發電機通常由(you)定(ding)子、轉子、端蓋及軸(zhou)承(cheng)等部件構成。
定(ding)子由定(ding)子鐵芯(xin)、線包繞組、機座以及(ji)固定(ding)這些部分的其(qi)他結構件組成(cheng)。
轉(zhuan)子(zi)由轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵芯(或磁(ci)極(ji)、磁(ci)扼)繞組、護環(huan)、中心環(huan)、滑(hua)環(huan)、風(feng)扇及轉(zhuan)軸等部件組成(cheng)。
由軸承及端(duan)蓋將發電(dian)機的定子,轉子連接組裝起來,使轉子能在定子中旋轉,做切(qie)割(ge)磁力線(xian)的運動(dong),從而產生感(gan)應電(dian)勢,通過接線(xian)端(duan)子引出,接在回路中,便產生了電(dian)流(liu)。
發(fa)電機(ji)的分類包括:
發電機分:直(zhi)流發電機和交流發電機;
交流發電機分:同步(bu)(bu)發電機和異步(bu)(bu)發電機(很少采用);
交(jiao)流發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)還可分為單(dan)相發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)與(yu)三(san)相發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)。
發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的種(zhong)類有(you)很多種(zhong)。從(cong)(cong)原(yuan)理上分(fen)為(wei)同步發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、異步發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、單相發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、三相發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。從(cong)(cong)產生方式上分(fen)為(wei)汽(qi)(qi)輪(lun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、柴油發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、汽(qi)(qi)油發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等。從(cong)(cong)能源(yuan)上分(fen)為(wei)火力發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、水(shui)(shui)力發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等。
1832年,法(fa)國(guo)人畢(bi)克西發明了手搖式直流發電(dian)機,其原理是通(tong)(tong)過轉動永磁體(ti)使(shi)磁通(tong)(tong)發生變化(hua)而在線圈中(zhong)產生感(gan)應電(dian)動勢(shi),并把這(zhe)種電(dian)動勢(shi)以(yi)直流電(dian)壓形(xing)式輸出;
1866年,德國的西(xi)門子發明(ming)了自勵式直流(liu)發電機;
1870年(nian),比利時的(de)格拉姆制成了(le)環(huan)形電(dian)(dian)樞(shu),發(fa)明了(le)環(huan)形電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。這種發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是用水力來轉(zhuan)動發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)子的(de),經過反(fan)復改進,于1875年(nian)得到(dao)了(le)3.2KW的(de)輸出功率;
1882年,美(mei)國的(de)戈登(deng)制造出了輸出功(gong)率447KW,高(gao)3米,重22噸(dun)的(de)兩(liang)相(xiang)式巨型發電機(ji);
1896年,特斯拉的(de)兩(liang)相交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)發(fa)(fa)電機在尼亞拉發(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)開始勞(lao)動營運,3750KW,5000V的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電一直送到40公(gong)里外(wai)的(de)布法(fa)羅市。 [2]
柴油發電機
柴(chai)油機(ji)驅動發電(dian)機(ji)運(yun)轉,將柴(chai)油的能(neng)量(liang)轉化為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)。
在(zai)柴(chai)油(you)機汽缸內,經過(guo)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)濾清器過(guo)濾后的(de)潔凈空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)與噴油(you)嘴噴射出的(de)高(gao)壓霧化柴(chai)油(you) 充分混合,在(zai)活(huo)塞上(shang)行的(de)擠壓下(xia)(xia),體積(ji)縮(suo)小,溫度迅速升高(gao),達到柴(chai)油(you)的(de)燃點。柴(chai)油(you)被(bei)點燃,混合氣(qi)(qi)體劇烈燃燒,體積(ji)迅速膨(peng)脹(zhang),推動活(huo)塞下(xia)(xia)行,稱(cheng)為‘作(zuo)功’。
汽油發電機
汽(qi)油機驅(qu)動發(fa)電機運(yun)轉(zhuan),將汽(qi)油的能量轉(zhuan)化為電能。
在汽(qi)油機汽(qi)缸(gang)內(nei),混(hun)合氣體劇烈燃燒,體積迅速(su)膨脹(zhang),推動活(huo)塞下行作(zuo)功。
無論是(shi)柴油發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機還是(shi)汽(qi)油發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機,都(dou)是(shi)各汽(qi)缸(gang)按一定順序依次作功,作用在活(huo)塞上的(de)推(tui)力(li)(li)經(jing)過連(lian)桿變成了(le)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)曲(qu)軸(zhou)(zhou)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)力(li)(li)量,從(cong)而帶動(dong)(dong)曲(qu)軸(zhou)(zhou)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)。將無刷同步交流發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機與動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)機曲(qu)軸(zhou)(zhou)同軸(zhou)(zhou)安(an)裝,就(jiu)可以(yi)利(li)用動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)機的(de)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)帶動(dong)(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機的(de)轉(zhuan)子,利(li)用‘電(dian)磁感應(ying)’原(yuan)理,發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)機就(jiu)會輸(shu)出感應(ying)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)勢,經(jing)閉(bi)合(he)的(de)負載(zai)回路就(jiu)能(neng)產生電(dian)流。
安裝規程
機組啟(qi)動(dong)前的準備(bei):
1.檢(jian)查潤滑油的油位(wei)、冷卻液(ye)液(ye)位(wei)、燃(ran)油量;
2.檢(jian)查柴(chai)油(you)機的(de)供油(you)、潤滑、冷卻等系(xi)統(tong)各個(ge)管路及接頭(tou)有無漏油(you)漏水現(xian)象;
3.檢查電氣(qi)線路有無(wu)破皮(pi)等漏電隱患,接(jie)地線電氣(qi)線路是(shi)否松(song)動(dong),機組與基(ji)礎的連接(jie)是(shi)否牢固;
4.若(ruo)環境(jing)溫度低于零度時,須在散熱器內(nei)添加一定比例的防凍劑;
5.柴(chai)油發(fa)電機組第一次啟(qi)動或停機較(jiao)長時間后(hou)再次啟(qi)動,應先用手壓泵排(pai)盡燃油系統內(nei)的空氣(qi)。
啟動:
1.合上控制箱(xiang)內(nei)的保險后(hou),按(an)啟(qi)動按(an)鈕,按(an)下按(an)鈕3~5s,若啟(qi)動不成(cheng)功(gong),應等20s左右再次(ci)啟(qi)動。若多次(ci)啟(qi)動不成(cheng)功(gong),應停止啟(qi)動操作,排除電(dian)瓶電(dian)壓(ya)或(huo)油路等故障因數后(hou),再次(ci)啟(qi)動;
2.啟動時應(ying)觀察幾油壓力,若油壓無顯示或很低(di)時,應(ying)立即停車檢(jian)查(cha)。
運行:
1.機(ji)組(zu)啟動后(hou),檢查控制(zhi)箱模塊(kuai)各項參數;機(ji)油壓力、水溫(wen)、電壓、頻率等;
2.通常情況下(xia),機(ji)組啟動(dong)后轉速(su)(su)直接達到額定轉速(su)(su);有怠速(su)(su)要求的機(ji)組,怠速(su)(su)時(shi)間一般為3~5min,怠速(su)(su)時(shi)間不易過長,否則可(ke)能燒壞發電(dian)機(ji)相關元器件;
3.檢查機組油路、水路及電器的滲漏情況;
4.檢(jian)查(cha)機(ji)組各連接處的(de)緊固情況,看有無松動和劇烈振動;
5.觀(guan)察(cha)機組各種保護和監視裝(zhuang)置是否正(zheng)常;
6.當轉速達到(dao)額(e)定轉速,起(qi)空載(zai)運行的各項參數穩定后,合閘(zha)供電;
7.檢查確認(ren)控(kong)制屏各項參數是否在允(yun)許的范圍(wei)內(nei),再次檢查機組的振動,有無(wu)三漏及其他故障;
8.機組運行(xing)時嚴禁(jin)超載。
正常停機:
停機(ji)前必須先分閘(zha),一(yi)般情(qing)況卸(xie)載后需運(yun)行3~5min停機(ji)。
緊急停機:
1.發電機組運轉出現異常情(qing)況時,必(bi)須(xu)立即停機;
2.緊急停(ting)(ting)機時,按下(xia)急停(ting)(ting)按鈕或將噴(pen)油泵(beng)停(ting)(ting)機控制手(shou)柄(bing)迅速推倒停(ting)(ting)車位(wei)置。
保養事項:
1.柴油機濾(lv)芯(xin)(xin)更(geng)換時(shi)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)300H;空氣(qi)濾(lv)芯(xin)(xin)更(geng)換時(shi)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)每400H;機油濾(lv)芯(xin)(xin)第(di)一次(ci)更(geng)換時(shi)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)50H,以后為(wei)(wei)250H。
2.機(ji)(ji)油第一(yi)次更換(huan)時(shi)間為50H,以(yi)后機(ji)(ji)油正常更換(huan)時(shi)間為每250H。
操作規程
1.啟(qi)動前應(ying)檢(jian)(jian)查燃油(you)箱油(you)量是否充(chong)足,各油(you)管及接(jie)頭處無(wu)漏油(you)現象;冷卻系(xi)統水(shui)量是否充(chong)足、清潔、無(wu)滲漏,風扇皮(pi)帶松緊(jin)是否合適(shi)。檢(jian)(jian)查內燃機與發(fa)電機傳動部分應(ying)連接(jie)可靠,輸出線路的導(dao)線絕緣良好,各儀表齊全、有效。
2.啟動后,應低速(su)運轉(zhuan)3~5分鐘,待溫度和機(ji)油壓(ya)輪均(jun)正常(chang)后,方可(ke)開始作業。發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)在升速(su)中應無異(yi)響,滑環及整(zheng)流子上(shang)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)接觸良好,無跳動及冒(mao)火花現象。待運轉(zhuan)穩定(ding),頻率、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到額定(ding)值后,方可(ke)向外供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。
3.運行中出現(xian)異響(xiang)、異味、水溫急劇上升及機油壓力急劇下降等情況時,應立即停機檢查并排(pai)除故障。
4.發電(dian)機功(gong)率(lv)因數不得超(chao)過遲相(xiang)(滯后)0.95。頻率(lv)值的變動范圍不得超(chao)過0.5HZ。
5.停機(ji)前應(ying)先切(qie)斷(duan)各供電(dian)分路主開關(guan)(guan),逐步減少載荷,然后切(qie)斷(duan)發電(dian)機(ji)供電(dian)主開關(guan)(guan),將(jiang)勵磁變阻器復(fu)回(hui)到電(dian)阻最大值位(wei)置,使電(dian)壓降(jiang)至最低值,再切(qie)斷(duan)勵磁開關(guan)(guan)和(he)中(zhong)性點接地開關(guan)(guan),最后停止(zhi)內燃機(ji)運轉(zhuan)。
