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唐朝開元通寶
0 票數:0 #貨幣#
開元通寶為唐代貨幣,為唐高祖效仿西漢五銖的嚴格規范鑄成。開元通寶基本是小平錢,即一文錢。唐太宗貞觀年間物質文明極大豐富,一斗米只賣5文錢,一兩銀子(1000文)可以買200斗米;唐朝10斗為一石,即是20石,一石約為59公斤,通過計算得出一文錢可以買到2.36斤大米,折合人民幣7.08元,是歷史上購買力最高的貨幣,由此也可以看出大唐王朝人民的富裕程度。
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緒言

開(kai)元(yuan)通寶是唐代第一種貨幣。由于其質量合(he)理,通貨控制得當,錢(qian)幣做工比較精美,故深受(shou)百姓喜(xi)愛。開(kai)元(yuan)通寶已經成為大(da)五帝(di)錢(qian)的(de)一部分,具有辟邪,旺財的(de)功(gong)效。

另(ling)外,許多人(ren)(ren)都認為(wei)開元通寶(bao)(bao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)號錢(qian),理由是(shi)(shi)(shi)唐玄宗李隆(long)基有個年(nian)(nian)號是(shi)(shi)(shi)開元,這是(shi)(shi)(shi)錯誤(wu)的。開元通寶(bao)(bao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)非年(nian)(nian)號錢(qian),在唐代初(chu)(chu)年(nian)(nian)就(jiu)已經鑄造,是(shi)(shi)(shi)由歐(ou)陽詢(xun)親(qin)自題字,歐(ou)陽詢(xun)是(shi)(shi)(shi)初(chu)(chu)唐人(ren)(ren)物,而李隆(long)基生于盛唐,二人(ren)(ren)生活年(nian)(nian)代相差(cha)百余年(nian)(nian),從(cong)年(nian)(nian)代上(shang)講,歐(ou)陽詢(xun)就(jiu)不(bu)可(ke)能給李隆(long)基的鑄錢(qian)題字。而李隆(long)基將年(nian)(nian)號定(ding)為(wei)開元,純屬巧合(he)。

鑄制

形制

在質量(liang)上,一般的(de)開元(yuan)通寶(bao)每(mei)文(wen)(wen)重一錢(qian),每(mei)十(shi)文(wen)(wen)重一兩,每(mei)貫(即一千文(wen)(wen))重六斤(jin)四兩。每(mei)文(wen)(wen)重二銖四絫,折合質量(liang)約4.2克(ke)。但在唐玄(xuan)宗開元(yuan)年間,由于處于盛世,開元(yuan)通寶(bao)的(de)銅(tong)料增加了一到二成,這時的(de)開元(yuan)通寶(bao)質量(liang)約為4.5克(ke)至5克(ke),因而厚(hou)重的(de)開元(yuan)通寶(bao)也多半是此(ci)時鑄造。

在樣(yang)式上,初(chu)唐開元通(tong)(tong)寶光背無文,中唐起錢(qian)背開始有(you)星(xing)、月及其他(ta)紋飾(shi),晚唐會昌開元則(ze)在錢(qian)背面加上錢(qian)局所在地(di)名(ming)。經過(guo)三(san)百余年鑄(zhu)造(zao),版別復(fu)雜。唐代以后仍有(you)冶鑄(zhu),但樣(yang)式大多與唐有(you)別。在規格(ge)上,開元通(tong)(tong)寶基(ji)本是(shi)小平錢(qian),但唐代也鑄(zhu)有(you)少量“開元通(tong)(tong)寶”折十大錢(qian),屬開爐紀念性質(zhi),后代也有(you)偽造(zao)。

錢文

《舊唐書·食(shi)貨(huo)志上》記載(zai):“武德四(si)年(nian)七月,廢五銖錢,行(xing)開元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)錢。開元(yuan)錢之(zhi)文(wen)(wen),為給事中歐陽詢制(zhi)詞及書,文(wen)(wen)字莊重、雋秀、挺拔,時稱(cheng)其工。其字在篆隸(li)之(zhi)間,其詞先上后下(xia),次右左讀(du)之(zhi)(即直讀(du),讀(du)作開元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao))。自上及右回(hui)環(huan)讀(du)之(zhi)(即旋讀(du),讀(du)作開通(tong)元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)),其義亦通(tong),流俗謂之(zhi)開通(tong)元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)錢。”

文錢讀法分析

從(cong)(cong)(cong)《舊唐書》的記(ji)載中看,規范(fan)讀(du)(du)法(fa)是“開元通(tong)寶”。但也(ye)能從(cong)(cong)(cong)記(ji)載中了解到有(you)些人將錢(qian)文讀(du)(du)成“開通(tong)元寶”。從(cong)(cong)(cong)字面意義上講,兩種(zhong)讀(du)(du)法(fa)都有(you)道理。

