)朝時期人(ren)(ren)物,玉(yu)米是明朝才(cai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)入(ru)中國(guo)的,那時哪里來玉(yu)米種子(zi)?)龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)抬頭一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)看,知道百(bai)姓救它,便(bian)大(da)聲向玉(yu)帝(di)喊道:“金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)開(kai)(kai)(kai)花了(le),快放我出去!”玉(yu)帝(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)看人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)院里金豆(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)花開(kai)(kai)(kai)放,只好傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)諭,詔龍(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)回(hui)到(dao)(dao)(dao)天庭(ting),繼續給人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)興云(yun)布雨。從此,民間(jian)(jian)形(xing)成習慣,每到(dao)(dao)(dao)二(er)月(yue)初(chu)二(er)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天,就爆玉(yu)米花吃。