劉秉璋(1826~1905),晚清重(zhong)臣(chen),淮軍名(ming)將。字仲(zhong)良,安(an)徽廬江(jiang)人。胸懷大志,青年中舉成名(ming),由于(yu)國家(jia)動亂(luan),由翰林院編修而入軍幕,投筆(bi)從戎,平吳剿捻后逐(zhu)步(bu)成長(chang)為一(yi)名(ming)封建官吏。中法戰爭期間,力抗外侮,指揮了(le)著名(ming)的“鎮海之役”,維護了(le)國家(jia)尊(zun)嚴。督蜀十年,勤政廉潔,用竹籠古法維修都江(jiang)堰水利(li)工程,造福百(bai)姓(xing)。在(zai)“成都教案”中維護民族利(li)益,清廷罷(ba)其(qi)職。一(yi)生淡(dan)泊名(ming)利(li),卻十分(fen)重(zhong)視教育,為家(jia)鄉捐建了(le)三樂堂書院、南京(jing)廬江(jiang)試(shi)館,培養了(le)一(yi)大批(pi)有用之材。
劉秉璋(1826~1905),字仲良,安徽省廬江(jiang)縣礬山鎮劉墩村人(明(ming)永樂間劉秉璋祖先遷此(ci)定居,改此(ci)地為(wei)(wei)劉家墩,后1983年(nian)地名(ming)(ming)普查時改名(ming)(ming)劉墩),農民(min)家庭,自幼讀書(shu)。咸豐十年(nian)(1860年(nian)),中進士,選(xuan)為(wei)(wei)庶吉士,授編修。
同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)元年(1862年),太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)占(zhan)據(ju)(ju)江(jiang)寧,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)隨欽差(cha)大(da)(da)臣張芾軍(jun)(jun)(jun)至皖(wan)南,常(chang)為(wei)其籌劃(hua)進(jin)(jin)(jin)剿之(zhi)(zhi)策(ce),深得(de)李鴻章(zhang)贊(zan)賞(shang)。李鴻章(zhang)任江(jiang)蘇(su)巡撫(fu),移軍(jun)(jun)(jun)上海,鎮(zhen)壓太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)時,即奏(zou)調劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)于(yu)帳(zhang)下(xia)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)遂(sui)入淮軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。時上海駐有(you)英人戈登訓練的常(chang)勝(sheng)(sheng)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),見淮軍(jun)(jun)(jun)裝備低劣,服飾又差(cha),皆(jie)笑而(er)侮之(zhi)(zhi)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)對(dui)諸將(jiang)(jiang)士(shi)說:“此不(bu)(bu)足病也,顧吾曹能戰(zhan)否耳!”后經數戰(zhan),淮軍(jun)(jun)(jun)作(zuo)戰(zhan)勇(yong)敢,常(chang)獲大(da)(da)捷(jie),深得(de)常(chang)勝(sheng)(sheng)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)飲佩,并積極配合淮軍(jun)(jun)(jun)鎮(zhen)壓太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)二年,太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)占(zhan)福(fu)山,進(jin)(jin)(jin)圍常(chang)熟,形(xing)勢危(wei)急。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)會同(tong)(tong)潘鼎新、劉(liu)(liu)(liu)銘傳諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)福(fu)山,以(yi)(yi)救常(chang)熟,并約(yue)常(chang)勝(sheng)(sheng)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)炮轟(hong)擊(ji)太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)營。太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)遂(sui)解常(chang)熟之(zhi)(zhi)圍,回軍(jun)(jun)(jun)福(fu)山。不(bu)(bu)久太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)占(zhan)浙西各郡,危(wei)及江(jiang)蘇(su),李鴻章(zhang)急令劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)自募一軍(jun)(jun)(jun),進(jin)(jin)(jin)圍嘉(jia)(jia)善。太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在水陸要沖的楓涇(jing)(jing)、西塘(tang)筑石為(wei)壘,遣數萬(wan)(wan)人防守(shou),與嘉(jia)(jia)善成犄角之(zhi)(zhi)勢,構成嚴(yan)(yan)密防御(yu)陣勢。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)率(lv)6000余人,以(yi)(yi)吳長慶、況文榜、王占(zhan)魁為(wei)將(jiang)(jiang),逼(bi)壘而(er)營。先集(ji)中兵(bing)力攻(gong)破(po)西塘(tang),而(er)后乘勢前進(jin)(jin)(jin),攻(gong)占(zhan)楓涇(jing)(jing),并擊(ji)敗太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)從嘉(jia)(jia)興、平湖(hu)、乍(zha)浦(pu)等(deng)地(di)前來的數萬(wan)(wan)援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。