“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”的(de)(de)(de)(de)說辭,來自古老(lao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天文學,上古時(shi)代(dai)人(ren)們(men)(men)選(xuan)擇黃(huang)道赤(chi)道附(fu)近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)十八(ba)個組星(xing)(xing)象作為(wei)(wei)坐標,以(yi)此(ci)作為(wei)(wei)觀測天象參(can)照(zhao)物。古人(ren)根據日月(yue)星(xing)(xing)辰的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)軌(gui)跡(ji)和位置,把黃(huang)道附(fu)近(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)象劃(hua)分為(wei)(wei)二(er)(er)(er)十八(ba)組,俗稱(cheng)(cheng)“二(er)(er)(er)十八(ba)宿(su)(su)(su)”。“宿(su)(su)(su)”表示居住,因為(wei)(wei)它們(men)(men)環(huan)列在(zai)(zai)(zai)日、月(yue)、五星(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)(si)方(fang),很(hen)像(xiang)日、月(yue)、五星(xing)(xing)棲宿(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)場所(suo),所(suo)以(yi)稱(cheng)(cheng)作“宿(su)(su)(su)”。“二(er)(er)(er)十八(ba)宿(su)(su)(su)”按照(zhao)東(dong)西(xi)南北(bei)四(si)(si)個方(fang)向劃(hua)分為(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)大組,產(chan)生(sheng)“四(si)(si)象”:東(dong)方(fang)蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),西(xi)方(fang)白(bai)虎,南方(fang)朱(zhu)雀(que),北(bei)方(fang)玄武(wu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)7個宿(su)(su)(su)分別叫做:“角、亢、氐(di)、房、心、尾(wei)、箕”,七宿(su)(su)(su)組成一個完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)形星(xing)(xing)象,人(ren)們(men)(men)稱(cheng)(cheng)它為(wei)(wei)“東(dong)方(fang)蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”,其中角宿(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)角,亢宿(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)咽喉(hou),氐(di)宿(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)爪,心宿(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心臟,尾(wei)宿(su)(su)(su)和箕宿(su)(su)(su)代(dai)表龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)尾(wei)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)冬季,這蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)都隱(yin)沒(mei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)方(fang)地(di)平(ping)(ping)(ping)線下(xia)。仲春(chun)(驚蟄(zhe)至春(chun)分間),角宿(su)(su)(su)(角宿(su)(su)(su)一星(xing)(xing)和角宿(su)(su)(su)二(er)(er)(er)星(xing)(xing))就從東(dong)方(fang)地(di)平(ping)(ping)(ping)線上出現了,這時(shi)整個蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身子還隱(yin)沒(mei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)平(ping)(ping)(ping)線以(yi)下(xia),只(zhi)是角宿(su)(su)(su)初露(lu),故稱(cheng)(cheng)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭是指(zhi)蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)群(qun)星(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)天空的(de)(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)現變(bian)化,并非是真有一條(tiao)動物之龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)(zai)變(bian)換。
蒼(cang)龍(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)沒周期(qi)與一(yi)年農時(shi)周期(qi)相一(yi)致。春天農耕(geng)開(kai)始(shi)之際(ji),蒼(cang)龍(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)在(zai)東方地(di)(di)平(ping)線(xian)上(shang)開(kai)始(shi)慢慢上(shang)升(sheng),最先露出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是明(ming)亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)首(shou)—角宿(su)(su);夏天作物生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang),蒼(cang)龍(long)高(gao)懸于(yu)南(nan)方夜(ye)空;而(er)到了(le)秋天,莊稼豐(feng)收,蒼(cang)龍(long)也開(kai)始(shi)在(zai)西方下落;冬天萬物伏(fu)藏,蒼(cang)龍(long)則(ze)隱藏于(yu)北(bei)方地(di)(di)平(ping)線(xian)以下。古人把(ba)仲春時(shi)蒼(cang)龍(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)在(zai)東方地(di)(di)平(ping)線(xian)上(shang)嶄露頭角稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“見龍(long)在(zai)田”(即為(wei)(wei)“龍(long)抬頭”),仲夏蒼(cang)龍(long)七(qi)宿(su)(su)升(sheng)至正南(nan)中天稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“飛(fei)龍(long)在(zai)天”;此外還有(you)“亢(kang)龍(long)有(you)悔”、“群(qun)龍(long)無(wu)首(shou)”等(deng),分(fen)別對應各時(shi)節天象。龍(long)抬頭在(zai)農耕(geng)文化中標示陽氣(qi)(qi)自(zi)地(di)(di)底而(er)出(chu),雨水增多,萬物生(sheng)(sheng)機盎然,春耕(geng)由此開(kai)始(shi)了(le)。龍(long)抬頭時(shi)節,我國長(chang)江中下游流域(yu)以南(nan)很多地(di)(di)方已開(kai)始(shi)進入雨季,春雷始(shi)鳴。元時(shi)期(qi)將陰歷“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)”稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)龍(long)抬頭,從節氣(qi)(qi)上(shang)說,“二(er)(er)月初二(er)(er)”正處(chu)在(zai)二(er)(er)十四(si)節氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“雨水”、“驚蟄”、“春分(fen)”之間。與“龍(long)抬頭”相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動很多,但不論哪(na)種方式,均(jun)圍繞美好的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)神(shen)信仰而(er)展開(kai),它是人們寄托生(sheng)(sheng)存希(xi)望的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動。就全國而(er)言,由于(yu)地(di)(di)域(yu)不同,各地(di)(di)風俗(su)也各有(you)差異。
龍是(shi)中國等(deng)東亞區(qu)域古(gu)(gu)代(dai)神(shen)話傳說生(sheng)活于(yu)(yu)大海中的神(shen)異生(sheng)物,司掌行云布雨,是(shi)和風化雨的主宰,常(chang)用來(lai)象(xiang)征祥瑞。其(qi)由來(lai)于(yu)(yu)自(zi)然天(tian)象(xiang)崇(chong)拜,與上古(gu)(gu)時(shi)代(dai)天(tian)文學對星辰運行的認識以及農耕文化有關(guan)。古(gu)(gu)人觀測天(tian)象(xiang)的目(mu)的在(zai)于(yu)(yu)確定時(shi)間,從而為(wei)農業生(sheng)產提供服務。龍抬頭是(shi)中國古(gu)(gu)代(dai)農耕文化對于(yu)(yu)時(shi)令的反映,“龍抬頭”雖有著久遠的歷史源頭,但(dan)廣泛流傳成為(wei)全國性節日并(bing)出現在(zai)文獻上記(ji)載(zai)是(shi)在(zai)元代(dai)之后。
漢代是我國南(nan)北(bei)各地文化交流融合(he)的(de)重要時(shi)期(qi),在漢代文獻出(chu)現了龍(long)(long)(long)形象的(de)記載。西漢董(dong)仲舒的(de)《春(chun)秋繁露》中提到(dao)舞龍(long)(long)(long)求(qiu)雨(yu)的(de)活動,直接借(jie)助龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)形象舉行求(qiu)雨(yu)活動。在漢代畫像石上(shang)也(ye)刻(ke)有“戲龍(long)(long)(long)”的(de)舞蹈場面,后世(shi)以此作(zuo)為舞龍(long)(long)(long)燈的(de)濫(lan)觴(shang)。
唐時(shi)期,在文獻上仍未出現龍抬頭(tou)的節(jie)俗(su)記載。唐朝長安(an)人(ren)把二(er)月(yue)(yue)朔作(zuo)為(wei)一個特(te)殊(shu)的日子(zi)(zi),說這是“迎(ying)富貴”的日子(zi)(zi),在這一天要吃(chi)(chi)“迎(ying)富貴果子(zi)(zi)”,就(jiu)是吃(chi)(chi)一些點心類食品。據《唐書·李泌傳》記載,唐中(zhong)葉以前(qian),在當時(shi)的長安(an)春天只有三(san)(san)個節(jie)日——正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)九、正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)晦(三(san)(san)十日)和(he)(he)(he)三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)上巳(si)節(jie),二(er)月(yue)(yue)沒有節(jie),李泌上書,廢(fei)正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)晦,以二(er)月(yue)(yue)一為(wei)中(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)節(jie)(取中(zhong)正(zheng)、平(ping)和(he)(he)(he)之意),以示務本。德(de)宗十分贊同(tong),并下令以正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)九、二(er)月(yue)(yue)朔和(he)(he)(he)三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)上巳(si)合稱三(san)(san)令節(jie)。
唐(tang)德(de)宗時期,唐(tang)德(de)宗認為,三(san)月(yue)(yue)有(you)(you)“上巳節(jie)(jie)”,九月(yue)(yue)有(you)(you)“重陽節(jie)(jie)”,而(er)二(er)月(yue)(yue)正(zheng)是(shi)天氣(qi)由(you)寒轉暖、萬物(wu)復蘇、農事開始之際,卻沒有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個節(jie)(jie)日(ri),實在說(shuo)不過去,于是(shi)就征求宰相李泌(mi)(mi)的(de)意(yi)見(jian)。李泌(mi)(mi)覺得德(de)宗所(suo)說(shuo)頗有(you)(you)道(dao)理(li),為此他建(jian)議:廢除以往正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)晦日(ri)(正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)最后一(yi)(yi)(yi)天)為節(jie)(jie)的(de)舊例,改貞(zhen)元五年(790)二(er)月(yue)(yue)一(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)為“中(zhong)和(he)節(jie)(jie)”;這一(yi)(yi)(yi)天,皇帝要賜(si)宴群臣,并賜(si)給他們刀(dao)、尺,表示裁度:百官要獻農書,表示務本;民間(jian)要用(yong)青色的(de)袋子裝著(zhu)谷物(wu)及(ji)瓜果種(zhong)粒,互相贈(zeng)送親友(you);村社居(ju)民要釀制(zhi)宜春酒(jiu)來祭祀勾芒神,以祈禱豐收等(deng)等(deng)。德(de)宗聽(ting)了(le)(le)十分高興,完全采納了(le)(le)李泌(mi)(mi)的(de)意(yi)見(jian),立即頒(ban)布(bu)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)詔(zhao)令,以貞(zhen)元五年二(er)月(yue)(yue)一(yi)(yi)(yi)日(ri)為中(zhong)和(he)節(jie)(jie)。唐(tang)代宴會總(zong)少不了(le)(le)賦詩樂舞,中(zhong)和(he)節(jie)(jie)宴亦復如此。
尉(wei)遲樞《南(nan)梵新(xin)聞(wen)》記載(zai)說:“李泌謂以二月一日為中和節,人(ren)家以青(qing)囊盛百谷果實,更(geng)相饋遺,務(wu)極新(xin)巧,宮中亦然(ran),謂之(zhi)獻(xian)生(sheng)子(zi)。”可見獻(xian)生(sheng)子(zi)是中和節活(huo)動的主要特點。
宋代時在(zai)我國一(yi)些地(di)方(fang)二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)有“挑菜”御宴活(huo)動,但與“龍”無關。宋人周密(mi)在(zai)《武林舊事》中記述南宋時,二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)這一(yi)天宮中有“挑菜”御宴活(huo)動。唐(tang)宋時文(wen)獻所記載的這些地(di)方(fang)“二(er)(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)(er)”活(huo)動并沒有和“龍抬頭”聯系(xi)在(zai)一(yi)起。
到了元時期,在(zai)文獻上,陰(yin)歷二(er)月二(er)就明確(que)作為“龍(long)(long)抬頭”了。《析(xi)津(jin)志》在(zai)描(miao)述大都城的風(feng)俗時提到,“二(er)月二(er),謂之(zhi)龍(long)(long)抬頭”。這天北方地(di)區(qu)人們(men)盛行吃(chi)面條,稱為“龍(long)(long)須(xu)面”;還要(yao)烙餅,叫作“龍(long)(long)鱗”;若包餃子(zi),則(ze)稱為“龍(long)(long)牙”。總之(zhi)所吃(chi)的食物都要(yao)以龍(long)(long)體(ti)部位命名。
明代以后,“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)”又(you)(you)有關于龍(long)抬頭(tou)的諸多習俗記載(zai),諸如撒灰引(yin)龍(long)、扶(fu)龍(long)、熏蟲(chong)避(bi)蝎、剃龍(long)頭(tou)、忌針(zhen)刺龍(long)眼等節俗,故稱龍(long)抬頭(tou)日。元費著《歲華紀(ji)麗譜》:“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)日踏青(qing)節,韌郡人(ren)游賞散四郊。……”。又(you)(you)汪灝《廣群(qun)芳譜天時譜》引(yin)《翰(han)墨記》:“洛陽(yang)風俗,以二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)日為花朝節,士庶游玩,又(you)(you)為挑菜節。”
明(ming)時期還在二(er)月(yue)二(er)還增添了“熏蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)”、“炒(chao)豆(dou)”的(de)活動。明(ming)人的(de)《帝京(jing)景物(wu)略(lve)》中說:“二(er)月(yue)二(er)日曰龍抬(tai)頭……熏床炕,曰熏蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),為引龍蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)不出也(ye)。”
