陳獨秀(1879年(nian)10月(yue)9日-1942年(nian)5月(yue)27日),原名慶同,官名乾生,字仲甫,號實庵,安徽懷(huai)寧(今安慶)人。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)近現代(dai)(dai)史(shi)上偉(wei)大的(de)愛國(guo)(guo)者(zhe)、偉(wei)大的(de)革命(ming)家(jia)與改革家(jia)、偉(wei)大的(de)民(min)主(zhu)主(zhu)義者(zhe)、偉(wei)大的(de)啟(qi)蒙思(si)想家(jia)。他是(shi)新文化運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)發起(qi)者(zhe),是(shi)20世(shi)紀中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)第一(yi)次思(si)想解(jie)放(fang)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)倡導(dao)者(zhe);是(shi)五四(si)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)總(zong)司令,是(shi)五四(si)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)思(si)想指導(dao)者(zhe);是(shi)馬克思(si)主(zhu)義的(de)積極(ji)傳播者(zhe);是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)共產黨重要的(de)創始人;是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)共產黨第一(yi)代(dai)(dai)領導(dao)集體(ti)的(de)主(zhu)要的(de)領導(dao)人;是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)近現代(dai)(dai)歷史(shi)上第一(yi)個深刻(ke)總(zong)結(jie)、反思(si)蘇聯和社會主(zhu)義民(min)主(zhu)政治建(jian)設經驗、教訓的(de)人。
陳獨秀(xiu)于(yu)1879年10月9日(清光緒五(wu)年)出生在安(an)(an)徽省(sheng)安(an)(an)慶(qing)市(shi)城北的一間別墅里。
1896年(nian)考中(zhong)秀才。1897年(nian)入(ru)杭州求是書院(yuan)(浙江大學前身)學習,開(kai)始接受近(jin)代西(xi)方思想文化。1899年(nian)因有(you)反清言論(lun)被書院(yuan)開(kai)除。
1901年(nian)因(yin)為進行(xing)反(fan)清宣傳活動,受清政府通緝,從(cong)安慶逃亡(wang)日(ri)本(ben),入(ru)(ru)東京高等師范學校(xiao)速成科學習。1903年(nian)7月在(zai)上海協(xie)助(zhu)章士釗(zhao)主編(bian)《國民(min)日(ri)報(bao)》。1904年(nian)初在(zai)蕪(wu)湖創辦《安徽俗話報(bao)》,宣傳革命(ming)(ming)思想(xiang)。1905年(nian)組(zu)織反(fan)清秘(mi)密革命(ming)(ming)組(zu)織岳王會,任總會長。1907年(nian)入(ru)(ru)東京正則英語學校(xiao),后(hou)轉(zhuan)入(ru)(ru)早稻(dao)田大學。1909年(nian)冬(dong)去浙(zhe)江陸軍學堂(tang)任教(jiao)。1911年(nian)辛亥革命(ming)(ming)后(hou)不久(jiu),任安徽省都督府秘(mi)書長。1913年(nian)參(can)加討伐袁(yuan)世凱的“二(er)次革命(ming)(ming)”,失敗后(hou)被捕入(ru)(ru)獄,出獄后(hou)于1914年(nian)到日(ri)本(ben),幫助(zhu)章士釗(zhao)創辦《甲寅》雜志。
1916年任(ren)北(bei)京(jing)大學文科學長(相當于系主任(ren))。
1918年和李大釗創(chuang)辦《每周(zhou)評論(lun)》,提倡新(xin)文化,宣傳馬克思主義,俗稱“南陳北(bei)李”。是“五·四(si)”“新(xin)文化運動”的(de)主要領導人之(zhi)一。
1919年6月11日,陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)秀(xiu)在(zai)北京街頭親自(zi)散發《北京市(shi)民宣言(yan)》時被捕入獄。消息迅速傳遍全國,各(ge)界(jie)、各(ge)省(sheng)函電交馳,要求釋放陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)秀(xiu)。學(xue)界(jie)有(you)69名(ming)署名(ming)保釋陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)秀(xiu),其中有(you)著名(ming)的教(jiao)授,也(ye)(ye)有(you)普通的中學(xue)教(jiao)員;有(you)新(xin)派(pai)人物,也(ye)(ye)有(you)舊派(pai)人物。對五(wu)四運動(dong)持反(fan)對態(tai)度的田桐(tong),也(ye)(ye)發表函電,要求立即釋放陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)秀(xiu)。在(zai)各(ge)方的壓力(li)下,陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)秀(xiu)恢復了(le)自(zi)由。胡適(shi)在(zai)6年后還念念不忘(wang)這件事。1925年12月,他在(zai)“北京群眾(zhong)燒(shao)毀晨報館(guan)事件”發生后寫給陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)秀(xiu)的信中提及(ji)此事。
1920年(nian),在(zai)(zai)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)幫助下,首(shou)先(xian)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)海建(jian)立(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)發起(qi)組織,進行建(jian)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)活動。1921年(nian)3月(yue)24日,陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)受陳(chen)炯(jiong)明之邀在(zai)(zai)廣東建(jian)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)。7月(yue),在(zai)(zai)上(shang)海舉行的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)第(di)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)代表大會上(shang),被(bei)選(xuan)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央局書記:陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(1921年(nian)7月(yue),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)一(yi)(yi)大選(xuan)舉產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生)。