注意事項編輯 語音
正確使用和(he)維護發電機組可延長發電機組的使用壽(shou)命:
起(qi)動前的準備工作:
1、機房(fang)操(cao)作人員應(ying)遵守安全操(cao)作規程,穿工(gong)作服和絕緣鞋,機組人員應(ying)分工(gong)明(ming)確;
2、檢查(cha)飛輪及(ji)發電(dian)機部分防欄(lan)桿(gan)罩是(shi)否完(wan)好;
3、檢查各變速(su)箱、離合(he)器、調速(su)器、油(you)位、各緊固件等,確(que)認完(wan)好,油(you)水溫度不低(di)于20度時(shi),方可起(qi)動;
4、將各(ge)系(xi)統管路閘門設置(zhi)在“工(gong)作(zuo)”位置(zhi);
5、檢查傳(chuan)動機構的(de)鏈接(jie)螺栓(shuan),并緊固(gu)好;
6、將(jiang)離合器(qi)手柄壓(ya)力是否正常,超速保(bao)險裝置是否定(ding)位;
7、檢查貯氣瓶壓力(li)是否(fou)正常,超速保險裝(zhuang)置(zhi)是否(fou)定位;
8、打開打氣泵的(de)排污閥;
9、檢(jian)查循環水泵(beng)、機(ji)油泵(beng)、燃(ran)油泵(beng)是否正常;
10、將勵磁(ci)電阻(zu)置于最大的(de)電阻(zu)位置,并將送電開關斷開。
起動和運行(xing)操作:
1、對(dui)(dui)于(yu)停機(ji)超(chao)過24h的(de)機(ji)組(zu),須先打開試動(dong)閥(fa),并(bing)起動(dong)機(ji)油泵。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)停機(ji)超(chao)過7天的(de)機(ji)組(zu),應測量勵(li)磁機(ji)及操作電路的(de)絕緣(yuan)電阻,必(bi)須符合(he)要求;
2、起(qi)(qi)動(dong)燃油泵,放(fang)出管路(lu)中的(de)空氣,觀察(cha)電壓是否(fou)在規定的(de)范(fan)圍內。若正常,方可進行正式起(qi)(qi)動(dong);
3、察看起動電源(yuan)的電壓是否符合要(yao)求。若電壓正(zheng)常,按下起動按鈕等柴油(you)發動機正(zheng)常運行(xing)后即松開;
4、當柴油(you)發動機運(yun)轉后,觀察(cha)機油(you)壓力表的指示值(zhi)(zhi),當升到(dao)規(gui)定(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)以上時(shi),停止機油(you)泵(beng)(beng),并關閉掃氣泵(beng)(beng)排污(wu)閥(fa),穿好前離合器螺釘;
5、當發電機起動后,即認為(wei)發電機及(ji)全部電氣設備均已帶電,人體(ti)不得接觸帶電部位;
6、發電機起動(dong)后(hou),應逐漸提高柴油(you)發動(dong)機的(de)(de)轉速,并(bing)進行送電前的(de)(de)檢查;
7、逐漸調(diao)整柴油(you)發動(dong)機(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速,但(dan)在調(diao)整時應注意觀察發電(dian)機(ji)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)是否正常(chang)。正常(chang)時,集電(dian)環及換向(xiang)器上(shang)的(de)電(dian)刷應無(wu)(wu)跳動(dong)、無(wu)(wu)冒火花現象、無(wu)(wu)異常(chang)響聲;
8、調整發電(dian)機輸出的電(dian)壓和(he)頻率,其電(dian)壓值應穩定(ding)并達(da)到380v+-10v,頻率應達(da)到50Hz+-0.5Hz。 [2]
工作特性:
表征同(tong)步發(fa)電機性(xing)能的主要是(shi)空載特(te)性(xing)和負載運行特(te)性(xing)。這些特(te)性(xing)是(shi)用戶(hu)選(xuan)用發(fa)電機的重(zhong)要依據。
空載特性:
發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機不(bu)接(jie)負載(zai)(zai)時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為零(ling),稱(cheng)為空(kong)載(zai)(zai)運行。此時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機定子的(de)三相繞組只有勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)If感生(sheng)出的(de)空(kong)載(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢E0(三相對稱(cheng)),其(qi)大小隨If的(de)增大而增加(jia)。但是,由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)機磁(ci)路(lu)鐵心(xin)有飽和現象,所以兩(liang)者不(bu)成(cheng)正(zheng)比。反映空(kong)載(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢E0與勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)If關系的(de)曲線稱(cheng)為同(tong)步發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)空(kong)載(zai)(zai)特性。
電樞反應:
當發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機接(jie)上(shang)對(dui)稱負載后,電(dian)(dian)樞繞(rao)組(zu)中的(de)三相電(dian)(dian)流會產生另(ling)一個旋轉磁(ci)場,稱電(dian)(dian)樞反應(ying)磁(ci)場。其轉速正好與(yu)轉子的(de)轉速相等,兩者同步旋轉。
同步發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)反應(ying)磁(ci)場(chang)與轉子勵磁(ci)磁(ci)場(chang)均可近似地(di)認(ren)為都按正弦規律分布。它們之間(jian)的(de)空間(jian)相位差(cha)取(qu)決于空載電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢E0與電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流I之間(jian)的(de)時間(jian)相位差(cha)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)反應(ying)磁(ci)場(chang)還(huan)與負(fu)載情況有關。當發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)負(fu)載為電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)性(xing)時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)反應(ying)磁(ci)場(chang)起去(qu)磁(ci)作(zuo)用,會(hui)導致發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降低;當負(fu)載呈電(dian)(dian)(dian)容性(xing)時,電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)(shu)反應(ying)磁(ci)場(chang)起助磁(ci)作(zuo)用,會(hui)使(shi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升(sheng)高。
負載運行特性:
主要指外特(te)性(xing)和調整(zheng)特(te)性(xing)。外特(te)性(xing)是當(dang)轉(zhuan)速為(wei)額定(ding)值(zhi)、勵磁電流(liu)和負(fu)(fu)載(zai)功(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數為(wei)常數時,發電機端電壓U與(yu)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)電流(liu)I之間的(de)關系(xi)。調整(zheng)特(te)性(xing)是轉(zhuan)速和端電壓為(wei)額定(ding)值(zhi)、負(fu)(fu)載(zai)功(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數為(wei)常數時,勵磁電流(liu)If與(yu)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)電流(liu)I之間的(de)關系(xi)。
同步發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)化率約為(wei)20~40%。一般工業和家(jia)用負(fu)(fu)載都要求電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保(bao)持(chi)基(ji)本不變(bian)。為(wei)此,隨著負(fu)(fu)載電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)增大,必須相應地(di)調(diao)(diao)整勵(li)磁電(dian)(dian)流。雖(sui)然調(diao)(diao)整特(te)性的(de)(de)變(bian)化趨勢與外特(te)性正好相反,對(dui)于感性和純電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)性負(fu)(fu)載,它是上(shang)升的(de)(de),而(er)在容(rong)性負(fu)(fu)載下(xia),一般是下(xia)降的(de)(de)。 [4]
風力發電機
作為一種價格低(di)廉、運行可(ke)靠、無溫(wen)室氣體排放(fang)的(de)新型發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統,風力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)安裝(zhuang)容量正在以(yi)每年(nian)超過30%的(de)增長率(lv)在世界(jie)范圍得到日益廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)應用(yong),已經形成一個年(nian)產值超過五十億美元(yuan)的(de)全(quan)球性(xing)(xing)產業。但(dan)是用(yong)于邊遠地(di)區(qu)獨立供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)小(xiao)型風力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統還需要(yao)克服很多技術上(shang)的(de)難點(dian)才能(neng)得以(yi)廣(guang)泛(fan)的(de)應用(yong)。隨著我國對“三農(nong)”投(tou)(tou)入力(li)(li)度(du)加大,經濟持(chi)續快(kuai)速發(fa)展,廣(guang)大農(nong)、牧、漁民對改善生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)環(huan)境,提高生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)質量,解決生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)迫(po)切要(yao)求,采用(yong)小(xiao)型風力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統為局部負載提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li),不僅(jin)可(ke)以(yi)減少一次性(xing)(xing)巨額投(tou)(tou)資,還可(ke)以(yi)免除火力(li)(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)溫(wen)室氣體排放(fang),改善環(huan)境和農(nong)村地(di)區(qu)的(de)能(neng)源結構,有益于可(ke)持(chi)續性(xing)(xing)發(fa)展。
風(feng)(feng)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是將風(feng)(feng)能轉換(huan)為機(ji)械功、并帶動發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運轉來發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)。廣義地說(shuo),它是一種以(yi)太陽為熱(re)源,以(yi)大氣為工(gong)作(zuo)介質的(de)(de)熱(re)能利用發動機(ji)。風(feng)(feng)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利用的(de)(de)是自(zi)然能源。相(xiang)對柴(chai)油發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要好的(de)(de)多(duo)。但(dan)是若應急來用的(de)(de)話(hua),還是不如柴(chai)油發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。風(feng)(feng)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不可視(shi)為備用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源,但(dan)是卻可以(yi)長期(qi)利用。
運行管理:
風(feng)力發電(dian)機組的控制系統(tong)是(shi)(shi)采用工(gong)業微處理器進(jin)(jin)行(xing)控制,一般都(dou)由多個CPU并列(lie)運行(xing),其自身的抗干(gan)擾能力強(qiang),并且通過通信線路與計算(suan)機相連,可進(jin)(jin)行(xing)遠(yuan)(yuan)程控制,這(zhe)大大降低了運行(xing)的工(gong)作量。所以風(feng)機的運行(xing)工(gong)作就是(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)遠(yuan)(yuan)程故(gu)(gu)障排除和運行(xing)數據統(tong)計分析(xi)(xi)及故(gu)(gu)障原因分析(xi)(xi)。
遠程故障排除:
風機的(de)(de)(de)大部分故障(zhang)都可(ke)(ke)以進行(xing)遠(yuan)程復(fu)(fu)位(wei)(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)和自(zi)(zi)(zi)動復(fu)(fu)位(wei)(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)。風機的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)和電網(wang)(wang)質量好壞是(shi)息(xi)息(xi)相關的(de)(de)(de),為了(le)進行(xing)雙向(xiang)保護,風機設(she)置了(le)多重保護故障(zhang),如電網(wang)(wang)電壓高、低(di)(di),電網(wang)(wang)頻率高、低(di)(di)等(deng),這些故障(zhang)是(shi)可(ke)(ke)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動復(fu)(fu)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)。由(you)于風能的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)制(zhi)性,所以過(guo)風速的(de)(de)(de)極限值(zhi)也可(ke)(ke)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動復(fu)(fu)位(wei)(wei)。還有溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)限定值(zhi)也可(ke)(ke)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動復(fu)(fu)位(wei)(wei),如發電機溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)高,齒輪(lun)箱溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)高、低(di)(di),環境溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)低(di)(di)等(deng)。風機的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)負荷(he)故障(zhang)也是(shi)可(ke)(ke)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動復(fu)(fu)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)。
除了自(zi)動復位(wei)的故障(zhang)(zhang)以外,其它可遠程復位(wei)控制故障(zhang)(zhang)引起的原因有(you)以下幾種:
1、風機控制器(qi)誤(wu)報故障;
2、各(ge)檢測傳感器(qi)誤動作;
3、控制(zhi)器認為(wei)風機運行不可靠(kao)。
運行數據(ju)統計分析:
對風電(dian)場設備(bei)在運行中發生的(de)情況進(jin)行詳(xiang)細的(de)統(tong)計(ji)分析是風電(dian)場管理的(de)一項(xiang)重要內容。通過運行數(shu)據(ju)的(de)統(tong)計(ji)分析,可(ke)對運行維護工作進(jin)行考(kao)核(he)量化,也可(ke)對風電(dian)場的(de)設計(ji),風資源的(de)評(ping)估,設備(bei)選型提供有效的(de)理論依據(ju)。
每(mei)個月的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)量統(tong)計報表,是運行工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)重要內容(rong)之一,其真實(shi)可靠性直(zhi)接(jie)和經濟(ji)效益掛鉤。其主要內容(rong)有:風機(ji)的(de)(de)月發電(dian)(dian)量,場用電(dian)(dian)量,風機(ji)的(de)(de)設備正常工(gong)作(zuo)時間(jian)(jian),故(gu)障時間(jian)(jian),標準(zhun)利用小時,電(dian)(dian)網(wang)停電(dian)(dian),故(gu)障時間(jian)(jian)等。
風機的(de)功(gong)率曲線數據(ju)(ju)統(tong)計與(yu)分析,可(ke)對(dui)風機在提高出(chu)力(li)和(he)提高風能利用率上提供實踐依據(ju)(ju)。通過對(dui)風況數據(ju)(ju)的(de)統(tong)計和(he)分析,掌握各型風機隨季節變(bian)化的(de)出(chu)力(li)規律,并以(yi)(yi)此可(ke)制定(ding)(ding)合理的(de)定(ding)(ding)期維(wei)護工(gong)作時間表,以(yi)(yi)減少風資源(yuan)的(de)浪(lang)費。
小型風力發電機(ji):
風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組是(shi)將風(feng)(feng)(feng)能轉(zhuan)化為(wei)電(dian)(dian)能的(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)。從(cong)能量轉(zhuan)換的(de)角(jiao)度看,風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組由兩大部分組成:其一是(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)機(ji)(ji),它的(de)功能是(shi)將風(feng)(feng)(feng)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能;其二是(shi)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji),它的(de)功能是(shi)將機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)電(dian)(dian)能。
小型風力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統結構一(yi)(yi)般由(you)風輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)、發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、尾(wei)舵(duo)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣控制部(bu)分等構成。常規的(de)(de)(de)(de)小型風力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)多由(you)感(gan)應發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機或永磁同(tong)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機加AC/DC變換器(qi)(qi)(qi)、蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、逆(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)成。在風的(de)(de)(de)(de)吹動(dong)下,風輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)起來,使(shi)空氣動(dong)力(li)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變成了機械能(轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速+扭(niu)矩)。風輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)轂固定(ding)在發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機軸上,風輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)驅動(dong)了發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan),帶動(dong)永磁三(san)相發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機發(fa)(fa)(fa)出三(san)相交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。風速的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷變化、忽大忽小,發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機發(fa)(fa)(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也隨著(zhu)變化。發(fa)(fa)(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經過控制器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整流(liu)(liu)(liu),由(you)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變成了具有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),并(bing)向蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。從蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)輸出的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),通過逆(ni)變器(qi)(qi)(qi)后變成了220V的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),供(gong)給用戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。
風(feng)(feng)(feng)力發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)根據應用場合(he)的(de)(de)不同又分為并網(wang)型(xing)和離(li)網(wang)型(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力機(ji)(ji)。離(li)網(wang)型(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)亦稱(cheng)獨立(li)(li)運行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力機(ji)(ji),是(shi)應用在無電(dian)網(wang)地區的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力機(ji)(ji),一般功率較(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)。獨立(li)(li)運行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力機(ji)(ji)一般需要與(yu)蓄電(dian)池和其他控(kong)制裝置共同組成獨立(li)(li)運行(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力機(ji)(ji)發電(dian)系(xi)統。這種獨立(li)(li)運行(xing)系(xi)統可(ke)以是(shi)幾kW乃(nai)至幾十kw,解決一個村落的(de)(de)供電(dian)系(xi)統,也可(ke)以是(shi)幾十到幾百W的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)型(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組以解決一家一戶的(de)(de)供電(dian)。
由(you)于(yu)風能(neng)的(de)隨機性,發電(dian)(dian)機所發出電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)頻率(lv)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)壓都(dou)是(shi)不穩定的(de),以及蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池只能(neng)存儲直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng),無法為交流(liu)負(fu)載直接供電(dian)(dian)。因此(ci),為了給負(fu)載提供穩定、高(gao)質量的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)和(he)(he)滿足交流(liu)負(fu)載用電(dian)(dian),需要(yao)在發電(dian)(dian)機和(he)(he)負(fu)載之間加(jia)入電(dian)(dian)力變(bian)換裝置,這種電(dian)(dian)力變(bian)換裝置主要(yao)由(you)整流(liu)器、逆變(bian)器、控制器、蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池等組成(cheng)。
