唐至五代(dai)末(mo)所鑄錢幣的通稱。包(bao)括(kuo)開元(yuan)通寶(bao)﹑乾(qian)封泉寶(bao)﹑乾(qian)元(yuan)重寶(bao)﹑大歷元(yuan)寶(bao)﹑建中通寶(bao)等二(er)十四種。見宋董逌《錢譜.平(ping)錢》。
開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)是唐(tang)(tang)代開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)貨幣。錢幣在(zai)(zai)唐(tang)(tang)代始有(you)“通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”,開(kai)創了新紀元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),在(zai)(zai)錢幣發展(zhan)史上占有(you)重(zhong)要地位。唐(tang)(tang)初沿用(yong)隋(sui)五銖(zhu),輕小淆雜。唐(tang)(tang)高(gao)祖武德四年(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)621年),為整治混亂的幣制,廢隋(sui)錢,效仿西漢五銖(zhu)的嚴(yan)格規范,開(kai)鑄“開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)”,取代社會(hui)上遺存的五銖(zhu)。
最(zui)初的(de)(de)(de)“開元通寶(bao)”由書法家歐陽詢(xun)題寫,形制仍沿(yan)用秦方孔圓錢(qian),規定(ding)每十文重一兩,每一文的(de)(de)(de)重量稱(cheng)為(wei)一錢(qian),而一千文則重六斤四兩。從此,中國的(de)(de)(de)幣(bi)制正(zheng)式脫離(li)以重量為(wei)名的(de)(de)(de)銖兩體系而發(fa)展為(wei)通寶(bao)幣(bi)制,成為(wei)唐以后歷朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)鑄幣(bi)標準(zhun),沿(yan)襲近1300年。
唐(tang)朝開元之(zhi)初,在(zai)(zai)(zai)貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)方面主要是私(si)(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)問題。盡管法(fa)律規定“盜鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者死,沒(mei)其家(jia)屬”,但(dan)是“私(si)(si)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)犯法(fa)日(ri)蕃(fan)”,“盜鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)漸起(qi),而所在(zai)(zai)(zai)用(yong)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)濫惡”。“則天(tian)長安中……自是盜鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)蜂起(qi),濫惡益眾。江淮之(zhi)南,盜鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)者或就陂湖、巨海、深山之(zhi)中,波濤險峻,人(ren)跡罕到(dao),州縣莫能禁約……亦(yi)堪行用(yong)”。錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)私(si)(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)并非唐(tang)代特(te)有(you),唐(tang)以前有(you)之(zhi),漢(han)代為重(zhong)。可是唐(tang)前期(qi)私(si)(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)緣由與前代不同,以前發生私(si)(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、濫鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)情(qing)況(kuang),均是由于封(feng)建(jian)帝王遇到(dao)財政危(wei)機時實施貨(huo)幣(bi)(bi)貶值(zhi)政策,官府首(shou)先鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)不足值(zhi)惡錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)所致。民間(jian)仿鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)牟利(li),造(zao)成(cheng)“錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)益薄小,百物(wu)踴(yong)貴”。自唐(tang)高祖鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)開元以后,直到(dao)唐(tang)玄宗光天(tian)之(zhi)際,只有(you)高宗鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)“乾(qian)封(feng)泉寶”提(ti)高名價(jia),變相(xiang)貶值(zhi),其名義(yi)價(jia)值(zhi)并沒(mei)有(you)高于實際價(jia)值(zhi)。“私(si)(si)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”和“法(fa)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”相(xiang)比,不具備無限法(fa)償的(de)(de)權力(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)“法(fa)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”輕小的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下,大量的(de)(de)“私(si)(si)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)”能在(zai)(zai)(zai)流通中被人(ren)們接受(shou),而且未造(zao)成(cheng)“物(wu)價(jia)踴(yong)貴”的(de)(de)后果,這個事實說(shuo)明了在(zai)(zai)(zai)唐(tang)前期(qi)私(si)(si)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)背(bei)后,早已孕育著錢(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)幣(bi)(bi)匱乏(fa)的(de)(de)萌芽,只不過還沒(mei)有(you)成(cheng)為嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)危(wei)機。
“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)重(zhong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”從唐(tang)(tang)蕭宗(zong)(zong)“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)”元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)758年(nian)(nian)(nian))開(kai)始(shi)鑄行,到(dao)(dao)從唐(tang)(tang)代宗(zong)(zong)“寶(bao)(bao)(bao)應(ying)”元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)762年(nian)(nian)(nian))“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)重(zhong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”。重(zhong)輪乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)一(yi)起(qi)退出流通(tong)領域,也就短短五年(nian)(nian)(nian)時間(jian)。鑄錢(qian)史劉晏(yan)在執行新的(de)(de)貨(huo)幣(bi)政策的(de)(de)過程中,沒有注意到(dao)(dao)各種錢(qian)幣(bi)的(de)(de)自身實際價(jia)值(zhi),在收到(dao)(dao)統一(yi)幣(bi)制的(de)(de)效(xiao)果時,“乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)重(zhong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”。重(zhong)輪乾(qian)(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)錢(qian)被驅逐出流通(tong)領域,而“開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)通(tong)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)”錢(qian)本(ben)身又成(cheng)了大錢(qian),市面價(jia)格提高到(dao)(dao)三倍以上,貨(huo)幣(bi)仍(reng)然繼續貶值(zhi),物(wu)(wu)價(jia)仍(reng)然居(ju)高不下,直到(dao)(dao)唐(tang)(tang)德宗(zong)(zong)“貞元(yuan)(yuan)”末年(nian)(nian)(nian),由貨(huo)幣(bi)貶值(zhi)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)好物(wu)(wu)價(jia)才基本(ben)降下來。
中國古代錢幣(bi)(bi)的一種,中國最早的年號(hao)元寶錢。唐朝唐代宗李豫大歷年間(公元766--779年)西北地區地方鑄幣(bi)(bi),中原比較少見,面文旋讀(du),直(zhi)徑為(wei)2.3厘米(mi),重約3克,制(zhi)作粗(cu)陋,銅色昏濁,隸書“大歷元寶”四字旋讀(du),書體(ti)樸(pu)實有(you)力,有(you)大小兩種樣式。如(ru)今存世量已(yi)較少,古泉珍品。
幣的一種(zhong)。唐德宗李(li)適,建中年間(公元780--788年)西北地區(qu)地方鑄幣,中原(yuan)地區(qu)極少(shao)發現,在新(xin)疆庫車一帶卻屢(lv)有出土,錢體(ti)薄小,文字晦(hui)漫,鑄工(gong)草(cao)率。“建中通(tong)寶”四字隸書旋讀(du)。版(ban)式(shi)有大小兩式(shi)。如今(jin)存世量已極其稀少(shao),價格(ge)頗高。建中通(tong)寶收藏(zang)價格(ge)參考:
建中(zhong)通寶 隸書小平 大樣 1200元
建(jian)中通寶 隸書小(xiao)平 小(xiao)樣 800元