20世紀(ji)70年代(dai)初(chu),蘇(su)聯(lian)有強大(da)的(de)經濟實(shi)力和人才儲(chu)備,為(wei)了贏得對美國(guo)海(hai)軍的(de)水下作戰(zhan)優(you)勢(shi),蘇(su)聯(lian)海(hai)軍決定繼續研(yan)制并建造(zao)新型(xing)核潛艇(ting)(ting),于是將建造(zao)新一(yi)代(dai)核潛艇(ting)(ting)的(de)任務同時發送至三家當時知名的(de)潛艇(ting)(ting)設(she)計(ji)(ji)局(ju),即孔(kong)雀石(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)局(ju)(前身為(wei)蘇(su)聯(lian)列寧格(ge)勒SKB-143特(te)種裝(zhuang)備設(she)計(ji)(ji)局(ju)/船舶(bo)設(she)計(ji)(ji)局(ju))、紅寶石(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)局(ju)和天青石(shi)(shi)設(she)計(ji)(ji)局(ju)。蘇(su)聯(lian)海(hai)軍意圖讓三家設(she)計(ji)(ji)局(ju)各自獨立(li)設(she)計(ji)(ji)新型(xing)核潛艇(ting)(ting),而海(hai)軍則將全(quan)部接收,并通過比較其各自的(de)優(you)勢(shi)進行(xing)選用。
蘇聯對新一代核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)要(yao)(yao)求是很(hen)苛刻的(de),新設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)不僅要(yao)(yao)下潛(qian)(qian)深度大(da)、水下航速高(gao)、隱蔽性好(hao),而且還(huan)要(yao)(yao)具有反艦(jian)、反潛(qian)(qian)和攻(gong)(gong)擊敵(di)方岸上目標的(de)能力,其(qi)中主要(yao)(yao)的(de)任(ren)(ren)務是提(ti)前(qian)發現美國裝載彈道(dao)導(dao)彈的(de)戰略核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)及其(qi)護(hu)航潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)并將其(qi)擊沉。為(wei)此,孔雀石設(she)計(ji)(ji)局接受(shou)任(ren)(ren)務后(hou),馬上以其(qi)研(yan)(yan)制的(de)671型攻(gong)(gong)擊核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(北(bei)(bei)約稱(cheng)(cheng)維克托級,簡(jian)稱(cheng)(cheng)V級)PTM型和705型攻(gong)(gong)擊核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(北(bei)(bei)約稱(cheng)(cheng)阿(a)爾法級,簡(jian)稱(cheng)(cheng)A級)為(wei)基礎,在總設(she)計(ji)(ji)師喬治·N·切尼(ni)斯(si)夫(fu)的(de)領導(dao)下開展(zhan)了研(yan)(yan)發工(gong)作,工(gong)程代號(hao)為(wei)“проекта 971 《Щука》”,即971型攻(gong)(gong)擊核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)。
20世(shi)紀80年(nian)(nian)代初,971型攻擊核(he)(he)潛艇(ting)的研制(zhi)工作基本全(quan)部完成(cheng)。經蘇聯(lian)部長會議批準,首(shou)艇(ting)于1983(一(yi)說1981年(nian)(nian))年(nian)(nian)在共青城造(zao)(zao)(zao)船(chuan)廠(chang)(現為(wei)俄(e)羅斯(si)阿穆爾(er)斯(si)克造(zao)(zao)(zao)船(chuan)廠(chang))開工建(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao),1984年(nian)(nian)6月下水,并(bing)經過(guo)嚴格測試。因(yin)為(wei)當(dang)時(shi)的蘇聯(lian)國(guo)土廣(guang)袤,艦(jian)隊(dui)被零散分隔,北(bei)部是(shi)不便(bian)(bian)航行(xing)的北(bei)冰洋,因(yin)此后續艇(ting)便(bian)(bian)安排(pai)在阿穆爾(er)斯(si)克造(zao)(zao)(zao)船(chuan)廠(chang)和北(bei)德文斯(si)克造(zao)(zao)(zao)船(chuan)廠(chang)(現為(wei)俄(e)羅斯(si)北(bei)方機(ji)械制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)廠(chang))同時(shi)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao),遠東的阿穆爾(er)斯(si)克造(zao)(zao)(zao)船(chuan)廠(chang)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao)的核(he)(he)潛艇(ting)直接前往太平洋艦(jian)隊(dui)服役(yi),而北(bei)方機(ji)械制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)廠(chang)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao)的則在北(bei)方艦(jian)隊(dui)服役(yi),形成(cheng)每年(nian)(nian)兩條的生產(chan)規模。
971型(xing)(xing)攻擊核(he)潛艇(ting)的(de)譯名有很(hen)多,最常見的(de)有阿庫拉I級、II級或AKI級、II級。實際上按照蘇聯/俄羅斯海軍公(gong)布的(de)名稱,971型(xing)(xing)潛艇(ting)應稱之為“狗(gou)魚/梭魚”級(Щука),一種體型(xing)(xing)如梭,靈巧(qiao)速動(dong)的(de)海生(sheng)魚類(lei);而其改進(jin)型(xing)(xing)稱為“狗(gou)魚/梭魚-B”級(Щука-Б)。
蘇(su)聯的(de)(de)核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)種類多(duo)、級(ji)(ji)別多(duo)、數量多(duo)、名字更多(duo)。蘇(su)聯紅海(hai)軍(jun)將(jiang)核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)分為(wei)彈道導彈核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)、魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)攻(gong)擊核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)、巡(xun)(xun)航(hang)導彈核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)。