從(cong)文史(shi)依托(tuo)上講(jiang),“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”讀法(fa)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)”一(yi)詞(ci)最(zui)遲在(zai)東漢初(chu)年時就已(yi)經出現(xian)(xian)。東漢初(chu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)著名學者,史(shi)學家班固在(zai)他(ta)的(de)文章中(zhong)(zhong)屢次提及(ji)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)”一(yi)詞(ci)。他(ta)在(zai)《漢書(shu)·李尋傳》中(zhong)(zhong)寫(xie)道:“漢興至(zhi)今二百載(zai)(zai),歷紀開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan),皇天降非才之右,漢國再獲(huo)受命之符。”他(ta)還在(zai)《東都賦》中(zhong)(zhong)寫(xie)道:“夫大(da)(da)漢之開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)也,奮布衣以(yi)登(deng)皇位(wei)。”兩處的(de)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)”均(jun)(jun)指(zhi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)國,開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)辟(pi)新紀元(yuan)之意(yi)。至(zhi)于(yu)“通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”一(yi)詞(ci),則為(wei)歐(ou)陽(yang)詢首創(chuang),意(yi)為(wei)流通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)寶(bao)(bao)物(wu),故(gu)錢(qian)(qian)幣在(zai)唐(tang)代始有“通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”。“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”一(yi)詞(ci)在(zai)唐(tang)以(yi)前古籍中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)打(da)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),疏通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),引薦之意(yi)。“元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)”一(yi)詞(ci)在(zai)西晉陳(chen)壽的(de)《三國志》中(zhong)(zhong)有記載(zai)(zai),指(zhi)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)多得的(de)人才。但二者均(jun)(jun)與錢(qian)(qian)文含(han)義根本搭(da)不(bu)(bu)上邊。故(gu)可(ke)(ke)見讀成(cheng)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”有文史(shi)依托(tuo),顯(xian)得自(zi)然。而讀成(cheng)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)”則缺乏文史(shi)依托(tuo),顯(xian)得突(tu)兀。另外,從(cong)精(jing)神內涵上來講(jiang),“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”能體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)出唐(tang)朝包(bao)羅萬象,恢弘大(da)(da)氣,奮發進取的(de)精(jing)神,也符合(he)唐(tang)朝的(de)時代背景。而“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)卻無法(fa)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)任(ren)何積極向上的(de)精(jing)神。從(cong)鑄期(qi)(qi)(qi)上來講(jiang),開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)作為(wei)非年號(hao)錢(qian)(qian),鑄期(qi)(qi)(qi)很長。開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)經久不(bu)(bu)息的(de)奧秘就在(zai)于(yu)它被統(tong)治者們(men)看做是(shi)吉語(yu)錢(qian)(qian)。讀成(cheng)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”能明顯(xian)體(ti)(ti)會(hui)到吉語(yu)就是(shi)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)”,而讀成(cheng)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)”卻無法(fa)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)任(ren)何吉語(yu)。故(gu)綜合(he)以(yi)上分析,《舊唐(tang)書(shu)》的(de)記載(zai)(zai)是(shi)正確,可(ke)(ke)靠的(de),而錢(qian)(qian)文的(de)正確讀法(fa)就是(shi)“開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”。

近代(dai)(dai)泉學家唐(tang)(tang)石父先(xian)生(sheng),力(li)排眾議,師古(gu)(gu)不泥(ni),從歷史(shi)典籍入手,正(zheng)本(ben)清源,認真考證(zheng),對該錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)正(zheng)確讀(du)法,在(zai)理論上作出(chu)詳盡精辟研究。明確指出(chu),唐(tang)(tang)武德錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文應為(wei)旋(xuan)讀(du),即“開(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元寶(bao)(bao)”。他在(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)(gu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣》一(yi)書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列舉了(le)五(wu)方面的(de)例證(zheng)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)活在(zai)隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)之際的(de)詩(shi)人王梵志的(de)《奉使親(qin)監鑄(zhu)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記載:“奉使親(qin)監鑄(zhu),改故造新(xin)(xin)光。開(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)萬(wan)里(li)達(da),元寶(bao)(bao)出(chu)青(qing)(qing)黃(huang)(huang)。本(ben)性(xing)使流(liu)(liu)傳(chuan),涓涓億兆(zhao)陽。”他是(shi)(shi)(shi)“廢五(wu)株,行新(xin)(xin)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”的(de)親(qin)歷者,他詩(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)“開(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)萬(wan)里(li)達(da),元寶(bao)(bao)出(chu)青(qing)(qing)黃(huang)(huang)”解釋了(le)“開(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”為(wei)了(le)流(liu)(liu)傳(chuan)萬(wan)里(li),“元寶(bao)(bao)”則在(zai)青(qing)(qing)黃(huang)(huang)不接(jie)之際出(chu)現。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)唐(tang)(tang)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)七種,六(liu)種皆(jie)為(wei)旋(xuan)讀(du),可(ke)見唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai)讀(du)法以旋(xuan)讀(du)為(wei)主。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)日本(ben)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣是(shi)(shi)(shi)受唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)響,確切(qie)說是(shi)(shi)(shi)受開(kai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元寶(bao)(bao)直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)響鑄(zhu)造的(de),而(er)日本(ben)皇(huang)朝(chao)十二錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)旋(xuan)讀(du),無一(yi)例外。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)后世錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)文鑄(zhu)有(you)周通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元寶(bao)(bao)、漢通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元寶(bao)(bao)、宋通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元寶(bao)(bao)。宋歐陽修《歸田錄》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)“國家開(kai)寶(bao)(bao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所鑄(zhu)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian),文曰宋通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)元寶(bao)(bao)”,足以證(zheng)明是(shi)(shi)(shi)旋(xuan)讀(du)。五(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)如果稱(cheng)開(kai)元通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao),那自唐(tang)(tang)武德年間,開(kai)元一(yi)詞(ci)變為(wei)常用詞(ci)語,甚為(wei)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)俗(su),唐(tang)(tang)玄宗(zong)擬(ni)議新(xin)(xin)紀元時(shi)便(bian)不應該再用開(kai)元作為(wei)年號。

材質

銅制

銅(tong)質開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶是(shi)比較(jiao)(jiao)常見的(de)(de)一類開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶,由于年代較(jiao)(jiao)遠,出土(tu)錢(qian)幣較(jiao)(jiao)多,故(gu)大多表(biao)面有銹,磨損嚴重。初唐(tang)外郭較(jiao)(jiao)細,中唐(tang)以后外郭變寬變粗。開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶一般內(nei)郭較(jiao)(jiao)細,圓穿鑄造方正。錢(qian)文為(wei)隸(li)書“開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶”四字直(zhi)讀。通字“甬”頭極有特(te)色(se),融(rong)合了篆書的(de)(de)特(te)點。

“開元(yuan)通寶”版(ban)制較(jiao)多,可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)早中(zhong)晚三期。早期開元(yuan)輪(lun)廓精細,文字精美;中(zhong)期錢背多鑄有(you)星(xing)、月等各(ge)種(zhong)紋飾(shi);晚期的(de)由于銅料(liao)冶煉不精,鑄幣粗糙(cao),以(yi)“會昌開元(yuan)”為(wei)代(dai)表。又(you)“開元(yuan)通寶”四字中(zhong)元(yuan)字形(xing)不同時期形(xing)有(you)小異,“元(yuan)”字第二筆有(you)左(zuo)挑、右挑、雙挑區分(fen)(fen),其中(zhong)又(you)以(yi)后兩者較(jiao)少見。