清(qing)(qing)康熙時(shi)的《大(da)興縣志》記(ji)載,“二(er)月二(er),家各(ge)為(wei)葷素餅(bing),以(yi)油烹而食(shi)之,曰(yue)熏(xun)蟲(chong)。”清(qing)(qing)咸豐《武(wu)定府志》:“……以(yi)二(er)月二(er)日(ri)為(wei)春(chun)龍(long)節,取灶灰圍屋如(ru)龍(long)蛇(she)狀,名曰(yue)引錢龍(long),招福(fu)祥也。清(qing)(qing)末的《燕(yan)京歲(sui)時(shi)記(ji)》說(shuo):“二(er)月二(er)日(ri)……今人(ren)呼為(wei)龍(long)抬(tai)頭。是(shi)日(ri)食(shi)餅(bing)者謂之龍(long)鱗餅(bing),食(shi)面(mian)者謂之龍(long)須面(mian)。閨中停止(zhi)針(zhen)線(xian),恐傷龍(long)目也。”這(zhe)時(shi)不僅吃餅(bing)吃面(mian)條,婦女還不能操(cao)做(zuo)針(zhen)線(xian)活,怕傷害(hai)了龍(long)的眼睛(jing)。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)本源于(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)古星宿(su)崇(chong)拜,是(shi)我國(guo)傳統二十八宿(su)天(tian)(tian)學體系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由角(jiao)(jiao)、亢、氐、房(fang)、心(xin)、尾六宿(su)星官所構(gou)成的(de)形象(xiang)。而“見(jian)(jian)(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)田(tian)”所描述的(de)則(ze)是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星伏沒之(zhi)后,位(wei)于(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)角(jiao)(jiao)的(de)角(jiao)(jiao)宿(su)從東(dong)方地(di)(di)平線(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)重新升(sheng)起的(de)天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)。《象(xiang)》曰:“見(jian)(jian)(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)田(tian),德施(shi)普(pu)也”。《易經(jing)·乾(qian)卦(gua)》爻(yao)辭中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所言(yan)的(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”,實質是(shi)對蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)群星一(yi)年四(si)時(shi)(shi)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)情況的(de)闡(chan)發。“初(chu)九,潛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)勿用(yong)”;冬天(tian)(tian)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星,潛入北方地(di)(di)平線(xian)(xian)下(xia)(xia)看不(bu)見(jian)(jian)(jian),所以無用(yong)。“九二,見(jian)(jian)(jian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)田(tian)”;仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)(chun)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星從東(dong)方地(di)(di)平線(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)升(sheng)了(le)起來,嶄露(lu)頭角(jiao)(jiao),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)德顯揚。“九三,君子(zi)終日乾(qian)乾(qian),夕惕(ti)若厲,無咎”;季(ji)春(chun)(chun)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)不(bu)在(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian),下(xia)(xia)不(bu)在(zai)(zai)田(tian),故‘乾(qian)乾(qian)’。“九四(si),或躍(yue)在(zai)(zai)淵”;孟夏為(wei)春(chun)(chun)夏之(zhi)交,蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)的(de)全體都擺(bai)脫了(le)大地(di)(di)的(de)羈絆,升(sheng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)夜空。“九五(wu),飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)”;仲(zhong)(zhong)夏的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星飛躍(yue)于(yu)正南(nan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)天(tian)(tian),故稱“飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”。九五(wu),為(wei)乾(qian)卦(gua)諸(zhu)爻(yao)當中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)吉的(de)爻(yao),喻事(shi)(shi)物(wu)處(chu)于(yu)最鼎盛時(shi)(shi)期。“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)九,亢龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有悔”;季(ji)夏為(wei)夏秋之(zhi)交,蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)開始從最高點掉頭向(xiang)西下(xia)(xia)降(jiang),故稱“亢龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”。“用(yong)九,群龍(long)(long)(long)(long)無首(shou)(shou)”;季(ji)秋蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)群星前面的(de)幾個星宿(su)在(zai)(zai)正西偏(pian)北隱退潛入于(yu)地(di)(di)面。見(jian)(jian)(jian)群龍(long)(long)(long)(long)無首(shou)(shou),天(tian)(tian)德不(bu)可為(wei)首(shou)(shou)也,是(shi)吉利的(de)兆頭。蒼龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星象(xiang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)情況的(de)事(shi)(shi)象(xiang)規律,在(zai)(zai)《易經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)現得淋(lin)漓盡致(zhi)。仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)(chun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星出現于(yu)地(di)(di)表(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang),在(zai)(zai)卦(gua)象(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬吉兆,乃生(sheng)發之(zhi)象(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)農耕文(wen)化中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)示(shi)著陽氣自地(di)(di)底而出,陽氣生(sheng)發,雨(yu)水(shui)增(zeng)多(duo),萬物(wu)生(sheng)機盎(ang)然。在(zai)(zai)人(ren)們(men)(men)的(de)信仰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)”是(shi)吉祥之(zhi)物(wu),司(si)掌(zhang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)云布(bu)雨(yu),是(shi)和(he)風化雨(yu)的(de)主宰。自古以來人(ren)們(men)(men)亦將仲(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)(chun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星出現于(yu)地(di)(di)表(biao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)日子(zi)作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)個祈求(qiu)風調雨(yu)順、驅(qu)(qu)邪(xie)攘(rang)災、納祥轉(zhuan)運(yun)的(de)吉日。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神驅(qu)(qu)邪(xie),百毒(du)不(bu)侵;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神賜(si)福,人(ren)畜平安;龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神發力,生(sheng)機勃(bo)勃(bo);龍(long)(long)(long)(long)神行(xing)(xing)(xing)云,風調雨(yu)順。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)中國傳統(tong)文化中,方位是(shi)和(he)星辰歷的干支(zhi)時間以及(ji)八卦(gua)聯系在(zai)(zai)(zai)一起(qi)的。當(dang)斗柄指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)向(xiang)正(zheng)東方,卦(gua)在(zai)(zai)(zai)震位,是(shi)為(wei)(wei)仲(zhong)春之(zhi)(zhi)月,萬(wan)物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)所出(chu)(chu)達也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)出(chu)(chu)則(ze)天(tian)(tian)地變化可現矣(yi)。故《易(yi)·說卦(gua)傳》曰:“帝出(chu)(chu)乎震,齊(qi)乎巽,相見乎離,致役(yi)乎坤(kun),說言(yan)乎兌,戰乎乾,勞乎坎(kan),成言(yan)乎艮。”按《易(yi)經(jing)》理論,斗指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)東,卦(gua)象為(wei)(wei)震,天(tian)(tian)干甲乙,地支(zhi)曰卯,五(wu)(wu)行屬木,時在(zai)(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)春。當(dang)其(qi)(qi)時也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)出(chu)(chu)達,生(sheng)機勃勃。斗指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)南,卦(gua)象為(wei)(wei)離,天(tian)(tian)干丙丁,地支(zhi)曰午(wu),五(wu)(wu)行屬火,時在(zai)(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)夏之(zhi)(zhi)月。當(dang)其(qi)(qi)時也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)生(sheng)長,其(qi)(qi)勢盛極。斗指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)西,卦(gua)象為(wei)(wei)兌,天(tian)(tian)干庚辛(xin),地支(zhi)曰酉(you),五(wu)(wu)行屬金,時在(zai)(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)秋(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)月。當(dang)其(qi)(qi)時也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)豐收,天(tian)(tian)氣肅殺。斗指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)北,卦(gua)象為(wei)(wei)坎(kan),天(tian)(tian)干壬癸,地支(zhi)曰子,五(wu)(wu)行屬水,時在(zai)(zai)(zai)仲(zhong)冬之(zhi)(zhi)月。當(dang)其(qi)(qi)時也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬(wan)物(wu)閉藏,不相見也(ye)(ye)(ye)。
從(cong)節氣上(shang)說,農(nong)歷二月初二,正處在(zai)(zai)(zai)“雨水”、“驚(jing)(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)”和“春(chun)分(fen)”之間,我國南方很多(duo)地(di)方已開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)進入雨季。驚(jing)(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)立春(chun)、雨水之后,是(shi)(shi)春(chun)季的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)三個(ge)(ge)節氣,也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)干支歷卯(mao)(mao)月的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)起始(shi)(shi)。卯(mao)(mao),冒也(ye)(ye)(ye),萬物(wu)冒地(di)而(er)出,為生發(fa)(fa)之大(da)象,代表著生機(ji)茂發(fa)(fa),如《律書》曰(yue):”卯(mao)(mao)之為言茂也(ye)(ye)(ye)。言萬物(wu)茂也(ye)(ye)(ye)“。由(you)此(ci)可知,卯(mao)(mao)是(shi)(shi)指萬物(wu)從(cong)地(di)下(xia)冒出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思,也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)草木(mu)都從(cong)地(di)下(xia)面(mian)冒出為卯(mao)(mao),卯(mao)(mao)也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)代表著生命力,代表著生機(ji),所(suo)(suo)以二月也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)能(neng)量迸發(fa)(fa),生機(ji)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)月份,預(yu)示一年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)事(shi)活(huo)動即將開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)。仲春(chun)時節龍抬(tai)頭,萬物(wu)復蘇雨似油;年年角宿光明亮(liang),歲(sui)歲(sui)如意大(da)豐收。一年十二個(ge)(ge)月,一個(ge)(ge)月對應一卦(gua),卯(mao)(mao)月(包括驚(jing)(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)和春(chun)分(fen)兩個(ge)(ge)節氣)對應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)雷(lei)(lei)天(tian)(tian)大(da)壯(zhuang)一卦(gua)。大(da)壯(zhuang)卦(gua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)卦(gua)象就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)上(shang)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)打雷(lei)(lei)了,雷(lei)(lei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)上(shang)響,非(fei)常形象。驚(jing)(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)春(chun)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一聲驚(jing)(jing)(jing)雷(lei)(lei),所(suo)(suo)謂“春(chun)雷(lei)(lei)驚(jing)(jing)(jing)百蟲(chong)”,驚(jing)(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)時節,春(chun)雷(lei)(lei)始(shi)(shi)響,蟄(zhe)伏于(yu)地(di)下(xia)冬(dong)眠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蟄(zhe)蟲(chong)被雷(lei)(lei)驚(jing)(jing)(jing)醒,紛(fen)紛(fen)破土而(er)出。大(da)壯(zhuang)卦(gua)是(shi)(shi)卯(mao)(mao)月(二月)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)息卦(gua)。“卯(mao)(mao)”有茂盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思,卯(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五行屬(shu)木(mu),木(mu)主(zhu)生發(fa)(fa)、生長,所(suo)(suo)以大(da)壯(zhuang)卦(gua)對應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驚(jing)(jing)(jing)蟄(zhe)節氣,意味著萬物(wu)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)欣欣向榮,生機(ji)盎(ang)然,大(da)地(di)上(shang)將出現春(chun)暖(nuan)花(hua)開(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)好(hao)景象。