后被(bei)選(xuan)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)第(di)二(er)、第(di)三屆中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央執行委(wei)員會委(wei)員長,第(di)四、第(di)五屆中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央委(wei)員會總(zong)書記。在(zai)(zai)大革命(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)多次(ci)(ci)反對共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)合作指示(為(wei)了保證合作,共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)要求共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)員留(liu)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)內)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)(yu)缺乏有(you)系統的(de)(de)(de)、獨(du)(du)(du)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)階(jie)級(ji)綱(gang)領(ling)指導,使(shi)得陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)等一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)次(ci)(ci)被(bei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)領(ling)導層(ceng)(ceng)錯(cuo)誤的(de)(de)(de)行政(zheng)指令(ling)壓下去。激烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)1926年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)艦事(shi)件(jian)后,陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)在(zai)(zai)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)報上(shang)發表公開信,單方面宣布退出(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)(dang)(dang),引起(qi)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)內外轟(hong)動。因為(wei)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)員留(liu)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)內服從后者的(de)(de)(de)紀律,是(shi)(shi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)為(wei)確保國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)合作的(de)(de)(de)既定戰略(lve)路線的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)政(zheng)策(共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)為(wei)何執行這一(yi)(yi)政(zheng)策的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)原因參(can)見(jian)百(bai)度百(bai)科(ke)“一(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)成社會主(zhu)義(yi)論(lun)”的(de)(de)(de)詞條)。但(dan)不久后共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)領(ling)導層(ceng)(ceng)發來的(de)(de)(de)指令(ling),使(shi)大多數中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)員繼續堅持舊(jiu)政(zheng)策,而包括陳(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)在(zai)(zai)內的(de)(de)(de)異議分(fen)子無論(lun)如何也(ye)想不到要與這種路線徹底決(jue)裂,另立(li)獨(du)(du)(du)立(li)路線的(de)(de)(de)無產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)階(jie)級(ji)政(zheng)黨(dang)(dang)(dang),因為(wei)他們(men)并沒有(you)形成完全(quan)有(you)別(bie)于(yu)(yu)共(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)種國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內革命(ming)綱(gang)領(ling),更不了解當時(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)領(ling)導層(ceng)(ceng)內部(bu)托洛茨基一(yi)(yi)派與斯大林(lin)一(yi)(yi)派正在(zai)(zai)就(jiu)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)個中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)革命(ming)問題進行激烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)綱(gang)領(ling)斗爭。
大(da)(da)革命失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)(bai)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)黨造成了(le)強烈沖擊(ji),大(da)(da)批優秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)干部(bu)(包括陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩個(ge)兒子)在(zai)(zai)(zai)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)革命屠(tu)殺(sha)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)喪(sang)生(sheng),1927年(nian)到30年(nian)代初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)(bai)浪(lang)潮(chao)使(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)城市工人(ren)(ren)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)力(li)嚴重削弱.。大(da)(da)革命失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)(bai)后,共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際認為(wei)(wei)(wei),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)(da)失(shi)(shi)誤是(shi)導(dao)致大(da)(da)革命失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要原(yuan)因(yin)。