唐前(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi),軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)以(yi)(yi)府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主體(ti),同時還有(you)(you)北(bei)衙禁 軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)、邊(bian)防軍(jun)(jun)(jun),以(yi)(yi)及(ji)不脫(tuo)離生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)團結兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)。 府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。泛指(zhi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)統領(ling)的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)士,是(shi)唐前(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)的(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)。高祖武德 二年(nian)(619),開始恢復府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)組織,設驃騎(qi)、車騎(qi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)若干、貞觀十年(nian) (636),太宗(zong)整頓府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)更名(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)折沖府(fu)(fu)。全(quan)國(guo)折沖府(fu)(fu)最多時有(you)(you) 633(或634)個(ge),其中(zhong)(zhong)關(guan)內道(dao)(dao)261個(ge),占全(quan)國(guo)總府(fu)(fu)數(shu)40%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang),其次(ci) 是(shi)河東(dong)、河南兩道(dao)(dao),其他各(ge)道(dao)(dao)府(fu)(fu)數(shu)很少,形成(cheng)了軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事上(shang)(shang)居重(zhong)馭輕的(de)(de)(de) 局面(mian)。中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)統領(ling)府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)十二衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和東(dong)宮(gong)六(liu)率。十二衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)即左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)驍(xiao)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)武衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)威(wei)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)金吾衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。諳衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)置(zhi)大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)各(ge)一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)各(ge)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)。左(zuo)(zuo)、右(you)(you)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)皆領(ling)60府(fu)(fu),其他諸衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)領(ling)40~50 府(fu)(fu)。東(dong)宮(gong)六(liu)率即太子(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)率、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)司御率、左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)清(qing)道(dao)(dao)率,各(ge)領(ling)3~ 5府(fu)(fu)。折沖府(fu)(fu)分(fen)上(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)三等(deng),上(shang)(shang)等(deng)1200人(ren)(ren)(ren),中(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)1000人(ren)(ren)(ren),下(xia)等(deng) 800人(ren)(ren)(ren)。每(mei)(mei)府(fu)(fu)置(zhi)折沖都(dou)尉(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)長,左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)果毅都(dou)尉(wei)(wei)各(ge)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)副。每(mei)(mei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu) 轄(xia)4~6團,團200人(ren)(ren)(ren)(有(you)(you)時以(yi)(yi)300人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)團),團設校(xiao)尉(wei)(wei)。每(mei)(mei)團轄(xia)2 旅(lv)(lv),旅(lv)(lv)100人(ren)(ren)(ren),旅(lv)(lv)設旅(lv)(lv)帥。每(mei)(mei)旅(lv)(lv)轄(xia)2隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui),隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)50人(ren)(ren)(ren),隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)設隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)正。每(mei)(mei)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)分(fen) 為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)5火,火10人(ren)(ren)(ren),火置(zhi)火長。府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)總稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)士,善弓馬者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)越(yue)騎(qi), 余為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)步兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、排矛手、步射。府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)平時講武習射,上(shang)(shang)番(fan)前(qian)進(jin)行(xing)試閱,每(mei)(mei) 年(nian)冬季由(you)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)組織教(jiao)戰(zhan)。