現(xian)代氣(qi)象科學表明(ming),“驚蟄(zhe)”前后(hou)(hou),之所以偶有雷(lei)聲,是(shi)大(da)(da)地濕(shi)度漸高而促使(shi)近地面熱氣(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)升(sheng)或北(bei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)濕(shi)熱空氣(qi)勢力(li)較強與活(huo)動頻(pin)繁所致。從我(wo)國各地自然物(wu)候進(jin)程(cheng)看,由于南(nan)(nan)北(bei)跨(kua)度大(da)(da),春雷(lei)始(shi)鳴的(de)(de)時間遲(chi)早不一。就多年平(ping)均而言,云南(nan)(nan)南(nan)(nan)部在1月(yue)底前后(hou)(hou)即可(ke)聞雷(lei),而北(bei)京的(de)(de)初(chu)雷(lei)日卻在4月(yue)下旬。“驚蟄(zhe)始(shi)雷(lei)”的(de)(de)說法僅與沿(yan)長江(jiang)流(liu)域以南(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)氣(qi)候規律相吻合。驚蟄(zhe)后(hou)(hou),是(shi)萬(wan)物(wu)生長的(de)(de)好時光(guang),該種(zhong)的(de)(de)農作(zuo)物(wu)都可(ke)以開始(shi)種(zhong)了。作(zuo)為(wei)全年氣(qi)溫回升(sheng)最(zui)快的(de)(de)節氣(qi),除東北(bei)、西北(bei)地區(qu)仍是(shi)銀妝素裹的(de)(de)冬日景象外(wai),我(wo)國大(da)(da)部分地區(qu)平(ping)均氣(qi)溫已(yi)升(sheng)至(zhi)0℃以上(shang)(shang)(shang),華(hua)北(bei)地區(qu)日平(ping)均氣(qi)溫為(wei)3至(zhi)6℃,沿(yan)江(jiang)江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)地區(qu)為(wei)8℃以上(shang)(shang)(shang),而西南(nan)(nan)和(he)華(hua)南(nan)(nan)已(yi)達10至(zhi)15℃以上(shang)(shang)(shang),早已(yi)是(shi)一派融融春光(guang)了,日照時數也(ye)有了明(ming)顯的(de)(de)增(zeng)加(jia)。
我國古代天(tian)(tian)文(wen)學家根據日(ri)月五星的(de)運行軌跡(ji)把天(tian)(tian)空劃分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)28天(tian)(tian)宿,即“黃道(dao)帶”,以此來表(biao)示日(ri)月五星的(de)運行和位置。28天(tian)(tian)宿可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)4個大區(4象或4神),東方(fang)蒼龍(long)(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)角、亢、氐、房、心(xin)、尾、箕七(qi)(qi)宿);西方(fang)白虎(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)奎、婁、胃、昴、畢、觜、參(can)七(qi)(qi)宿);南方(fang)朱雀(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)井(jing)、鬼、柳、星、張、翼(yi)、軫七(qi)(qi)宿);北方(fang)玄武(包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)斗、牛、女、虛、危、室(shi)、壁七(qi)(qi)宿)。其中‘角宿’就是龍(long)角。在仲春卯月之(zhi)初東方(fang)地平線上升起了龍(long)角星,所以稱為(wei)(wei)龍(long)抬頭。即是指東方(fang)蒼龍(long)七(qi)(qi)宿星象的(de)空間變化(hua)。
龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)由來與(yu)古(gu)代(dai)天(tian)(tian)象有(you)關。中國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)天(tian)(tian)文(wen)學將(jiang)(jiang)周(zhou)天(tian)(tian)黃(huang)道確定為(wei)28個(ge)(ge)星(xing)(xing)座,稱為(wei)“二(er)十(shi)八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”。古(gu)人(ren)又(you)將(jiang)(jiang)這28個(ge)(ge)星(xing)(xing)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)按(an)照東南西北分在四(si)(si)宮,每宮7宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su),并按(an)照它們的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象將(jiang)(jiang)四(si)(si)宮形(xing)容為(wei)“青(qing)(qing)龍(long)(long)(long),白(bai)虎,朱雀,玄(xuan)武“4種神獸。龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)所提(ti)到的(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)”,指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)是(shi)天(tian)(tian)象周(zhou)天(tian)(tian)二(er)十(shi)八宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)東方青(qing)(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)七宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)。蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)部“角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”上有(you)兩顆(ke)星(xing)(xing):角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)一和角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)二(er),代(dai)表(biao)(biao)蒼(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)上的(de)(de)(de)兩只犄角。“角宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”之后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)四(si)(si)顆(ke)星(xing)(xing)是(shi)“亢(kang)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”,亢(kang)是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)咽(yan)喉(hou),在咽(yan)喉(hou)下面(mian)有(you)四(si)(si)顆(ke)星(xing)(xing)排列(lie)成一個(ge)(ge)簸(bo)箕(ji)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀是(shi)“氐宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)”,代(dai)表(biao)(biao)著龍(long)(long)(long)爪。龍(long)(long)(long)爪后(hou)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)房(fang)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、心宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)、尾(wei)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)和箕(ji)宿(su)(su)(su)(su)(su)分別(bie)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)了(le)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)心臟和尾(wei)巴。
每年的(de)(de)(de)仲春晚(wan)上(shang)(shang)(shang),蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)星宿(su)開始從(cong)東(dong)方(fang)露頭(tou)(tou),角(jiao)宿(su),代表龍(long)(long)(long)(long)角(jiao),開始從(cong)東(dong)方(fang)地(di)(di)平線上(shang)(shang)(shang)顯現(xian),約一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)鐘頭(tou)(tou)后,亢宿(su),即龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)咽喉,升至地(di)(di)平線以上(shang)(shang)(shang),接近子夜時(shi)(shi)分(fen),氐(di)宿(su),即龍(long)(long)(long)(long)爪也出現(xian)了(le)。這就是“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。之后,每天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”日期,均約提前一(yi)(yi)點,經過(guo)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)多月(yue)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian),整個(ge)(ge)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”就“抬(tai)(tai)”起來了(le)。當地(di)(di)球公轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)(de)位置使蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)(qi)宿(su)與太陽處在同(tong)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)向時(shi)(shi),太陽的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)芒就會淹沒(mei)星光(guang),人(ren)們(men)就會看(kan)不到(dao)天(tian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)那條巨龍(long)(long)(long)(long);而過(guo)一(yi)(yi)段(duan)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)后,地(di)(di)球的(de)(de)(de)位置轉(zhuan)移了(le),這蒼(cang)(cang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)七(qi)(qi)宿(su)又會重(zhong)新出現(xian),周而復始,古人(ren)找到(dao)了(le)這個(ge)(ge)規(gui)律,并以它來判斷時(shi)(shi)令。由于(yu)“歲差”的(de)(de)(de)原因,現(xian)"龍(long)(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)"實際時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)或推遲。
“二月二、龍抬頭”,象征(zheng)著(zhu)生機、萬物復(fu)蘇。中(zhong)國與古(gu)代西方(fang)天文學不同,中(zhong)國把(ba)恒(heng)星(xing)(xing)劃分成為“三(san)(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”和(he)“四象”七大星(xing)(xing)區。所謂“垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”就(jiu)是(shi)“城墻”的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)。“三(san)(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”是(shi)“紫微(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,象征(zheng)皇(huang)宮;“太微(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”象征(zheng)行(xing)政機構;“天市垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”象征(zheng)繁華街市。這(zhe)三(san)(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)環繞著(zhu)北(bei)(bei)極星(xing)(xing)呈三(san)(san)角(jiao)狀排列。在“三(san)(san)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”外圍分布著(zhu)“四象”:東(dong)蒼龍、西白虎(hu)、南(nan)朱雀、北(bei)(bei)玄武,也就(jiu)是(shi)說,東(dong)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)象如一(yi)條(tiao)龍,西方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)象如一(yi)只虎(hu),南(nan)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)象如一(yi)只大鳥(niao),北(bei)(bei)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)象如龜和(he)蛇。由(you)于地(di)球圍繞太陽公(gong)轉,天空(kong)的(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)象也隨著(zhu)季(ji)節轉換。每到冬春(chun)之(zhi)交的(de)(de)(de)傍晚,蒼龍顯現;春(chun)夏(xia)之(zhi)交,玄武升起;夏(xia)秋之(zhi)交,白虎(hu)露頭;秋冬之(zhi)交,朱雀上升。
《春秋命歷序》曰:“天(tian)地開辟(pi),萬物渾(hun)渾(hun),無知無識;陰陽所憑(ping),天(tian)體始于北極之(zhi)(zhi)野…日(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)五(wu)緯俱起(qi)牽牛(niu);四萬五(wu)千年(nian),日(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)五(wu)緯一(yi)輪轉(zhuan);天(tian)皇出焉…定天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang),法(fa)地之(zhi)(zhi)儀,作干支以定日(ri)(ri)月(yue)(yue)度。”早在遠(yuan)古(gu)時期古(gu)人(ren)就已(yi)經能“觀象(xiang)授時”,定天(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)象(xiang)、法(fa)地之(zhi)(zhi)儀,并確定了星宿天(tian)象(xiang)、干支及二十四節氣。
詞典(dian)《爾雅》中有(you)云:數起(qi)角(jiao)亢,列宿之(zhi)長。故角(jiao)之(zhi)見于東(dong)方(fang)也,物(wu)(wu)換(huan)春(chun)(chun)回,鳥獸生角(jiao),草木(mu)甲坼。它的意(yi)思是在萬(wan)物(wu)(wu)復(fu)蘇(su)的春(chun)(chun)天,東(dong)方(fang)蒼龍的角(jiao)宿每(mei)到傍晚將從東(dong)方(fang)升起(qi)。
龍(long)(long)是(shi)海中(zhong)神(shen)物,主要是(shi)主宰雨(yu)水,如(ru)《山海經(jing)》中(zhong)所說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)應龍(long)(long),民間的(de)“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)頭”節,其源(yuan)頭應追溯(su)至遠古。神(shen)話著作(zuo)《山海經(jing)》中(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo),應龍(long)(long)居處(chu)在南方(fang),“故南方(fang)多雨(yu)”,而燭(zhu)龍(long)(long)“不食(shi)不寢不息,風雨(yu)是(shi)謁”,也就是(shi)經(jing)常招來(lai)風雨(yu)。由于想象(xiang)中(zhong)的(de)龍(long)(long)能騰云駕(jia)霧,于是(shi)相信龍(long)(long)能給人帶來(lai)祥(xiang)瑞。傳說(shuo)(shuo)龍(long)(long)能行云布雨(yu)、消災(zai)降福,象(xiang)征祥(xiang)瑞。
《說文(wen)解字》中解釋“龍”字:“龍,鱗蟲(chong)之(zhi)長(chang)。能(neng)(neng)幽能(neng)(neng)明,能(neng)(neng)細能(neng)(neng)巨(ju),能(neng)(neng)短能(neng)(neng)長(chang)。春分(fen)(fen)而登天,秋分(fen)(fen)而潛淵。”?