金銀制

除銅質開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通寶外(wai),唐朝也鑄(zhu)造過(guo)金、銀質開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通寶。(另(ling)外(wai)還有(you)玳瑁、鐵、鉛(qian)等(deng)材質)這兩種貴(gui)重金屬幣(bi)僅限皇家賞(shang)賜,供顯貴(gui)玩賞(shang),并(bing)不(bu)投入流通,因此存世(shi)量極小,尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)金開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan),更彌足(zu)珍貴(gui)。金開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通寶是(shi)(shi)仿銅開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通寶鑄(zhu)造,并(bing)不(bu)作為(wei)流通貨幣(bi)使用,為(wei)宮廷(ting)賞(shang)賜錢。有(you)詩(shi)曰:“開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)皇帝掌中憐,流落人間二十年(nian),長(chang)說承天門上宴,百僚樓(lou)下拾金錢。”可見(jian)唐開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)盛世(shi)的奢(she)華。1970年(nian)西安何家村出土30枚金開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通寶,是(shi)(shi)那個(ge)時期唯一的一次(ci)發(fa)現,足(zu)見(jian)其(qi)(qi)珍稀(xi)程度。

玳瑁開元通寶

金開元通寶

唐高祖

不(bu)同材質的開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)

鑒別方法

聽聲音

開元(yuan)通寶,尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)初唐的,用(yong)料講(jiang)究,做(zuo)工較為細膩,因年代久遠,內部成分會有變化。銅質被(bei)氧化,盡脫(tuo)火氣。將真品開元(yuan)擲于(yu)地上,清脆響亮,有一定彈(dan)性,聲音(yin)低沉則(ze)證明其(qi)內部有裂。

聞氣味

真(zhen)品(pin)開元通寶很(hen)多都是罐裝窖(jiao)藏,有純正的泥土香味,而偽品(pin)銹色來源于迅速的化學反應,往(wang)往(wang)有刺(ci)激性氣味。

探針法

用縫衣(yi)(yi)針對生坑開元(yuan)通(tong)寶進行(xing)試挑,把縫衣(yi)(yi)針針頭向下(xia)(xia)豎直下(xia)(xia)壓(ya),放手后,真品開元(yuan)通(tong)寶上的縫衣(yi)(yi)針會掉下(xia)(xia)去,而(er)偽品由于做的銹往(wang)往(wang)富有一定(ding)彈性(xing),針不會掉落。

比較密度

密(mi)度是物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)特性,可以(yi)拿與幾個開(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量或(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體積的(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),真品的(de)開(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)在相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia),體積也(ye)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。而(er)偽品在相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia),體積比它(ta)(ta)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da);在相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體積的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia),質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量比它(ta)(ta)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小。如(ru)果是不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量和不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)體積的(de),而(er)且是同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de),則計算它(ta)(ta)們的(de)密(mi)度,再比較,密(mi)度與同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)接近的(de)是真品,但是密(mi)度比同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小的(de)是偽品。

鑒別技巧

對于會(hui)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)開元鑒別(bie)應(ying)加以注意。史(shi)料(liao)記載會(hui)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)開元有23種,是各州錢(qian)局(ju)鑄(zhu)錢(qian)時于錢(qian)背加蓋(gai)鑄(zhu)局(ju)地(di)名的一類(lei)特殊開元錢(qian),這種開元通寶錢(qian)幣(bi)字體十分隨意,很不規(gui)(gui)整(zheng)。其中特別(bie)注意揚(yang)州局(ju)所鑄(zhu)錢(qian)幣(bi)為(wei)紀念(nian)會(hui)昌(chang)(chang)(chang)滅佛,背面為(wei)“昌(chang)(chang)(chang)”而(er)非“揚(yang)”。若發現文字秀麗規(gui)(gui)范(fan),或背文有“揚(yang)”者,定為(wei)偽古(gu)。另外,保存錢(qian)幣(bi)入盒袋即可,錢(qian)文應(ying)朝下或內置(zhi),以防(fang)磨損。

歷史背景

隋(sui)(sui)煬帝(di)大(da)(da)(da)(da)業十三年(nian)(公元617年(nian)),正值(zhi)隋(sui)(sui)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)末(mo)年(nian),天下大(da)(da)(da)(da)亂(luan),民不聊生(sheng)。隋(sui)(sui)唐(tang)(tang)國(guo)公,太(tai)原留守(shou)李淵(yuan)趁機(ji)起(qi)兵(bing),攻克隋(sui)(sui)都大(da)(da)(da)(da)興(xing),自(zi)(zi)封唐(tang)(tang)王,立隋(sui)(sui)煬帝(di)孫楊侑為帝(di)。不久(jiu)廢楊侑并自(zi)(zi)立為帝(di),改大(da)(da)(da)(da)興(xing)為長(chang)安,建(jian)(jian)立唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao),隋(sui)(sui)亡。唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)初(chu)建(jian)(jian),為統(tong)一全國(guo),簡化(hua)軍餉籌集(ji)步驟(zou),故唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)建(jian)(jian)國(guo)伊始仍(reng)然沿用五(wu)銖(zhu)(zhu)錢。在唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)始鑄開元通(tong)寶之前(qian)(qian),始于(yu)漢代的(de)(de)五(wu)銖(zhu)(zhu)錢在全國(guo)已流(liu)通(tong)700余年(nian)之久(jiu)。期(qi)間歷(li)經王朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)盛衰(shuai),大(da)(da)(da)(da)小輕(qing)重已無統(tong)一標準。即使是版式最簡單的(de)(de)隋(sui)(sui)五(wu)銖(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)有(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)小多種規(gui)格。再加(jia)上(shang)前(qian)(qian)代的(de)(de)北周,北齊和南(nan)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)錢幣的(de)(de)流(liu)通(tong),通(tong)貨之狀極其混亂(luan),又由于(yu)隋(sui)(sui)末(mo)戰亂(luan),貨幣大(da)(da)(da)(da)幅貶值(zhi),百姓生(sheng)活(huo)非(fei)常困(kun)苦(ku)。所以當唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)局勢穩定后,為適應其統(tong)治需要(yao),于(yu)武(wu)德四年(nian)(公元621年(nian))七月(yue),頒詔廢五(wu)銖(zhu)(zhu)錢,由唐(tang)(tang)高祖李淵(yuan)親(qin)自(zi)(zi)主導,給事中(zhong)歐(ou)陽詢監制,改鑄統(tong)一的(de)(de)開元通(tong)寶。