魚(yu)(yu)雷(lei)攻(gong)擊核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)主(zhu)要用(yong)于反(fan)潛(qian)(qian),也可反(fan)艦,巡(xun)(xun)航(hang)導彈核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)則是(shi)專門對(dui)付美國航(hang)母(mu)編隊的(de)(de)大(da)型核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting),武器(qi)以垂直發射(she)的(de)(de)巡(xun)(xun)航(hang)導彈為(wei)主(zhu),如(ru)(ru)奧斯卡級(ji)(ji)核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)。蘇(su)聯潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)命名首先是(shi)一(yi)個項目發展(zhan)代(dai)號(hao),如(ru)(ru)671型、971型等,相對(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)還(huan)有一(yi)個蘇(su)聯海(hai)軍(jun)的(de)(de)代(dai)號(hao),如(ru)(ru)671型為(wei)鱸魚(yu)(yu)級(ji)(ji),971型為(wei)狗魚(yu)(yu)級(ji)(ji)。北(bei)約(yue)還(huan)按照慣(guan)例給每(mei)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)蘇(su)聯核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)起一(yi)個代(dai)號(hao),如(ru)(ru)671型(北(bei)約(yue)稱(cheng)(cheng)維克托(tuo)級(ji)(ji)),971型(北(bei)約(yue)稱(cheng)(cheng)阿庫拉級(ji)(ji))。此外,北(bei)約(yue)還(huan)給蘇(su)聯核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)一(yi)個編號(hao),通(tong)常(chang)為(wei)26個字母(mu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)一(yi)個,如(ru)(ru)A、V、S,其另(ling)(ling)一(yi)種稱(cheng)(cheng)法為(wei)字母(mu)的(de)(de)摩爾(er)代(dai)碼,如(ru)(ru)V對(dui)應(ying)維克托(tuo)級(ji)(ji)。另(ling)(ling)外蘇(su)聯/俄羅斯內部還(huan)給每(mei)艘核(he)(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)授予以K開頭的(de)(de)類似舷(xian)號(hao)的(de)(de)編號(hao)和艇(ting)(ting)名。
蘇聯/俄(e)羅斯海軍(jun)某級(ji)艦(jian)(jian)艇的(de)(de)名稱(cheng)并(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)像北(bei)(bei)約(yue)習(xi)慣上那樣,以同級(ji)艦(jian)(jian)艇第一(yi)(yi)艘的(de)(de)名稱(cheng)命名,常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)另有(you)其名。而“阿庫拉”一(yi)(yi)詞(ci)(音譯自Akula),則是冷戰時(shi)期,北(bei)(bei)約(yue)在不(bu)(bu)確定當時(shi)蘇聯海軍(jun)艦(jian)(jian)艇名字(zi)(zi)及艦(jian)(jian)級(ji)的(de)(de)情況下,給(gei)971型(xing)潛(qian)(qian)艇起的(de)(de)“綽號”。“Akula”也(ye)并(bing)(bing)非英文單詞(ci),而是俄(e)文“鯊(sha)魚(yu)”(акула)一(yi)(yi)詞(ci)的(de)(de)拉丁字(zi)(zi)母拼寫(xie),因此971型(xing)潛(qian)(qian)艇又被(bei)意譯為“鯊(sha)魚(yu)”級(ji)。而“鯊(sha)魚(yu)”之名實際上是蘇聯/俄(e)羅斯海軍(jun)對北(bei)(bei)約(yue)習(xi)慣上稱(cheng)為“臺風”級(ji)的(de)(de)941型(xing)戰略(lve)核潛(qian)(qian)艇的(de)(de)真正(zheng)稱(cheng)法。相比而言,971型(xing)攻擊核潛(qian)(qian)艇的(de)(de)性能顯(xian)然更加像梭魚(yu),而用鯊(sha)魚(yu)形容臺風級(ji)顯(xian)然更為恰(qia)當。
1984年12月30日(ri),971型首艇(ting)交付(fu)蘇(su)聯海軍服役,不同于(yu)以往,蘇(su)聯/俄羅斯(si)海軍以各(ge)種動物來命名971型攻擊核潛艇(ting)各(ge)艇(ting)。
971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)攻(gong)擊(ji)核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)造時期(qi)和外(wai)部(bu)(bu)特征,可以(yi)(yi)分為(wei)四個不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號,分別是(shi)971原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)(阿庫(ku)(ku)拉I型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)),971I型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(阿庫(ku)(ku)拉I改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),一說971U型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)),971U型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(阿庫(ku)(ku)拉II型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),一說971A型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)),971M型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(阿庫(ku)(ku)拉III型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)),北約則將971U和971M型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)都歸(gui)類(lei)為(wei)阿庫(ku)(ku)拉II型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。