馬寶(1628-1699年(nian)),字(zi)城璧,號佩瑗(yuan),排行老(lao)三(san),亦(yi)(yi)稱三(san)寶,明(ming)末(mo)陜西平涼(liang)府隆德轉角嘴人(今寧夏(xia)固原市隆德縣沙塘(tang)鎮馬家河村),1628年(nian)孟夏(xia)出生,出生時(shi)母逝,被父(fu)棄于山野,三(san)日后其嫂去看(kan),禽獸不食,且還活著,帶回家撫養,異人,食量大,年(nian)少力抵(di)成人。魁梧赤眼,擅使(shi)鞣(rou)鞭槍,足智多(duo)謀,英(ying)勇善戰(zhan)。排行老(lao)三(san),又因(yin)唐(tang)初,有驍騎將(jiang)馬三(san)寶,人羨其勇,亦(yi)(yi)以三(san)寶呼之。生有五子(zi),次子(zi)自援,恂恂儒雅(ya),諳韻學《等(deng)韻》,有詩集行世。
祟楨十六年(1643年),李自成部(bu)(bu)破隆德,馬寶(bao)投李自成部(bu)(bu)隊。李自成入北京時(shi)(1644年),馬寶(bao)已因戰(zhan)功擢升(sheng)老營(ying)副營(ying)總。
1645年,李自成歿(mo)后,寶擁(yong)護明(ming)桂(gui)王朱由榔(1647年稱永(yong)歷帝)南明(ming)朝,封安定伯。
順治七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1650)二月,平(ping)南王尚可(ke)喜(xi)圍攻(gong)廣(guang)州。五(wu)(wu)月,永歷(li)(li)帝(di)(di)遣(qian)寶襲(xi)清(qing)遠(yuan),以救廣(guang)州,被(bei)可(ke)喜(xi)使(shi)將擊敗。八年(nian)(nian)(nian)十月,永歷(li)(li)帝(di)(di)自(zi)南寧退安隆(long),寶率(lv)明軍(jun)轉戰廣(guang)西山(shan)(shan)谷間(jian)。九年(nian)(nian)(nian)五(wu)(wu)月,永歷(li)(li)帝(di)(di)遣(qian)李(li)定國(guo)攻(gong)兩廣(guang),連陷桂林、柳州,寶率(lv)兵(bing)與定國(guo)聚(ju)。十月,寶率(lv)廣(guang)西明軍(jun)東取(qu)陽山(shan)(shan)、連州,占領廣(guang)東西北部。十年(nian)(nian)(nian)四月,攻(gong)肇慶兵(bing)敗,隨可(ke)望(wang)走貴州。十三年(nian)(nian)(nian),定國(guo)奉永歷(li)(li)帝(di)(di)入云南。十四年(nian)(nian)(nian),可(ke)望(wang)據(ju)貴州叛,永歷(li)(li)帝(di)(di)遣(qian)定國(guo)討之,可(ke)望(wang)使(shi)寶間(jian)道襲(xi)云南,欲(yu)掩執永歷(li)(li)帝(di)(di)。然(ran)可(ke)望(wang)拔扈(hu),部下不執其令(ling)。寶得(de)知沐(mu)天波守云南,停兵(bing)不進(jin),暗示(shi)定國(guo)襲(xi)擊可(ke)望(wang),可(ke)望(wang)敗逃(tao)。寶歸云南,十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)十月永歷(li)(li)帝(di)(di)封(feng)寶淮國(guo)公。
十(shi)六年,南明朝(chao)兵(bing)敗,永(yong)歷帝自(zi)騰越奔南甸(dian),寶走鶴慶(qing),又至麗江、蘭坪州,十(shi)月在(zai)劍川無奈剃發(fa)降清。三桂(gui)見寶獷猛,厚結之。十(shi)七年,三桂(gui)奏請以降兵(bing)為(wei)十(shi)營,營千二百人(ren),以投誠官分統之。并(bing)擬寶等(deng)為(wei)總(zong)兵(bing)官,清廷部議如所(suo)請,封寶為(wei)右都督充中(zhong)營總(zong)兵(bing)官。
十八年(nian),三桂遣寶剿馬乃土司龍兆吉,斬之。康熙五(wu)年(nian),寶調曲(qu)靖武(wu)營總(zong)兵官。
康(kang)熙(xi)十二年(nian)十一月,三桂復明(ming),改(gai)國號為(wei)周元年(nian),鑄印曰“天下都招(zhao)討(tao)兵(bing)馬大元帥之印”,封寶國公,銜為(wei)鐵騎(qi)總(zong)管將軍。