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)不(bu)(bu)服,他認為(wei)(wei)(wei),大(da)(da)革命失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)(bai)(bai)了(le),作為(wei)(wei)(wei)總書記是(shi)要負責(ze)任的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際更有責(ze)任,自(zi)己只是(shi)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)忠實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)執行者而(er)(er)已(yi),由他來承擔全部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責(ze)任,于(yu)情于(yu)理都(dou)說不(bu)(bu)通。陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)被(bei)(bei)指犯了(le)“右傾(qing)機(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)”錯(cuo)誤,在(zai)(zai)(zai)1927年(nian)八·七會(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)撤銷陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總書記職務(wu)。這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)栽贓(zang)陷害(hai)也(ye)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)黨史上(shang)(shang)最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冤(yuan)案。其后,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)苦悶中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思,開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)接(jie)受國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)洛茨基派(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點,要求(qiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央接(jie)受托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)(pai)路(lu)(lu)線,即(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)斯(si)大(da)(da)林(lin)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)荒(huang)唐(tang)透(tou)頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)左傾(qing)暴(bao)動(dong)(dong)路(lu)(lu)線,同(tong)(tong)時(shi)也(ye)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)盲目向農村發(fa)展力(li)量甚至(zhi)把游擊(ji)隊高抬(tai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)紅軍(jun)(誠然,不(bu)(bu)僅陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)而(er)(er)且當時(shi)相當多數國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)黨人(ren)(ren)都(dou)低估了(le)農民(min)運動(dong)(dong)),而(er)(er)主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)以(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)會(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)從民(min)權(quan)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)斗爭(zheng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)重新(xin)聚集力(li)量。1929年(nian)11月(yue),因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東路(lu)(lu)事(shi)件,共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際遠東局從一(yi)(yi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)就明確要求(qiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央要提出(chu)(chu)(chu)“武(wu)裝保(bao)衛蘇(su)聯”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口號(hao),并(bing)(bing)組(zu)織大(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨和(he)擁(yong)護(hu)蘇(su)聯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)群(qun)眾示威。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)此,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央毫不(bu)(bu)猶豫(yu)地做出(chu)(chu)(chu)了(le)積極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)響(xiang)應。他們(men)(men)召開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)政(zheng)治(zhi)局會(hui)(hui)議(yi)(yi),決定(ding)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)動(dong)(dong)一(yi)(yi)切宣(xuan)(xuan)傳機(ji)(ji)器,并(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)8月(yue)1日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)“反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)帝日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)”舉行示威,而(er)(er)且爭(zheng)取(qu)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)工人(ren)(ren)總罷(ba)工。