在(zai)開元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通寶始鑄(zhu)之(zhi)后,唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)618年(nian)—公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)907年(nian))于貞觀二年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)628年(nian))滅(mie)掉盤踞朔方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)梁師(shi)都,成(cheng)為了(le)(le)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多民族國(guo)家(jia)。這時(shi)(shi)(shi),封(feng)建地主(zhu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟與文(wen)化(hua)(hua)在(zai)全(quan)國(guo)范圍內得(de)到了(le)(le)較長時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定發(fa)展,整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)封(feng)建社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟與文(wen)化(hua)(hua)均呈現出繁榮景(jing)象。唐(tang)(tang)太宗于公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)626年(nian)8月即位(wei)后,勵精圖治(zhi),審(shen)慎(shen)地調整(zheng)了(le)(le)統(tong)治(zhi)政策,在(zai)政治(zhi)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟、軍事、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)諸方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)進行(xing)了(le)(le)一(yi)系列改(gai)革,使封(feng)建國(guo)家(jia)出現了(le)(le)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)相對穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局面(mian)(mian)(mian),史稱(cheng)“貞觀之(zhi)治(zhi)”。唐(tang)(tang)玄宗李隆基(ji)于先天元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)712年(nian))登基(ji)后,在(zai)位(wei)44年(nian),歷經(jing)(jing)(jing)先天,開元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),天寶三個(ge)(ge)年(nian)號。在(zai)他(ta)統(tong)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)間,唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)進入極(ji)盛時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),是唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao)高度(du)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黃金(jin)階(jie)段,史稱(cheng)“開元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)盛世”。在(zai)農業方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian),均田制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推行(xing),使耕地面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)擴大(da),百姓生(sheng)活殷實富足,府庫充實。詩(shi)人(ren)杜甫(fu)在(zai)《憶昔詩(shi)》中寫到:“憶昔開元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)全(quan)盛日,小邑(yi)猶(you)藏萬家(jia)室;稻米(mi)流脂粟米(mi)白,公(gong)私倉(cang)廩俱(ju)豐實”。生(sheng)動形象地描繪了(le)(le)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興盛情景(jing)。此時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao),城市商業興旺(wang),交通發(fa)達,很多城市都設邸店,為商人(ren)服務(wu),并(bing)出現了(le)(le)原始的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匯票“飛錢(qian)”(或(huo)稱(cheng)“便換”)和信用機(ji)構“柜坊”,當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)商品交換活躍、錢(qian)幣收(shou)支頻繁程度(du)可見一(yi)斑。唐(tang)(tang)代冶(ye)煉技術取得(de)新成(cheng)就,全(quan)國(guo)有168個(ge)(ge)銀、銅、鐵、錫冶(ye)煉所,金(jin)屬器物(wu)以捶擊(ji)與澆鑄(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu),運用切削、刻鑿、焊接等技術,效(xiao)率大(da)大(da)提(ti)高。可見,開元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通寶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)行(xing)對歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進程有著良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推進作用。

經濟背景

我國在(zai)(zai)唐朝(chao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)前,多以(yi)(yi)(yi)銖(zhu)(zhu)、兩來表(biao)示錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)質量(liang)。從(cong)秦半兩到隋五銖(zhu)(zhu),貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)度(du)量(liang)都(dou)是以(yi)(yi)(yi)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)銖(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)兩的(de)(de)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)進(jin)制為(wei)(wei)標準。秦朝(chao)規定,一(yi)(yi)(yi)兩為(wei)(wei)16克,一(yi)(yi)(yi)銖(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)0.67克,此后直至(zhi)唐朝(chao),度(du)量(liang)衡(heng)(heng)都(dou)沒有太大(da)變化(hua)。從(cong)唐朝(chao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始,采用(yong)新(xin)的(de)(de)度(du)量(liang)衡(heng)(heng),一(yi)(yi)(yi)兩改為(wei)(wei)40克。而(er)自從(cong)二銖(zhu)(zhu)四(si)絫(約4克)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)流(liu)通(tong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后,十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錢(qian)(qian)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)兩的(de)(de)新(xin)的(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)制度(du)量(liang)衡(heng)(heng)便(bian)由此產(chan)生,二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)進(jin)制的(de)(de)銖(zhu)(zhu)兩制就逐漸退出了(le)歷史舞(wu)臺。錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)實際重(zhong)量(liang)也(ye)不再以(yi)(yi)(yi)錙,銖(zhu)(zhu),兩的(de)(de)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)進(jin)制去計量(liang),而(er)是開(kai)(kai)(kai)始以(yi)(yi)(yi)厘,分(fen),錢(qian)(qian),兩的(de)(de)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)制去計量(liang)。開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao),徑八(ba)分(fen)(約2.4厘米),重(zhong)二銖(zhu)(zhu)四(si)絫(約4克),即一(yi)(yi)(yi)錢(qian)(qian)(貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)單(dan)位(wei)或面額一(yi)(yi)(yi)文,一(yi)(yi)(yi)個錢(qian)(qian)亦即一(yi)(yi)(yi)文錢(qian)(qian)),每(mei)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)文重(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)兩,一(yi)(yi)(yi)千文重(zhong)六斤四(si)兩。起用(yong)這種新(xin)衡(heng)(heng)制,換(huan)算便(bian)利,適(shi)合商品(pin)(pin)經(jing)濟(ji)發展的(de)(de)需要。在(zai)(zai)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)鑄造的(de)(de)形制和(he)重(zhong)量(liang)上,開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)成為(wei)(wei)唐代(dai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)后各代(dai)銅錢(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)標準。開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)的(de)(de)產(chan)生,有著(zhu)深刻的(de)(de)社會經(jing)濟(ji)原因。經(jing)濟(ji)決定金融,開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)是當時商品(pin)(pin)生產(chan)和(he)商品(pin)(pin)交(jiao)換(huan)逐漸擴大(da)的(de)(de)產(chan)物。

