蜂(feng)為蜂(feng)群(qun)中最(zui)主要的種類,個體(ti)較蜂(feng)王(wang)和雄蜂(feng)小。
1、體灰褐(he)色,頭、胸、背面密(mi)生灰黃色的細毛;
2、頭略(lve)呈三角(jiao)形,有(you)復眼1對(dui),單眼3個,觸角(jiao)1對(dui),膝狀彎曲;El器發達,適于咀(ju)嚼及吮吸;
3、足3對,股(gu)節、脛(jing)節及跗(fu)節等處均有(you)采集花粉(fen)的構造;
3、腹部圓錐形(xing),背(bei)面(mian)黃褐(he)色,1~4節(jie)有黑色環節(jie),末端尖銳,有毒腺、螯針;
4、腹(fu)上有蠟(la)板(ban)4對,內(nei)有蠟(la)腺,分泌(mi)蠟(la)質。成(cheng)年蜂重80mg,體長10~13ram。
有(you)研究人員(yuan)發(fa)現,蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)的(de)(de)權力也可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)失控,一(yi)些(xie)工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)通過(guo)繁殖(zhi)來延(yan)長自己的(de)(de)生(sheng)命欺騙(pian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)。一(yi)項(xiang)對巴西(xi)蜜蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)研究顯示,有(you)些(xie)雄蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)并不(bu)是(shi)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)的(de)(de)兒子(zi),而是(shi)工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)兒子(zi)。蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)群(qun)通常(chang)有(you)約1500只工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng),由一(yi)只蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)統(tong)治。該研究發(fa)表在《分子(zi)生(sheng)態學》雜志上(shang),研究探究了(le)45個蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)群(qun)的(de)(de)近600只雄蜂(feng)(feng)(feng),研究它們的(de)(de)基因以(yi)查明它們的(de)(de)身世。結果顯示,23%的(de)(de)雄蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)不(bu)是(shi)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代,而是(shi)工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代。工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)通常(chang)不(bu)能(neng)交配,但能(neng)產下非受精卵,這些(xie)卵子(zi)可(ke)以(yi)發(fa)育成(cheng)雄蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)。為(wei)了(le)確(que)保(bao)自己的(de)(de)統(tong)治地位,蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)經常(chang)會(hui)吃(chi)掉工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)產下的(de)(de)卵子(zi)。
工蜂(feng)繁(fan)殖唯一的好處是這(zhe)樣(yang)做它們的壽命(ming)可以(yi)延長3倍,和蜂(feng)后(hou)的壽命(ming)差不多(duo)一樣(yang)長。這(zhe)是因為繁(fan)殖的工蜂(feng)勞作(zuo)少,不再執(zhi)行危險的任務(wu),如覓食(shi)、采蜜。
蜂群失(shi)王(wang)以后,很容易出(chu)現工(gong)蜂產卵(luan)(luan)。一般失(shi)王(wang)3-5天就(jiu)可以發現工(gong)蜂產卵(luan)(luan)。工(gong)蜂產卵(luan)(luan)是分散(san)的(de),在一個巢房產數粒卵(luan)(luan),而且東歪西斜,十分混亂。這些卵(luan)(luan)都是未受精卵(luan)(luan),即使卵(luan)(luan)孵化(hua)也只能產體格小(xiao)的(de)雄蜂。
發現(xian)工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)產(chan)卵(luan)以(yi)后(hou),及早誘(you)入一(yi)個成熟的(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)臺或(huo)新產(chan)卵(luan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang),比較(jiao)容易被接受。若誘(you)人(ren)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發生困難時(shi),可在上(shang)午把原(yuan)箱移開0.5m左右(you),在原(yuan)來的(de)位置(zhi)上(shang)放一(yi)個空(kong)箱,讓工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)產(chan)卵(luan)群(qun)(qun)的(de)工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)飛回原(yuan)址。晚上(shang),再(zai)(zai)把工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)產(chan)卵(luan)群(qun)(qun)的(de)所有巢脾提出,把蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)抖在原(yuan)箱內(nei)餓(e)一(yi)夜,第二天(tian)讓其(qi)飛回原(yuan)址。然后(hou)加脾進行調整(zheng),同時(shi)誘(you)人(ren)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)或(huo)成熟王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)臺。當新蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)產(chan)卵(luan)或(huo)產(chan)卵(luan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)誘(you)入成功之后(hou),產(chan)卵(luan)工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)會自然消失。