而(er)蘇(su)聯內(nei)部(bu)(bu)則在原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)建(jian)造第3和第4艘時,根據得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)國正(zheng)在加緊改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)洛杉磯(ji)級攻(gong)擊(ji)核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠情報,立即(ji)上馬(ma)了(le)針(zhen)對性的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)造項(xiang)目,對之(zhi)后建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)了(le)名為(wei)“971現代化改(gai)(gai)裝(zhuang)計劃”,改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重點是(shi)降低(di)噪聲,并(bing)適當(dang)增強(qiang)了(le)武器系統,以(yi)(yi)及(ji)對原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)使用(yong)過程中暴露(lu)出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)加以(yi)(yi)改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)。改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)后971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)比原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)加長了(le)5米,其噪聲降低(di)到了(le)105分貝左右(you),攻(gong)擊(ji)力比原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)提高了(le)約20%,其總體性能已略高于美(mei)國海(hai)軍主力洛杉磯(ji)級攻(gong)擊(ji)核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),部(bu)(bu)分性能甚至達到了(le)被美(mei)海(hai)軍譽為(wei)“21世(shi)紀攻(gong)擊(ji)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)狼(lang)級。此外(wai)971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)攻(gong)擊(ji)核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)使用(yong)了(le)與941型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)和949型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)巡航導彈核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)VM-5型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(OK-650型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))反應堆,其中K-391之(zhi)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)4艘原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)艇(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反應堆冷卻劑容器與941型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)戰略核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)類(lei)似,采用(yong)長管式;而(er)包(bao)括(kuo)K-391在內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)之(zhi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)則采用(yong)了(le)類(lei)似949型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)巡航導彈核(he)潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)II型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)較短的(de)(de)(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號。
1991年蘇聯(lian)解(jie)體后,俄羅(luo)(luo)斯海(hai)(hai)軍潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)部(bu)隊大(da)(da)量裁減裝備,潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)制造(zao)工(gong)業也處于(yu)(yu)一(yi)個極為艱難困苦的(de)(de)時(shi)代。盡管情(qing)況(kuang)如此困窘,但鑒(jian)于(yu)(yu)971型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)確是一(yi)型(xing)(xing)性能(neng)先進(jin)、用途廣泛(fan)、可靠度(du)高且(qie)有著重大(da)(da)改(gai)進(jin)潛(qian)力(li)的(de)(de)多用途攻(gong)擊核潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting),再加上該型(xing)(xing)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)及其(qi)改(gai)進(jin)型(xing)(xing)在(zai)設計(ji)(ji)時(shi)適當的(de)(de)考慮了成(cheng)本因素,因此雖然俄羅(luo)(luo)斯財政拮據,但仍(reng)保留(liu)了所有建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)的(de)(de)971型(xing)(xing)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting),而且(qie)還(huan)計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)繼續(xu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)性能(neng)更先進(jin)的(de)(de)971M型(xing)(xing),這顯然大(da)(da)大(da)(da)強于(yu)(yu)同時(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)945型(xing)(xing)和685型(xing)(xing)。971M型(xing)(xing)首艇(ting)(ting)K-335“獵豹”號建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)速度(du)極其(qi)緩慢,其(qi)于(yu)(yu)1991年開工(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao),直到1999年才(cai)下水,并(bing)于(yu)(yu)2001年服役,該型(xing)(xing)艇(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)總(zong)體性能(neng)可與(yu)美國海(hai)(hai)狼級攻(gong)擊核潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)相媲美,俄羅(luo)(luo)斯曾計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)在(zai)財力(li)允許(xu)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)7艘。971型(xing)(xing)攻(gong)擊核潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)截至K-152“環斑海(hai)(hai)豹”號2009年12月服役,共(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)了15艘。