作用

地位

開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)錢(qian)(qian),在我國(guo)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)史(shi)上(shang)具(ju)有劃(hua)時代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)地(di)位。“開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)”,意指開(kai)(kai)辟新紀元(yuan);“通寶(bao)(bao)”,意指通行寶(bao)(bao)貨(huo)。開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)劃(hua)時代(dai)(dai)地(di)位表現在:唐代(dai)(dai)以前的(de)(de)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi),多以形制或重(zhong)量為名稱,如刀幣(bi)、五銖錢(qian)(qian)等,而自開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)后,改稱“寶(bao)(bao)”、“通寶(bao)(bao)”、“元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)”等。開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶(bao)(bao)是唐朝(chao)統治290年中的(de)(de)主要流(liu)通貨(huo)幣(bi),而且(qie)影響(xiang)了中國(guo)1000多年錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)的(de)(de)形制、錢(qian)(qian)文模式(shi)和十(shi)進位衡法。

意義

唐代開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的鑄(zhu)制(zhi)與(yu)流通(tong)(tong)(tong),在我國錢(qian)(qian)幣形(xing)制(zhi)發(fa)展(zhan)史(shi)上有著(zhu)劃時(shi)代的意義(yi)。開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)簡稱開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)錢(qian)(qian)或通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)錢(qian)(qian)。開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)即(ji)“開(kai)(kai)國奠基”之意;通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)則是“流通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)貨(huo)”之內涵。銅(tong)錢(qian)(qian)名(ming)曰通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),反映(ying)了當(dang)時(shi)人們對貨(huo)幣作用有了進一步的認識,以(yi)錢(qian)(qian)為寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),則意味著(zhu)貨(huo)幣即(ji)財寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)觀(guan)念的增(zeng)強和人們對其崇拜程度(du)。

影響

開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)形制(zhi)不但成了(le)(le)(le)后世小平錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)基本(ben)鑄式(shi),還(huan)被(bei)沿襲了(le)(le)(le)一千三百年(nian)之(zhi)(zhi)久(jiu),開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)控(kong)制(zhi)下(xia)的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)貨狀況(kuang)良好,貞觀年(nian)間斗(dou)米僅三五(wu)文(wen),開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)年(nian)間斗(dou)米僅十文(wen)。《龍川(chuan)略論》中記載,蘇轍至京師,參(can)知政事王介甫(fu)(即王安石(shi))問鑄錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。對(dui)曰:“唐(tang)開(kai)(kai)(kai)通(tong)(tong)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)最善,今難及矣”。開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)出(chu)現,開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方孔(kong)圓錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)先(xian)河,宣告了(le)(le)(le)自秦以來流通(tong)(tong)了(le)(le)(le)八百多(duo)年(nian)來的(de)(de)銖兩貨幣的(de)(de)結束。從此(ci),我(wo)國的(de)(de)方孔(kong)圓錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)多(duo)以通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)、元(yuan)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)相稱,亦(yi)即寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)文(wen)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)。它的(de)(de)文(wen)字、重量、形制(zhi)均成為后世鑄錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)楷模。如五(wu)代(dai)的(de)(de)周元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),宋代(dai)的(de)(de)宋元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)都模仿了(le)(le)(le)開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)文(wen)字形制(zhi)。

另(ling)外,日本、越南、朝鮮錢制也受到開元通寶的影響(xiang),而(er)通寶的稱謂一直延用至(zhi)近(jin)代(dai)。

版別

常見的開元(yuan)通寶共有(you)12個(ge)版別(bie)(bie)。分(fen)別(bie)(bie)是大字(zi)(zi)(zi),大字(zi)(zi)(zi)狹元(yuan),遒勁,容弱,短頭元(yuan),直元(yuan),尨(與莽同音)字(zi)(zi)(zi),低(di)頭通,平頭通,小(xiao)(xiao)字(zi)(zi)(zi),小(xiao)(xiao)通,小(xiao)(xiao)通小(xiao)(xiao)寶。可(ke)依據12種版別(bie)(bie)的特(te)(te)征進行集版收藏(zang)。其中,大字(zi)(zi)(zi),大字(zi)(zi)(zi)狹元(yuan),遒勁,容弱,尨字(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)小(xiao)(xiao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)為特(te)(te)色(se)版別(bie)(bie),下面是對特(te)(te)色(se)版別(bie)(bie)的詳解。

大字

大字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)是開(kai)元(yuan)通寶的(de)代表字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)體,整體錢文肥大。”開(kai)“字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)橫而(er)闊(kuo),”元(yuan)“字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)相(xiang)對比其它三字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)稍(shao)小,“通”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)足部(bu)長(chang)而(er)銳,“寶”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)肥大與(yu)內廓(kuo)相(xiang)接,上下延伸超過內廓(kuo)長(chang)度(du)。

大字狹元

大(da)字(zi)(zi)狹元(yuan)(yuan)的文(wen)字(zi)(zi)書寫近似大(da)字(zi)(zi)。錢文(wen)整體狹長(chang),“元(yuan)(yuan)”字(zi)(zi)下部窄高且靠(kao)近,“寶”字(zi)(zi)整體長(chang)度超(chao)過內(nei)廓(kuo),“寶”中的“貝”比大(da)字(zi)(zi)較(jiao)窄。

遒勁

遒勁在(zai)字體上基本同(tong)大(da)字一樣,錢文(wen)由大(da)字演(yan)變而(er)來,較大(da)字窄且更為強勁。“元”字第二筆強頓成(cheng)直(zhi)角(jiao),“通”字足頭第一筆較長頓。

容弱

容弱體的開(kai)元通寶四字(zi)(zi)(zi)書寫較弱,收筆(bi)之處多圓(yuan)潤。“元”字(zi)(zi)(zi)雙(shuang)足平衡,挑筆(bi)較弱,“通”字(zi)(zi)(zi)走步為三(san)(san)撇,三(san)(san)撇較小(xiao)且多為向(xiang)下(xia)四十五度角斜(xie),“寶”字(zi)(zi)(zi)廣貝,足小(xiao)且開(kai),收筆(bi)也是較圓(yuan)潤。多鑄于唐(tang)高宗后期。

尨字

尨字(zi)由短(duan)頭(tou)(tou)元(yuan)演變而(er)來(lai),四字(zi)均(jun)較(jiao)闊。“開”字(zi)寬(kuan),“元(yuan)”字(zi)第二橫較(jiao)長(chang),“通”頭(tou)(tou)較(jiao)大,足頭(tou)(tou)第一(yi)點彎,“寶”字(zi)頭(tou)(tou)寬(kuan),光背尨字(zi)中“寶”字(zi)下端一(yi)般(ban)不封口。

