慕(mu)容(rong)儁(319年~360年2月(yue)23日),字宣(xuan)英,鮮卑名賀賴(lai)跋,昌黎棘城(cheng)(今遼(liao)寧省(sheng)義縣)人,鮮卑族。十(shi)六國時(shi)期前燕(yan)(yan)開國皇帝,前燕(yan)(yan)文明帝慕(mu)容(rong)皝第二子(zi)。
咸康七(qi)年(nian)(341年(nian)),授安(an)北將(jiang)軍(jun)、東夷(yi)校尉、左賢王、燕王世子。永(yong)(yong)和(he)四年(nian)(348年(nian)),承襲燕王。永(yong)(yong)和(he)六年(nian)(350年(nian)),帶兵(bing)進取中原,攻(gong)取并遷(qian)都薊城。永(yong)(yong)和(he)八年(nian)(352年(nian)),滅亡冉(ran)魏,占領(ling)后趙統治的(de)(de)中原地區,同(tong)年(nian)即皇(huang)帝位,年(nian)號元璽,設置(zhi)百官,遷(qian)都鄴城,國勢進入鼎盛(sheng)時期(qi),與東晉、前秦三足鼎立。由于他在擴張領(ling)土的(de)(de)戰爭中屢次(ci)獲勝,進而圖謀消滅東晉、前秦。統治末(mo)期(qi),窮兵(bing)黷武,百姓凋敝,盜賊興起。
光壽四年(nian)(360年(nian)),病逝,終年(nian)四十二歲,追(zhui)贈(zeng)景昭皇帝,廟號烈祖(zu),葬于龍陵。
慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun),一(yi)作慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊,祖父(fu)是鮮卑(bei)(bei)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)部的首領慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)廆(hui)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)廆(hui)生前常說:“我積(ji)累福德仁義,子孫應當擁有中原。”東(dong)晉太(tai)興二(er)年(nian)(319年(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)出生昌黎(li)郡大棘城,鮮卑(bei)(bei)名賀(he)賴跋?,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)廆(hui)說:“小兒骨相不(bu)同于常人,家族事業后(hou)繼有人了(le)。”等到慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)長(chang)大后(hou),身長(chang)八尺二(er)寸(cun),身材(cai)魁偉,博覽群書,有文(wen)才武略。曾領兵攻略段部鮮卑(bei)(bei)并大勝而還(huan)。咸康七年(nian)(341年(nian)),東(dong)晉冊封慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)的父(fu)親慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝為燕(yan)王,以(yi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁(jun)為假節、安北將軍、東(dong)夷校尉、左(zuo)賢(xian)王、燕(yan)王世子。
永(yong)(yong)和(he)四年(nian)(348年(nian))九(jiu)月(yue),父(fu)王慕(mu)(mu)容皝去世(shi),世(shi)子慕(mu)(mu)容儁(jun)繼承燕(yan)王位(wei)。永(yong)(yong)和(he)五年(nian)(349年(nian))正月(yue),依照春秋列(lie)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的慣例(li),改稱元年(nian),在境(jing)內實施大赦。四月(yue),后(hou)趙皇(huang)帝石虎(hu)去世(shi),諸子爭位(wei),國(guo)(guo)(guo)內大亂。慕(mu)(mu)容儁(jun)圖(tu)謀奪取中原(yuan)土地(di),以慕(mu)(mu)容恪(ke)為輔(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)將軍(jun),慕(mu)(mu)容評為輔(fu)弼將軍(jun),陽騖(wu)為輔(fu)義將軍(jun),慕(mu)(mu)容垂為前鋒(feng)都督、建鋒(feng)將軍(jun),挑(tiao)選了二十(shi)余萬精兵(bing)以待時機。
同年,東(dong)晉(jin)皇帝晉(jin)穆帝派(pai)謁者仆(pu)射陳(chen)沈冊封慕容儁為(wei)使持(chi)節(jie)、侍中、大(da)(da)都督(du)、都督(du)河(he)北諸(zhu)軍事、幽冀并(bing)平四州牧、大(da)(da)將軍、大(da)(da)單于(yu)、燕王,并(bing)依(yi)慕容廆(hui)和慕容皝的先例承制封拜官員,在東(dong)晉(jin)授(shou)命(ming)下正式(shi)繼承了對遼東(dong)的管治。