《帝京景物略·卷二春場》:“二月二,曰(yue)龍抬頭,煎元(yuan)旦(dan)祭余餅(bing),熏床炕(kang),謂之熏蟲(chong)兒(er),謂引龍,沖、蟲(chong)不(bu)出(chu)也。”
《燕京(jing)歲時記》:“二月二日,古(gu)之中和(he)節也。今人呼為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)抬頭(tou)。是日食(shi)(shi)餅者謂(wei)之龍(long)(long)(long)鱗餅,食(shi)(shi)面者謂(wei)之龍(long)(long)(long)須面。閨(gui)中停止針線,恐傷(shang)龍(long)(long)(long)目。”
《大同府志(zhi)》:“二(er)月二(er)日,各村疃社醵錢獻生,謂之‘扶龍頭’。提壺汲井水注之,曰‘引龍頭’。”
唐(tang)代著名詩人(ren)白居易(yi)有詩云(yun):“二(er)月二(er)日(ri)新雨晴(qing),草芽菜甲一(yi)時(shi)生;輕(qing)衫(shan)細馬春年少,十字津頭一(yi)字行。”
中國(guo)民(min)間(jian)認(ren)為(wei)龍(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)吉(ji)祥(xiang)之物,和(he)風(feng)化雨(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)主宰。“龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)”,意(yi)味著(zhu)陽氣(qi)生發(fa)、萬物生機盎然(ran)。故自古以(yi)(yi)(yi)來,人們在龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時節,會舉(ju)行敬龍(long)(long)祈雨(yu)(yu)(yu)、放(fang)生,以(yi)(yi)(yi)求一(yi)年吉(ji)祥(xiang)豐(feng)收(shou)(shou),并將龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時節作為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)納(na)祥(xiang)轉運的(de)(de)(de)日子。在我(wo)國(guo)流傳(chuan)著(zhu)“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er),拜(bai)村(cun)社;龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou),祈豐(feng)收(shou)(shou);八月二(er)(er),祭(ji)(ji)村(cun)堂;龍(long)(long)收(shou)(shou)尾,送(song)龍(long)(long)歸”的(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa)。從節氣(qi)上(shang)說(shuo),農歷二(er)(er)月初(chu),正處在“雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水”、“驚(jing)蟄”和(he)“春分”之間(jian),我(wo)國(guo)南(nan)方(fang)很多地方(fang)已(yi)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)進(jin)入雨(yu)(yu)(yu)季。俗(su)話說(shuo)“龍(long)(long)不(bu)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)天不(bu)雨(yu)(yu)(yu)”。在古代神(shen)(shen)格譜(pu)系(xi)中,龍(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)海中神(shen)(shen)物,掌管著(zhu)降雨(yu)(yu)(yu),降雨(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)多少直(zhi)接(jie)關(guan)系(xi)到一(yi)年的(de)(de)(de)莊稼的(de)(de)(de)豐(feng)歉,因此,為(wei)了求得龍(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)行云布雨(yu)(yu)(yu),龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時節要在龍(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)廟前(qian)擺供,舉(ju)行隆重的(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)(ji)拜(bai)儀式,同時唱大(da)戲以(yi)(yi)(yi)娛神(shen)(shen);敬龍(long)(long)祈雨(yu)(yu)(yu),放(fang)生,以(yi)(yi)(yi)求一(yi)年吉(ji)祥(xiang)豐(feng)收(shou)(shou);也有(you)一(yi)些(xie)地方(fang)在龍(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)節有(you)“起龍(long)(long)船”的(de)(de)(de)活動。二(er)(er)月初(chu)二(er)(er)既是(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)節也是(shi)(shi)“土地誕”,在南(nan)方(fang)沿海地區,二(er)(er)月初(chu)二(er)(er)主要舉(ju)行社祭(ji)(ji),祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)土地神(shen)(shen)。我(wo)國(guo)民(min)間(jian)有(you)剃龍(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)、祭(ji)(ji)祀(si)、敬文昌(chang)神(shen)(shen)、吃(chi)面條、炸油(you)糕、爆(bao)玉米(mi)花、吃(chi)豬頭(tou)(tou)等習俗(su)。“剃龍(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”習俗(su),或源于古人對龍(long)(long)圖騰的(de)(de)(de)崇拜(bai),如古籍中所記載的(de)(de)(de)古人斷發(fa)紋身(shen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)像龍(long)(long)子習俗(su)。“二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)”這(zhe)(zhe)天,許多人都要理發(fa),龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)日子理發(fa)叫作“剃龍(long)(long)頭(tou)(tou)”,這(zhe)(zhe)預示一(yi)年有(you)好的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)。龍(long)(long)抬(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)頭(tou)(tou)時節敬龍(long)(long)習俗(su),體現(xian)了中國(guo)“天人合一(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)觀。在天氣(qi)漸(jian)漸(jian)轉暖、雨(yu)(yu)(yu)水開(kai)始(shi)(shi)增多的(de)(de)(de)時節,人們希望通過敬龍(long)(long)祈福順應這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)過程,從而(er)做(zuo)到與(yu)自然(ran)和(he)諧相處。
古時我國北方一些地區二月(yue)二有(you)圍糧囤、引田(tian)龍(long)(long)(long)、敲(qiao)房梁(liang)、理發(fa)、煎(jian)燜子、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)豬頭肉(rou)、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)面(mian)條(tiao)、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)水餃、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)糖豆、吃(chi)(chi)(chi)煎(jian)餅、忌動(dong)針(zhen)線的習俗。為了納吉,二月(yue)初二這天(tian)我國北方人(ren)的吃(chi)(chi)(chi)食物均取與(yu)“龍(long)(long)(long)”相關(guan)的名字(zi),面(mian)條(tiao)不叫“面(mian)條(tiao)”,稱(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)須面(mian)”;水餃稱(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)耳”、“龍(long)(long)(long)角”;米飯稱(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)子”;煎(jian)餅烙成(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)鱗狀,稱(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)“龍(long)(long)(long)鱗餅”;面(mian)條(tiao)、餛(hun)飩一塊(kuai)煮叫做“龍(long)(long)(long)拿珠”;吃(chi)(chi)(chi)豬頭稱(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)“食龍(long)(long)(long)頭”;吃(chi)(chi)(chi)蔥餅叫做“撕龍(long)(long)(long)皮”。一切(qie)均取與(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)有(you)關(guan)的象(xiang)征(zheng)與(yu)寓意。
民間有許多禁忌(ji)避諱“龍(long)抬頭(tou)”,諸(zhu)如此(ci)日家中(zhong)忌(ji)動(dong)(dong)針線,怕傷到龍(long)眼,招(zhao)災惹禍;忌(ji)擔(dan)水(shui),認為(wei)這天(tian)晚上(shang)龍(long)要出來活動(dong)(dong),禁止到河邊或井邊擔(dan)水(shui),以(yi)免驚(jing)擾龍(long)的行(xing)動(dong)(dong),招(zhao)致旱災之年(nian);忌(ji)諱蓋房打夯(hang),以(yi)防(fang)傷“龍(long)頭(tou)”;再者,忌(ji)諱磨面,認為(wei)磨面會榨到龍(long)頭(tou),不吉利。俗(su)(su)話說(shuo)“磨為(wei)虎(hu),碾為(wei)龍(long)”,有石(shi)磨的人家,這天(tian)要將磨支起上(shang)扇,方便“龍(long)抬頭(tou)升天(tian)”。除如上(shang)習俗(su)(su)外,民間往(wang)往(wang)還舉行(xing)多種活動(dong)(dong)納吉,諸(zhu)如舞龍(long)、戴龍(long)尾、開筆等。
民諺云:“二月(yue)二龍(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou),八月(yue)二龍(long)收尾(wei)。”二月(yue)二龍(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)作為古(gu)代(dai)民俗(su)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)節日,如今已經基本上(shang)從中國人(ren)的(de)(de)現代(dai)生活中淡(dan)化出去了。不(bu)過,對于“二月(yue)二龍(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)”的(de)(de)一些(xie)文(wen)化內涵,例如古(gu)人(ren)對龍(long)的(de)(de)崇拜、“龍(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭(tou)”在古(gu)天文(wen)學上(shang)的(de)(de)唯(wei)物解釋等等,是仍然具(ju)有(you)研究價值。
二月二既(ji)是龍(long)抬(tai)頭節也是土(tu)(tu)地(di)公(gong)的誕辰,“土(tu)(tu)地(di)誕”也稱“社(she)日(ri)(ri)(ri)節”。社(she)日(ri)(ri)(ri)分為春(chun)社(she)日(ri)(ri)(ri)和(he)秋(qiu)(qiu)社(she)日(ri)(ri)(ri),古(gu)時春(chun)社(she)是立春(chun)后(hou)第(di)五(wu)個戊(wu)日(ri)(ri)(ri),秋(qiu)(qiu)社(she)是立秋(qiu)(qiu)后(hou)第(di)五(wu)個戊(wu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(戊(wu),五(wu)行(xing)屬(shu)土(tu)(tu))。古(gu)人認(ren)為土(tu)(tu)生(sheng)(sheng)萬物(wu),土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)是廣為敬奉(feng)的神(shen)靈之一。人們認(ren)為土(tu)(tu)地(di)公(gong)管理著五(wu)谷的生(sheng)(sheng)長和(he)地(di)方的平(ping)安,很多地(di)方的百姓都在社(she)日(ri)(ri)(ri)奉(feng)祀(si)土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)。土(tu)(tu)地(di)公(gong)又(you)稱福德(de)正(zheng)神(shen),在中國南方地(di)區,為給土(tu)(tu)地(di)公(gong)公(gong)“暖壽”,有的地(di)方有舉辦“土(tu)(tu)地(di)會”的習俗:家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)湊錢為土(tu)(tu)地(di)神(shen)祝賀生(sheng)(sheng)日(ri)(ri)(ri),到土(tu)(tu)地(di)廟燒香祭祀(si),敲(qiao)鑼鼓,放鞭炮。