寶(bao)(bao)(bao)自云南(nan)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)先驅陷貴州(zhou)(zhou),貴州(zhou)(zhou)提督(du)李本深(shen)于貴陽率(lv)部歸迎。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)至(zhi)鎮遠,巡(xun)撫(fu)曹申吉、總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)王永(yong)清皆(jie)降(jiang)。十(shi)三(san)(san)年,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)至(zhi)湖(hu)南(nan),用奇兵(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)陷沅州(zhou)(zhou)、辰(chen)州(zhou)(zhou),俘清總(zong)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)官崔世祿;清巡(xun)撫(fu)盧震棄長(chang)沙(sha),逃往岳(yue)(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)。荊襄(xiang)的(de)清廷兵(bing)(bing)(bing)將(jiang),皆(jie)不敢渡(du)江(jiang)赴援。吳(wu)應麟(lin)援兵(bing)(bing)(bing)繼(ji)(ji)至(zhi),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)先后攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)常德、岳(yue)(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)、澧(li)州(zhou)(zhou)、衡(heng)陽等四州(zhou)(zhou)一(yi)府.四川巡(xun)撫(fu)盧森,長(chang)沙(sha)副將(jiang)黃正卿,岳(yue)(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)參將(jiang)李國棟投(tou)降(jiang)。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)占領了川湘(xiang)一(yi)帶,聲勢日(ri)盛。三(san)(san)桂赴常州(zhou)(zhou)督(du)師,令(ling)寶(bao)(bao)(bao)嚴守(shou)岳(yue)(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou),扼洞庭湖(hu)口,布(bu)重兵(bing)(bing)(bing)于澧(li)州(zhou)(zhou)、石首、花(hua)(hua)容、松滋之間.為(wei)犄角之勢。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)續(xu)襲江(jiang)西(xi)。十(shi)四年正月(yue)(yue),康(kang)熙令(ling)岳(yue)(yue)(yue)樂進逼長(chang)沙(sha),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)據岳(yue)(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou),出沒湖(hu)湘(xiang)間,道(dao)路為(wei)梗。十(shi)五年三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue),清兵(bing)(bing)(bing)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)沙(sha),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)令(ling)所(suo)屬彝(yi)陵、南(nan)漳諸將(jiang)領分擾清營(ying)。十(shi)一(yi)月(yue)(yue),清兵(bing)(bing)(bing)圍長(chang)沙(sha),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)自岳(yue)(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)馳援,長(chang)沙(sha)圍解(jie)。十(shi)六(liu)(liu)年九月(yue)(yue),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)大軍(jun)(jun)萬余攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)克韶州(zhou)(zhou),渡(du)河至(zhi)蓮花(hua)(hua)山(shan),薄(bo)羅(luo)江(jiang),被清軍(jun)(jun)內外夾擊,失利(li)奔(ben)帽峰山(shan)。十(shi)二月(yue)(yue),寶(bao)(bao)(bao)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)赴衡(heng)州(zhou)(zhou)。十(shi)七年正月(yue)(yue),又由宜章入廣西(xi),二月(yue)(yue),復至(zhi)衡(heng)州(zhou)(zhou),營(ying)江(jiang)東岸為(wei)聲援。