因(yin)鎮(zhen)壓太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)功(gong),清(qing)(qing)廷(ting)降旨(zhi)嘉(jia)(jia)獎,以(yi)(yi)侍講(jiang)遇缺題奏(zou)。太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)雖累敗,但仍以(yi)(yi)張涇(jing)(jing)匯(hui)(hui)為(wei)護(hu)衛(wei),據(ju)(ju)守(shou)嘉(jia)(jia)善。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)約(yue)太(tai)(tai)湖(hu)師船,水陸夾(jia)擊(ji)張涇(jing)(jing)匯(hui)(hui)。嘉(jia)(jia)善太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)來援(yuan),劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)憑(ping)河督戰(zhan),腿(tui)受(shou)槍傷,不(bu)(bu)后退。士(shi)卒鳧濠直進(jin)(jin)(jin),將(jiang)(jiang)張涇(jing)(jing)匯(hui)(hui)攻(gong)破(po)。嘉(jia)(jia)善及平湖(hu)、乍(zha)浦(pu)等(deng)地(di)亦被克復(fu)(fu)。同(tong)(tong)治(zhi)三年七(qi)月(yue),劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)會同(tong)(tong)總(zong)兵(bing)程啟學進(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)嘉(jia)(jia)興,盡(jin)毀城外太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)營壘。他肉搏登城,晝夜仰攻(gong),擲火焚城中火藥(yao)庫,將(jiang)(jiang)城攻(gong)破(po),殺害(hai)榮王廖(liao)發(fa)壽、挺王劉(liu)(liu)(liu)德功(gong),清(qing)(qing)廷(ting)降旨(zhi)賞(shang)戴花翎。繼而(er)進(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)湖(hu)州,攻(gong)占(zhan)吳溇、南澤,連戰(zhan)皆(jie)捷(jie),將(jiang)(jiang)浙西太(tai)(tai)平軍(jun)(jun)(jun)肅清(qing)(qing)。因(yin)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)治(zhi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)嚴(yan)(yan)整,親冒矢石,清(qing)(qing)廷(ting)降旨(zhi)賞(shang)振勇(yong)巴(ba)圖魯名(ming)號,遇有(you)應升之(zhi)(zhi)缺,開列在前。十月(yue),補右(you)春坊右(you)庶子,旋轉正庶子。復(fu)(fu)升侍講(jiang)學士(shi)。
同(tong)治(zhi)四年(nian)(nian)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)復(fu)(fu)(fu)熾。清(qing)廷命曾國藩(fan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)欽差(cha)大臣(chen),前往(wang)督剿(jiao)。曾國藩(fan)即奏調劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)襄辦軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)務。四月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),授(shou)(shou)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)江蘇按察使,統軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)駐徐州(zhou)。時捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)轉(zhuan)戰(zhan)無定,忽東(dong)(dong)(dong)忽西(xi)難以剿(jiao)捕。曾國藩(fan)、李(li)鴻章皆主張將(jiang)(jiang)捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)驅之一(yi)隅(yu),聚而殲(jian)(jian)之。眾認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)此法不切(qie)實際,唯劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)“獨深(shen)贊之”。五月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)攻宿遷埠了鎮(zhen)、洋(yang)河(he)集,徑趨運(yun)河(he)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)遣(qian)吳(wu)長慶、王占魁夜襲其營,循舊堤(di)追擊(ji),大敗捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)首(shou)領任(ren)(ren)柱(zhu)、賴(lai)文(wen)光(guang)(guang)與張宗禹(yu)失散,復(fu)(fu)(fu)折而南(nan),渡澮、渦兩(liang)河(he),入懷(huai)遠、鳳臺(tai)境(jing)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)追至(zhi)蒙城(cheng),會盛軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)共(gong)剿(jiao)。