小型(xing)風力(li)發電系統(tong)(tong)作(zuo)為(wei)農(nong)村能源的(de)組成部分,它的(de)推廣應用對于(yu)改善用電結(jie)構,特別是邊遠山(shan)區的(de)生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活(huo)用能,推動生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)建設諸領域的(de)發展(zhan)將發揮積極作(zuo)用,因此具(ju)有廣闊的(de)市(shi)場前景。風能具(ju)有隨機性和不確定性,風力(li)發電系統(tong)(tong)是一個復雜系統(tong)(tong)。簡化(hua)小型(xing)風力(li)發電系統(tong)(tong)的(de)結(jie)構、降低成本、提高(gao)可(ke)靠性及(ji)實現系統(tong)(tong)優化(hua)運行,對于(yu)小型(xing)風力(li)風力(li)發電系統(tong)(tong)的(de)推廣具(ju)有非常重(zhong)要意義。
風(feng)力發電機維護:
風力(li)發(fa)電機(ji)是集電氣、機(ji)械、空氣動力(li)學(xue)等各學(xue)科于一體的(de)(de)(de)綜合產品,各部(bu)分緊密聯系,息(xi)息(xi)相(xiang)關。風力(li)機(ji)維護的(de)(de)(de)好壞直接影響(xiang)到發(fa)電量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)多少(shao)和(he)經濟效益的(de)(de)(de)高低;風力(li)機(ji)本身性能的(de)(de)(de)好壞,也要通過維護檢修(xiu)來(lai)保持,維護工作(zuo)及(ji)時有效可以發(fa)現(xian)故(gu)障(zhang)隱患,減少(shao)故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生,提高風機(ji)效率。
風機維護可分為定期(qi)檢修和日常(chang)排故維護兩種方式(shi)。
1、風(feng)機的(de)定期(qi)檢修維護(hu)
定期(qi)的維(wei)(wei)護(hu)保養可以讓設備(bei)保持(chi)最(zui)佳(jia)期(qi)的狀態(tai),并(bing)延長風機的使(shi)用壽(shou)命。定期(qi)檢修維(wei)(wei)護(hu)工作的主要內容(rong)有:風機聯接件(jian)(jian)之(zhi)間的螺栓(shuan)力矩(ju)檢查(包括電氣連接),各傳動(dong)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)之(zhi)間的潤滑和各項(xiang)功能(neng)測試。
風機在(zai)正常運行(xing)中時(shi),各聯接(jie)部件的(de)(de)(de)螺(luo)栓長期運行(xing)在(zai)各種振動的(de)(de)(de)合力(li)當中,極易使(shi)其松動,為了不(bu)使(shi)其在(zai)松動后導(dao)致局部螺(luo)栓受力(li)不(bu)均被剪切,必(bi)須定(ding)(ding)期對(dui)(dui)其進行(xing)螺(luo)栓力(li)矩的(de)(de)(de)檢查。在(zai)環境溫度(du)(du)低(di)于-5℃時(shi),應使(shi)其力(li)矩下降到額定(ding)(ding)力(li)矩的(de)(de)(de)80%進行(xing)緊(jin)固(gu),并在(zai)溫度(du)(du)高于-5℃后進行(xing)復查。一般對(dui)(dui)螺(luo)栓的(de)(de)(de)緊(jin)固(gu)檢查都安排在(zai)無(wu)風或風小的(de)(de)(de)夏季,以避開風機的(de)(de)(de)高出(chu)力(li)季節。
風(feng)(feng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)系統主(zhu)要有(you)稀(xi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(或稱(cheng)礦物(wu)油(you)(you)(you)(you)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua))和干油(you)(you)(you)(you)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(或稱(cheng)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua))兩種方式(shi)。風(feng)(feng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的齒輪(lun)箱(xiang)和偏(pian)(pian)航減速齒輪(lun)箱(xiang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)的是稀(xi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)方式(shi),其維護方法是補(bu)加(jia)和采(cai)(cai)樣化(hua)驗,若化(hua)驗結果表明該(gai)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)已(yi)無法再使用(yong),則進行更(geng)換。干油(you)(you)(you)(you)潤(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)部(bu)件有(you)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)軸承(cheng)(cheng),偏(pian)(pian)航軸承(cheng)(cheng),偏(pian)(pian)航齒等。這(zhe)些部(bu)件由(you)于運行溫度較高,極易變質,導致(zhi)軸承(cheng)(cheng)磨損,定(ding)期(qi)維護時,必須每次都對其進行補(bu)加(jia)。另外,發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)軸承(cheng)(cheng)的補(bu)加(jia)劑量一定(ding)要按要求數(shu)量加(jia)入,不(bu)可過多(duo),防止太多(duo)后擠入電機(ji)(ji)(ji)繞組(zu),使電機(ji)(ji)(ji)燒壞。
定(ding)期(qi)維護的(de)功能測(ce)試主要有過速(su)測(ce)試,緊急停機(ji)測(ce)試,液壓系(xi)統各元件定(ding)值(zhi)測(ce)試,振動開(kai)關測(ce)試,扭纜開(kai)關測(ce)試。還可以對控制(zhi)器的(de)極限定(ding)值(zhi)進行一(yi)些常規測(ce)試。
定期維護除以上三大項以外,還要檢(jian)查液壓油(you)位(wei),各傳感(gan)器有(you)無(wu)損壞,傳感(gan)器的電源是否可靠工作(zuo),閘(zha)片(pian)及閘(zha)盤的磨損情況等方面。
2、日常(chang)排故維護
風機在(zai)運行(xing)當中,也會出(chu)現一些(xie)故障必須到現場去處(chu)理。
首先(xian)要仔細觀(guan)察風機內的安全平(ping)臺和梯子(zi)是否(fou)(fou)牢固,有無(wu)連接螺栓松動(dong),控制(zhi)柜內有無(wu)糊味(wei),電纜(lan)線有無(wu)位(wei)移,夾板是否(fou)(fou)松動(dong),扭纜(lan)傳感器拉環是否(fou)(fou)磨損(sun)(sun)破裂,偏航(hang)齒(chi)(chi)的潤滑是否(fou)(fou)干枯變質,偏航(hang)齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)箱、液壓(ya)油及齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)箱油位(wei)是否(fou)(fou)正常,液壓(ya)站的表(biao)計壓(ya)力是否(fou)(fou)正常,轉動(dong)部(bu)件與旋(xuan)轉部(bu)件之間有無(wu)磨損(sun)(sun),各油管接頭有無(wu)滲漏,齒(chi)(chi)輪(lun)(lun)油及液壓(ya)油的濾清器的指示是否(fou)(fou)在正常位(wei)置等。
第二是(shi)聽(ting)(ting)(ting),聽(ting)(ting)(ting)一下控制柜(ju)里是(shi)否有(you)放電(dian)的(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)音,有(you)聲(sheng)(sheng)音就可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)有(you)接線端(duan)子松動,或(huo)接觸不(bu)良,須仔細檢查,聽(ting)(ting)(ting)偏(pian)航時(shi)的(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)音是(shi)否正(zheng)常(chang),有(you)無干磨的(de)(de)聲(sheng)(sheng)響(xiang),聽(ting)(ting)(ting)發電(dian)機軸(zhou)承有(you)無異(yi)響(xiang),聽(ting)(ting)(ting)齒輪箱有(you)無異(yi)響(xiang),聽(ting)(ting)(ting)閘(zha)盤與閘(zha)墊之間有(you)無異(yi)響(xiang),聽(ting)(ting)(ting)葉片的(de)(de)切風聲(sheng)(sheng)音是(shi)否正(zheng)常(chang)。
第三(san),清(qing)理干凈自(zi)己的工作現場,并將液壓站各元(yuan)件及管接頭擦凈,以(yi)便于今(jin)后觀察(cha)有無(wu)泄漏(lou)。
水力發電機
水(shui)利發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是將水(shui)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)和(he)重(zhong)力勢能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換為機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)功(gong)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(如:中(zhong)國的(de)(de)三峽)。在發電(dian)這一(yi)塊(kuai)最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)要(yao)數核能(neng)(neng)發電(dian),不過(guo)相(xiang)對核能(neng)(neng)污染較大。所以(yi)中(zhong)國廣泛還是用煤(mei)炭(tan)(tan)發電(dian)。中(zhong)國煤(mei)炭(tan)(tan)資源(yuan)吃緊(jin),煤(mei)炭(tan)(tan)價格一(yi)直在漲,這也(ye)是為什么會(hui)有電(dian)荒的(de)(de)出現的(de)(de)主要(yao)原(yuan)因。
同步發電機
作發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行的(de)同(tong)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。是(shi)一種(zhong)最(zui)常用(yong)的(de)交流(liu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。在現代(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業中(zhong),它廣泛用(yong)于水力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、火力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、核能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以及柴油機(ji)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。由于同(tong)步發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)一般采用(yong)直流(liu)勵磁,當其單機(ji)獨立(li)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行時,通過調節(jie)勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),能(neng)方便地調節(jie)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。若并入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行,因(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)決定,不能(neng)改變,此時調節(jie)勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)結果是(shi)調節(jie)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)功(gong)率因(yin)數和無功(gong)功(gong)率。
同步發(fa)電機(ji)的定子、轉子結構與同步電機(ji)相(xiang)同,一般采用(yong)三相(xiang)形(xing)式,只在某些小型同步發(fa)電機(ji)中電樞繞組采用(yong)單相(xiang)。
高(gao)速同步(bu)發電機:
因大(da)多數發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)同軸聯動,火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)都用(yong)高(gao)(gao)速(su)汽(qi)輪機(ji)(ji)(ji)作原(yuan)(yuan)動機(ji)(ji)(ji),所以(yi)汽(qi)輪發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)通常用(yong)高(gao)(gao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)的2極(ji)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji),其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)達3000轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(在電(dian)(dian)網(wang)頻率(lv)為60赫時,為3600轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)/分)。核(he)電(dian)(dian)站多用(yong)4極(ji)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)為1500轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)/分(當電(dian)(dian)網(wang)頻率(lv)為60赫時,為1800轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)/分)。為適(shi)應高(gao)(gao)速(su)、高(gao)(gao)功率(lv)要求(qiu),高(gao)(gao)速(su)同步發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)在結構上(shang)一是(shi)采用(yong)隱極(ji)式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子,二是(shi)設置專門的冷卻系統。
隱極(ji)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子:外表(biao)呈圓(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing),在(zai)(zai)圓(yuan)柱(zhu)表(biao)面開(kai)槽以安(an)放(fang)直流(liu)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)繞(rao)組(zu),并用(yong)(yong)(yong)金屬槽楔固緊,使電(dian)機具有均勻的(de)(de)氣隙。由(you)于(yu)高(gao)(gao)速旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)時巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)離心(xin)(xin)力,要(yao)求轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子有很高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)機械強(qiang)(qiang)度。隱極(ji)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子一(yi)般由(you)高(gao)(gao)強(qiang)(qiang)度合金鋼整塊鍛成(cheng),槽形(xing)(xing)一(yi)般為開(kai)口形(xing)(xing),以便安(an)裝(zhuang)勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)繞(rao)組(zu)。在(zai)(zai)每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)極(ji)距內約(yue)有1/3部(bu)分(fen)不(bu)開(kai)槽,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)大(da)(da)齒;其余(yu)部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)齒較窄(zhai),稱做小齒。大(da)(da)齒中心(xin)(xin)即為轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子磁(ci)極(ji)的(de)(de)中心(xin)(xin)。有時大(da)(da)齒也開(kai)一(yi)些較小的(de)(de)通風槽,但不(bu)嵌(qian)放(fang)繞(rao)組(zu);有時還在(zai)(zai)嵌(qian)線(xian)槽底(di)部(bu)銑(xian)出窄(zhai)而(er)淺的(de)(de)小槽作(zuo)為通風槽。隱極(ji)式(shi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子在(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子本(ben)體軸向兩端還裝(zhuang)有金屬的(de)(de)護環和中心(xin)(xin)環。護環是(shi)由(you)高(gao)(gao)強(qiang)(qiang)度合金制成(cheng)的(de)(de)厚壁圓(yuan)筒,用(yong)(yong)(yong)以保(bao)護勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)繞(rao)組(zu)端部(bu)不(bu)至被(bei)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)離心(xin)(xin)力甩(shuai)出;中心(xin)(xin)環用(yong)(yong)(yong)以防(fang)止繞(rao)組(zu)端部(bu)的(de)(de)軸向移動,并支撐(cheng)護環。此(ci)外,為了把勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)電(dian)流(liu)通入勵(li)(li)(li)磁(ci)繞(rao)組(zu),在(zai)(zai)電(dian)機軸上還裝(zhuang)有集電(dian)環和電(dian)刷。
冷(leng)卻(que)系(xi)(xi)統:由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中能量(liang)(liang)損耗(hao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)積成正比,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)級(ji)(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)度(du)量(liang)(liang)級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三次方(fang)成比例(li)(li),而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)散(san)熱(re)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)級(ji)(ji)只(zhi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)線(xian)度(du)量(liang)(liang)級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二次方(fang)。因此,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)尺(chi)寸(cun)增(zeng)大(da)時(shi)(受材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)限制,增(zeng)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)就得加大(da)其尺(chi)寸(cun)),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)每單(dan)位(wei)表面上(shang)需要散(san)發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)就會增(zeng)加,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)升(sheng)將(jiang)會提(ti)高。在高速汽(qi)輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中,離心(xin)(xin)(xin)力(li)(li)將(jiang)使轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)表面和(he)(he)(he)(he)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)中心(xin)(xin)(xin)孔表面產生巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切向應力(li)(li),轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)直徑越大(da),這種應力(li)(li)也(ye)越大(da)。因此,在鍛件材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)允許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應力(li)(li)極(ji)限范圍內(nei),2極(ji)汽(qi)輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)本體(ti)(ti)直徑不能超過(guo)1250毫米。大(da)型汽(qi)輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要增(zeng)大(da)單(dan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang),只(zhi)有(you)靠(kao)增(zeng)加轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)本體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)度(du)(即用(yong)(yong)細長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi))和(he)(he)(he)(he)提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)負荷來解決。轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)長(chang)度(du)可(ke)達8米,已接近極(ji)限。要繼(ji)續提(ti)高單(dan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang),只(zhi)能是提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)負荷。這使大(da)型汽(qi)輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)熱(re)和(he)(he)(he)(he)冷(leng)卻(que)問題(ti)變得特(te)別突(tu)出。對于50000千瓦(wa)以下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)汽(qi)輪(lun)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),多采(cai)用(yong)(yong)閉路空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣冷(leng)卻(que)系(xi)(xi)統,用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風扇吹拂(fu)發(fa)熱(re)部件降(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)。對于容(rong)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)5~60萬千瓦(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),廣泛使用(yong)(yong)氫冷(leng)。氫氣(純度(du)99%)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)散(san)熱(re)性能比空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣好,用(yong)(yong)它(ta)來取代(dai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣不僅散(san)熱(re)效果好,而且可(ke)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)風摩擦損耗(hao)大(da)為(wei)降(jiang)低,從而能顯著提(ti)高發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效率。但(dan)是,采(cai)用(yong)(yong)氫冷(leng)必須有(you)防爆和(he)(he)(he)(he)防漏措施,這使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結構更為(wei)復雜(za),也(ye)增(zeng)加了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消耗(hao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)成本。此外,還(huan)可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)液體(ti)(ti)介(jie)質冷(leng)卻(que),例(li)(li)如水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相對冷(leng)卻(que)能力(li)(li)為(wei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50倍,帶走(zou)同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)(liang),所需水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流量(liang)(liang)比空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣小(xiao)得多。因此,在線(xian)圈里(li)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)一部分(fen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)導線(xian),導線(xian)中通(tong)水(shui)冷(leng)卻(que),就可(ke)以大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)溫(wen)(wen)升(sheng),延(yan)緩絕緣老化,增(zeng)長(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)壽命。 [3]