古代把(ba)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)和祭祀土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)都(dou)叫"社(she)",按(an)照民間的(de)(de)(de)習俗,每到播種或收獲的(de)(de)(de)季節,農民們都(dou)要(yao)立社(she)祭祀,祈(qi)求或酬報土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)。土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)在人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)日常生活中(zhong)(zhong)處于重要(yao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)位,不但(dan)家(jia)族大,而且分布廣。在居家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)居家(jia)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen),村(cun)屯有(you)(you)村(cun)屯的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen),城市有(you)(you)城市的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)將土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)供奉在家(jia)中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)供奉在門(men)口,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)則供在村(cun)落的(de)(de)(de)社(she)廟中(zhong)(zhong)。總之土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)職責就(jiu)是(shi)保佑著一方(fang)(fang)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)之內的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)物康(kang)泰,人(ren)口清潔(jie),出入平安了(le)。
二(er)月二(er)這(zhe)天(tian)在飲(yin)食(shi)上(shang)也有一定的(de)講(jiang)究,北方(fang)百姓(xing)在這(zhe)天(tian)飲(yin)食(shi)多(duo)以龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為(wei)名(ming)。吃(chi)春餅名(ming)曰(yue)“吃(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗”,吃(chi)面條名(ming)曰(yue)“吃(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)須(xu)(xu)”,吃(chi)餛飩為(wei)“吃(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)眼(yan)”,吃(chi)餃子則叫“吃(chi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)耳”,面條、餛飩一塊煮叫做“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)拿珠”,吃(chi)蔥餅叫做“撕龍(long)(long)(long)(long)皮”。有些(xie)(xie)地方(fang)還(huan)有吃(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)眼(yan)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)須(xu)(xu)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舌”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)耳”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)皮”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)子”、“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)蛋”以及吃(chi)春餅、吃(chi)豬頭肉的(de)習俗(su)。一切(qie)均取(qu)與龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有關的(de)象征與寓意。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)都寄(ji)托了人們祈龍(long)(long)(long)(long)賜福(fu)的(de)強烈愿(yuan)望。
北方地(di)區(qu)過二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er),農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)就開始準備炒(chao)糖(tang)(tang)豆(dou)的原料。二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)早上(shang),家(jia)(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)(jia)戶戶都用糖(tang)(tang)炒(chao)花生和黃豆(dou),有(you)(you)的地(di)方叫糖(tang)(tang)豆(dou),有(you)(you)的地(di)方叫蝎(xie)豆(dou),還有(you)(you)的爆玉米花。過去都是自家(jia)(jia)(jia)制作自家(jia)(jia)(jia)食用,現在(zai)不(bu)同了(le),一般沒(mei)有(you)(you)自家(jia)(jia)(jia)制作的了(le)。城里(li)的超市里(li),農(nong)村的集市上(shang),二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)前后擺(bai)滿了(le)各式各樣的糖(tang)(tang)豆(dou),大概有(you)(you)十幾(ji)種甚(shen)至更多。隨(sui)吃隨(sui)買,香甜可口。二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)這天,農(nong)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的餐桌上(shang)要擺(bai)多種糖(tang)(tang)豆(dou),以示慶賀(he)這個(ge)節日。
早上卯時(shi)(5點(dian)到7點(dian)之間(jian)),卯月(yue)的第一個卯日(ri)卯時(shi),出門面向(xiang)東方(fang)深吸氣,此為一吉。
指二(er)月初二(er)理發(fa),兒(er)童理發(fa),叫剃“喜頭”,借龍抬頭之吉時,保佑孩(hai)童健(jian)康成長,長大后(hou)出(chu)人頭地;大人理發(fa),辭舊迎新,希望(wang)帶來好(hao)運,新的一年順順利(li)利(li)。
古時,龍(long)抬(tai)頭節(jie)是祭祀龍(long)神(shen)的日子(zi),每年的這(zhe)一天,人們都要到龍(long)神(shen)廟或(huo)水畔焚香上供祭祀龍(long)神(shen),祈求(qiu)龍(long)神(shen)興(xing)云化雨,保佑(you)一年五谷豐登。龍(long)抬(tai)頭時節(jie)我國部分(fen)地區(qu)會有“起龍(long)船(chuan)”的活動,請龍(long)出水,以及(ji)祈求(qiu)事事順利的心(xin)愿。
“龍抬頭(tou)”也是(shi)農(nong)村的(de)農(nong)事節。農(nong)諺曰:“二(er)月二(er)龍抬頭(tou),大家小戶使耕牛(niu)”。農(nong)時(shi)春(chun)雨貴如油。倘春(chun)雨充沛,預示著一(yi)年(nian)的(de)大豐收(shou)。
相傳(chuan)(chuan)農歷二月初三(san)為(wei)(wei)文(wen)昌(主宰功名之(zhi)神)誕辰(chen)日,舊(jiu)時這天(tian)讓孩子(zi)(zi)開筆寫字,取龍抬(tai)頭之(zhi)吉(ji)兆,為(wei)(wei)孩子(zi)(zi)正衣冠、點朱砂啟(qi)蒙明(ming)智,寓意孩子(zi)(zi)眼明(ming)心明(ming),祝愿孩子(zi)(zi)長大斷文(wen)識字。開筆禮是人生的(de)第一次大禮,是中國傳(chuan)(chuan)統中對少兒開始識字習禮的(de)啟(qi)蒙教育(yu)形式。
每當(dang)春(chun)龍(long)節到(dao)來,我(wo)國部分地區在(zai)這天早晨家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶戶打著(zhu)燈(deng)籠(long)到(dao)井邊或河邊挑(tiao)水,回(hui)到(dao)家(jia)(jia)里便點(dian)燈(deng)、燒香、上(shang)供。舊時,人們(men)把這種儀(yi)式叫做(zuo)(zuo)“引(yin)田(tian)龍(long)”。引(yin)龍(long)伏(fu)蟲(chong)的(de)活動有很多(duo),最有特點(dian)是(shi)撒灰(hui)。撒灰(hui)十分講(jiang)究(jiu),灰(hui)多(duo)選(xuan)用草木(mu)灰(hui),人們(men)自(zi)家(jia)(jia)門口以草木(mu)灰(hui)撒一(yi)條龍(long)到(dao)河邊,再用谷糠撒一(yi)條龍(long)引(yin)到(dao)家(jia)(jia),意為送走懶(青)龍(long)、引(yin)來錢(黃)龍(long),保佑人財兩旺;從臨街大門外一(yi)直撒到(dao)廚房灶間(jian),并繞水缸一(yi)圈,叫做(zuo)(zuo)“引(yin)錢龍(long)”;將(jiang)(jiang)草木(mu)灰(hui)撒于門口,攔門辟災;將(jiang)(jiang)草木(mu)灰(hui)撒于墻(qiang)腳(jiao),呈龍(long)蛇狀(zhuang),以招福(fu)祥、避蟲(chong)害。陜西富縣一(yi)帶還流行撒灰(hui)圍莊墻(qiang)外的(de)做(zuo)(zuo)法(fa),也是(shi)伏(fu)龍(long)驅蟲(chong)的(de)表現。后來,也出現用石(shi)灰(hui)替代草木(mu)灰(hui)伏(fu)龍(long)降蟲(chong)的(de)做(zuo)(zuo)法(fa)。
①山東(dong)地(di)區用灶煙在(zai)地(di)面畫一(yi)(yi)條龍(long)。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)請龍(long)回來(lai)興云(yun)布雨,祈求豐收;二是(shi)龍(long)為(wei)百蟲(chong)之神,龍(long)來(lai)了,蟲(chong)都躲起來(lai),對人體(ti)健康、農作物(wu)生長都有益。
②晉西北地區(qu)引錢(qian)龍(long),選(xuan)擇一(yi)棵大(da)樹或一(yi)塊大(da)石,用灰(hui)線圍灑一(yi)圈,再用紅線拴一(yi)枚銅錢(qian)置圈內,牽線回家(jia),用容器蓋(gai)住即成。
③還有(you)地區在這天清早,人們從井里挑(tiao)水(shui)回(hui)家,倒入水(shui)缸。誰(shui)最先挑(tiao)回(hui)家就最先引(yin)到錢龍,這年財運就會非常好,所以(yi)經常出現凌(ling)晨(chen)爭(zheng)先恐后挑(tiao)水(shui)的情形。
黃河(he)三角(jiao)洲及一些沿(yan)河(he)地區(qu)還(huan)有(you)”放(fang)龍燈“的(de)(de)習俗。不少人家用(yong)蘆葦或(huo)秫秸扎(zha)成(cheng)小(xiao)船,插(cha)上(shang)蠟燭(zhu)或(huo)放(fang)上(shang)用(yong)蘿卜挖成(cheng)的(de)(de)小(xiao)油碗,待(dai)到傍晚時分,放(fang)到河(he)里(li)或(huo)灣(wan)里(li)點燃(ran),為龍照路。借此娛樂同時又(you)傳遞一種美好(hao)的(de)(de)祝愿。
東北部分地(di)區(qu)在(zai)二(er)月二(er)早晨(chen),以(yi)長竿(gan)擊(ji)打房梁,謂(wei)之(zhi)”敲龍頭(tou)“。把龍喚醒,佑一方平安。大(da)(da)人小孩還念著(zhu):”二(er)月二(er),龍抬頭(tou),大(da)(da)倉(cang)(cang)滿,小倉(cang)(cang)流。“有的地(di)方在(zai)院子(zi)里(li)用(yong)灶灰撒一個(ge)個(ge)大(da)(da)圓(yuan)圈,將五谷(gu)雜糧(liang)放于中間(jian),稱作”打囤“或(huo)”填倉(cang)(cang)“,預祝當年五谷(gu)豐登,倉(cang)(cang)囤盈滿。擊(ji)房梁就是(shi)用(yong)木棍(gun)或(huo)者竹(zhu)竿(gan)敲擊(ji)房梁,以(yi)驚(jing)走蛇、蝎等毒蟲,毋使為害。有的地(di)方流行(xing)敲擊(ji)炕沿,目的與敲擊(ji)房梁相同。
我(wo)國北(bei)方廣泛的(de)流傳著(zhu)“二月二,龍(long)抬頭;大倉(cang)(cang)(cang)滿,小倉(cang)(cang)(cang)流”的(de)民諺。農歷(li)二月初二清晨,北(bei)方很(hen)多地區(qu)的(de)村民早早起床,家(jia)庭主婦從(cong)自家(jia)鍋灶底下掏一(yi)筐燒柴禾余下的(de)草木(mu)灰(hui),拿一(yi)把(ba)小鐵鏟(chan)(chan)子鏟(chan)(chan)些草木(mu)灰(hui),人走(zou)手搖,在地上(shang)畫出一(yi)個個圓來(lai)。圍(wei)倉(cang)(cang)(cang)的(de)圓圈(quan)(quan),大套小,少則三圈(quan)(quan),多則五圈(quan)(quan),圍(wei)單(dan)不(bu)圍(wei)雙。圍(wei)好倉(cang)(cang)(cang)后(hou),把(ba)家(jia)中的(de)糧(liang)食虔誠地放(fang)在倉(cang)(cang)(cang)的(de)中間,還(huan)有(you)意撒在倉(cang)(cang)(cang)的(de)外圍(wei),象征(zheng)當年的(de)大豐收。