七月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),任(ren)(ren)柱(zhu)、賴(lai)文(wen)光(guang)(guang)與張宗禹(yu)會合于(yu)(yu)河(he)南(nan)石(shi)固鎮(zhen),將(jiang)(jiang)攻山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)追至(zhi)禹(yu)城(cheng)寨,以馬隊進(jin)擊(ji),又大破捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)擺(bai)脫(tuo)困境(jing),免遭(zao)全殲(jian)(jian),分為(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)兩(liang)部(bu)。張宗禹(yu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)一(yi)部(bu)西(xi)往(wang),是為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)捻(nian)。任(ren)(ren)柱(zhu)、賴(lai)文(wen)光(guang)(guang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)一(yi)部(bu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)往(wang),是為(wei)(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)。曾國藩(fan)將(jiang)(jiang)進(jin)剿(jiao)西(xi)捻(nian)之任(ren)(ren),委于(yu)(yu)總兵(bing)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)松(song)山(shan)(shan),命劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)與提(ti)督楊鼎勛(xun)等軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)于(yu)(yu)豫(yu)西(xi),以圍東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)。十二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)轉(zhuan)戰(zhan)入湖(hu)北,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)追擊(ji),敗東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)于(yu)(yu)德安(an)。同(tong)治(zhi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),功授(shou)(shou)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)布政(zheng)使,因剿(jiao)捻(nian)在(zai)(zai)急,未能(neng)到(dao)任(ren)(ren)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)德安(an)之敗后(hou),折入安(an)徽(hui)霍山(shan)(shan)、太(tai)湖(hu)間(jian)(jian)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)日夜疾馳(chi)宿松(song),迎頭將(jiang)(jiang)其擊(ji)敗。東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)復(fu)(fu)(fu)走(zou)(zou)湖(hu)北,自孝(xiao)感(gan)小河(he)溪徑趨河(he)口鎮(zhen)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)會勛(xun)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)擊(ji),勛(xun)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)先至(zhi)遇伏,總兵(bing)張遵道(dao)遭(zao)擊(ji)斃。東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)乘勝而下,勢不可(ke)遏。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)予以橫擊(ji),吳(wu)長慶、況文(wen)榜等各(ge)殊(shu)死戰(zhan),東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)始潰(kui)走(zou)(zou)豫(yu)。六(liu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),李(li)鴻章奉旨代曾國藩(fan)督師(shi),自歸(gui)德移駐濟寧(ning),擬采取(qu)(qu)“圍制”之策,扼守運(yun)河(he),蹙東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)于(yu)(yu)海(hai)隅(yu),進(jin)行聚殲(jian)(jian)。檄劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)速赴濟寧(ning),布置運(yun)防。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)得令,即率(lv)(lv)(lv)部(bu)屯駐運(yun)西(xi),會魯、豫(yu)、皖3省(sheng)兵(bing),并為(wei)(wei)(wei)合剿(jiao)。七月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)敗魯軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)于(yu)(yu)濰河(he),自安(an)邱(qiu)、臨朐(qu)南(nan)走(zou)(zou),以規江淮(huai)。李(li)鴻章急令劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)由臺(tai)莊(zhuang)過河(he),會浙軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)防守清(qing)江。