艇型
971型(xing)攻(gong)擊核潛艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)采(cai)(cai)用了水滴線艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)型(xing),它的(de)長(chang)(chang)寬(kuan)比為8.2:1,較之美國(guo)海狼級的(de)7.7:1,它離水滴型(xing)理(li)想(xiang)的(de)7:1的(de)要求差別要大些,但從(cong)造型(xing)上來(lai)說,971型(xing)已(yi)經非常接近水滴型(xing)的(de)形(xing)態。971型(xing)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)艏(shou)圓鈍(dun),前(qian)粗后(hou)細(xi),為了追求最佳線型(xing),取消了方(fang)便艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)員作業的(de)平面甲板,整個(ge)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)身前(qian)部(bu)(bu)剖面呈(cheng)橢圓形(xing),到(dao)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)長(chang)(chang)2/5處艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)寬(kuan)達(da)到(dao)最大值,隨后(hou)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)身的(de)外輪廓線條向(xiang)潛艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)中線收(shou)縮,光滑過渡到(dao)尖細(xi)的(de)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)艉,非常像拉(la)長(chang)(chang)了的(de)水滴。艏(shou)水平舵(duo)設在艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)體(ti)前(qian)部(bu)(bu),可收(shou)縮,指揮臺圍殼位于距艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)艏(shou)1/3艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)長(chang)(chang)處,內部(bu)(bu)安裝(zhuang)有偵(zhen)察雷達(da)、搜(sou)索潛望鏡等升降(jiang)設備,艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)艉采(cai)(cai)用十字(zi)型(xing)尾舵(duo),上部(bu)(bu)垂直舵(duo)頂部(bu)(bu)有一個(ge)流(liu)線型(xing)導(dao)流(liu)罩,內裝(zhuang)拖曳聲吶收(shou)放(fang)裝(zhuang)置,艇(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)艉為尖艉、單(dan)軸和7葉大側斜(xie)螺旋槳(jiang)
971型(xing)(xing)(xing)攻擊(ji)核潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)外(wai)型(xing)(xing)(xing),在(zai)排水(shui)量和主(zhu)機功率相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下,減少(shao)了艇(ting)(ting)(ting)體(ti)的(de)(de)濕表(biao)(biao)面(mian)積和艇(ting)(ting)(ting)體(ti)阻(zu)力,從而(er)使該艇(ting)(ting)(ting)對主(zhu)動聲吶信號的(de)(de)反射面(mian)積較少(shao),增(zeng)加了潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)隱身性能,也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)提高了潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)航速。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)這種外(wai)型(xing)(xing)(xing)減少(shao)了潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)回轉半徑,改(gai)善了機動性,而(er)且小(xiao)長寬(kuan)比線(xian)型(xing)(xing)(xing)會使耐(nai)壓殼(ke)體(ti)直徑增(zeng)大(da),使艙(cang)室容積加大(da),從而(er)允許(xu)容納(na)更多的(de)(de)儀器和設(she)(she)備。此外(wai),971型(xing)(xing)(xing)攻擊(ji)核潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)在(zai)減少(shao)航行(xing)阻(zu)力方(fang)面(mian)還采(cai)取了其(qi)它措施,如整(zheng)(zheng)個艇(ting)(ting)(ting)體(ti)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)平(ping)順光(guang)滑(hua)、很少(shao)突起,各種開(kai)口也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)減至(zhi)最少(shao);在(zai)建造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)上,雖(sui)然艏水(shui)平(ping)舵仍然習慣性地放在(zai)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)艏位置,但當(dang)收(shou)起時(shi),它與艇(ting)(ting)(ting)體(ti)外(wai)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)結合(he)得嚴絲(si)合(he)縫(feng)、不(bu)露痕跡,魚雷發(fa)射管前蓋導流罩也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是如此;指