古代將(jiang)自(zi)然界中(zhong)的(de)(de)生物分成毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、羽蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、介(jie)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、鱗蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、人(ren)類五(wu)大類。毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指披毛獸類,羽蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指鳥(niao)類,介(jie)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指帶甲殼(ke)類,鱗蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)指有鱗之(zhi)魚和帶翅昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)類。龍是鱗蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)之(zhi)長,龍出則(ze)百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)伏藏。二月初(chu)二正(zheng)是驚蟄(zhe)前(qian)后(hou),百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)萌動,疾病易(yi)生,蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害也是莊稼的(de)(de)天敵,因(yin)此人(ren)們引龍伏蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),希望(wang)借龍威(wei)鎮伏百蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),保佑(you)人(ren)畜平安,五(wu)谷豐登(deng)。進(jin)入農(nong)歷二月,天氣漸暖,各(ge)種(zhong)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)開始活動,有些昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)對人(ren)的(de)(de)健康是有害的(de)(de),所以二月二這一(yi)天,人(ren)們紛(fen)紛(fen)攤烙煎餅、燃(ran)燒熏香,希望(wang)憑(ping)借煙氣驅走毒蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。
二(er)月初二(er)吃(chi)豬頭肉也有說法(fa)。自古以來,供奉祭神總要用豬牛羊三(san)牲(sheng)(sheng),后來簡化為三(san)牲(sheng)(sheng)之頭,豬頭即其中之一。如今就(jiu)有一道名菜叫做“扒豬臉”,經(jing)過(guo)選料、清洗、噴烤、洗泡、醬(jiang)制等十二(er)道步驟,歷經(jing)十多個小(xiao)時的(de)烹飪,才(cai)能(neng)端上餐桌(zhuo)。“扒豬臉”有三(san)種,一是原(yuan)汁原(yuan)味(wei)吃(chi);二(er)是蘸醬(jiang)汁吃(chi);三(san)是卷煎餅吃(chi)。每一種吃(chi)法(fa)都有不(bu)同的(de)滋味(wei)。
撒灰(hui)引龍(long)、打灰(hui)囤
我國山東部(bu)分地(di)區(qu)農村,這(zhe)(zhe)一天(tian)(tian)有“撒(sa)灰引(yin)龍(long)(long)”、“打(da)灰囤”的習(xi)俗。這(zhe)(zhe)一天(tian)(tian),天(tian)(tian)還蒙蒙亮(liang)的時候,家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶戶就開始撒(sa)灰了,用簸(bo)箕盛著(zhu)草木灰,沿著(zhu)自家(jia)(jia)房(fang)子外圍(wei)墻(qiang)根密密的撒(sa)一圈,因為這(zhe)(zhe)條灰線(xian)又細又長,形似傳說中的龍(long)(long),所以這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)舉動也被叫做“撒(sa)灰引(yin)龍(long)(long)”,寓意把象征(zheng)吉祥的龍(long)(long)請(qing)到家(jia)(jia)里。除此之(zhi)外,家(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)戶戶還會(hui)在門前、場院用草木灰圍(wei)成一個(ge)個(ge)圓圈,中間放上(shang)五谷(gu)、硬(ying)幣。代表(biao)著(zhu)糧食(shi)屯、錢屯,有的囤外再畫(hua)上(shang)梯子,以表(biao)明(ming)囤的高大。一邊用灰畫(hua)圈還一面嘴里念叨著(zhu):“二月二、打(da)簸(bo)箕,大囤滿(man)、小囤漾”,希望來年(nian)家(jia)(jia)里糧食(shi)豐收,財源滾(gun)滾(gun)。
實際(ji)上(shang),撒(sa)灰(hui)除(chu)了(le)象征意義,在(zai)實際(ji)中也是有用(yong)的(de),在(zai)農村(cun),舊(jiu)式的(de)農家房(fang)屋為土(tu)木建筑,房(fang)舍(she)墻體或由土(tu)墼壘砌,寒(han)冬里,墻縫(feng)、炕(kang)縫(feng)自然成了(le)蝎子(zi)、蚰蜒、“草鞋底(di)”等(deng)毒(du)蟲(chong)蟄(zhe)伏之處(chu)。驚蟄(zhe)以(yi)后,這(zhe)些(xie)毒(du)蟲(chong)伺機出動,危(wei)害(hai)人身(shen)。二月二當天,村(cun)民便在(zai)炕(kang)墻下面及房(fang)屋墻根底(di)下撒(sa)上(shang)點草木灰(hui),也有熏蟲(chong)辟(pi)邪的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。臨沂一(yi)些(xie)地(di)(di)(di)方這(zhe)一(yi)天舉辦土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)會,農戶湊錢為土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)爺過生(sheng)日,到土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)廟燒香祭祀、敲(qiao)鑼鼓、放鞭炮,以(yi)求土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)爺保佑有個(ge)好收成。
剃龍頭
二(er)月初二(er),民間最大的習俗是“剃龍(long)頭”,不(bu)管(guan)是老(lao)人(ren)小孩,剪發(fa)、修容,讓自己煥(huan)然一(yi)新,預示著(zhu)可以(yi)(yi)求得(de)一(yi)年的好運。從一(yi)大早開始,一(yi)些理(li)發(fa)店里(li)就(jiu)人(ren)來人(ren)往(wang),顧客迎門,理(li)發(fa)師們都忙得(de)不(bu)亦(yi)樂乎。許多人(ren)之所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)選在這天剪發(fa),是因為民間有習俗,正(zheng)月剃頭不(bu)吉(ji)利,所(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)很多人(ren)普遍是在年前理(li)一(yi)次發(fa),然后一(yi)直等到二(er)月二(er)才“理(li)發(fa)去舊”。
吃豆子、攤煎餅,舞龍燈
二月二這天,山東傳統民俗(su)(su),這一天要吃炒黃豆、炒豆萁(ji),也都(dou)有攤煎餅的習俗(su)(su)。祈求今年五谷豐(feng)登,有個好收(shou)成。不少(shao)地方還有舞龍燈(deng)等活動,為的就是祈福送(song)福。
吃春餅
二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)日(ri)(ri)既然是“龍抬頭”之(zhi)時(shi)(shi),許(xu)多食(shi)品就(jiu)與(yu)龍牽扯(che)在(zai)一(yi)起。北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)民俗食(shi)品,一(yi)種烙(luo)得很(hen)(hen)薄的面(mian)餅(bing)(bing)(bing),又稱薄餅(bing)(bing)(bing)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)方(fang)地區還時(shi)(shi)興食(shi)用(yong)面(mian)條、水餃等(deng)。每年(nian)立春(chun)日(ri)(ri),北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人都要吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing),名曰“咬春(chun)”。農歷二(er)(er)月初二(er)(er),這一(yi)天(tian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人也要吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing),名曰“吃(chi)(chi)龍鱗”。春(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)比吃(chi)(chi)烤鴨(ya)的薄餅(bing)(bing)(bing)要大,并且(qie)有韌性(北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人稱為(wei)要有“骨立勁兒”),因為(wei)要卷(juan)很(hen)(hen)多菜吃(chi)(chi)。昔日(ri)(ri),吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)時(shi)(shi)講(jiang)究(jiu)到盒子鋪去叫“蘇盤”(又稱盒子菜)。吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)時(shi)(shi),全家圍坐(zuo)一(yi)起,把(ba)烙(luo)好(hao)的春(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)放在(zai)蒸鍋里,隨吃(chi)(chi)隨拿(na),為(wei)的是吃(chi)(chi)個(ge)熱乎勁兒。若在(zai)二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)這一(yi)天(tian)吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing),北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)人還講(jiang)究(jiu)把(ba)出嫁的姑娘接回(hui)家吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅(bing)(bing)(bing)。
吃“驢打滾”
老北京的(de)習俗(su),人們喜(xi)歡在農(nong)歷二月二買“驢(lv)打滾(gun)”品嘗(chang)。黃豆粉面(mian)裹(guo)豆沙餡兒(er)的(de)驢(lv)打滾(gun)外形圓潤,有“財源滾(gun)滾(gun)”的(de)吉祥含義(yi)。
照房梁、驅蟲
在北(bei)京民間有民諺說“二(er)月二(er),照(zhao)房梁,蝎(xie)子蜈蚣(gong)(gong)無處藏”,老(lao)百姓要(yao)在這天驅除(chu)(chu)害(hai)蟲,點著蠟燭,照(zhao)著房梁和墻壁驅除(chu)(chu)蝎(xie)子、蜈蚣(gong)(gong)等,這些(xie)蟲兒一(yi)見亮光就掉(diao)下來被消(xiao)滅了。龍抬(tai)頭這一(yi)天進行驅蟲活(huo)(huo)動的習俗主(zhu)要(yao)流(liu)行于我國北(bei)方(fang)地區。二(er)月二(er)時各(ge)種昆蟲包括毒(du)蟲的活(huo)(huo)動開始頻繁,為了避免毒(du)蟲的傷害(hai),人們(men)舉行一(yi)些(xie)含(han)有驅蟲意味的活(huo)(huo)動。如(ru)(ru)用(yong)棍(gun)棒(bang)、掃(sao)帚(zhou)或者鞋子敲(qiao)打(da)梁頭、墻壁、門戶、床炕等,以避蛇蝎(xie)、蚰(you)蜒、老(lao)鼠等蟲物(wu)。通常還要(yao)念吟唱歌謠(yao),如(ru)(ru)“二(er)月二(er),龍抬(tai)頭,蝎(xie)子、蜈蚣(gong)(gong)不露頭。”(天津)。”
在(zai)(zai)晉西(xi)北地區(qu),人們(men)盛(sheng)行“司(si)錢(qian)(qian)龍”,早上太陽未出山,家(jia)家(jia)戶戶提一把茶壺,到(dao)河(he)邊或井(jing)上去汲水(shui)(shui)。按照這一年幾(ji)(ji)龍治水(shui)(shui)的推算,在(zai)(zai)茶壺內放幾(ji)(ji)枚銅錢(qian)(qian)或硬幣。汲水(shui)(shui)以后,隨走隨傾地灑一條水(shui)(shui)跡回到(dao)家(jia)中,將余下的水(shui)(shui)與錢(qian)(qian)全部倒入水(shui)(shui)缸,錢(qian)(qian)龍就引(yin)回家(jia)來了,意喻一年發財。“引(yin)錢(qian)(qian)龍”時特別忌說話,以免(mian)驚跑了錢(qian)(qian)龍。
晉西(xi)北(bei)一(yi)些地方(fang)的引錢(qian)龍,選擇一(yi)棵大樹或一(yi)塊大石,用(yong)灰線(xian)圍灑(sa)一(yi)圈。再用(yong)紅線(xian)拴(shuan)一(yi)枚銅錢(qian),先將銅錢(qian)置(zhi)放在灰線(xian)圈內,手拉線(xian)牽(qian)回家(jia)中,用(yong)容器蓋住(zhu)即成。
另一(yi)習俗(su)是驅(qu)毒活(huo)動。俗(su)話說:“驚蟄過(guo),百蟲蘇。”《陽城縣志》載:“百蟄初(chu)驚,懸天師符以辟蟲毒。”
陜西(xi)西(xi)安地(di)區這一(yi)天,一(yi)般是外婆(舅家)給外甥(女)送爆米花(hua)及餑餑饃(mo)。媽(ma)媽(ma)會前一(yi)天炒好齊(qi)子(zi)(zi)豆(dou),準備給家里人。齊(qi)子(zi)(zi)豆(dou)是用(yong)油、水(shui)和面,然(ran)后切成(cheng)小的立方(fang)(fang)體,再用(yong)油炒了。有的地(di)方(fang)(fang)會把花(hua)生(sheng)和齊(qi)子(zi)(zi)豆(dou)一(yi)齊(qi)炒。
二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)在(zai)河(he)北,農村早(zao)起有(you)挑龍蛋的風俗(su),天還沒(mei)有(you)亮的時候(hou),男主人用水桶從村里(li)的水井里(li)打水,相傳二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)的水井里(li)會有(you)龍蛋,挑回家里(li)以求風調雨順,取(qu)吉祥(xiang)之(zhi)意。
邯鄲(dan):吃“龍須面(mian)”;“龍耳”、“龍角(jiao)”(餃子);“龍子”(米(mi)飯(fan)(fan));“龍拿珠”(混沌面(mian));“食龍頭”(豬(zhu)頭)。每逢農(nong)歷二(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er),磁(ci)州附近山村有姑(gu)(gu)娘(niang)們過乞巧(qiao)(qiao)節的習俗。這一天,姑(gu)(gu)娘(niang)們可自由結伴,穿上好(hao)衣(yi)裳,帶好(hao)小米(mi)、白面(mian)、油、鹽及鍋、碗、盆、勺等工具(ju),一起上山野餐(can),這就是磁(ci)州古(gu)時流(liu)傳下來(lai)的"姑(gu)(gu)娘(niang)二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)吃乞巧(qiao)(qiao)飯(fan)(fan)"習俗。