八至(zhi)十一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),提(ti)督劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)銘傳、郭松(song)林等軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)累獲大捷(jie),任(ren)(ren)柱(zhu)戰(zhan)歿,賴(lai)文(wen)光(guang)(guang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)余騎千余,南(nan)走(zou)(zou)清(qing)江。十二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue),劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)與道(dao)員李(li)昭慶,大敗東(dong)(dong)(dong)捻(nian)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)于(yu)(yu)淮(huai)城(cheng)。賴(lai)文(wen)光(guang)(guang)率(lv)(lv)(lv)部(bu)退走(zou)(zou)高寶(bao)水(shui)鄉,遭(zao)吳(wu)毓(yu)蘭華(hua)字營襲擊(ji),全軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)覆沒。同(tong)治(zhi)八年(nian)(nian),劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)家父(fu)病(bing)逝(shi),乞歸(gui)守孝(xiao)3年(nian)(nian)。十一(yi)年(nian)(nian),服闋入都,詔授(shou)(shou)江西(xi)布政(zheng)使。光(guang)(guang)緒元年(nian)(nian)(1875年(nian)(nian)),升江西(xi)巡撫。光(guang)(guang)緒六(liu)年(nian)(nian),因劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)任(ren)(ren)江西(xi)巡撫期間(jian)(jian),在(zai)(zai)平息新疆(jiang)事件中,籌解甘餉(xiang),予以大力支持,賞頭品頂帶。八年(nian)(nian),授(shou)(shou)浙江巡撫。此間(jian)(jian),臺(tai)灣黃金(jin)滿(man)嘯(xiao)聚海(hai)濱,結(jie)伙為(wei)(wei)(wei)匪,官兵(bing)清(qing)剿(jiao),他遠逃(tao)重(zhong)洋(yang),官兵(bing)撤走(zou)(zou),則又復(fu)(fu)(fu)出(chu)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)到(dao)任(ren)(ren)后(hou),經過詳細偵察,發現內地(di)(di)多(duo)有間(jian)(jian)諜,故(gu)兵(bing)機(ji)泄露(lu)。他采取(qu)(qu)嚴辦保甲(jia)的辦法,割斷其與內地(di)(di)的聯系。黃金(jin)滿(man)因內地(di)(di)坐探被除,兵(bing)機(ji)莫測,窮(qiong)蹙就撫。
光(guang)緒(xu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian),法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)軍(jun)侵略越(yue)南事起,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)為(wei)防御(yu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)軍(jun)入侵中國(guo),遂親巡海(hai)口(kou)沿岸,筑長(chang)墻綿(mian)亙數十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里,置地(di)雷(lei),封海(hai)口(kou),令所(suo)有兵(bing)輪加(jia)強戒備(bei)。光(guang)緒(xu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)一月,法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)軍(jun)果突(tu)入蛟門(men),劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)令炮臺(tai)守將守備(bei)吳杰,發巨炮將法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)艦(jian)擊(ji)(ji)退。越(yue)數日,法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)艦(jian)復(fu)入虎(hu)蹲(dun)山(shan)北(bei),劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)令守軍(jun)迎擊(ji)(ji),發炮擊(ji)(ji)中法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)艦(jian)煙筒(tong)和后艄,法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)將迷祿中炮身亡,大敗(bai)(bai)而逃。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)軍(jun)大艦(jian)進攻受挫(cuo),則放(fang)小輪潛(qian)窺南岸,竄(cuan)犯寶(bao)山(shan)口(kou),劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)令總(zong)(zong)兵(bing)錢玉興(xing)(xing)挑選驍(xiao)勇之士(shi),組成敢(gan)死(si)隊潛(qian)伏清(qing)泉嶺下,突(tu)而擊(ji)(ji)之,將法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)軍(jun)打得大敗(bai)(bai),擊(ji)(ji)斃和落水死(si)者不計其數。鎮海(hai)之役,計擊(ji)(ji)沉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)艦(jian)一艘,重創三艘,火輪、小船多只,給(gei)侵略者以沉重的打擊(ji)(ji)。自此(ci),法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)軍(jun)不敢(gan)再犯。