(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)(hui)臺圍(wei)殼(ke)的(de)(de)各種升降裝置都設(she)(she)有外(wai)艙(cang)蓋,當(dang)它們降下時(shi),整(zheng)(zheng)個指(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)(hui)臺圍(wei)殼(ke)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)非常光(guang)滑(hua)、不(bu)留孔洞;另(ling)外(wai),指(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)(hui)臺圍(wei)殼(ke)本(ben)身也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)選用(yong)了低阻(zu)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)(xing),這種自V級(ji)核潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)開(kai)創的(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)被A級(ji)與971型(xing)(xing)(xing)進一步發(fa)揚光(guang)大(da),甚至(zhi)連(lian)美國新(xin)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)弗吉(ji)尼亞級(ji)攻擊(ji)核潛(qian)(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)據說也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)將要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)類似造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)指(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)(hui)臺圍(wei)殼(ke),美國將其(qi)命(ming)名為“先進指(zhi)揮(hui)(hui)(hui)臺圍(wei)殼(ke)”。
艙室
971型攻擊(ji)核潛(qian)艇(ting)從艇(ting)艏至(zhi)艇(ting)艉共分(fen)有7個(ge)耐壓艙(cang)(cang),分(fen)別為武器艙(cang)(cang)、指(zhi)揮艙(cang)(cang)、前(qian)輔機(ji)艙(cang)(cang)、反應堆、后輔機(ji)艙(cang)(cang)、主電(dian)機(ji)艙(cang)(cang)和尾(wei)艙(cang)(cang)。由于(yu)儲備浮力大,通常一個(ge)艙(cang)(cang)進水,其(qi)依然能執行戰斗任務;兩(liang)至(zhi)三個(ge)艙(cang)(cang)進水,潛(qian)艇(ting)還能在海上(shang)漂浮數(shu)小時,以供艇(ting)員逃生。另外在指(zhi)揮臺圍殼中部位置(zhi)裝備了更加完善的、可以疏散全部艇(ting)員的救生艙(cang)(cang)。參(can)數(shu)
971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)攻(gong)擊(ji)核(he)潛艇(ting)(ting)由于改型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)眾(zhong)多,因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)關于其性能(neng)數據(ju)有(you)許多相互(hu)矛盾(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa),甚至俄(e)羅斯自身發(fa)(fa)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)也說(shuo)法(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)。俄(e)羅斯1995年以(yi)前(qian)發(fa)(fa)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資料,971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)上排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)5700噸(dun),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)7900噸(dun),可(ke)以(yi)將其認定為(wei)(wei)(wei)971原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);而(er)(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)俄(e)方出版的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《1997-1998俄(e)羅斯艦艇(ting)(ting)》一(yi)書中,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)上排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)8140噸(dun),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)12770噸(dun),蘇(su)聯(lian)潛艇(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲備浮力(li)一(yi)般(ban)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)30%-40%左右(you),如果按照此(ci)(ci)數據(ju)計算,其儲備浮力(li)將超過50%,而(er)(er)(er)過大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儲備浮力(li)也會給潛艇(ting)(ting)帶來(lai)許多弊端,因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)顯然(ran)這(zhe)個數據(ju)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)準確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);另外還(huan)有(you)資料顯示(shi),“阿庫拉”II型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)上排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)7500噸(dun),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)9500噸(dun)。971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)攻(gong)擊(ji)核(he)潛艇(ting)(ting)艇(ting)(ting)體(ti)(ti)依然(ran)采用蘇(su)聯(lian)/俄(e)羅斯傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)殼(ke)體(ti)(ti),關于其耐壓(ya)殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料,也有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點(dian)(dian)。