小字

小字版(ban)也叫窄(zhai)通寶(bao)版(ban),四字錢(qian)文(wen)都有各自(zi)特(te)點。“元”字小而(er)勁挑,“通”字頭大,部分“通”為斷舟通(即通字足部長橫斷開(kai)為兩橫,據說是(shi)為了說明反周復唐。),“寶(bao)”字窄(zhai)長。多鑄于(yu)武周時期。

分期

關于開元通寶分期(qi)問題,根(gen)據幾位(wei)專家對唐初紀年(nian)墓考證(zheng),分為以下時期(qi):

初唐開元

公元(yuan)(yuan)621年(nian),開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通寶始鑄(zhu)。初唐(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)始于唐(tang)高祖武(wu)德四年(nian),終(zhong)于唐(tang)高宗(zong)中(zhong)后期。初唐(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通寶行用錢(qian)(qian)是錢(qian)(qian)文為歐陽詢所書、經錢(qian)(qian)監嚴密督造的一種(zhong)優(you)質開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)(qian),又叫(jiao)武(wu)德開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)。從(cong)質地上(shang)看(kan),初唐(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)所用材(cai)料為青(qing)銅和白銅,面、背(bei)肉好,廓整,錢(qian)(qian)文深竣清晰,銅質純凈(jing),鑄(zhu)造精良。從(cong)形體上(shang)看(kan),錢(qian)(qian)徑24毫米(mi)(mi)至25毫米(mi)(mi),穿徑7毫米(mi)(mi),廓寬2毫米(mi)(mi),質量為3.7克(ke)到4.2克(ke),集中(zhong)于4克(ke)。

從錢(qian)文(wen)上(shang)看,正面“開元(yuan)通寳(bao)”四字含八(ba)分及(ji)隸體(ti),筆(bi)劃(hua)(hua)端莊沉(chen)穩,“開”字間架勻稱,疏密有致;內(nei)(nei)部(bu)作“井”狀且“井”部(bu)不與內(nei)(nei)廓(kuo)相接,“元(yuan)”字首劃(hua)(hua)為一短橫(heng),次劃(hua)(hua)長橫(heng)左(zuo)挑;“通”字的“辶(chuo)”前三筆(bi)各(ge)不相連,呈三撇(pie)狀,“甬”部(bu)上(shang)筆(bi)開口較(jiao)大(da);“寳(bao)”字著(zhu)筆(bi)莊重,其“貝(bei)”部(bu)內(nei)(nei)為兩(liang)短橫(heng),不與左(zuo)右(you)兩(liang)豎筆(bi)連接,整體(ti)錢(qian)文(wen)筆(bi)畫(hua)較(jiao)粗,但書寫的自然,靈(ling)動,富有活力(li)。錢(qian)背(bei)光背(bei)無文(wen)。但是,自初唐(tang)(tang)后期起,出現了一些(xie)寄郭大(da)字的版別(bie),筆(bi)畫(hua)也逐(zhu)漸(jian)變(bian)細,并著(zhu)手開始向(xiang)盛唐(tang)(tang)開元(yuan)過(guo)渡。

盛唐開元

盛(sheng)(sheng)唐(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始于唐(tang)高宗中(zhong)(zhong)后期,終于唐(tang)玄宗天寶末年(nian)(nian)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)質地(di)上看,盛(sheng)(sheng)唐(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)青銅和紫銅鑄造。面,廓(kuo)更加(jia)(jia)精(jing)細,做(zuo)工更加(jia)(jia)精(jing)美(mei)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)形體(ti)上看,錢(qian)徑25毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)到(dao)27毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),穿徑7毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),廓(kuo)寬2毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)到(dao)3毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),質量(liang)為(wei)4.2克(ke)到(dao)5克(ke),集中(zhong)(zhong)于4.7克(ke)。從(cong)(cong)(cong)錢(qian)文(wen)上看,盛(sheng)(sheng)唐(tang)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)文(wen)是(shi)變(bian)(bian)化中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)。相比初(chu)(chu)(chu)唐(tang),盛(sheng)(sheng)唐(tang)的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)文(wen)變(bian)(bian)得更加(jia)(jia)纖(xian)細,并(bing)逐(zhu)步從(cong)(cong)(cong)歐陽(yang)詢書寫的(de)(de)(de)初(chu)(chu)(chu)唐(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)文(wen)端莊沉穩,大氣灑脫的(de)(de)(de)筆體(ti),演變(bian)(bian)成筆劃疏朗,纖(xian)細清(qing)秀的(de)(de)(de)筆體(ti),“開(kai)”字(zi)逐(zhu)步變(bian)(bian)長,內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)“井”部(bu)與內(nei)廓(kuo)相連(lian)。“元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”字(zi)首(shou)橫加(jia)(jia)長,次劃左(zuo)挑,“通(tong)(tong)”字(zi)的(de)(de)(de)“辶”前(qian)三筆由(you)三撇狀(zhuang)(zhuang)逐(zhu)步演變(bian)(bian)為(wei)似連(lian)非連(lian)的(de)(de)(de)頓折(zhe)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),進而又演變(bian)(bian)為(wei)連(lian)續的(de)(de)(de)拐折(zhe)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。“甬”部(bu)上筆開(kai)口(kou)逐(zhu)漸變(bian)(bian)扁,“寳”字(zi)之“貝(bei)”部(bu)內(nei)中(zhong)(zhong)間兩橫加(jia)(jia)長,與左(zuo)右兩豎(shu)筆相銜(xian)接。“宀”下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)“爾”逐(zhu)步演變(bian)(bian)為(wei)三個豎(shu)道。整個字(zi)體(ti)比初(chu)(chu)(chu)唐(tang)更加(jia)(jia)標準,規(gui)范,但少了初(chu)(chu)(chu)唐(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)字(zi)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)靈動(dong)與活(huo)潑。這(zhe)些演變(bian)(bian)在唐(tang)玄宗開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)間完全定型,脫離了初(chu)(chu)(chu)唐(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)系,自成一版并(bing)趨于穩定。對于錢(qian)背(bei)(bei)面而言,盛(sheng)(sheng)唐(tang)初(chu)(chu)(chu)期的(de)(de)(de)光背(bei)(bei)無(wu)文(wen),從(cong)(cong)(cong)唐(tang)玄宗開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)間起開(kai)始有星(xing)月印(yin)記(ji)。背(bei)(bei)面的(de)(de)(de)月型印(yin)記(ji)在坊間傳說(shuo)為(wei)楊貴(gui)妃(fei)的(de)(de)(de)指甲痕,故民間又稱其為(wei)貴(gui)妃(fei)錢(qian)。其實(shi)這(zhe)些說(shuo)法并(bing)不可信(xin)。事實(shi)上,星(xing)月型印(yin)記(ji)為(wei)各錢(qian)局錢(qian)爐上的(de)(de)(de)爐記(ji),用(yong)來區(qu)分(fen)不同的(de)(de)(de)錢(qian)爐。另(ling)外,對于做(zuo)工精(jing)好的(de)(de)(de)那些右挑,雙挑的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)(tong)寶,一般也鑄于此時(shi)。