府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)任(ren)務是(shi)輪流到(dao)京(jing)師(shi)長安宿(su)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),其次(ci)是(shi)出(chu)征作 戰(zhan)或戍守(shou)邊(bian)防 府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing) 上(shang)(shang)番(fan),按距(ju)長 安遠近(jin)確定(ding)番(fan) 期(qi)(qi)(qi),如(ru)(ru)500里(li)(li) 內五番(fan),1000 里(li)(li)七番(fan),1500 里(li)(li)八(ba)番(fan),即將(jiang)全(quan)府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)士分(fen)成(cheng)5組,7組或8組,輪流到(dao)京(jing)師(shi)宿(su)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),每(mei)(mei)番(fan)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)月,期(qi)(qi)(qi)滿后返回軍(jun)(jun)(jun)府(fu)(fu)。府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)服役和從事農(nong)業生產(chan)(chan)密切結合,體(ti)現了兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)農(nong)合 一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)歷史特(te)點,既減輕了國(guo)家經(jing)費開支、又保證了農(nong)業生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin) 行(xing)。府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)建立(li)在均田制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)礎(chu)之上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)。高宗(zong)以(yi)(yi)后,土地兼并日重(zhong), 均田制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遭到(dao)破(po)壞,加之士兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)逃(tao)散,府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)急劇(ju)衰落,府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)土崩瓦解(jie)。 兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)莫。是(shi)唐前(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)臨(lin)時征募(mu)(mu)民丁(ding)組建的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui).又叫募(mu)(mu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、征人(ren)(ren)(ren)、募(mu)(mu) 兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。一(yi)(yi)般選取(qu)富戶多丁(ding)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)材驍(xiao)勇(yong)者(zhe)充當,舉薦前(qian)資(zi)官(非(fei)現任(ren)文(wen)武 官)、勛官或有(you)(you)才能的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)任(ren)各(ge)級將(jiang)領(ling)。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)裝備由(you)當地政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)供(gong)給(gei), 不足則由(you)本人(ren)(ren)(ren)自備或由(you)親鄰互相資(zi)助。由(you)于府(fu)(fu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)主要(yao)分(fen)番(fan)赴京(jing)師(shi) 宿(su)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei),從事征成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)員有(you)(you)限,所以(yi)(yi)多次(ci)征戰(zhan)主要(yao)征發(fa)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)進(jin)行(xing),如(ru)(ru) 高宗(zong)征伐遼東(dong),一(yi)(yi)次(ci)出(chu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)50余萬人(ren)(ren)(ren),大(da)多是(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)。玄宗(zong)時沿邊(bian)鎮兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)60余萬人(ren)(ren)(ren),其中(zhong)(zhong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)比重(zhong)很大(da)。兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)募(mu)(mu)戍邊(bian)年(nian)限不固定(ding),有(you)(you)時長達 五六(liu)年(nian)。
除十二(er)衛(wei)(wei)所領(ling)上(shang)番府兵(南衙(ya)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun))保衛(wei)(wei)京城外,還(huan)有(you)單獨組(zu)建守(shou)衛(wei)(wei)宮禁(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)北衙(ya)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。北衙(ya)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)原為(wei)元從(cong)禁(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),后來改從(cong)衛(wei)(wei) 士簡補或(huo)召募。太(tai)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)于(yu)玄(xuan)武(wu)(wu)(wu)門置(zhi)左(zuo)右屯營,號稱“飛騎”,挑選其(qi)中(zhong) 驍健善射者百人名為(wei)“百騎,武(wu)(wu)(wu)后再(zai)擴大為(wei)“千騎”,中(zhong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)又改名 為(wei)“萬騎”。高宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、玄(xuan)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)又分別建立左(zuo)右羽林(lin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、左(zuo)右龍(long)(long)武(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),官員、 名稱與諸衛(wei)(wei)相同(tong)。此后,肅宗(zong)(zong)(zong)置(zhi)左(zuo)右神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。史籍統稱左(zuo)右羽林(lin)、 龍(long)(long)武(wu)(wu)(wu)、神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)六軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。