事畢,劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)具疏,力諫擴(kuo)充海(hai)防,以備(bei)不虞。光(guang)緒(xu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(nian),劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)升(sheng)四川(chuan)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)。川(chuan)省幅員遼闊,外接少數民族地(di)區,內多匪盜(dao),社(she)會極不穩定(ding)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)到任(ren)(ren)(ren)后,先后將萬(wan)縣崔英河(he)、茂州何三木匠,川(chuan)北(bei)陳坤山(shan),秀山(shan)姚復(fu)乾(qian)等勢力平定(ding)。繼而采取屯田之策,安撫少數民族,大小涼山(shan)拉布浪蟾對(dui)等少數民族皆請服(fu)。光(guang)緒(xu)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)元月,奉懿旨賞加(jia)太子少保(bao)銜并御(yu)書(shu)長(chang)壽(shou)字、福壽(shou)字和如意蟒袍等件。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)剛任(ren)(ren)(ren)四川(chuan)總(zong)(zong)督(du)(du)時(shi),即奏調(diao)試用道葉毓(yu)榮、總(zong)(zong)兵(bing)錢玉興(xing)(xing)等至(zhi)蜀,對(dui)其非常(chang)信(xin)任(ren)(ren)(ren)。御(yu)史(shi)鐘德祥對(dui)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)秉(bing)(bing)(bing)璋(zhang)(zhang)此(ci)舉,進行強烈彈(dan)劾。清(qing)廷以濫舉非人(ren),照溺職例,降旨革職留任(ren)(ren)(ren)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)月,奉旨開缺(que)至(zhi)京,令其俟新督(du)(du)到任(ren)(ren)(ren),再行交卸。
光(guang)(guang)(guang)緒(xu)十二年(1886),劉(liu)秉(bing)璋任(ren)四(si)川總督(du),在(zai)川先(xian)后派兵鎮(zhen)壓萬縣、川北、酉陽等(deng)地農民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)起(qi)義(yi),剿滅(mie)西(xi)昌地區彝民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)起(qi)義(yi)和藏民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)起(qi)事,又一再增兵屯駐西(xi)南邊陲,以(yi)(yi)資鎮(zhen)懾。查辦遺留的(de)“重慶(qing)教(jiao)案”。因美、英(ying)(ying)教(jiao)會強行(xing)占地建教(jiao)堂(tang)(tang),民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)反(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui),教(jiao)會組織(zhi)武(wu)裝殺(sha)傷30余人(ren),激起(qi)公憤反(fan)(fan)教(jiao)會,焚毀教(jiao)學(xue),散發傳單(dan),揭露美、英(ying)(ying)幫助日本侵略中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)罪行(xing),使美、英(ying)(ying)教(jiao)會更為不(bu)滿,關(guan)殺(sha)兒童和民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)。洋人(ren)踐(jian)踏中(zhong)國(guo)主權,激起(qi)川西(xi)11縣民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)眾(zhong)起(qi)來反(fan)(fan)教(jiao)會。劉(liu)秉(bing)璋在(zai)查處(chu)(chu)中(zhong),他只(zhi)是(shi)逮捕亂民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)石(shi)匯等(deng),繩之以(yi)(yi)法,并(bing)(bing)(bing)殺(sha)教(jiao)紳羅元義(yi),以(yi)(yi)泄民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)憤。至(zhi)是(shi)省(sheng)城(cheng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)教(jiao)構(gou)釁,各(ge)屬繼起(qi)。旬日間(jian),教(jiao)堂(tang)(tang)被燒(shao)10余處(chu)(chu),且蔓延到省(sheng)外。對(dui)(dui)外國(guo)在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)設(she)立的(de)教(jiao)堂(tang)(tang),清(qing)(qing)(qing)廷(ting)早有旨諭,令“各(ge)省(sheng)督(du)撫,嚴飭地方官加意保護”。御史吳光(guang)(guang)(guang)奎奏參:“省(sheng)城(cheng)滋事之始,劉(liu)秉(bing)璋堅(jian)置不(bu)理,并(bing)(bing)(bing)未派兵彈壓,無(wu)業游民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)愈聚愈多,以(yi)(yi)致省(sheng)外教(jiao)案層見累出(chu)”,加之在(zai)處(chu)(chu)理“重慶(qing)教(jiao)案”中(zhong),僅處(chu)(chu)死(si)殺(sha)人(ren)兇手和鬧(nao)事首領,未鎮(zhen)壓群眾(zhong),美、英(ying)(ying)教(jiao)士不(bu)滿,紛紛致電(dian)總署,要(yao)(yao)求懲辦秉(bing)璋,清(qing)(qing)(qing)廷(ting)據此,并(bing)(bing)(bing)迫(po)于英(ying)(ying)、美、法公使要(yao)(yao)挾,將劉(liu)秉(bing)璋罷官歸(gui)里,以(yi)(yi)劉(liu)秉(bing)璋“任(ren)意廢弛,有負委任(ren)”,“著行(xing)革職,永不(bu)敘(xu)用,以(yi)(yi)示(shi)懲儆(jing)”。