斡道(dao)沖(chong),字宗圣,西夏(xia)仁宗李仁孝時重臣,靈(ling)州(今寧(ning)夏(xia)靈(ling)武(wu))人(ren),從夏(xia)主遷居興慶府(今寧(ning)夏(xia)銀川(chuan)),世(shi)代(dai)掌(zhang)修夏(xia)國史。
他不但在學術(shu)上頗有(you)造詣(yi),而且(qie)淡泊(bo)功(gong)名,尤其對奸相(xiang)佞(ning)臣剛直不阿,敢(gan)于(yu)直言(yan),勇于(yu)斗爭,是西夏歷(li)史上不可多(duo)得的一(yi)位(wei)漢(han)族名相(xiang)。
他年八歲時以《尚書》中童子舉(ju)。精通五(wu)經(jing),譯《論語注》,作《論語小義》二(er)十卷(juan),又(you)作《周(zhou)易卜筮斷》,用蕃字(西夏文(wen))寫(xie)成(cheng),流(liu)行夏境。任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)在(zai)(zai)朝廷任(ren)國(guo)(guo)(guo)相(xiang)時,專橫跋(ba)扈(hu),唯有(you)斡(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)敢于同他抗爭(zheng)。早在(zai)(zai)任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)上表(biao)請求入朝時,斡(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就進諫反對(dui),說任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)入朝,是想干(gan)預國(guo)(guo)(guo)政,自古外戚擅權(quan),國(guo)(guo)(guo)無不(bu)亂,能(neng)保證他沒有(you)異心嗎?在(zai)(zai)斡(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等剛介之士的(de)堅持反對(dui)下,仁孝皇帝(di)沒有(you)允許任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)入朝。這使(shi)得(de)(de)(de)任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)視斡(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)為(wei)(wei)眼中釘。后(hou)任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)進為(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)相(xiang)后(hou),斡(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)不(bu)畏權(quan)勢,冒著(zhu)生命危險,多次彈劾任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)濫殺無辜,網羅親(qin)黨。任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)恨(hen)得(de)(de)(de)咬(yao)牙切齒,想殺斡(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),只(zhi)是斡(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)名氣太大,恐(kong)引起眾怒(nu),只(zhi)好讓(rang)斡(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)閑(xian)居(ju)在(zai)(zai)家,不(bu)準他參理國(guo)(guo)(guo)政。為(wei)(wei)此,斡(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)沉寂了(le)幾乎二(er)十年,仍處之淡然。斡(wo)道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)敢于同任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)首的(de)專權(quan)跋(ba)扈(hu)、投機鉆營(ying)、圖謀篡權(quan)的(de)奸(jian)臣做堅決斗爭(zheng),表(biao)現了(le)其“寧為(wei)(wei)玉(yu)碎,不(bu)為(wei)(wei)瓦全”的(de)大無畏鴻儒(ru)氣魄,其人品為(wei)(wei)世(shi)人所(suo)敬(jing)(jing)仰(yang)。
西夏(xia)乾佑元年(1170年),任(ren)得敬篡(cuan)權陰(yin)謀被粉碎,第二年五月,李仁孝以斡道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)為西夏(xia)國中書令,朝中官吏引(yin)為楷模。在斡道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)的影響下,群臣敢(gan)于直言,敢(gan)于對(dui)(dui)時政提出(chu)自(zi)己(ji)的看法,這對(dui)(dui)社會的發展和(he)經濟的繁榮,非常必要和(he)有益。不(bu)久,眾望(wang)所歸,斡道(dao)(dao)沖(chong)(chong)又被任(ren)命為國相。
西夏(xia)乾佑十(shi)四年(nian)(1183年(nian)),斡(wo)(wo)道沖因勞累而死(si)。他(ta)任西夏(xia)國相十(shi)余年(nian)間,廉潔施政,生活(huo)儉樸(pu),史載(zai)“家無私蓄,僅有書籍數床而已”,可謂兩(liang)袖清(qing)風,一身正氣。仁孝皇帝聞(wen)訊后,悲痛(tong)萬分,令人將斡(wo)(wo)道沖遺像(xiang)畫于郡縣學(xue),尊(zun)為(wei)楷模,世(shi)代與孔子共(gong)祭祀,表現出對斡(wo)(wo)道沖的崇高(gao)評(ping)價和深切緬(mian)懷。
直(zhi)到元代(dai)(dai),斡(wo)道沖還(huan)被尊為一流學(xue)(xue)者,儒(ru)學(xue)(xue)大師。元代(dai)(dai)翰林學(xue)(xue)士虞伯生撰有《西夏(xia)相(xiang)斡(wo)公畫像贊》云(yun):“西夏(xia)之盛,禮事(shi)孔子(zi)。極其(qi)尊親,以帝(di)廟祀(si)。乃(nai)有儒(ru)臣(chen),早究典謨。通(tong)經同文,教其(qi)國(guo)(guo)都。遂相(xiang)其(qi)君,作服施采(cai)。顧瞻學(xue)(xue)宮,遺像斯生。國(guo)(guo)廢時(shi)遠,人鮮(xian)克知。壞(huai)宮改作,不聞金絲。不忘其(qi)親,存賢(xian)子(zi)孫。載國(guo)(guo)丹青(qing),取征良史。”斡(wo)道沖昭垂百代(dai)(dai)清芬,其(qi)德(de)操令后(hou)人慕仰(yang),可謂(wei)西夏(xia)賢(xian)相(xiang)儒(ru)臣(chen)。
天盛三年(1151)為蕃(fan)漢教授。在朝剛介直言,與御(yu)史中丞熱(re)辣公濟、翰林(lin)學(xue)士兼樞(shu)密(mi)都承旨焦景(jing)顏共同抵制外戚任(ren)得(de)敬的專權和分國活動(dong)。任(ren)得(de)敬被誅后(hou),乾(qian)祐(you)二年(1171)擢為中書令。輔佐仁宗(zong)穩定政局,發(fa)展文化,很多重要典籍(ji)即(ji)在此時(shi)刊印(yin)。乾(qian)祐(you)十四年死,為相十數年,家無私(si)蓄,藏(zang)書甚(shen)多,死后(hou),仁宗(zong)圖畫(hua)其像,從祀于孔廟。