有(you)資料認為(wei)(wei)(wei)971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)內(nei)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐壓(ya)殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)使用用鈦(tai)合金制(zhi)(zhi)造,大(da)(da)下(xia)(xia)(xia)潛深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)(du)有(you)400米(mi)、520米(mi)到(dao)600米(mi)之(zhi)說(shuo)。也有(you)觀點(dian)(dian)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)同(tong)一(yi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)號中,有(you)全用鈦(tai)合金制(zhi)(zhi)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)(shen)潛型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),因(yin)(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鈦(tai)合金制(zhi)(zhi)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐壓(ya)殼(ke)能(neng)保證潛艇(ting)(ting)在(zai)(zai)(zai)深(shen)(shen)達(da)650米(mi)左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)底安然(ran)無恙(yang)。美(mei)國(guo)海(hai)軍首次(ci)發(fa)(fa)現971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)潛艇(ting)(ting)能(neng)夠下(xia)(xia)(xia)潛到(dao)650米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)時,竟然(ran)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知所措(cuo)。即使在(zai)(zai)(zai)21世紀,世界上絕大(da)(da)多數反潛武器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打擊(ji)深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)(du)和核(he)潛艇(ting)(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)潛深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)(du)均(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超過500米(mi)。從蘇(su)聯(lian)解體(ti)(ti)后,俄(e)羅斯在(zai)(zai)(zai)經(jing)濟困難的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)(xia)(xia),仍能(neng)繼(ji)續建造該型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)核(he)潛艇(ting)(ting),可(ke)見(jian)971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)計時顯然(ran)考慮到(dao)了成本因(yin)(yin)(yin)素,選用了較為(wei)(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)堆和消(xiao)磁高(gao)(gao)強度(du)(du)(du)鋼艇(ting)(ting)體(ti)(ti),僅在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)些重點(dian)(dian)部位使用了鈦(tai)合金,這(zhe)使得(de)其造價大(da)(da)大(da)(da)低于同(tong)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)其他潛艇(ting)(ting),因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)能(neng)夠繼(ji)續生(sheng)產。此(ci)(ci)外971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)航速也有(you)28節、33節到(dao)35節各種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa),但考慮蘇(su)聯(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)堆技術(shu)已經(jing)十分成熟并且(qie)可(ke)以(yi)獲(huo)得(de)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率密度(du)(du)(du),因(yin)(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)971型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)(xia)(xia)可(ke)以(yi)獲(huo)得(de)將近(jin)35節的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)航速,這(zhe)一(yi)指標完全可(ke)以(yi)滿足作戰(zhan)需求,而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用過度(du)(du)(du)追求航速。
魚雷
971型(xing)攻擊(ji)核潛艇設有(you)8具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)魚雷(lei)發(fa)(fa)射管(guan),其中4具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為650毫米(mi)口徑(jing),4具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為533毫米(mi)口徑(jing),全部布(bu)置在(zai)艇艏,并采用可(ke)(ke)在(zai)大深度發(fa)(fa)射的(de)(de)液壓發(fa)(fa)射方式(shi),這與美國潛艇是不同(tong)的(de)(de)。