光(guang)(guang)(guang)緒(xu)二十五年,清(qing)(qing)(qing)廷(ting)復用劉(liu)秉(bing)璋,“詔再征之”。劉(liu)秉(bing)璋以(yi)(yi)疾不(bu)能赴。光(guang)(guang)(guang)緒(xu)三(san)十一年(1905)病(bing)逝。逝后,由于兩江(jiang)總督(du)周馥的(de)疏(shu)奏,清(qing)(qing)(qing)廷(ting)準其“復官,予(yu)優恤(xu),建祠”。
閱兵松(song)潘道中作鈴轅小(xiao)隊擁旌旗,嘉命恭承遠視師。馬齒六旬吾老矣,羊腸九折(zhe)命驅(qu)之。層巒細入龍眠畫(hua),秀嶺雄于(yu)太白詩。匹練懸(xuan)流三百里,匡廬瀑(pu)布未(wei)云奇(qi)。
舊院習已荒(huang),榛蕪翳眾綠(lv)。命匠(jiang)稍經營,累石間疏竹。習靜亦偶然(ran),為迓高(gao)賢(xian)躅。詼詭語驚(jing)人(ren),嘯(xiao)歌聲滿屋(wu)。賓(bin)朋亦既醉,主人(ren)請繼(ji)燭(zhu)。官樣(yang)與儒(ru)風,一齊高(gao)閣束。歡笑(xiao)忽欷歔,驚(jing)心羲馭速。皓首百無成(cheng),終須同草木。蓬蓽多窮黎,眾樂慚(can)于獨(du)。寵命忝纓組,幽懷(huai)寄泉谷。《道德》五千言,止足義已熟。欲乞(qi)衰朽身(shen),鄉(xiang)關馳夢轂。一壑猶(you)能(neng)專(zhuan),生(sheng)平愿已足。此如傳(chuan)舍(she)然(ran),徒爾勞板筑。新詩(shi)惠袞褒,盥手百回讀。
元(yuan)龍意氣昔何(he)如(ru),荏(ren)苒光陰付子(zi)虛。政績不(bu)登循吏傳,文章豈有(you)茂陵書。死猶腐(fu)草螢光點(dian),生(sheng)比寒花蝶夢蘇(su)。壯不(bu)如(ru)人今老矣,片帆東(dong)去啖鰣魚(yu)。
望見蓬廬喜欲顛,弟兄慰(wei)問笑喧闐。豪貲富擁書千卷,醉態狂(kuang)歌詩一篇。清白差(cha)堪貽子姓,燒丹何必學神仙(xian)。興(xing)來(lai)沽酒招朋(peng)好,斫膾烹雌足(zu)俸錢(qian)。
劉(liu)家第二(er)代五兄弟,子(zi)承父志,后來也都(dou)曾(ceng)風(feng)云(yun)過一時。老(lao)(lao)大劉(liu)體(ti)乾,在袁世凱當政時官至(zhi)四(si)川省(sheng)省(sheng)長(宣慰使),所謂兩(liang)代人先后督蜀,一時傳為(wei)美談(tan);老(lao)(lao)二(er)劉(liu)體(ti)仁是(shi)舉人,原在京城(cheng)為(wei)官,因(yin)不愿與袁世凱合(he)作,遂棄官回(hui)家;老(lao)(lao)三劉(liu)體(ti)信(聲木)成為(wei)著名(ming)的(de)(de)學者、藏(zang)書家,他的(de)(de)關于楚辭類的(de)(de)藏(zang)書,被郭沫若稱為(wei)海內第一。五兄弟中最(zui)負盛(sheng)名(ming)者,是(shi)后來出任中國實業銀行(xing)總經理的(de)(de)劉(liu)體(ti)智(zhi)(即老(lao)(lao)四(si)晦之)。
劉晦之
劉(liu)晦(hui)之(1879~1962年(nian))名體智,晚號善(shan)齋老人(ren),安徽廬(lu)江(jiang)縣礬山鎮(zhen)劉(liu)墩村人(ren),晚清(qing)重臣(chen)四(si)川(chuan)總(zong)督(du)劉(liu)秉(bing)璋(zhang)之子(zi)。劉(liu)秉(bing)璋(zhang)在(zai)(zai)浙江(jiang)巡撫任上(shang)時(shi),正(zheng)值中法(fa)(fa)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)爆發。他率軍(jun)坐鎮(zhen)杭州(zhou)。在(zai)(zai)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)的關鍵時(shi)刻,他對家(jia)人(ren)說(shuo):“萬(wan)一(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)場(chang)失利,吾得(de)對國(guo)盡(jin)忠,夫人(ren)要(yao)盡(jin)節(jie),三(san)個兒子(zi)(指老大劉(liu)體乾、老二劉(liu)體仁、老三(san)劉(liu)體信)要(yao)盡(jin)孝(xiao),小(xiao)四(si)、小(xiao)五尚小(xiao),送給(gei)李鴻章了(le)。”此言一(yi)出,軍(jun)中將(jiang)士無不鐵(tie)心報國(guo)。中法(fa)(fa)之戰(zhan)(zhan)鎮(zhen)海一(yi)役(yi)歷時(shi)103天,空前酷烈(lie),全憑浙江(jiang)一(yi)省(sheng)的財(cai)力和兵力支持,最(zui)終戰(zhan)(zhan)勝(sheng)法(fa)(fa)軍(jun)。法(fa)(fa)軍(jun)艦隊司令(ling)孤拔(ba)受重傷(shang),不久死在(zai)(zai)澎湖列島。劉(liu)秉(bing)璋(zhang)因(yin)此戰(zhan)(zhan)獲(huo)勝(sheng)而擢升(sheng)為四(si)川(chuan)總(zong)督(du)。
劉晦(hui)之正是劉秉璋(zhang)的(de)“小四(si)”,自幼聰慧好讀(du)。因劉秉璋(zhang)是李鴻(hong)章(zhang)的(de)至交(jiao),兩家又是姻親,故劉晦(hui)之從小就得以(yi)進入天津李鴻(hong)章(zhang)的(de)家塾,與李氏諸子弟一起讀(du)書,中西文俱(ju)佳(jia),又得以(yi)與李氏門生故吏及其子弟朝夕相處(chu),過從無間,還飽覽(lan)了(le)故家舊(jiu)族多年秘示人的(de)典籍和收藏,這都為他后來從事銀行(xing)業和收藏事業打下了(le)基礎(chu)。
劉晦(hui)之(zhi)的(de)文物(wu)收(shou)藏堪稱海內(nei)一流,尤其(qi)是龜甲骨片和青銅器的(de)收(shou)藏,世間(jian)罕(han)有(you)其(qi)比。