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)專門致信中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央提出(chu)(chu)(chu)批評(ping),主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)候片面宣(xuan)(xuan)傳“擁(yong)護(hu)蘇(su)聯”“于(yu)我(wo)們(men)(men)不(bu)(bu)利(li)”,絕不(bu)(bu)能(neng)簡單地認為(wei)(wei)(wei)“廣大(da)(da)群(qun)眾都(dou)認同(tong)(tong)蘇(su)聯是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)解(jie)放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朋友”(《陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)給(gei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信》,1929年(nian)7月(yue)28日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),8月(yue)11日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri))為(wei)(wei)(wei)此,并(bing)(bing)鑒于(yu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)等人(ren)(ren)事(shi)實上(shang)(shang)根(gen)本反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)路(lu)(lu)線,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央很(hen)快正(zheng)式決議(yi)(yi)將陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)等人(ren)(ren)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)除(chu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)黨。(《江蘇(su)省委(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)除(chu)彭述之(zhi)(zhi)、汪澤凱(kai)、馬(ma)(ma)玉(yu)夫、蔡振德及反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)黨內機(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)與(yu)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)洛斯(si)基反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)派(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決議(yi)(yi)》,1929年(nian)10月(yue)20日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri);《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央政(zheng)治(zhi)局關(guan)(guan)于(yu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)除(chu)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)黨籍并(bing)(bing)批準江蘇(su)省委(wei)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)除(chu)彭述之(zhi)(zhi)、汪澤凱(kai)、馬(ma)(ma)玉(yu)夫、蔡振德四人(ren)(ren)決議(yi)(yi)案》,1929年(nian)11月(yue)15日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央文件選集》第(di)5冊,第(di)549-555頁(ye)。)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央明確認為(wei)(wei)(wei),陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)等人(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東路(lu)(lu)問(wen)題(ti)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)(jian),“是(shi)黨內一(yi)(yi)些動(dong)(dong)搖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)分子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)露骨(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現。(《評(ping)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信件》)”,陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)被(bei)(bei)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)除(chu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)黨。12月(yue),與(yu)彭述之(zhi)(zhi)等81人(ren)(ren)發(fa)表《我(wo)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)意(yi)(yi)見(jian)(jian)書》,攻擊(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)領導(dao)層(ceng)。同(tong)(tong)時(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)建立(li)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)(pai)組(zu)織“無產(chan)(chan)者社(she)”,出(chu)(chu)(chu)版《無產(chan)(chan)者》刊(kan)物(wu),宣(xuan)(xuan)傳托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)(pai)觀點。1932年(nian),在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)淞(song)滬抗(kang)會(hui)(hui)戰(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),支持(chi)抗(kang)戰(zhan),譴責(ze)蔣介石賣國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)裁,而(er)(er)后被(bei)(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨政(zheng)府逮捕。1937年(nian)8月(yue)出(chu)(chu)(chu)獄,擁(yong)護(hu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合作和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)黨領導(dao)抗(kang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),在(zai)(zai)(zai)武(wu)漢聯絡(luo)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)士和(he)抗(kang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)軍(jun)隊,試圖組(zu)織“不(bu)(bu)擁(yong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、不(bu)(bu)阿共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)三勢力(li)。