石(shi)家莊:吃麻花,豬頭肉,餃子。那邊(bian)是要吃那種面片,石(shi)家莊人叫咸(xian)食,混著雞蛋和(he)面粉香味的面片香;也有(you)叫菜餅子的,就是把(ba)在地窖里藏了一冬天的蘿(luo)卜挖出(chu)來(lai)(lai),切成絲和(he)面和(he)到一起,烙(luo)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)的餅,沾著蒜(suan)泥和(he)醋,很多人吃不習慣,不過這么多年的風俗沿襲下來(lai)(lai),而且還一直(zhi)能傳承下去(qu)。
承(cheng)德:早起煎餅(bing)早起煎餅(bing)午餃(jiao)子煎肉(rou)片煎魚(yu):二(er)月二(er)炸魚(yu)煎肉(rou),這(zhe)叫“熏蟲兒”。因為二(er)月二(er)正值驚蟄前后,百蟲蠢動,疫病易生,人們祈望用這(zhe)香味(wei)熏醒傳說中(zhong)的龍鎮住毒(du)蟲,吃(chi)豬頭肉(rou)。
滄州:吃龍拿(na)珠(zhu),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)面條(tiao)和餃子一起下鍋(guo)煮,煮熟了再吃。吃餃子就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)龍耳朵的意(yi)思或面條(tiao)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)龍須(xu)子意(yi)思。吃龍鱗餅。
奉祀土地公
南(nan)方(fang)”二月(yue)二“主要(yao)以(yi)祭(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)(土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen))習(xi)俗(su)為主,祭(ji)(ji)龍(long)習(xi)俗(su)主要(yao)在龍(long)升天的仲夏端午(wu)。在浙江、福(fu)建、廣東、廣西(xi)等地(di)(di)區,既有龍(long)抬頭(tou)節習(xi)俗(su),又以(yi)祭(ji)(ji)社(she)(she)為主的習(xi)俗(su)。由于”地(di)(di)載萬物(wu)“、”聚(ju)財于地(di)(di)“,我(wo)國南(nan)方(fang)普(pu)遍奉祀土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen),土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)又稱”社(she)(she)“、”社(she)(she)神(shen)“、”土(tu)(tu)神(shen)“、“土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)公”、”福(fu)德(de)正(zheng)神(shen)“,客家(jia)人(ren)稱”土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)伯(bo)公“。”二月(yue)二“(古(gu)時春社(she)(she)是(shi)立春后第(di)五(wu)個戊日,秋(qiu)社(she)(she)是(shi)立秋(qiu)后第(di)五(wu)個戊日)社(she)(she)日節主要(yao)是(shi)祭(ji)(ji)祀土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)和聚(ju)社(she)(she)會飲,借敬神(shen)、娛(yu)神(shen)而娛(yu)人(ren)。從(cong)上古(gu)開(kai)始,社(she)(she)神(shen)就成為了祭(ji)(ji)祀系統中的祀典之神(shen)。時至今日,古(gu)老的“社(she)(she)神(shen)”已(yi)有了很(hen)多變化,但祭(ji)(ji)祀土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)神(shen)的習(xi)俗(su)一(yi)直保留下來,并隨著華人(ren)的遷徙,在泰國,新加坡(po),馬(ma)來西(xi)亞(ya)等東南(nan)亞(ya)國家(jia)也開(kai)花(hua)結果,落地(di)(di)生(sheng)根。
分祭豬肉
分祭(ji)肉(rou),聚(ju)眾宴飲,奏樂歡(huan)娛(yu)。社(she)祭(ji)作為民眾歡(huan)聚(ju)節(jie)日(ri)的習俗(su),在龍抬(tai)頭這天也會(hui)(hui)上(shang)演。《廣州府(fu)志(zhi)》引《番禺志(zhi)》載:“二月二日(ri)土地會(hui)(hui),大小衙署(shu)及(ji)街(jie)巷(xiang)無不召梨園奏樂娛(yu)神(shen)。”昔日(ri)那(nei)祭(ji)社(she)的盛況及(ji)人們聚(ju)眾宴飲的歡(huan)娛(yu)場面,在這些記載中(zhong)可見一(yi)斑(ban)。?
開筆禮
“二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er),龍(long)抬頭(tou),龍(long)不抬頭(tou)我抬頭(tou)。”在(zai)傳(chuan)統習俗(su)里(li),為取龍(long)抬頭(tou)之吉兆。兒童在(zai)二(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)天,會舉(ju)行(xing)“開筆(bi)禮”,過去私塾先(xian)生(sheng)多在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)天收學生(sheng),謂之“占(zhan)鰲頭(tou)”。人們希望通(tong)過這(zhe)種方(fang)式,祝愿每一(yi)個孩子長大(da)后斷文識字。
起龍船
在龍抬頭這天,廣(guang)東一些(xie)地(di)方有“起龍船(chuan)”的(de)活(huo)動,眾人跳入(ru)水(shui)中“起龍船(chuan)”,請(qing)龍出水(shui)、清洗龍船(chuan)、試(shi)扒龍船(chuan)。人們選擇這天作為(wei)傳統“起龍船(chuan)”的(de)日子,是為(wei)了顯示百姓對龍舟(zhou)的(de)尊重,以及祈求事事順利的(de)心愿。
敬龍神
在(zai)過去,潮州有“迎青(qing)龍”之俗,是以青(qing)色蛇為(wei)青(qing)龍,用彩車、彩隊扛(kang)了(le)游巡,這是敬祭龍神的遺風。
剪龍頭
一直流傳著(zhu)二(er)月二(er)“剪龍(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)”的習俗,這天大人、孩子都(dou)(dou)剃頭(tou)(tou)(tou),叫“剃喜頭(tou)(tou)(tou)”。特別(bie)是男孩子,都(dou)(dou)要理(li)發(fa),謂之“剪龍(long)頭(tou)(tou)(tou)”,據說在這一天理(li)發(fa)能夠帶來(lai)一年的好(hao)運(yun),也有(you)要想鴻運(yun)當剃頭(tou)(tou)(tou)的寓意。
炮會
二月二土地(di)神誕辰(chen),在廣東(dong)部分地(di)區(qu),當地(di)男女(nv)老少會(hui)用震天的鞭炮(pao)祈求風(feng)調雨順、五谷豐登(deng),這一習俗被人(ren)們稱(cheng)作“炮(pao)會(hui)”。
龍食
由于(yu)人(ren)們對龍(long)的(de)(de)崇拜,龍(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭這(zhe)天人(ren)們要吃有“龍(long)”字的(de)(de)食品來沾“龍(long)氣”,所以(yi)(yi)龍(long)抬(tai)(tai)頭風(feng)味食物(wu)大都以(yi)(yi)“龍(long)”來命名。面(mian)條稱作(zuo)(zuo)“龍(long)須面(mian)”、面(mian)餅(bing)稱作(zuo)(zuo)“龍(long)鱗餅(bing)”……,人(ren)們希望以(yi)(yi)此祈求(qiu)龍(long)王(wang)保佑一年(nian)風(feng)調雨順。
浙(zhe)南(nan):泗溪(xi)二(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)(hui),地處浙(zhe)江(jiang)南(nan)部的泰(tai)順(shun)縣泗溪(xi)鎮是(shi)(shi)著(zhu)名的廊橋之(zhi)鄉,世界最(zui)美廊橋“姊妹橋”的所在(zai)地,這里山清(qing)水(shui)秀,空氣(qi)清(qing)新(xin)。在(zai)泗溪(xi)鎮白粉墻村有著(zhu)近三百年(nian)歷(li)史的二(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)祈福(fu)(fu)廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)(hui)活(huo)動,每年(nian)農歷(li)二(er)(er)(er)(er)月初(chu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)這天,白粉墻村都要在(zai)本村的“陳十(shi)四娘(niang)娘(niang)”廟(miao)(miao)舉行二(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)(hui)(祈福(fu)(fu)活(huo)動)。該習俗(su)興起(qi)于(yu)清(qing)朝雍正年(nian)間(jian),俗(su)稱“做福(fu)(fu)”或“福(fu)(fu)酒”,從清(qing)代至民(min)國“二(er)(er)(er)(er)月二(er)(er)(er)(er)”廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)(hui)活(huo)動發展到鼎(ding)盛(sheng),前往(wang)參加“福(fu)(fu)宴(yan)”的人群除本境鄉民(min),更多的來客都是(shi)(shi)從十(shi)鄉八(ba)里之(zhi)外慕名面來,可謂盛(sheng)況空前。廟(miao)(miao)會(hui)(hui)活(huo)動內容精彩,其(qi)中(zhong)最(zui)大的地方特色是(shi)(shi)“娘(niang)娘(niang)踩街”、“福(fu)(fu)宴(yan)”和浙(zhe)南(nan)木偶戲(xi)。
唐山(shan)遷(qian)安:遷(qian)安地區的風(feng)俗是登山(shan)。
江蘇南通:民間(jian)有用(yong)面粉制作壽桃、牲畜,蒸熟后插(cha)在(zai)竹簽上,晚上再插(cha)在(zai)田(tian)間(jian),認為(wei)這(zhe)是(shi)供百蟲(chong)之神(shen)和祭祀祖(zu)先的(de)(de)食品,祈求祖(zu)先驅趕(gan)蟲(chong)災,也希望(wang)百蟲(chong)之神(shen)不(bu)要危(wei)害莊稼。山東(dong)日(ri)照(zhao)濰坊地區農村會用(yong)草木灰在(zai)地上畫(hua)谷(gu)倉(cang)糧倉(cang),在(zai)倉(cang)內撒上五(wu)谷(gu),祈禱新(xin)一(yi)(yi)年谷(gu)糧滿倉(cang)。并在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天炒(chao)糖(tang)豆,(白(bai)糖(tang)、冰糖(tang)和花生一(yi)(yi)起(qi)炒(chao))吃(chi)(chi)糖(tang)豆。是(shi)日(ri),各地普遍把食品名稱加(jia)上“龍(long)(long)(long)”的(de)(de)頭(tou)銜,吃(chi)(chi)水(shui)餃叫(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)耳”,吃(chi)(chi)春(chun)餅叫(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)鱗(lin)”,吃(chi)(chi)面條叫(jiao)食“龍(long)(long)(long)須”,吃(chi)(chi)米飯叫(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)子(zi)(zi)”,吃(chi)(chi)餛飩叫(jiao)吃(chi)(chi)“龍(long)(long)(long)眼”等。婦女(nv)們在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天不(bu)能做針線活,因為(wei)蒼龍(long)(long)(long)在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)天要抬(tai)頭(tou)觀望(wang)天下,使用(yong)針會刺傷龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)眼睛。婦女(nv)起(qi)床前,先念(nian)“二(er)月二(er),龍(long)(long)(long)抬(tai)頭(tou),龍(long)(long)(long)不(bu)抬(tai)頭(tou)我抬(tai)頭(tou)”。起(qi)床后還(huan)要打著(zhu)燈籠(long)照(zhao)房梁,邊(bian)照(zhao)邊(bian)念(nian)“二(er)月二(er),照(zhao)房梁,蝎子(zi)(zi)蜈蚣(gong)無處藏”。有的(de)(de)地方(fang)婦女(nv)停止洗衣服,怕傷了龍(long)(long)(long)皮,等等。山東(dong)菏澤民間(jian)習俗是(shi)二(er)月二(er)這(zhe)天炒(chao)鹽水(shui)黃豆,讓黃豆開花。
福(fu)(fu)建莆(pu)田(tian):莆(pu)田(tian)民間(jian)有“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er),龍(long)抬頭(tou),打牙祭,大聚(ju)餐”之俗(su)。農歷二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er),俗(su)稱(cheng)“二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)”,莆(pu)仙(xian)人稱(cheng)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)二(er)(er)為“頭(tou)牙”,而且與臘(la)月(yue)(yue)十(shi)六的(de)“尾(wei)牙”同(tong)等(deng)(deng)重視。按地(di)方(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)言,“做牙”也(ye)叫“打牙祭”。所謂“打牙祭”,在(zai)《現代漢語詞典》注解(jie)(jie)說:“原指每逢月(yue)(yue)初(chu)、月(yue)(yue)中吃一(yi)頓(dun)有葷菜(cai)的(de)飯(fan),后來泛指偶而吃一(yi)頓(dun)豐盛的(de)飯(fan)。”然而,在(zai)莆(pu)仙(xian),整個正月(yue)(yue)里鬧元宵,都有“豐盛的(de)菜(cai)肴(yao)(yao)”,算不上是(shi)(shi)“做牙”“打牙祭”。到(dao)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er),才是(shi)(shi)一(yi)年中“做牙”的(de)頭(tou)一(yi)次(ci),所以稱(cheng)為“頭(tou)牙”。“頭(tou)牙”這一(yi)天,按傳統(tong)慣例,各行業、商店鋪、包括各戶主(zhu),一(yi)到(dao)黃(huang)昏(hun)前后時(shi)段(duan),置辦果品(pin)酒肴(yao)(yao)等(deng)(deng),點香燭(zhu)、燒“貢銀”、放鞭炮等(deng)(deng)。城(cheng)里的(de)把供案擺在(zai)自家店門前,鄉村的(de)到(dao)田(tian)頭(tou)、社廟祭祀土地(di)神,祈求豐收。然后,以祭神福(fu)(fu)余,邀請(qing)雇(gu)傭伙友工匠(jiang)們聚(ju)餐,未(wei)得邀請(qing)者,就意味著被“解(jie)(jie)雇(gu)”。莆(pu)仙(xian)村民凡有雇(gu)傭木工、泥工等(deng)(deng)工匠(jiang)做工的(de)人家,戶主(zhu)須于二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er)(er)晚上辦酒席請(qing)工匠(jiang)“做頭(tou)牙”。