其(qi)甲骨文(wen)的(de)收(shou)藏在戰前就達28000余片,1953年全部出(chu)讓給國家。據文(wen)物(wu)部門統計,現存我(wo)國大(da)陸的(de)龜甲骨片,總共9萬余片,分(fen)布(bu)在95個機(ji)關單(dan)位和44位私(si)人(ren)收(shou)藏家手里,而劉晦之的(de)28000片,差不(bu)多就占了(le)三分(fen)之一,是私(si)人(ren)收(shou)藏甲骨最大(da)的(de)一宗(zong)。
1936年(nian)郭(guo)(guo)(guo)沫(mo)若(ruo)(ruo)亡命日(ri)(ri)本(ben)時,日(ri)(ri)子過得(de)很困(kun)窘,有時連(lian)毛(mao)筆也買不起。劉晦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)知(zhi)其(qi)博學多才,就將自己歷年(nian)所(suo)收集(ji)的(de)龜甲骨片,請人拓(tuo)出文字,集(ji)為(wei)《書(shu)(shu)(shu)契叢編(bian)(bian)(bian)》,分裝(zhuang)成(cheng)(cheng)20冊,托中(zhong)國書(shu)(shu)(shu)店的(de)金祖同帶到日(ri)(ri)本(ben),親手交給(gei)郭(guo)(guo)(guo)沫(mo)若(ruo)(ruo),供其(qi)研究、著書(shu)(shu)(shu)。郭(guo)(guo)(guo)沫(mo)若(ruo)(ruo)見(jian)后嘆為(wei)觀止,從中(zhong)挑選(xuan)了(le)1595片,先期研讀考釋(shi),并據(ju)此(ci)著成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)甲骨學上具(ju)有重要(yao)意義的(de)巨著《殷(yin)契粹編(bian)(bian)(bian)》,在日(ri)(ri)本(ben)出版(ban)。郭(guo)(guo)(guo)沫(mo)若(ruo)(ruo)在書(shu)(shu)(shu)序(xu)中(zhong)一再感嘆道(dao)(dao):“劉氏體智所(suo)藏甲骨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多而未(wei)見(jian),殆為(wei)海(hai)內外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冠。已盡拓(tuo)出其(qi)文字,集(ji)為(wei)《書(shu)(shu)(shu)契叢編(bian)(bian)(bian)》,冊凡(fan)二十,去歲夏間,蒙托金祖同君遠道(dao)(dao)見(jian)示,更允其(qi)選(xuan)輯(ji)若(ruo)(ruo)干,先行景(jing)布,如此(ci)高(gao)誼(yi),世所(suo)罕遘。余即深(shen)受感發,不揣(chuai)谫陋,取其(qi)1595片而成(cheng)(cheng)茲編(bian)(bian)(bian),視諸原(yuan)著雖僅略當(dang)十之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一,然其(qi)精華大(da)率已萃于是矣。”“……然此(ci)均賴劉氏搜集(ji)椎拓(tuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li),得(de)以幸存。余僅坐(zuo)享其(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)者,自無待論。”(郭(guo)(guo)(guo)沫(mo)若(ruo)(ruo)《殷(yin)契粹編(bian)(bian)(bian)·序(xu)》)感激之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,溢于言表。
抗(kang)日戰爭結束后,復(fu)旦大學胡厚宣(xuan)教授從大后方(fang)返回滬,即常往(wang)市(shi)區新閘路上的(de)小校經(jing)閣拜訪劉(liu)晦之先生,與之訂交,參(can)觀過(guo)他的(de)藏品,并專門安排學生們前去參(can)觀他收藏的(de)甲(jia)骨(gu)。那是用楠木盒(he)子(zi)規規整(zheng)整(zheng)分裝起來(lai)的(de)100盒(he)甲(jia)骨(gu)。打開盒(he)蓋,滿目(mu)粲然。
另有甲骨(gu)拓本(ben)《書契叢編》20冊(ce),每冊(ce)后附簡單釋(shi)文。這套拓本(ben),與(yu)盒內的(de)甲骨(gu)實物先后次序(xu)正相對照。胡厚宣曾查其甲骨(gu)實數,實為(wei)28192片。著(zhu)名(ming)學者陳(chen)夢家還(huan)考證(zheng)過,其中有300余片為(wei)徐乃(nai)昌(chang)隨庵的(de)舊藏。
1953年,劉氏甲(jia)骨出讓(rang)國(guo)家,由中央(yang)文化部文物局接收(shou),中國(guo)科(ke)學院考古研究所將其又重新墨(mo)拓了一遍,拓本題名《善齋所藏甲(jia)骨拓本》。
對于(yu)劉(liu)氏(shi)(shi)所藏(zang)甲骨(gu)(gu),前些年中國臺灣學者(zhe)董(dong)作(zuo)賓(bin)不知(zhi)何故(gu),認為“劉(liu)晦之(zhi)所藏(zang)甲骨(gu)(gu)號稱二萬片(pian),但大者(zhe)多是偽刻(ke)”(《甲骨(gu)(gu)五十年》)。解放(fang)后(hou),中科(ke)院考(kao)(kao)古所主(zhu)持甲骨(gu)(gu)學史(shi)上最(zui)權威的(de)著(zhu)錄《甲骨(gu)(gu)文(wen)合(he)集》時,認真考(kao)(kao)證過一遍,認為劉(liu)氏(shi)(shi)所捐獻的(de)甲骨(gu)(gu)中,偽刻(ke)只有112片(pian),還不到1/250,這就(jiu)(jiu)不能算是“多”。董(dong)作(zuo)賓(bin)還說:“他(ta)(劉(liu)氏(shi)(shi))的(de)精(jing)品,已選入《殷契(qi)粹(cui)編》,共1595片(pian),真是其(qi)余不足觀也已。”而事實是,郭沫若、胡厚宣在(zai)編《甲骨(gu)(gu)文(wen)合(he)集》時,經詳加考(kao)(kao)證,證明(ming)郭氏(shi)(shi)當(dang)年編的(de)《殷契(qi)粹(cui)編》所收(shou),固(gu)然都是精(jing)品,但精(jing)品并沒有收(shou)完,如(ru)四方風名刻(ke)辭和(he)一些特大的(de)牛胛骨(gu)(gu)卜辭,就(jiu)(jiu)沒有收(shou)進。
而《甲(jia)骨文合集》在編輯過程中,就從善齋(zhai)拓本中又選錄了不(bu)(bu)少精品(pin),而且有的(de)還很(hen)重要(yao),并非(fei)“其余(yu)不(bu)(bu)足觀(guan)也(ye)已”。董氏(shi)所說,不(bu)(bu)知何據?