低(di)速同步發電機:
多(duo)(duo)數由(you)較低速度的水輪機或柴(chai)油機驅動。電機磁極(ji)數由(you)4極(ji)到60極(ji),甚至更多(duo)(duo)。對應的轉(zhuan)速為1500~100轉(zhuan)/分及(ji)以下。由(you)于轉(zhuan)速較低,一般都采用對材料和(he)制造工藝要(yao)求較低的凸極(ji)式轉(zhuan)子。
凸極(ji)(ji)式(shi)轉(zhuan)子的每個(ge)磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)常(chang)由(you)1~2毫(hao)米厚的鋼板疊成,用鉚釘(ding)裝(zhuang)成整體,磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)上套有(you)勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組。勵(li)磁(ci)(ci)繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組通常(chang)用扁銅線繞(rao)(rao)(rao)制而成。磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)的極(ji)(ji)靴(xue)上還常(chang)裝(zhuang)有(you)阻(zu)尼繞(rao)(rao)(rao)組。它是(shi)一個(ge)由(you)極(ji)(ji)靴(xue)阻(zu)尼槽中的裸銅條和(he)焊在(zai)兩端的銅環形成的一個(ge)短(duan)接回路(lu)。磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)(ji)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)轉(zhuan)子磁(ci)(ci)軛上,磁(ci)(ci)軛由(you)鑄鋼鑄成。凸極(ji)(ji)式(shi)轉(zhuan)子可分為臥式(shi)和(he)立(li)式(shi)兩類。大多數同步(bu)電(dian)動機、同步(bu)調相機和(he)內燃機或沖擊(ji)式(shi)水輪(lun)機拖動的發電(dian)機,都采用臥式(shi)結構;低(di)速、大容量水輪(lun)發電(dian)機則采用立(li)式(shi)結構。
臥式(shi)同步(bu)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)主要由(you)主磁極、磁軛、勵磁繞(rao)組、集電環和(he)轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)等組成。其定(ding)子(zi)結(jie)構與異步(bu)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相似。立式(shi)結(jie)構必須(xu)用推(tui)力(li)(li)軸(zhou)承承擔機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)重力(li)(li)和(he)水(shui)向下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓力(li)(li)。大容量水(shui)輪(lun)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中,此力(li)(li)可高(gao)達四(si)、五(wu)(wu)十兆牛(約相當于四(si)、五(wu)(wu)千噸物體的(de)(de)(de)(de)重力(li)(li)),所以這種(zhong)推(tui)力(li)(li)軸(zhou)承的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構復雜,加工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)和(he)安(an)裝要求(qiu)都(dou)很(hen)高(gao)。按照推(tui)力(li)(li)軸(zhou)承的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)放位置,立式(shi)水(shui)輪(lun)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分為懸吊式(shi)和(he)傘式(shi)兩種(zhong)。懸吊式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)力(li)(li)軸(zhou)承放在上機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上部(bu)或(huo)中部(bu),在轉(zhuan)速較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)直徑與鐵心(xin)長度的(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)值較(jiao)(jiao)小時,機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)上運行較(jiao)(jiao)穩(wen)定(ding)。傘式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)力(li)(li)軸(zhou)承放在轉(zhuan)子(zi)下(xia)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)上或(huo)水(shui)輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)頂(ding)蓋上。負(fu)重機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)是尺寸(cun)較(jiao)(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia),可節約大量鋼材,并能降低從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)座基礎算起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)廠(chang)房(fang)高(gao)度。
同(tong)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)并(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing) 同(tong)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)絕大多數(shu)是并(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing),并(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)網發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。各(ge)(ge)并(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)必(bi)須頻率(lv)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小和相位(wei)都保持(chi)一(yi)致。否則,并(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)合(he)閘(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬間,各(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之間會產生內部環流,引起擾動,嚴(yan)重時甚(shen)至會使(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遭受破壞。但是,兩臺發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在投入并(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)以前,一(yi)般說來它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率(lv)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小和相位(wei)是不(bu)會完全相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。為了使(shi)同(tong)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)能投入并(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing),首先必(bi)須有一(yi)個(ge)同(tong)步(bu)并(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程。同(tong)步(bu)并(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)列的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法可分(fen)(fen)為準同(tong)步(bu)和自同(tong)步(bu)兩種。同(tong)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在投入并(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)聯(lian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)以后,各(ge)(ge)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)負載的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)配決(jue)定(ding)于發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉速(su)特性。通過調(diao)節(jie)原動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)速(su)器,改(gai)(gai)變發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉速(su)特性,即(ji)可改(gai)(gai)變各(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負載分(fen)(fen)配,控制(zhi)各(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)。而(er)通過調(diao)節(jie)各(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勵磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,可以改(gai)(gai)變各(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)分(fen)(fen)配和調(diao)節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。
永磁同步風力(li)發電機:
永(yong)磁同(tong)步風(feng)力發電(dian)機由于機械損耗小、運行效率高、維護成本(ben)低等優點成為繼(ji)雙饋(kui)感應風(feng)電(dian)機組之(zhi)后的又一重要風(feng)力發電(dian)機型受到廣泛(fan)關注,并逐漸開(kai)始投入使用。永(yong)磁同(tong)步風(feng)力發電(dian)系(xi)統基本(ben)結(jie)構(gou),它(ta)主要由風(feng)力機、永(yong)磁同(tong)步發動機、變頻器和(he)變壓器組成。
永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本原理(li),就是利用(yong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)帶動風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)機葉(xie)片旋轉,拖動永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)轉子(zi)旋轉,實現發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)和籠型(xing)變速恒頻(pin)(pin)(pin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)類似,只是所采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機為永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)式發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機,轉子(zi)為永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)式結構,不需外部提(ti)供勵磁(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源,提(ti)高了效(xiao)率。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)恒速控(kong)制是在(zai)定子(zi)回路中實現的(de)(de)(de)(de),把永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)同(tong)(tong)(tong)步發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通過變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器轉變為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),實現風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)并網(wang),因此(ci)變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)容量與系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)額定容量相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。