永和(he)六年(350年),慕容儁率領(ling)三路大軍南(nan)征后趙,從盧龍出(chu)發,到(dao)達了無終(zhong)。后趙幽州刺史(shi)王(wang)午棄城(cheng)而逃,留下其部將王(wang)他守(shou)衛薊城(cheng)。慕容儁攻陷薊城(cheng),殺死(si)王(wang)他,并(bing)遷都(dou)薊城(cheng)。把廣(guang)寧、上谷(gu)的人(ren)遷徙到(dao)徐無,把代郡人(ren)遷徙到(dao)凡城(cheng)后返回(hui)。
后趙(zhao)大將軍冉閔殺石(shi)祗,在(zai)鄴城(cheng)稱帝,國號大魏,史(shi)稱冉魏。派遣使者常(chang)煒(wei)到慕容儁那里訪問(wen)。慕容儁把(ba)他請(qing)到宮(gong)門外雙闕下,讓記(ji)室封裕質問(wen)他說:“冉閔是(shi)石(shi)氏的(de)(de)養子(zi),才能平庸,辜負(fu)恩德篡位行逆,有(you)什么祥(xiang)瑞(rui)應(ying)兆(zhao)而(er)越禮妄稱帝號?”常(chang)煒(wei)答道:“上(shang)天(tian)要振興的(de)(de)帝王,其深奧之理(li)各不(bu)相同,三王時(shi)為狼烏(wu),漢、魏時(shi)為麟(lin)龍。我們(men)的(de)(de)君主(zhu)順應(ying)天(tian)命主(zhu)宰一(yi)國,能沒有(you)祥(xiang)瑞(rui)嗎!再說使用(yong)兵(bing)力實行殺伐,是(shi)賢明君主(zhu)重要的(de)(de)典章制度(du),商湯放逐(zhu)夏桀、周武王討伐商紂王,但孔子(zi)贊美(mei)他們(men)。魏武帝曹操是(shi)宦官的(de)(de)養孫,沒有(you)人確知他的(de)(de)出身,兵(bing)眾不(bu)滿(man)一(yi)旅,但最(zui)終(zhong)能成(cheng)就大業。野蠻(man)的(de)(de)胡(hu)人殘暴(bao)作亂,屠殺宰割百姓,我們(men)的(de)(de)君主(zhu)拔劍消滅了他們(men),百姓得(de)到解救(jiu),可以(yi)(yi)稱得(de)上(shang)功高(gao)蒼天(tian),勛同高(gao)祖(zu)。恭敬地順承天(tian)命,有(you)什么不(bu)可以(yi)(yi)呢?”
封(feng)裕說(shuo)(shuo):“石(shi)祗去年派(pai)張舉請求救援,說(shuo)(shuo)傳國(guo)璽留(liu)在襄國(guo),他的(de)話(hua)真實嗎?又(you)聽說(shuo)(shuo)冉閔(min)為(wei)自己鑄造金(jin)像(xiang),金(jin)像(xiang)壞裂(lie)而(er)沒(mei)有(you)鑄成,怎么(me)能聲稱有(you)天命(ming)呢?”常煒說(shuo)(shuo):“討(tao)伐(fa)胡人的(de)時(shi)候,鄴地的(de)人幾乎無所遺(yi)留(liu),璽印由什(shen)么(me)途徑而(er)到襄國(guo),這只不過是求救的(de)托(tuo)辭(ci)罷了。上天賦予的(de)神(shen)璽,其實在我(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)君主(zhu)那里。再說(shuo)(shuo)邪惡之(zhi)徒,想假借奇(qi)異來(lai)迷惑大(da)眾,有(you)人改成各式各樣的(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法(fa),來(lai)神(shen)化此事(shi)(shi)。我(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)君主(zhu)現在已經握有(you)受命(ming)于天的(de)符瑞,滪祭上帝把這件事(shi)(shi)告訴了天神(shen),掌(zhang)握四(si)海,大(da)業集于一身(shen),你們(men)還考慮什(shen)么(me)而(er)聽信(xin)那些(xie)話(hua)呢!鑄金(jin)像(xiang)的(de)事(shi)(shi),我(wo)(wo)沒(mei)有(you)聽說(shuo)(shuo)過。”
慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁既已堅信張舉的話(hua),又對冉閔鑄像不(bu)成(cheng)功(gong)一(yi)事很得意,想一(yi)定要(yao)弄清原委,于(yu)是(shi)在常(chang)煒身旁(pang)堆積柴薪點起火(huo),命令封裕等人暗示他(ta)(ta)。常(chang)煒神色自若,直(zhi)言(yan)道:“從成(cheng)年時起,我(wo)(wo)連普通的人都不(bu)曾欺騙過,何況對于(yu)千乘之主呢!利用(yong)巧詐荒誕的謊言(yan)來挽救垂死(si)之人,是(shi)使(shi)臣我(wo)(wo)所(suo)不(bu)會做(zuo)的事。直(zhi)言(yan)而遭(zao)殺戮,死(si)得其所(suo)。添(tian)上(shang)柴薪加(jia)大(da)火(huo)勢(shi),是(shi)君王對我(wo)(wo)的恩惠。”左右的人勸(quan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁殺了他(ta)(ta),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁說:“古(gu)代(dai)雙方交戰,使(shi)者(zhe)處(chu)于(yu)其間,這也(ye)是(shi)為(wei)人臣者(zhe)通常(chang)的事。”于(yu)是(shi)釋放了常(chang)煒。