此時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)已(yi)偏離(li)了(le)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)(pai)綱(gang)領,并(bing)(bing)遭到多數中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui),但仍與(yu)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)(pai)組(zu)織保(bao)持(chi)關(guan)(guan)系——直至(zhi)逝(shi)世也(ye)未曾脫離(li)過這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)組(zu)織和(he)思想、政(zheng)治(zhi)關(guan)(guan)系。1938年(nian),被(bei)(bei)王(wang)明、康生(sheng)誣陷為(wei)(wei)(wei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)本間諜,從此與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)徹底決裂(lie)。晚年(nian)陳(chen)(chen)(chen)獨(du)(du)(du)(du)秀(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)最(zui)終(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)立(li)場(chang)是(shi)要求(qiu)建立(li)民(min)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)權(quan),開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)產(chan)(chan)主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)理論進(jin)行反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)思。
1942年5月27日,陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)作為二十多年來一直(zhi)為無產階級解(jie)放事(shi)業而奮斗的革命戰士于四(si)川(chuan)江津病逝。主要著(zhu)作收(shou)入《獨秀(xiu)文(wen)存》、《陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)文(wen)章選編(bian)》等。
放棄對農民(min)、城市小(xiao)資產階級(ji)和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等資產階級(ji)的(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導權,尤其是(shi)放棄對武(wu)裝力量(liang)的(de)(de)領(ling)(ling)導權,對國(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)(dang)右派(pai)的(de)(de)進攻,采取(qu)妥(tuo)協投降的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策。1927年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)大革(ge)命遭到失(shi)敗,除了來自共產國(guo)(guo)際指導上(shang)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因,他的(de)(de)右傾錯誤也是(shi)重要的(de)(de)原(yuan)因。1927年(nian)7月(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)局(ju)改組(zu),他離(li)開中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)領(ling)(ling)導崗位。此后(hou),他接受托(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)觀點,以在黨(dang)(dang)內成(cheng)(cheng)立小(xiao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)方(fang)式進行活動。1929年(nian)11月(yue),因為他在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東路問題(ti)上(shang)發(fa)表對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)的(de)(de)公開信(xin),而被開除黨(dang)(dang)籍。同年(nian)12月(yue)發(fa)表由81人署名(ming)的(de)(de)作為托(tuo)(tuo)陳(chen)取(qu)消派(pai)綱領(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)《我們(men)的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)意見(jian)書》。同時,在上(shang)海組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)托(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)小(xiao)組(zu)織(zhi)無(wu)產者(zhe)(zhe)社,出版刊物(wu)《無(wu)產者(zhe)(zhe)》。1931年(nian)5月(yue),出席中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)各托(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)小(xiao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)“統一(yi)大會(hui)”,被推(tui)選為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)托(tuo)(tuo)派(pai)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)書記。1932年(nian)10月(yue),在上(shang)海被國(guo)(guo)民(min)黨(dang)(dang)政(zheng)(zheng)府逮捕,判刑后(hou)囚(qiu)禁于南京模(mo)范監獄。
抗(kang)戰全面爆(bao)發后(hou),他于1937年8月出獄,先后(hou)住在武漢、重慶(qing),最(zui)后(hou)長期居住于四川江(jiang)津(jin)(今重慶(qing)市江(jiang)津(jin)區)。1942年5月在貧病交加中逝世。
主(zhu)要(yao)著作收入《獨(du)秀(xiu)文(wen)存》、《陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)文(wen)章(zhang)選(xuan)編(bian)》、《陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)思想論稿》、《陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)著作選(xuan)編(bian)》等。