在過(guo)去(qu)的(de)幾(ji)十年里,由(you)于永磁(ci)(ci)材(cai)料性能和(he)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)子裝置(zhi)的(de)改(gai)善,永磁(ci)(ci)同步(bu)發(fa)電(dian)機已變得越來越具吸引力(li)了。采用永磁(ci)(ci)同步(bu)發(fa)電(dian)機的(de)風力(li)發(fa)電(dian)系(xi)統具有以下特點:
1、永磁(ci)同步發電機(ji)系統不需要勵磁(ci)裝置,具有(you)重量輕(qing)、效率高、功率因數高、可靠(kao)性好等優點;
2、變(bian)速運(yun)行范圍寬,即可(ke)超(chao)同步(bu)運(yun)行也可(ke)以亞同步(bu)運(yun)行;
3、轉子無勵磁(ci)(ci)繞組,磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)結(jie)構簡單、變頻器容量(liang)小,可以做(zuo)成多極(ji)電(dian)機;
4、同步(bu)轉速降(jiang)低,使(shi)風(feng)輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)和永磁(ci)發電機(ji)(ji)可直接耦合,省(sheng)去了(le)風(feng)力發電系統(tong)(tong)中的齒(chi)輪(lun)增速箱(xiang),減小(xiao)了(le)發電機(ji)(ji)的維(wei)護工作并降(jiang)低噪聲,使(shi)直驅永磁(ci)風(feng)力發電機(ji)(ji)系統(tong)(tong)。
適用場合:
1、在電(dian)力設施匱(kui)乏(fa)、交通不便、缺乏(fa)常規燃料,但風(feng)力資源(yuan)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)地區,可以解決部分用電(dian)問題,如為高速(su)公路(lu)照明設備提供電(dian)源(yuan)等;
2、在單機容量比較小的(de)風(feng)場,永磁同步發電系統(tong)能夠高效并(bing)網發電;
3、為農(nong)村、牧(mu)區、邊防哨所、氣(qi)象臺站等偏遠、負(fu)載較輕的用戶,提(ti)供(gong)交流或直流電源。
交流發電機
在日(ri)常生活中(zhong)(zhong),用交流發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機來(lai)供用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)使(shi)(shi)用時(shi),常發(fa)生用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)不能正(zheng)(zheng)常工作的(de)情況,其原因(yin)是(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機輸出的(de)交流電(dian)(dian)不夠穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding),這時(shi)候需要電(dian)(dian)力(li)穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器來(lai)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya),也(ye)就是(shi)日(ri)常生活中(zhong)(zhong)常用到(dao)的(de)交流穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan),交流穩(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)能使(shi)(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)精(jing)度穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)到(dao)用電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)正(zheng)(zheng)常工作所允許的(de)范圍。
交流發電機構造
交流發(fa)電機的構造(zao)稍(shao)顯復雜。但是不論(lun)它是單相還是三相,都是由下列幾個主要部分組成(cheng):
⑴激(ji)磁部分:包括激(ji)磁機和(he)磁場部分。
⑵電樞部分。
⑶機殼部(bu)分:包括裝(zhuang)置備(bei)部(bu)分的鐵架和機座。
異步發電機
異步發(fa)電機(ji)又稱(cheng)“感(gan)應發(fa)電機(ji)”。利用(yong)(yong)定子(zi)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)間氣(qi)隙旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組中(zhong)感(gan)應電流相互(hu)作用(yong)(yong)的(de)一種交流發(fa)電機(ji)。其轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向和旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)向相同,但轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速略高于旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場的(de)同步轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速。常用(yong)(yong)作小功率水輪發(fa)電機(ji)。
交流勵(li)磁(ci)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由于轉(zhuan)子方(fang)(fang)(fang)采用交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)勵(li)磁(ci),使其(qi)具有靈活的(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi),在(zai)解決電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)持續工頻過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、變速(su)恒頻發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、抽(chou)水蓄(xu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)-發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)調速(su)等問題(ti)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面有著傳統同步發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)無法比擬的(de)優(you)越性。交流勵(li)磁(ci)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)有以下三種:
1) 運(yun)行于變速恒頻(pin)方式;
2) 運行于(yu)無功大范圍調(diao)節的方式;
3) 運行于發(fa)電(dian)-電(dian)動方(fang)式。
隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)提高(gao),線路(lu)的(de)增長,當線路(lu)的(de)傳輸功(gong)率(lv)低于自然功(gong)率(lv)時,線路(lu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)站將出現(xian)持續的(de)工頻過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya).為改善系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)運行特(te)性,不少技術先進(jin)的(de)國家,在(zai)6"世(shi)紀A"年代初開始(shi)研(yan)究異(yi)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機在(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中的(de)應用問題,并(bing)認為大(da)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)采用異(yi)步(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機后,可提高(gao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)穩定性,可靠性和(he)運行的(de)經(jing)濟性.
異(yi)步(bu)發(fa)電機由于維護方(fang)便,穩(wen)定(ding)性好,常用(yong)作并網(wang)運(yun)行的(de)小功率水輪發(fa)電機。當用(yong)原動機將(jiang)異(yi)步(bu)電機的(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)順著磁場旋轉(zhuan)方(fang)向拖動,并使(shi)其轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)超過同(tong)步(bu)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)時,電機就(jiu)進入發(fa)電機運(yun)行,并把(ba)原動機輸入的(de)機械能轉(zhuan)變成電能送(song)至電網(wang)。這時電機的(de)勵磁電流取自電網(wang)。
異(yi)步發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)也可以并(bing)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong),靠(kao)本身剩磁自(zi)行(xing)勵磁,獨立(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian),這時發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓與頻率(lv)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)值、原(yuan)動機(ji)轉速和(he)負載(zai)大(da)小等因素(su)決(jue)定。當負載(zai)改變,一(yi)般要(yao)相應地調(diao)節并(bing)聯的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)值,以維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓穩定。由于異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)并(bing)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)時,不需(xu)外加勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)就可獨立(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian),故在負荷比較穩定的場合(he),有(you)可取之(zhi)處(chu)。例如(ru)可用作(zuo)(zuo)農村簡(jian)易電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的照明(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)或作(zuo)(zuo)為備用電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)等。
測速發電機
測(ce)速(su)發電(dian)機(ji)是一種測(ce)量轉(zhuan)速(su)的(de)微型(xing)發電(dian)機(ji),他把輸入的(de)機(ji)械轉(zhuan)速(su)變(bian)換為電(dian)壓信(xin)號(hao)輸出(chu),并要求輸出(chu)的(de)電(dian)壓信(xin)號(hao)與轉(zhuan)速(su)成正比。
測(ce)速發(fa)電機(ji)的分(fen)類:測(ce)速發(fa)電機(ji)分(fen)為直流測(ce)速發(fa)電機(ji)和交流測(ce)速發(fa)電機(ji)兩(liang)大(da)類。