六(liu)(liu)月(yue)(yue)初,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia)彬州(zhou)(zhou),率(lv)數萬人馬南(nan)下(xia),又攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)衡(heng)州(zhou)(zhou)大門(men)永(yong)興(xing),清都統伊里布(bu),副都統哈(ha)克山(shan)相繼(ji)(ji)戰死。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)占領清軍(jun)(jun)河外營(ying)壘,清統領碩(shuo)岱(dai)城中固守(shou)。寶(bao)(bao)(bao)三(san)(san)面環攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),晝夜(ye)不停。八月(yue)(yue),永(yong)興(xing)將(jiang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下(xia),三(san)(san)桂亡,寶(bao)(bao)(bao)焚(fen)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)營(ying)撤軍(jun)(jun),吳(wu)諸將(jiang)立世璠,世璠拜寶(bao)(bao)(bao)為(wei)少(shao)傅(fu)兼太子(zi)太傅(fu)、掛大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)印總(zong)統,專司閫外,銜(xian)為(wei)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)馬大元帥。
十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)五(wu)月,簡(jian)親王(wang)喇布(bu)給益陽知縣徐璫參議道銜,齎諭招撫,寶(bao)殺之(zhi)。十(shi)月,上降敕諭寶(bao)曰(yue):“爾等本系吳三桂(gui)藩下人。三桂(gui)反叛,爾等率黨抗拒大兵(bing),或(huo)非本懷。爾若能悔罪歸誠,前罪悉赦,仍(reng)論(lun)功敘錄(lu)。標下將士,概從寬宥,酌量加恩。爾其(qi)盡釋疑衷,勉圖后(hou)效”。寶(bao)抗拒如故。清(qing)(qing)兵(bing)復湖(hu)南、廣西,寶(bao)退貴州(zhou),守遵義。十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)正月,清(qing)(qing)兵(bing)攻(gong)克四川保寧,王(wang)屏藩窮蹙,自(zi)殺。三月,寶(bao)復襲四川,攻(gong)克瀘州(zhou)、敘州(zhou)。在(zai)四川時,曾派人馱貨(huo)捎書(shu)至故里,感念(nian)嫂嫂恩澤.兄長教悔,悔恨不諳時勢(shi),恐招殃及己身(shen)。
二十(shi)年(nian)二月,清(qing)將彰泰圍吳世璠(fan)于(yu)云南(nan)昆明,世璠(fan)危迫,趨寶(bao)自四川回(hui)援。寶(bao)棄敘(xu)州(zhou),退守遵義,五(wu)月癸丑(chou)朔(shuo),清(qing)提督周(zhou)卜世至,寶(bao)曰:“我(wo)(wo)以一(yi)旅頓鎮(zhen)遠,則汝輩安得長驅至此!特以天命已去,雖(sui)竊據一(yi)方,亦復何(he)益(yi)?故(gu)不為耳。”寶(bao)率(lv)部棄城走。六(liu)月,寶(bao)再次于(yu)烏蒙(meng)山佯敗(bai)以誘清(qing)都督希福攻擊,希福等至烏木山,寶(bao)據險(xian)相持(chi),敵(di)強我(wo)(wo)弱,未幾,寶(bao)越山遁,僅以身(shen)免。(寶(bao)以偽身(shen)至姚安,偽身(shen)與潰(kui)卒百人七月赴希福軍前(qian)降(jiang),九月磔(zhe)于(yu)市。)
1681年(nian)6月(yue)滇(dian)黔邊境烏木(mu)山之戰,標致反(fan)清(qing)復明徹底失(shi)敗,寶之次子自援(yuan)氓村,三子應先遂跡滇(dian)南蒙自;淮(huai)(huai)國公與長子、四子、季子自奇及家口,在(zai)逃避清(qing)軍(jun)圍追阻截的過(guo)程中,偶遇貨郎挑壇(tan)子過(guo)路(lu),與人換了著裝,接(jie)過(guo)壇(tan)子挑肩上,得(de)以脫身,后知(zhi)其人羊(yang)潛虎(hu)死(si),淮(huai)(huai)國公對(dui)家人曰(yue):“不知(zhi)他(ta)人姓(xing)氏名(ming)誰,就跟著壇(tan)子姓(xing)吧”,一為紀念他(ta)人救命(ming)之恩,二為隱名(ming)埋姓(xing),就改姓(xing)譚(tan)(取“壇(tan)”之音)了,
一代(dai)梟雄(xiong),從鄉俚走來(lai),轟轟烈烈半生,還歸鄉俚,隱姓埋(mai)名,頤(yi)養天年(nian),無疾而終,享年(nian)七十一歲,葬于岱港村的(de)花(hua)紅樹包(bao)包(bao)。