中唐開元

中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)始于(yu)唐(tang)(tang)肅宗初(chu)(chu)年(nian),終于(yu)唐(tang)(tang)憲宗元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和末(mo)年(nian)。這一(yi)時期的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通寶(bao)特(te)點與(yu)盛唐(tang)(tang)后(hou)(hou)期的(de)(de)(de)大(da)同(tong)(tong)小異。從(cong)質地上看(kan),中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)要采(cai)用青銅和紫銅鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao),并(bing)夾(jia)有一(yi)定(ding)量的(de)(de)(de)鐵,鉛。面,廓(kuo)比較精整(zheng)(zheng),但(dan)(dan)做(zuo)工(gong)不及初(chu)(chu)唐(tang)(tang)精美。從(cong)形體上看(kan),中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)直徑在23毫米(mi)到(dao)(dao)26毫米(mi)之(zhi)間(jian),穿徑7毫米(mi),廓(kuo)寬2毫米(mi)到(dao)(dao)3毫米(mi),質量為(wei)3.2克(ke)到(dao)(dao)4.5克(ke),相(xiang)比盛唐(tang)(tang)有所減重。從(cong)錢文上看(kan),中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)正面錢文與(yu)盛唐(tang)(tang)后(hou)(hou)期無(wu)異,只是“開(kai)(kai)”字(zi)向寬體發展,相(xiang)比正面其背文卻更加繁(fan)縟,出現(xian)了如祥云(yun),同(tong)(tong)心(xin)結等(deng)新型(xing)背文。同(tong)(tong)時,傳統的(de)(de)(de)星月背文鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)量也(ye)(ye)大(da)幅增加且成為(wei)主(zhu)導。中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)初(chu)(chu)期錢文尚且精整(zheng)(zheng),但(dan)(dan)經歷安(an)史之(zhi)亂后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)唐(tang)(tang)朝(chao),鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)錢水(shui)平(ping)呈下滑態勢,后(hou)(hou)期鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)不精,邊廓(kuo)不整(zheng)(zheng),向晚唐(tang)(tang)過(guo)渡(du)。這一(yi)時期出現(xian)了闊(kuo)字(zi)版的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通寶(bao),并(bing)在之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)成為(wei)主(zhu)流。關于(yu)花穿開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),專家考證(zheng)其主(zhu)要鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)于(yu)中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang),流行于(yu)晚唐(tang)(tang),但(dan)(dan)多為(wei)私鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),做(zuo)工(gong)也(ye)(ye)很(hen)草率(lv),應屬后(hou)(hou)期所鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。

會昌開元

(特殊晚(wan)唐開(kai)元)

會昌(chang)五年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)845年(nian)(nian))唐(tang)(tang)武(wu)宗滅佛,將滅佛所得銅料鑄成會昌(chang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)。大(da)小(xiao)徑寸如之(zhi)前的(de)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶,只是在(zai)錢(qian)(qian)背(bei)(bei)鑄上(shang)鑄錢(qian)(qian)局(ju)所在(zai)州(zhou)的(de)州(zhou)名,如京師長安鑄“京”字、東都洛陽鑄“洛”字。而淮南的(de)揚(yang)州(zhou)為(wei)紀念會昌(chang)滅佛,所鑄背(bei)(bei)文(wen)為(wei)“昌(chang)”字。從質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)上(shang)看,會昌(chang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)采用(yong)較為(wei)優質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)佛銅鑄造,銅質(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)青銅和紫銅。從形體上(shang)看,會昌(chang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)普遍(bian)質(zhi)(zhi)量在(zai)3.2克(ke)到4.2克(ke)之(zhi)間,錢(qian)(qian)體大(da)小(xiao)與中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)基本(ben)相同(tong),但也有小(xiao)錢(qian)(qian),可能是私鑄品。相比初唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶的(de)統一(yi),晚唐(tang)(tang)時(shi)的(de)各地(di)鑄錢(qian)(qian)工藝存(cun)在(zai)著明顯的(de)差別,多(duo)數周廓偏(pian)斜(xie),鑄文(wen)模糊,個(ge)別出現(xian)花(hua)穿現(xian)象。時(shi)過一(yi)年(nian)(nian),唐(tang)(tang)武(wu)宗駕崩,但繼任的(de)唐(tang)(tang)宣宗認為(wei)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)精好,繼續(xu)(xu)鑄造,并持續(xu)(xu)至唐(tang)(tang)亡。錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)學界一(yi)般(ban)將會昌(chang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)視(shi)為(wei)晚唐(tang)(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)的(de)典型標本(ben)。

從(cong)錢文上看(kan),會昌(chang)開(kai)元有京(長安,今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)西(xi)安),昌(chang)(揚州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),洛(洛陽),益(成都(dou)),荊(江(jiang)陵,今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)荊州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),襄(襄陽),藍(lan)(藍(lan)田),越(越州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)紹興),宣(xuan)(宣(xuan)城(cheng)),洪(洪州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)南昌(chang)),潭(潭州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)長沙),兗(兗州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)濟(ji)寧(ning)),潤(潤州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)鎮江(jiang)),鄂(鄂州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)武漢),平(平州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)秦(qin)皇島),興(興平,今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)咸陽),梁(梁州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)漢中(zhong)),廣(廣州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),梓(梓州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)三臺(tai)),福(福州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),桂(gui)(桂(gui)陽,今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)郴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)),丹(丹州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)宜川),永(永州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou))共23個記地(di)錢局標識。