除去甲骨和青銅器的收藏之外,小校經閣內還以藏書(shu)著名。劉氏藏書(shu)達10萬冊之巨。
1934年他(ta)的住宅里(li)實在(zai)(zai)容(rong)納不下日益增多的藏書(shu)(shu)了(le),只好(hao)專門造一(yi)(yi)藏書(shu)(shu)樓,取(qu)名小(xiao)校經(jing)閣(ge)。他(ta)的藏書(shu)(shu)以(yi)明(ming)清精刻為主(zhu),亦不乏宋元古(gu)本(ben)。至解放時,尚有宋版9部、各地(di)方志1000余部,善(shan)本(ben)達1928冊(此為解放初上海(hai)市文管會接(jie)收時考訂(ding)的結果)。這些(xie)書(shu)(shu)籍分裝在(zai)(zai)500只特制的書(shu)(shu)箱(xiang)里(li),打開書(shu)(shu)箱(xiang)箱(xiang)蓋,上面罩了(le)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)細細的鐵絲網,這是為了(le)在(zai)(zai)曝曬時防止老鼠鉆進去而(er)特設(she)的。
劉氏藏書(shu)(shu)(shu)還(huan)有一個與眾(zhong)不同的(de)(de)(de)特點,就是《四庫(ku)全書(shu)(shu)(shu)》中被當時四庫(ku)館(guan)臣(chen)們刪改過的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu),他必須收得原來的(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)本(ben)。他立志要(yao)把《四庫(ku)》中“存目(mu)”之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu)(shu),依目(mu)錄(lu)(lu)統(tong)(tong)(tong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)收齊(qi),收不齊(qi)就借來抄錄(lu)(lu)副本(ben)。他要(yao)以一己之(zhi)(zhi)力,收齊(qi)《四庫(ku)全書(shu)(shu)(shu)》所收書(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)原刻本(ben),統(tong)(tong)(tong)統(tong)(tong)(tong)恢復舊(jiu)貌,因此這小校(xiao)經閣,長年雇(gu)著(zhu)十幾名(ming)抄書(shu)(shu)(shu)、校(xiao)書(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)匠,書(shu)(shu)(shu)山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)海,忙得不停。
解放后,劉氏(shi)所有的藏書(shu)連(lian)同那500只箱(xiang)子(zi),全部(bu)捐(juan)給上海市文管(guan)會(hui),后又轉入上海圖(tu)書(shu)館。第一批捐(juan)書(shu)326箱(xiang),67873冊(ce);第二批捐(juan)歷(li)代碑刻(ke)拓本282種(zhong),共(gong)436冊(ce),其中有漢魏名(ming)碑50種(zhong);晉至(zhi)隋79種(zhong)、唐185種(zhong)、宋(song)金元(yuan)明122種(zhong)、雜帖36種(zhong);第三批捐(juan)書(shu)34箱(xiang)。
1951年9月,還捐獻(xian)了(le)上古三代及秦漢時期的(de)兵器(qi)130件(jian),分裝二十個箱子里(li),后由上海(hai)市文管會轉交上海(hai)博物(wu)館保(bao)存。為此(ci),陳毅市長曾頒發嘉獎令(ling),表(biao)彰(zhang)他(ta)的(de)愛國精神。
劉晦之逝于1962年(nian),在生(sheng)前已把所有藏品捐獻殆盡(還(huan)有一大批古墨(mo)、古硯捐獻給安徽省博物館,該(gai)館為(wei)之特辟“中國歷代古墨(mo)陳列室(shi)”),身后不留一石一木(mu),這在私家收藏史上(shang),亦是為(wei)數不多的(de)。