另外(wai)據俄資料(liao)顯(xian)示,后期建造的(de)(de)新型(xing)K-157和K-335具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)14具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)魚雷(lei)發(fa)(fa)射管(guan),除8具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)常規發(fa)(fa)射管(guan)外(wai),還(huan)有(you)6具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)533毫米(mi)口徑(jing)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)射管(guan)設在(zai)耐壓艇體的(de)(de)外(wai)面(mian),因此(ci)不具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)備水(shui)(shui)(shui)下再裝填能力,類似戰斗(dou)機攜帶(dai)的(de)(de)導彈。971型(xing)的(de)(de)載(zai)彈量也同(tong)樣驚人,可(ke)(ke)攜帶(dai)40枚(mei)魚雷(lei)或(huo)導彈,但相比于(yu)美國海狼(lang)級52枚(mei)的(de)(de)載(zai)彈量,還(huan)是稍遜一籌。如果執行布(bu)雷(lei)任務,最多可(ke)(ke)攜帶(dai)80枚(mei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei),包括PMK-1型(xing)上浮式(shi)反(fan)潛水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei)、MSHM近海水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei)和SMDM自航式(shi)沉(chen)底水(shui)(shui)(shui)雷(lei)。
導彈
971型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)533毫(hao)米(mi)魚(yu)雷(lei)發(fa)射(she)管可(ke)(ke)發(fa)射(she)533毫(hao)米(mi)口(kou)徑魚(yu)雷(lei)、RPK-2暴風雪/“海星(xing)”反(fan)(fan)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)導(dao)彈(dan)(SS-N-15)、RK-55“石榴石”潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)射(she)巡(xun)航(hang)(hang)導(dao)彈(dan)(SS-N-21)、3M-54“俱樂部”潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)射(she)反(fan)(fan)艦導(dao)彈(dan)(SS-N-27 “熾熱”反(fan)(fan)艦導(dao)彈(dan))以及水雷(lei),其裝(zhuang)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)3M-54“俱樂部”系(xi)列潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)射(she)反(fan)(fan)艦導(dao)彈(dan)具有單(dan)艇對水面艦艇編隊發(fa)起飽(bao)和(he)(he)式導(dao)彈(dan)攻擊的(de)(de)(de)(de)能力,另外因為(wei)(wei)其能攜帶(dai)和(he)(he)發(fa)射(she)RK-55“石榴石”潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)射(she)巡(xun)航(hang)(hang)導(dao)彈(dan),因此(ci)被定義(yi)為(wei)(wei)多用途核(he)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)艇。971U型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)M型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)650毫(hao)米(mi)魚(yu)雷(lei)發(fa)射(she)管可(ke)(ke)發(fa)射(she)650毫(hao)米(mi)口(kou)徑魚(yu)雷(lei)和(he)(he)RPK-7勁(jing)風/“牡馬(ma)”遠程(cheng)(cheng)反(fan)(fan)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)導(dao)彈(dan)(一說SS-N-16),其中(zhong)魚(yu)雷(lei)主要(yao)為(wei)(wei)大口(kou)徑、大威力、遠射(she)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)65型(xing)(xing)魚(yu)雷(lei),它分(fen)為(wei)(wei)65-73反(fan)(fan)艦型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)65-76反(fan)(fan)艦/反(fan)(fan)潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)兩(liang)用型(xing)(xing)。65-76型(xing)(xing)魚(yu)雷(lei),重4500千(qian)克(ke),彈(dan)頭裝(zhuang)藥(yao)450-500千(qian)克(ke),可(ke)(ke)以是核(he)/常規裝(zhuang)藥(yao),采用尾流自導(dao)+聲(sheng)自導(dao),泵噴推進,最(zui)大潛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)深400米(mi),航(hang)(hang)程(cheng)(cheng)50公(gong)里(li)/50節(jie)航(hang)(hang)速(su)(su),100公(gong)里(li)/30節(jie)航(hang)(hang)速(su)(su),這種魚(yu)雷(lei)造(zao)價昂貴(gui),而(er)且由(you)于使用過(guo)氧化(hua)氫作(zuo)燃料(liao),其安(an)全(quan)性不好,許多跡(ji)象(xiang)表明,庫爾斯克(ke)號(hao)就是因為(wei)(wei)該(gai)型(xing)(xing)魚(yu)雷(lei)而(er)沉沒。
971型的(de)管內武(wu)器(qi)發射后能(neng)快速(su)裝填,武(wu)器(qi)發射率很高。另外971U型和M型還在指揮(hui)臺(tai)圍(wei)殼處(chu)布置(zhi)有(you)“針(zhen)-M”短程防(fang)空(kong)(kong)導彈(SA-N-10)發射裝置(zhi),載(zai)彈量為18枚,因而具有(you)一定的(de)防(fang)空(kong)(kong)能(neng)力。
水聲(sheng)系統971型(xing)攻(gong)擊(ji)核潛艇(ting)安(an)裝有(you)МГК-500“鰩(yao)”綜(zong)合(he)聲(sheng)吶(na)(na)(na),“鯊魚鰓”型(xing)艇(ting)殼低(di)頻(pin)(pin)主(zhu)/被動(dong)搜(sou)索與(yu)攻(gong)擊(ji)聲(sheng)吶(na)(na)(na),“鼠叫”型(xing)低(di)/中頻(pin)(pin)主(zhu)/被動(dong)搜(sou)索跟(gen)蹤聲(sheng)吶(na)(na)(na)和(he)“散射”-3型(xing)甚低(di)頻(pin)(pin)拖曳線(xian)列(lie)陣聲(sheng)吶(na)(na)(na)及聲(sheng)速(su)儀。