普通晚唐開元

普通晚唐(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)在(zai)唐(tang)憲宗元(yuan)和年(nian)間(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)鑄造,一(yi)直持續至唐(tang)亡。它沿襲了中唐(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)的特點。從(cong)(cong)質地上看(kan)(kan),這種開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)通寶所用銅(tong)料很(hen)雜,說不(bu)(bu)(bu)清(qing)是何種銅(tong)合(he)金,銅(tong)質發(fa)黑(hei),純度低,含鐵量高,個別(bie)可被(bei)磁鐵吸引。從(cong)(cong)形體上看(kan)(kan),質量較(jiao)小,普遍(bian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)超過4克(ke)。錢(qian)徑在(zai)23毫(hao)米至24毫(hao)米之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)。鑄工草率,多數輪(lun)廓不(bu)(bu)(bu)整,普遍(bian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如中唐(tang)開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)精(jing)美(mei)。很(hen)多應屬私鑄之(zhi)(zhi)列。從(cong)(cong)錢(qian)文(wen)(wen)上看(kan)(kan),正面錢(qian)文(wen)(wen)筆(bi)劃比較(jiao)纖細,與(yu)中唐(tang)后(hou)期(qi)的錢(qian)文(wen)(wen)一(yi)致,但(dan)字跡(ji)模(mo)糊(hu)。在(zai)背文(wen)(wen)上,多有(you)小型月痕(hen),對月月痕(hen),多月痕(hen)及孕星開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)出(chu)現,還有(you)合(he)背開(kai)(kai)元(yuan)。它們普遍(bian)做(zuo)工粗糙,有(you)的連錢(qian)文(wen)(wen)都難以辨識。

私鑄小徑開元

指錢(qian)徑(jing)在21毫米至(zhi)23毫米之(zhi)間的(de)開元錢(qian),這種(zhong)小開元可能(neng)都(dou)是各個時(shi)期的(de)民間私鑄錢(qian)幣。《舊唐書(shu)·食貨志》寫道(dao):“如(ru)聞(wen)官鑄之(zhi)外(wai),私鑄頗(po)多”。專家根據發掘出(chu)土的(de)小開元標本,按其流行階(jie)段,大體分(fen)出(chu)三型:

一型(xing),錢文筆跡極力摹仿武德開元(yuan),惟錢徑僅23毫(hao)米,重量不到(dao)3克(ke),錢文尚清晰,穿廓尚規整(zheng),銅(tong)質(zhi)并不很差;二型(xing),中唐小開元(yuan),字體模(mo)糊,鑄(zhu)造工(gong)藝粗(cu)陋,銅(tong)質(zhi)內摻雜鐵鉛,銹蝕嚴重;三型(xing),晚(wan)唐小開元(yuan),周廓寬窄(zhai)不一,銅(tong)質(zhi)發黑,摻雜鐵鉛,肉(rou)薄量輕,鑄(zhu)范模(mo)糊,錢背穿廓近(jin)平(ping),錢徑為22毫(hao)米至23毫(hao)米,質(zhi)量在1.7克(ke)到(dao)3克(ke)之(zhi)間(jian),多數是私(si)鑄(zhu)。

五代十國開元

公(gong)元(yuan)907年(nian)6月1日(ri)(唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)哀帝天(tian)佑四年(nian)四月十八(ba)日(ri)),唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)朝滅亡,中(zhong)國歷史(shi)進入五代十國時期(qi)。其中(zhong)閩(min)(min),楚,南(nan)(nan)漢,南(nan)(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)、后(hou)蜀等政(zheng)權先后(hou)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造過(guo)開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶,除南(nan)(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)基本延續(xu)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)代開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶特點外(wai)(wai),其余皆形制與唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)有(you)(you)(you)別。其中(zhong),閩(min)(min)開(kai)元(yuan)字體雄(xiong)健(jian),背(bei)(bei)后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)“閩(min)(min)”,“福”,“殷”字樣,過(guo)去曾被誤(wu)認為是會(hui)昌開(kai)元(yuan)。楚和南(nan)(nan)漢的(de)(de)開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶多為小平(ping)鉛制,錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)輕小,做(zuo)工(gong)粗糙,文字漫晦,背(bei)(bei)文多種(zhong)多樣,但(dan)由于鑄(zhu)(zhu)量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小,市價(jia)(jia)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高。南(nan)(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶基本延續(xu)中(zhong)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)特點并(bing)有(you)(you)(you)所發展,開(kai)創對(dui)錢(qian)(qian),即除字體不同其余特征完全相同的(de)(de)一組錢(qian)(qian)。南(nan)(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶有(you)(you)(you)篆(zhuan)書(shu)(shu)和隸(li)書(shu)(shu)兩(liang)種(zhong),其中(zhong)隸(li)書(shu)(shu)基本沿襲唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)制,無論篆(zhuan)書(shu)(shu)還是隸(li)書(shu)(shu),做(zuo)工(gong)均很精(jing)美(mei)。它們是五代錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)中(zhong)做(zuo)工(gong)非常精(jing)致的(de)(de)。早期(qi)錢(qian)(qian)幣(bi)緣(yuan)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)闊,后(hou)期(qi)由于南(nan)(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)國力衰(shuai)退,鑄(zhu)(zhu)幣(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)初(chu)期(qi)輕小些。由于南(nan)(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶鑄(zhu)(zhu)量(liang)大,價(jia)(jia)格較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低,但(dan)比唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶略貴。另(ling)外(wai)(wai)南(nan)(nan)唐(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)(tang)開(kai)元(yuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)寶中(zhong)還有(you)(you)(you)背(bei)(bei)四決(jue)紋的(de)(de),價(jia)(jia)格較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)貴。

宋太(tai)祖開(kai)(kai)寶(bao)(bao)八年(公元975年)宋滅南唐,由于(yu)宋朝通(tong)行宋元通(tong)寶(bao)(bao),故開(kai)(kai)元通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)官鑄停鑄并退出(chu)流通(tong)舞(wu)臺,但直至清末民間(jian)仍有私鑄,主要是厭勝錢。

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