1984-1993年間,三卷(juan)本《陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)著作選》相繼由(you)上海(hai)人(ren)民出版社出版。編(bian)者寫于1991年12月的(de)“編(bian)輯說(shuo)明”中說(shuo):“對(dui)于陳(chen)(chen)獨(du)秀(xiu)詆毀中國共產黨(dang),誣蔑工農紅軍和反(fan)對(dui)農村包(bao)圍城市(shi)革命道路的(de)錯(cuo)誤言論,本書(shu)全文(wen)照錄,不(bu)予刪節(jie),以供讀者研究(jiu)和批判(pan)”。字里行間,“批判(pan)”遺(yi)風(feng)猶(you)在(zai),且不(bu)無防身自保之慮。
2009年1月上海(hai)人(ren)民出(chu)版社推(tui)出(chu)《陳獨(du)秀(xiu)著作選編》六卷本(ben),輯文(wen)(wen)890篇,272萬字(zi)。較(jiao)原三(san)卷本(ben)600多篇、162萬字(zi),多出(chu)200多篇、115萬字(zi)。校正舊(jiu)編中(zhong)錯、別、漏字(zi)句上千處。新輯作品主要(yao)是檔案文(wen)(wen)件、新發(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)章書信(xin),以及音(yin)韻學、文(wen)(wen)字(zi)學方面的(de)(de)著作。其中(zhong)有陳獨(du)秀(xiu)在(zai)上海(hai)工人(ren)第三(san)次(ci)武裝起義前后主持特(te)別委員(yuan)會(hui)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)言(yan),五卅(sa)運動中(zhong)在(zai)《熱血(xue)日報》上發(fa)(fa)表(biao)的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)章,在(zai)南(nan)京獄中(zhong)寫(xie)給(gei)(gei)汪(wang)原放的(de)(de)54封書信(xin),入川后寫(xie)給(gei)(gei)臺靜農等(deng)人(ren)的(de)(de)近百(bai)封書信(xin),等(deng)等(deng)。
《陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)著作選》第六卷,收入陳(chen)獨秀(xiu)音(yin)韻學著作《古(gu)音(yin)陰陽入互(hu)用例表》、《連(lian)語(yu)類(lei)編》以及與他的(de)學生(sheng)、語(yu)言學家魏建(jian)功來(lai)往書信(xin)。文字(zi)學著作,收入《小學識字(zi)教本(ben)》、致臺(tai)靜農、陳(chen)立夫、陳(chen)可忠等人書信(xin)。
《小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)識(shi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)教(jiao)本》,是陳獨(du)(du)秀(xiu)文字(zi)(zi)(zi)學(xue)研(yan)究集(ji)大成(cheng)之作(zuo)。1929年(nian)寫成(cheng)《中國(guo)拼音(yin)文字(zi)(zi)(zi)草案》,售(shou)予商(shang)務印書(shu)館。當(dang)時(shi),陳獨(du)(du)秀(xiu)是當(dang)局通(tong)緝(ji)的“共黨首(shou)領(ling)”,自然不能出(chu)(chu)版(ban),書(shu)稿亦杳(yao)無下落。居川期(qi)間,陳獨(du)(du)秀(xiu)在《實(shi)庵字(zi)(zi)(zi)說(shuo)》《識(shi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)初階》基礎上,寫《小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)識(shi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)教(jiao)本》。原定(ding)由國(guo)民政府(fu)教(jiao)育部出(chu)(chu)版(ban),并兩次預支稿酬一(yi)萬元(yuan)。教(jiao)育部長(chang)陳立夫認(ren)為(wei)“小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)”二(er)字(zi)(zi)(zi)不妥,建(jian)議改(gai)書(shu)名(ming)(ming)為(wei)《中國(guo)文字(zi)(zi)(zi)說(shuo)明》。陳獨(du)(du)秀(xiu)以“小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)”乃音(yin)韻字(zi)(zi)(zi)、文字(zi)(zi)(zi)學(xue)綜合之古稱,也是他研(yan)究文字(zi)(zi)(zi)形、聲(sheng)、義三者統一(yi)而非三者分(fen)立的特(te)點,拒改(gai)書(shu)名(ming)(ming)。此書(shu)不能出(chu)(chu)版(ban),他令家人(ren)不得(de)動用稿酬。《小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)識(shi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)教(jiao)本》書(shu)稿由國(guo)立編(bian)譯(yi)館油印50冊分(fen)贈專(zhuan)家。梁(liang)實(shi)秋分(fen)得(de)一(yi)冊,十(shi)分(fen)珍(zhen)愛,日后帶往臺灣(wan),請專(zhuan)人(ren)描(miao)清字(zi)(zi)(zi)跡不清處,影印500冊,仍感不佳(jia)。再請人(ren)費時(shi)十(shi)月,將全(quan)稿重描(miao)無誤,書(shu)名(ming)(ming)改(gai)作(zuo)《文字(zi)(zi)(zi)新詮》,隱去(qu)作(zuo)者姓名(ming)(ming)與《自敘》,代之以梁(liang)序(xu),于1971年(nian)由臺灣(wan)語文研(yan)究中心影印出(chu)(chu)版(ban)。梁(liang)私下告友人(ren),此為(wei)陳獨(du)(du)秀(xiu)遺作(zuo)。《小(xiao)(xiao)學(xue)識(shi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)教(jiao)本》得(de)以傳世,梁(liang)氏功莫大焉。
在獄(yu)中,陳獨秀寫了《荀(xun)子韻(yun)(yun)表(biao)及考釋(shi)》、《實庵字(zi)說》、《老子考略(lve)》、《中國古代語音(yin)(yin)有(you)復聲母(mu)說》、《古音(yin)(yin)陰陽入互用例(li)表(biao)》、《連(lian)語類編》、《屈宋韻(yun)(yun)表(biao)及考釋(shi)》、《晉呂(lv)靜韻(yun)(yun)集目》、《戊(wu)寅年登石筍山》《干(gan)支為字(zi)母(mu)說》等音(yin)(yin)韻(yun)(yun)訓詁(gu)學(xue)著作。