各(ge)邊(bian)防(fang)軍(jun)(jun)事機構分為(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)、守(shou)捉、鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、戍(shu)所轄的屯戍(shu)部隊。其中鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、 戍(shu)各(ge)分上中下三等:500人(ren)為(wei)(wei)上鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),300人(ren)為(wei)(wei)中鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),不(bu)足(zu)(zu)300人(ren)為(wei)(wei)下 鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen);50人(ren)為(wei)(wei)上戍(shu),30人(ren)為(wei)(wei)中戍(shu),不(bu)足(zu)(zu)30人(ren)為(wei)(wei)下戍(shu)。每(mei)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、戍(shu)分別置 鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)將(jiang)、鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)副,戍(shu)主、戍(shu)副各(ge)一(yi)人(ren)。軍(jun)(jun)、守(shou)捉自高(gao)宗起逐漸增多(duo)。各(ge)置使(shi)(shi)和副使(shi)(shi),所領(ling)兵數比鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、戍(shu)多(duo)。隨(sui)著邊(bian)防(fang)線的延(yan)長和戰爭的頻(pin)繁(fan),遂(sui)設節(jie)度(du)(du)使(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)邊(bian)境(jing)區域性的最高(gao)長官。景云二年(711),首以(yi)賀拔延(yan)嗣為(wei)(wei)河(he)西節(jie)度(du)(du)使(shi)(shi),即軍(jun)(jun)區的固(gu)定長官,至(zhi)天寶九年,沿邊(bian)地區已有安西、北庭(ting)、河(he)西、朔方、河(he)東、范陽、平盧、隴右、劍(jian)南、嶺南九節(jie)度(du)(du)使(shi)(shi)、一(yi)經略使(shi)(shi)。節(jie)度(du)(du)使(shi)(shi)所轄軍(jun)(jun)、守(shou)捉、鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、戊的邊(bian)防(fang)體制更加完備。
又稱團(tuan)練(lian)兵(bing)(bing),土團(tuan),是由各州刺(ci)史統掌的不長期脫離(li)生產的地方武(wu)裝。武(wu)后萬歲通天(tian)元年(696),為防御契丹的需要(yao),始 于山(shan)東近邊(bian)諸州置武(wu)騎團(tuan)兵(bing)(bing)。圣歷(li)元年(698),河(he)南、河(he)北(bei)置武(wu)騎團(tuan)防備突厥:每(mei)150戶征兵(bing)(bing)15人,馬一(yi)匹。代(dai)宗大(da)歷(li)十(shi)二年(777)規定,團(tuan)結(jie)兵(bing)(bing)春夏(xia)歸農,秋冬(dong)追集,服役期間發給身糧醬菜。各地征召的數(shu)量(liang)也(ye)越來越多。團(tuan)結(jie)兵(bing)(bing)不入軍(jun)籍,一(yi)般在本境(jing)內防守或應調配合作戰,軍(jun)事任務結(jie)束即回(hui)鄉(xiang)耕種(zhong)。
主要(yao)是神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)六(liu)(liu)軍(jun)、藩鎮(zhen)(zhen)兵。神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)軍(jun),原先是隴右(you)洮(tao)州的一支邊軍(jun)。安(an)史亂起(qi),神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)軍(jun)千余(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)奔赴中原平叛,屯駐陜州,后(hou)進入(ru)長(chang)安(an)禁苑升(sheng)為天子禁軍(jun)。貞元十二年(796年),分神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)軍(jun)為左(zuo)、右(you)兩軍(jun),命宦官(guan)竇(dou)文場、霍(huo)仙(xian)鳴為左(zuo)、右(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)護軍(jun)中尉,從(cong)此開創宦官(guan)統領神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)軍(jun)的固(gu)定制(zhi)度。宦官(guan)還進一步控(kong)制(zhi)了人(ren)(ren)數不多的左(zuo)右(you)羽林、左(zuo)右(you)龍武(wu)、左(zuo)右(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)武(wu)等六(liu)(liu)軍(jun)。神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)策(ce)(ce)軍(jun)在宦官(guan)的統領下,賞賜優(you)厚,其將(jiang)吏升(sheng)遷也遠(yuan)超其余(yu)(yu)諸(zhu)軍(jun),極盛時發展到(dao)18萬余(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren),分別屯駐于京(jing)師及京(jing)西北諸(zhu)鎮(zhen)(zhen),在保衛唐王朝及平定地方(fang)動(dong)亂中起(qi)過(guo)(guo)重(zhong)要(yao)的作(zuo)用。至唐末,經過(guo)(guo)黃(huang)巢(chao)起(qi)義軍(jun)的打擊和朱溫(wen)的誅殺,被殲(jian)滅殆盡,最終被解散。
藩(fan)(fan)(fan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)軍(jun),即節(jie)度(du)(du)使(shi)統領的(de)軍(jun)隊。唐(tang)后(hou)期(qi),全國有(you)(you)四(si)五十個藩(fan)(fan)(fan)鎮(zhen)(zhen),各(ge)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)節(jie)度(du)(du)使(shi)都擁(yong)有(you)(you)軍(jun)隊,少(shao)則數(shu)千,多至(zhi)10萬人。各(ge)藩(fan)(fan)(fan)鍺(zang)兵(bing),由 于屯駐地(di)區與(yu)擔負任務(wu)不(bu)同,分為牙(ya)兵(bing)(又稱(cheng)中軍(jun)、牙(ya)中軍(jun)、牙(ya)內(nei)兵(bing),屯駐在(zai)節(jie)度(du)(du)使(shi)治(zhi)所(suo))、牙(ya)外(wai)軍(jun)(又稱(cheng)外(wai)營兵(bing),屯駐在(zai)節(jie)度(du)(du)使(shi)治(zhi)所(suo)的(de)外(wai)城(cheng))、外(wai)鎮(zhen)(zhen)兵(bing)(屯駐藩(fan)(fan)(fan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)屬郡關津要地(di))等。牙(ya)兵(bing)系(xi)節(jie)度(du)(du)使(shi)的(de)親 兵(bing),人數(shu)較多,戰(zhan)斗力強,給唐(tang)朝社會、政治(zhi)造成很大的(de)影響。如河 朔(shuo)三鎮(zhen)(zhen)牙(ya)軍(jun),長期(qi)父子世襲,互通(tong)婚姻,享(xiang)有(you)(you)種(zhong)種(zhong)政治(zhi)、經濟(ji)特權, 形成桀驁不(bu)馴的(de)驕兵(bing)集(ji)團。動(dong)輒(zhe)發(fa)起兵(bing)變,驅逐將帥(shuai),或支(zhi)持節(jie)度(du)(du)使(shi)竊地(di)割據,反抗朝廷,危害極為嚴(yan)重。