直(zhi)流測速發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機:直(zhi)流測速發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機本質上(shang)是一種微型直(zhi)流發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機,按定(ding)子磁(ci)極的勵磁(ci)方(fang)式(shi)分(fen)為電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式(shi)和永磁(ci)式(shi)。直(zhi)流測速發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機的工作(zuo)原理與一般直(zhi)流發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機相同。
交流(liu)(liu)測(ce)速(su)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji):交流(liu)(liu)異步測(ce)速(su)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子結構有(you)籠型的,也有(you)杯(bei)型的,在(zai)控制系(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)多用(yong)空(kong)心杯(bei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子異步測(ce)速(su)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。空(kong)心杯(bei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子異步測(ce)速(su)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)定子上有(you)兩個在(zai)空(kong)間上相互(hu)差(cha)90°電(dian)(dian)角(jiao)度的繞組,一為(wei)勵磁繞組,另一為(wei)輸(shu)出繞組。
交(jiao)流異步(bu)測(ce)速發電機的(de)誤差(cha)主要有:
非(fei)線性誤(wu)差:由于(yu)直軸磁通變(bian)化使(shi)測速發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)產(chan)生非(fei)線性誤(wu)差;
剩余電(dian)壓(ya):實際運行中,轉子靜止時,測(ce)速發電(dian)機輸出一個(ge)較(jiao)小(xiao)的電(dian)壓(ya);
相位(wei)誤差:由于(yu)勵(li)磁繞組的漏抗(kang)、空心杯(bei)轉子的漏抗(kang)使輸出電壓(ya)與(yu)勵(li)磁電壓(ya)的相位(wei)不(bu)同。
交流(liu)同(tong)步測速發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)分(fen)為:永磁(ci)式、感應式和脈沖(chong)式。
柴油發電機
柴(chai)油發(fa)電機(ji)組(zu)是一種獨立的(de)發(fa)電設備,系指以柴(chai)油等為燃料,以柴(chai)油機(ji)為原動機(ji)帶動發(fa)電機(ji)發(fa)電的(de)動力機(ji)械。整(zheng)套機(ji)組(zu)一般由(you)柴(chai)油機(ji)、發(fa)電機(ji)、控制(zhi)箱、燃油箱、起動和控制(zhi)用蓄電瓶、保護裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、應急柜等部件(jian)組(zu)成。整(zheng)體可以固定在(zai)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang),定位使(shi)用,亦(yi)可裝(zhuang)在(zai)拖車上(shang),供移動使(shi)用。 柴(chai)油發(fa)電機(ji)組(zu)屬非連續(xu)運行(xing)發(fa)電設備,若連續(xu)運行(xing)超過12h,其輸出功率將低于額定功率約(yue)90%。
發電機:能(neng)(neng)把機械能(neng)(neng)轉變為電能(neng)(neng)的設備的總稱。所(suo)產生的電能(neng)(neng)可以是直流電也可以是交流電。
接(jie)地(di):是指電路與大(da)地(di)之(zhi)間或與某些和大(da)地(di)相通的導電物體之(zhi)間的連(lian)接(jie)。
怠(dai)速控制:一種可(ke)直接(jie)根(gen)據(ju)電氣(qi)負載對(dui)發(fa)動機的怠(dai)速進(jin)行控制的系統(tong)。
點火(huo)線(xian)圈:為(wei)火(huo)花塞提供直(zhi)流電壓的器件。
永磁發(fa)電機(ji)(ji):一種帶有永久磁鐵的交(jiao)流(liu)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji),用(yong)于產生內燃機(ji)(ji)點火所需要(yao)的電流(liu)。
歐姆:電(dian)阻的(de)單位(wei)。
相(xiang)位:交(jiao)流電的振幅或(huo)量值(zhi)均勻、周期性的變化。三相(xiang)交(jiao)流電由(you)三個不同的正弦波電流組成,相(xiang)互(hu)之間的相(xiang)位差(cha)均為(wei)120度。
電源(yuan)轉換系(xi)統:該系(xi)統可以把發電機安全(quan)地接(jie)入到家庭用(yong)電系(xi)統中。
額定速度:機組的設(she)計工(gong)作速度(每分鐘轉(zhuan)數(shu))。
額定電壓:一套引擎發電機組的(de)額定電壓是其設計的(de)工作電壓值。
后軸承(cheng)支架:一(yi)種鑄(zhu)件(jian),用作轉子(zi)軸承(cheng)外(wai)罩。轉子(zi)軸承(cheng)支持轉子(zi)軸。
整流(liu)器:將交流(liu)電(dian)轉換為直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)的器件。
逆變器:是(shi)把直流電能(電池(chi)、蓄電瓶)轉(zhuan)變成交流電(一般(ban)為220v50HZ正弦或方波)。
繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi):一種電(dian)(dian)動開(kai)關,通常用在控制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)中。與電(dian)(dian)流接(jie)觸器(qi)相比,其觸點(dian)只能通過較小的電(dian)(dian)流。
電阻:對電流(liu)的阻力。
轉子:發電機的(de)轉動元(yuan)件。
單相:一個(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)負載或電(dian)源,通常情況下,如果是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)負載,則只(zhi)有(you)兩個(ge)輸入端(duan)子(zi),如果是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)電(dian)源,則只(zhi)有(you)兩個(ge)輸出端(duan)子(zi)。
定(ding)子(zi):電機的靜止部分。
振(zhen)動支架(jia):位于發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)或(huo)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)與機(ji)架(jia)之間的橡膠器件(jian),可(ke)以最大限(xian)度(du)地減(jian)輕振(zhen)動。
伏特:電(dian)動(dong)勢的單位。把單位電(dian)動(dong)勢恒(heng)定地作(zuo)用(yong)在電(dian)阻(zu)為1歐姆的導體(ti)上,將產(chan)生(sheng)1安(an)培電(dian)流。
電壓(ya):電位(wei)差,單位(wei)用伏特表示。
穩壓(ya)器:該(gai)設備通過控制激勵轉(zhuan)子的直流電量,自動地(di)使發電機電壓(ya)保持在一個(ge)正確(que)值(zhi)上。
瓦特(te):電源功率的單位。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)直流電,它等于(yu)(yu)(yu)伏(fu)特(te)乘(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)安培。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)交流電,它等于(yu)(yu)(yu)電壓(ya)有(you)(you)效值(伏(fu)特(te))乘(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)電流有(you)(you)效值(安培)乘(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)功率因數(shu)乘(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)一個常(chang)數(shu)(其值取決于(yu)(yu)(yu)相數(shu))。
繞(rao)(rao)組:發電機的所有線(xian)(xian)圈。定子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組由若干個定子(zi)(zi)線(xian)(xian)圈及(ji)其互聯(lian)線(xian)(xian)路組成(cheng)。轉子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組由轉子(zi)(zi)磁極(ji)上的所有繞(rao)(rao)組及(ji)接線(xian)(xian)組成(cheng)。 [7]
第一步:檢查發電機各外導線(xian)連接(jie)部位有(you)無(wu)斷線(xian)、錯接(jie)、短路現(xian)象,并用(yong)電壓表測量B+點有(you)無(wu)電瓶電壓。
第二步:將鑰(yao)匙門打(da)倒“開”位置(zhi),但(dan)不要起動發動機,此時用電(dian)(dian)壓表(biao)測量D+點有無電(dian)(dian)壓,并觀察充電(dian)(dian)指示燈(deng)是否明亮。
第三步:起動(dong)發(fa)動(dong)機,用電壓(ya)表(biao)測量發(fa)動(dong)機B+點電壓(ya),應達(da)到如(ru)下數值
第四(si)步:打開部(bu)分負載,如車燈
第五步:打開空調、車燈等(deng)主要(yao)電器
進行到第(di)三步(bu)時(shi),發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)輸(shu)出(chu),可采取如下辦法(fa)檢查(cha),對于有(you)產生(sheng)激磁D+點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可從電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶正極(ji)引一條2.5mm2的(de)導線(xian)(xian),起動(dong)(dong)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)后,用另一端瞬間點(dian)(dian)(dian)擊D+點(dian)(dian)(dian)(時(shi)間1S以內),再用電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表測(ce)量B+點(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)無電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)輸(shu)出(chu),若有(you),從第(di)三步(bu)開始檢查(cha)至第(di)五步(bu),同(tong)時(shi)判斷(duan)(duan)出(chu)整車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)指示燈(deng)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)有(you)斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)現象(一般為指示燈(deng)損壞,儀(yi)表盤桿(gan)接件松(song)動(dong)(dong),線(xian)(xian)路(lu)斷(duan)(duan)路(lu)),若無電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)輸(shu)出(chu),則發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)存在不(bu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)故障。
根據《2013-2017年(nian) 中國發(fa)電機(ji)及發(fa)電機(ji)組行業(ye)市場前瞻(zhan)與投資商機(ji)分(fen)析報告(gao)》。國家(jia)為了規范和(he)管(guan)理柴油(you)發(fa)電機(ji)組,對柴油(you)發(fa)電機(ji)組的名稱(cheng)和(he)型號(hao)編制方法做(zuo)了統一規定。
1--用數字表示發電機組的(de)輸出的(de)額(e)定功(gong)率,單(dan)位為KW;
2--用(yong)字(zi)母表示發電機輸出電流(liu)的(de)種類,其中G表示工頻,P表示交流(liu)中頻,S表示交流(liu)雙(shuang)頻,Z表示直流(liu);
3--用字(zi)母表(biao)示(shi)發(fa)電(dian)機組的(de)類型,F表(biao)示(shi)陸用,FC表(biao)示(shi)船用,Q表(biao)示(shi)汽車電(dian)站,T表(biao)示(shi)掛車;
4--用字母表(biao)示控制特征,缺位時表(biao)示手動(dong),Z表(biao)示自動(dong)化(hua)機(ji)型(xing),S表(biao)示低(di)噪(zao)(zao)聲機(ji)型(xing),SZ表(biao)示低(di)噪(zao)(zao)聲自動(dong)化(hua)機(ji)型(xing);
5--用數字表(biao)示設計序(xu)號;
6--用數字(zi)表示變形代號;
7--用字母表示環境特(te)征,缺位時表示普(pu)通型,TH表示溫熱(re)帶型。
例:75GFS3表示額定功率為75KW,交流工頻(pin),陸用,低噪聲(sheng),設計序號為3的(de)柴(chai)油發(fa)電機組。