陳獨(du)(du)秀論書(shu)法,有一(yi)則(ze)佳(jia)話流(liu)傳甚廣。即我(wo)們都知道的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法家沈尹(yin)默(mo)先生,早年就(jiu)是(shi)受了(le)陳獨(du)(du)秀的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)語“刺(ci)激”,而(er)發憤練(lian)字(zi),終成一(yi)代(dai)大(da)師的(de)(de)(de)。當時(shi)(shi)陳與沈還不(bu)熟(shu)悉,但(dan)性格率直(zhi)、快(kuai)人(ren)快(kuai)語的(de)(de)(de)陳獨(du)(du)秀初(chu)次相見(jian),就(jiu)當面(mian)說(shuo):“昨在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)劉(liu)(liu)三(san)壁上(shang)見(jian)了(le)你寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi),詩(shi)(shi)很好,而(er)字(zi)則(ze)其(qi)俗(su)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)骨。可謂(wei)詩(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian)上(shang),字(zi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)地下!”劉(liu)(liu)三(san)則(ze)是(shi)江南(nan)名士(shi)劉(liu)(liu)季平也(ye),其(qi)時(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)三(san)和蘇曼(man)殊(shu)以(yi)(yi)及陳獨(du)(du)秀、沈尹(yin)默(mo)等(deng),都是(shi)東瀛留學(xue)歸來(lai)(lai)常在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)起(qi)詩(shi)(shi)酒風流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)名士(shi)。沈尹(yin)默(mo)并(bing)不(bu)因(yin)陳的(de)(de)(de)批評為忤,相反后(hou)來(lai)(lai)沈入北大(da)任教,還把陳推薦給了(le)蔡元(yuan)培校(xiao)長,并(bing)委以(yi)(yi)文科學(xue)長之(zhi)職,足見(jian)舊(jiu)時(shi)(shi)學(xue)人(ren)謙虛寬博(bo)之(zhi)胸懷。陳獨(du)(du)秀批評沈尹(yin)默(mo)的(de)(de)(de)字(zi)“俗(su)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)骨”,實際上(shang)也(ye)是(shi)透露了(le)他自己書(shu)法上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)審美觀。一(yi)般以(yi)(yi)帖學(xue)為宗的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法,若無厚實的(de)(de)(de)北碑為底,用筆單調柔弱,則(ze)容易滑向“媚俗(su)”一(yi)路。這(zhe)一(yi)觀點也(ye)和清(qing)代(dai)末期(qi)由尊(zun)帖轉而(er)尊(zun)碑風尚是(shi)一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)。不(bu)過后(hou)來(lai)(lai)即便是(shi)沈尹(yin)默(mo)的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法已經達到(dao)很高的(de)(de)(de)境界了(le),但(dan)陳獨(du)(du)秀在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)肯(ken)定的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi),依(yi)舊(jiu)保留了(le)自己的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)(du)到(dao)見(jian)解,他在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)1941年給臺靜農(nong)的(de)(de)(de)信中(zhong)說(shuo):“尹(yin)默(mo)字(zi)素來(lai)(lai)工力(li)甚深,非(fei)眼面(mian)朋友所可及,然(ran)其(qi)字(zi)外無字(zi),視(shi)三(san)十年前無大(da)異也(ye)。存世二王(wang)字(zi),獻之(zhi)數種近真,羲之(zhi)字(zi)多為米(mi)南(nan)宮臨本,神韻猶在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)歐褚(chu)所臨蘭亭之(zhi)下,即刻意(yi)學(xue)之(zhi),字(zi)品(pin)終在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)唐賢以(yi)(yi)下也(ye)。”反觀陳獨(du)(du)秀自己的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)法則(ze)是(shi)碑帖結合,寫(xie)得汪洋(yang)閎肆、兼備眾體。
第一,他是新文化運動的發起者,是20世紀中國第一次思想解放運動的倡導(dao)者。他在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)(li)(li)史上第一個(ge)舉起了民(min)主、科學(xue)兩面大旗,對于中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)近現代(dai)歷(li)(li)(li)史的發展產生了巨大的影(ying)響(xiang),至今還在影(ying)響(xiang)著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)(li)(li)史的進程。他創辦的《新青年》雜志,是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)近現代(dai)歷(li)(li)(li)史上影(ying)響(xiang)最大的刊物,教育、引導(dao)了整(zheng)整(zheng)一代(dai)人。
第二,他是(shi)五(wu)(wu)四運動(dong)的(de)總司令,是(shi)五(wu)(wu)四運動(dong)思想指導(dao)者。五(wu)(wu)四運動(dong)能夠在(zai)中(zhong)國近(jin)現代歷史(shi)上發生那么大(da)的(de)影(ying)響,與(yu)他的(de)活(huo)動(dong)、指導(dao)、影(ying)響是(shi)分不(bu)開的(de)。在(zai)高度評價五(wu)(wu)四運動(dong)歷史(shi)功(gong)績(ji)的(de)同(tong)時(shi),不(bu)能忘(wang)記(ji)陳獨秀在(zai)其中(zhong)的(de)巨大(da)歷史(shi)功(gong)勞。
第(di)三,他是(shi)馬(ma)(ma)克(ke)思主(zhu)義(yi)的積極傳播者。他傳播馬(ma)(ma)克(ke)思主(zhu)義(yi)雖(sui)然沒(mei)有李大釗(zhao)早,但他創辦(ban)的《新青(qing)年》雜(za)志是(shi)當時傳播馬(ma)(ma)克(ke)思主(zhu)義(yi)的主(zhu)要陣(zhen)地,其重要作(zuo)用是(shi)任何別(bie)的報刊不能替(ti)代(dai)的。
第四,他是中(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨主要的(de)創(chuang)始(shi)人(ren)。陳獨秀(xiu)是中(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨創(chuang)始(shi)人(ren)之一(yi)的(de)說法(fa)不準(zhun)確。如果沒(mei)有陳獨秀(xiu),就沒(mei)有中(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產(chan)黨在1921年的(de)成立。僅僅這(zhe)一(yi)條,他就可以名垂千古,光照千秋。
第五,他(ta)是中國共產黨第一代領導(dao)集體的主要的領導(dao)人(ren)。
第(di)六(liu),他(ta)是(shi)中國近現(xian)代歷史上第(di)一個(ge)深刻總結、反(fan)思蘇聯(lian)和社會(hui)主義民(min)主政治建設經(jing)驗教訓的人(ren)。與孫中山共事。