但是還(huan)須(xu)處理不正常(chang)的(de)子脾,突出的(de)雄蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)房封蓋(gai)用(yong)刀(dao)切除,幼蟲(chong)用(yong)搖(yao)蜜(mi)機(ji)搖(yao)出;工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)產(chan)的(de)卵(luan)用(yong)酒精噴殺,或(huo)用(yong)糖漿泡后(hou)交還(huan)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群(qun)(qun)清理,或(huo)用(yong)3%碳酸鈉溶液灌脾,再(zai)(zai)用(yong)搖(yao)蜜(mi)機(ji)分離(li)出卵(luan),以(yi)清水洗凈脾并陰干后(hou)使用(yong)。如(ru)果工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)產(chan)卵(luan)超(chao)過20天(tian)以(yi)上(shang),群(qun)(qun)內(nei)已有大量的(de)雄蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)及雄蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)脾,對這種蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群(qun)(qun),只能分散地合并到其(qi)他蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群(qun)(qun)。
工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)由工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)房里(li)的(de)受精卵發育而成的(de)雌性個(ge)體(ti),但(dan)(dan)生殖(zhi)器官發育不完全(quan)。工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)身體(ti)比(bi)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)王和(he)雄(xiong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)小,但(dan)(dan)在(zai)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)群中數(shu)量(liang)極(ji)為(wei)龐(pang)大,它們多(duo)達(da)幾(ji)萬只,有時可(ke)達(da)10萬只或者更多(duo)。工(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)壽(shou)命(ming)雖然比(bi)雄(xiong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)長(chang),但(dan)(dan)是一般(ban)也僅(jin)為(wei)幾(ji)個(ge)月,很少能夠(gou)熬(ao)過(guo)一個(ge)年頭,夏季4~6周,冬季3~6月,其壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)長(chang)短與工(gong)作(zuo)強(qiang)度、蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)群群勢有很大的(de)關(guan)系。
工蜂無愧于"勤勞"這一稱號,因為歷經(jing)短促的一生(sheng),它們(men)似乎沒有從(cong)工作中停(ting)歇下來(lai)過。可以說,它們(men)每天除了吃飯睡(shui)覺就是干活,不辭(ci)辛苦,任勞任怨。
蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群中(zhong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)占了大多數(shu),蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)群中(zhong)的大部分工(gong)(gong)(gong)作也(ye)由工(gong)(gong)(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)承擔(dan)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)按其生(sheng)長發(fa)育可以(yi)分為幼年(nian)(nian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、青(qing)年(nian)(nian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、壯年(nian)(nian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)和老年(nian)(nian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),而且(qie)隨日齡(ling)(ling)不同有一定分工(gong)(gong)(gong)。其中(zhong)幼年(nian)(nian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)主(zhu)要是指羽化后1~8日齡(ling)(ling)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),主(zhu)要進(jin)行巢(chao)內工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,包括保溫、煽風(feng)、清(qing)理(li)巢(chao)房、調制蜜粉(fen)、飼喂幼蟲并進(jin)行認巢(chao)飛(fei)翔;青(qing)年(nian)(nian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)是指8~20日齡(ling)(ling)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),主(zhu)要擔(dan)任(ren)飼喂小幼蟲和蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)王、清(qing)理(li)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)、拖(tuo)棄死蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)或殘屑、夯實(shi)花粉(fen)、釀蜜、筑造(zao)巢(chao)脾、用蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)膠填補孔隙、守(shou)衛蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)巢(chao)等(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作;壯年(nian)(nian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)指從(cong)事采集(ji)的主(zhu)力工(gong)(gong)(gong)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),主(zhu)要采集(ji)花蜜、花粉(fen)、樹膠、水(shui)等(deng);而越冬(dong)后的老年(nian)(nian)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)多從(cong)事搜(sou)尋蜜源、采水(shui)等(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作。