971型還安裝了兩種水(shui)聲對抗系統(tong)。一種是(shi)從533毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)魚(yu)(yu)雷發射(she)管發射(she)的潛(qian)艇模擬器(qi),直徑(jing)533毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),長4米(mi)(mi),重達800千(qian)克,其(qi)航速15節,航程為(wei)15公里,能(neng)模擬潛(qian)艇的噪聲、聲吶回波并進行噪聲干(gan)擾(rao)。遇(yu)到敵(di)方的反潛(qian)自(zi)導魚(yu)(yu)雷攻擊(ji)時,它又(you)是(shi)聲誘餌,負責引(yin)開自(zi)導魚(yu)(yu)雷。另一種是(shi)口徑(jing)為(wei)170毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)的氣(qi)幕(mu)彈(dan)發射(she)器(qi),它能(neng)發射(she)氣(qi)幕(mu)彈(dan),內裝有化學藥劑,遇(yu)海(hai)水(shui)后會產生(sheng)大量(liang)氣(qi)幕(mu),以阻(zu)隔對方潛(qian)艇或(huo)魚(yu)(yu)雷聲吶的探測,其(qi)作用相當(dang)于坦克遇(yu)敵(di)反坦克導彈(dan)攻擊(ji)時施放(fang)的煙(yan)幕(mu)彈(dan)。
971型攻(gong)擊核潛艇安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)有新(xin)型的(de)雷(lei)(lei)達(da)、導(dao)航(hang)、通信及(ji)電(dian)子(zi)對(dui)抗(kang)(kang)設備(bei),雷(lei)(lei)達(da)為“魔(mo)伴”搜索(suo)雷(lei)(lei)達(da)和(he)“停車(che)燈”雷(lei)(lei)達(da)偵察(cha)儀(yi);電(dian)子(zi)對(dui)抗(kang)(kang)為圓邊帽(mao)”及(ji)“磚群”電(dian)子(zi)對(dui)抗(kang)(kang)設備(bei)和(he)“克里木(mu)-2”敵我(wo)識(shi)別(bie)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置;導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)(xi)統包括慣(guan)性導(dao)航(hang)、靜電(dian)陀螺儀(yi)、衛星導(dao)航(hang)、無(wu)線電(dian)定位儀(yi);通信設備(bei)包括中(zhong)波、短(duan)波、超短(duan)波通信設備(bei),甚(shen)低頻拖(tuo)曳通信浮標天線,極(ji)低頻拖(tuo)曳浮力天線,“公園燈”測向儀(yi);“公共汽車(che)”作戰情(qing)報指揮系(xi)(xi)統。
971型的作戰指揮系(xi)統、動力系(xi)統、潛艇艇務和損管(guan)系(xi)統都實(shi)現(xian)了自動化,通過其艇員編制人(ren)數可見自動化水(shui)平之高。
971型攻(gong)擊核(he)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)強(qiang)調隱身性,因而(er)采(cai)(cai)用各(ge)種辦法(fa)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低噪(zao)(zao)聲(sheng)便成了俄(e)羅斯設(she)計師進行(xing)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian),對(dui)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)外(wai)型、總體(ti)布局、設(she)備(bei)選擇、管路降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)噪(zao)(zao)、隔振(zhen)措施(shi)(shi)、材料使用等各(ge)個環節進行(xing)了精(jing)心設(she)計,并且不惜(xi)增大排水量以安(an)排眾(zhong)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)振(zhen)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)噪(zao)(zao)設(she)備(bei)。971型采(cai)(cai)用水滴型艇(ting)(ting)(ting)體(ti)以及(ji)平滑(hua)、開口很少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)體(ti)外(wai)表以減(jian)(jian)少(shao)渦流噪(zao)(zao)聲(sheng);采(cai)(cai)用低噪(zao)(zao)設(she)備(bei)以降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低機械(xie)噪(zao)(zao)聲(sheng);大量安(an)裝減(jian)(jian)振(zhen)浮閥以防止機械(xie)振(zhen)動(dong)向艇(ting)(ting)(ting)外(wai)傳遞(di);采(cai)(cai)用加工精(jing)度極(ji)高、葉型設(she)計考(kao)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)7葉大側斜(xie)螺旋槳(jiang)以降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低螺旋槳(jiang)航行(xing)噪(zao)(zao)聲(sheng);艇(ting)(ting)(ting)身外(wai)表敷設(she)改進的(de)(de)(de)(de)消聲(sheng)瓦,以減(jian)(jian)少(shao)敵(di)方主動(dong)聲(sheng)吶的(de)(de)(de)(de)回波(bo)反射(she)。采(cai)(cai)取(qu)了這些(xie)措施(shi)(shi)后(hou),雖然在一些(xie)指標(biao)上相對(dui)于以前型號的(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)來說顯(xian)得有些(xie)倒退,但使971型的(de)(de)(de)(de)水下航行(xing)噪(zao)(zao)聲(sheng)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)到了105-110分貝,低于洛杉磯級攻(gong)擊核(he)潛(qian)艇(ting)(ting)(ting)改進型的(de)(de)(de)(de)噪(zao)(zao)聲(sheng)水平,與美國(guo)新一代的(de)(de)(de)(de)海狼級和弗吉尼(ni)亞級相差也不大。
據說(shuo),以前美國(guo)潛(qian)艇遠在100千(qian)米的(de)距(ju)離上就可以發現“吵(chao)吵(chao)嚷(rang)嚷(rang)”的(de)蘇聯(lian)核潛(qian)艇。在971型(xing)首艇海外試航期(qi)間,西方國(guo)家的(de)核潛(qian)艇曾(ceng)經秘密的(de)對其進(jin)行跟蹤和監(jian)聽,而監(jian)聽的(de)結果(guo)讓(rang)(rang)西方國(guo)家不知所措(cuo),971型(xing)核潛(qian)艇噪聲之(zhi)低大大出乎了之(zhi)前的(de)預(yu)測水平,曾(ceng)經讓(rang)(rang)美國(guo)人自豪無比的(de)核潛(qian)艇減(jian)噪技術上的(de)巨大代差已經被蘇聯(lian)縮小到(dao)僅有3-4年(nian)的(de)水平差距(ju),可見其潛(qian)艇靜音技術取得的(de)成果(guo)。