福建福清:江陰(yin)鎮的(de)(de)南曹村二月(yue)初(chu)二日報(bao)恩寺(si)桃溪境迎(ying)春神游甚為壯觀,人們裝扮(ban)成狀元、榜眼、探花郎、文武百官,彩旗、腰鼓隊、旱船、蚌女、十番(fan)、舞龍(long)、舞獅參游人數眾(zhong)多。春和景明,大地(di)綠遍(bian),到郊外走走,空氣(qi)新鮮,陽光充(chong)足,大氣(qi)中的(de)(de)“長(chang)壽素”——陰(yin)離子(zi)較(jiao)多,是(shi)調整人體代(dai)謝的(de)(de)天然“藥物”,更是(shi)治療精神緊張的(de)(de)理想“解毒(du)劑”。村民們以淳(chun)樸的(de)(de)情懷用古老傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)迎(ying)接(jie)著(zhu)新一年(nian)的(de)(de)平(ping)安與豐(feng)收,祈盼著(zhu)風調雨順、五谷豐(feng)登、繁榮昌盛(sheng)。
傳說(shuo)(shuo)堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)父親帝(di)嚳(ku)(帝(di)俊)共有(you)(you)(you)(you)四個(ge)王(wang)(wang)妃:姜嫄(yuan)(jiāng yuán)、簡狄(jiǎn dí)、慶(qing)都、常儀。本(ben)來(lai)常儀的(de)(de)地(di)位最低,可自從生(sheng)了(le)(le)兒(er)子(zi),眾(zhong)人就(jiu)(jiu)另(ling)眼相看(kan)了(le)(le)。慶(qing)都一(yi)(yi)(yi)直(zhi)為(wei)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)兒(er)子(zi)煩惱(nao)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)人告訴她(ta),神(shen)母廟求(qiu)子(zi)很(hen)靈(ling)(ling)驗,只要真心實意,沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)成的(de)(de)。慶(qing)都照女巫說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de),在(zai)元宵節的(de)(de)晚(wan)飯后,去廟里(li)擺上(shang)供品,然后恭恭敬敬地(di)磕了(le)(le)仨頭,雙手合十,祈求(qiu)神(shen)靈(ling)(ling)賜子(zi)。話分兩頭說(shuo)(shuo)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)年(nian)大(da)(da)旱,百姓(xing)生(sheng)活困苦。天(tian)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)條(tiao)赤(chi)龍(long),看(kan)見人間(jian)的(de)(de)凄慘境況(kuang),產生(sheng)了(le)(le)憐憫之心,私下(xia)里(li)下(xia)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)場雨(yu)。這(zhe)事被玉皇大(da)(da)帝(di)知(zhi)道(dao)了(le)(le),就(jiu)(jiu)把(ba)赤(chi)龍(long)壓在(zai)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)座山底(di)下(xia)。百姓(xing)為(wei)赤(chi)龍(long)求(qiu)情(qing),玉皇大(da)(da)帝(di)發話說(shuo)(shuo):“除非金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)子(zi)開(kai)花。”到了(le)(le)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)天(tian),不(bu)知(zhi)從哪(na)里(li)來(lai)了(le)(le)個(ge)老(lao)媽(ma)媽(ma),一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)勁地(di)喊(han):“賣(mai)金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)子(zi)!”人們(men)很(hen)納悶,買回家(jia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)看(kan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)些(xie)黃(huang)(huang)豆(dou)(dou)。這(zhe)些(xie)黃(huang)(huang)豆(dou)(dou)放(fang)在(zai)鍋里(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)炒(chao),噼(pi)里(li)啪啦地(di)開(kai)了(le)(le)花。玉帝(di)得知(zhi),只得把(ba)那(nei)條(tiao)赤(chi)龍(long)放(fang)了(le)(le)出(chu)(chu)來(lai),貶下(xia)凡(fan)間(jian)。慶(qing)都從神(shen)母廟求(qiu)子(zi)后,就(jiu)(jiu)天(tian)天(tian)盼著好消息(xi)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)夜里(li),她(ta)夢見一(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)赤(chi)龍(long)追(zhui)隨,從此,就(jiu)(jiu)懷孕了(le)(le)。到了(le)(le)第二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)的(de)(de)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er),先是(shi)(shi)(shi)電閃(shan)雷鳴,后又艷陽高照。院子(zi)里(li)一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)金(jin)光(guang)照耀,孩子(zi)降生(sheng)了(le)(le),起名叫(jiao)放(fang)勛,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)后來(lai)的(de)(de)堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)。放(fang)勛聰明伶俐,從小就(jiu)(jiu)惹人喜愛,長(chang)大(da)(da)當了(le)(le)帝(di)王(wang)(wang)后,每到二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)這(zhe)天(tian),就(jiu)(jiu)同百姓(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起耕田。帝(di)王(wang)(wang)耕田的(de)(de)習俗(su)就(jiu)(jiu)這(zhe)樣傳了(le)(le)下(xia)來(lai)。每逢(feng)過年(nian)的(de)(de)時候,集上(shang)賣(mai)的(de)(de)木版(ban)年(nian)畫,“皇帝(di)爺(ye)爺(ye)使金(jin)牛”,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由此而來(lai)。對(dui)于堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)出(chu)(chu)世大(da)(da)家(jia)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)紛紜,后世編(bian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段:金(jin)豆(dou)(dou)開(kai)花赤(chi)龍(long)遂抬頭二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)月(yue)初二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)堯(yao)王(wang)(wang)喜出(chu)(chu)世。
傳說龍(long)抬(tai)頭節起源(yuan)于伏(fu)羲氏時代,伏(fu)羲“重農桑,務耕田”,每年農歷(li)二月初二這天“皇(huang)娘送飯,御駕(jia)親耕”,自理(li)一畝三分地。后來(lai)(lai)黃帝、唐堯(yao)、虞舜、夏(xia)禹紛紛效法先(xian)王。到周武王時期,不僅沿襲了這一傳統(tong)作(zuo)法,而且還(huan)當作(zuo)一項重要(yao)的國策來(lai)(lai)實行(xing)。于每年農歷(li)二月初二,舉行(xing)重大(da)儀式,讓文武百(bai)官(guan)都親耕一畝三分地。據說,這便是龍(long)抬(tai)頭節的由來(lai)(lai)。
在(zai)我國北(bei)方民間(jian)(jian)還(huan)流傳(chuan)著這(zhe)(zhe)樣一(yi)個故事(shi)。說(shuo)武(wu)則天(tian)(tian)當(dang)上(shang)皇帝(di)(di),惹惱了(le)(le)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)皇大(da)帝(di)(di),傳(chuan)諭(yu)四(si)海龍(long)(long)(long)(long)王,三(san)年內(nei)不得向人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)降雨(yu)。不久(jiu),司管天(tian)(tian)河的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)王聽見(jian)民間(jian)(jian)人(ren)(ren)家(jia)的(de)(de)哭聲,看見(jian)餓死人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)慘景,擔心人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)生路(lu)斷絕,便違抗玉(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)旨意,為人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)降了(le)(le)一(yi)次(ci)雨(yu)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)得知,把龍(long)(long)(long)(long)王打下凡(fan)間(jian)(jian),壓在(zai)一(yi)座大(da)山下受(shou)罪(zui),山上(shang)立碑:“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)王降雨(yu)犯天(tian)(tian)規,當(dang)受(shou)人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)千秋罪(zui);要(yao)想重(zhong)登靈霄閣,除(chu)非金(jin)豆開(kai)(kai)花時。”人(ren)(ren)們為了(le)(le)拯(zheng)救(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)王,到處找開(kai)(kai)花的(de)(de)金(jin)豆。到次(ci)年農歷二月初二,人(ren)(ren)們正在(zai)翻曬(shai)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米種子時,想到這(zhe)(zhe)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米就像(xiang)金(jin)豆,炒一(yi)炒開(kai)(kai)了(le)(le)花不就是金(jin)豆開(kai)(kai)花嗎?于是家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)爆玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米花,并在(zai)院子里(li)設(she)案(an)焚香,供上(shang)開(kai)(kai)了(le)(le)花的(de)(de)“金(jin)豆”。(傳(chuan)說(shuo)有誤,武(wu)則天(tian)(tian)是唐朝(chao)時期(qi)人(ren)(ren)物,玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米是明朝(chao)才傳(chuan)入中國的(de)(de),那時哪里(li)來玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米種子?)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)王抬頭一(yi)看,知道百姓救(jiu)它,便大(da)聲向玉(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)喊道:“金(jin)豆開(kai)(kai)花了(le)(le),快放我出(chu)去!”玉(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)(di)一(yi)看人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)(hu)戶(hu)(hu)院里(li)金(jin)豆花開(kai)(kai)放,只好傳(chuan)諭(yu),詔龍(long)(long)(long)(long)王回到天(tian)(tian)庭,繼續給(gei)人(ren)(ren)間(jian)(jian)興云布(bu)雨(yu)。從此,民間(jian)(jian)形成習慣,每(mei)到二月初二這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)天(tian)(tian),就爆玉(yu)(yu)(yu)米花吃。