永和(he)七年(nian)(351年(nian)),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁派(pai)遣慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)去占領(ling)中山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)土地,派(pai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)到魯口(kou)攻打王午(wu)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)到唐城(cheng),冉閔(min)的(de)(de)部(bu)將白同(tong)(tong)、中山(shan)(shan)太(tai)(tai)守(shou)侯龕(kan)堅守(shou)而不(bu)(bu)能攻克。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)留下部(bu)將慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)彪(biao)攻打中山(shan)(shan),自(zi)己(ji)進兵(bing)常山(shan)(shan)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)屯兵(bing)南安,王午(wu)派(pai)部(bu)將鄭生抵抗慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)迎擊并殺(sha)(sha)了鄭生,侯龕(kan)越(yue)過城(cheng)墻(qiang)出來投降(jiang)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)進軍攻克中山(shan)(shan),殺(sha)(sha)了白同(tong)(tong)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁軍令嚴明,各位將領(ling)不(bu)(bu)違犯(fan)軍令。冉閔(min)的(de)(de)章武(wu)太(tai)(tai)守(shou)賈堅率領(ling)郡兵(bing)在高城(cheng)截(jie)擊慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)在陣上擒獲(huo)了賈堅,斬(zhan)殺(sha)(sha)三千(qian)余人(ren)。同(tong)(tong)年(nian)丁零族翟(zhai)鼠(shu)和(he)冉閔(min)部(bu)將劉(liu)準(zhun)等人(ren)率領(ling)他們的(de)(de)部(bu)隊向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁投降(jiang),封翟(zhai)鼠(shu)為歸義王,任劉(liu)準(zhun)為左司馬。
永和八年(nian)(352年(nian)),鮮卑人段勤初附于慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁,后來(lai)(lai)又一(yi)次反叛。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪和相國封弈到(dao)安西討(tao)伐冉(ran)閔(min)(min),派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂到(dao)繹(yi)幕討(tao)伐段勤,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁抵達中山,為二(er)軍(jun)聲援。冉(ran)閔(min)(min)很恐懼,逃往(wang)常山,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪在(zai)泒水(shui)追上(shang)了(le)他。冉(ran)閔(min)(min)素來(lai)(lai)享有威名(ming),眾人都害怕(pa)他。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪對諸將說:“冉(ran)閔(min)(min)軍(jun)隊(dui)長久在(zai)外,士卒疲憊不(bu)(bu)堪,實在(zai)難以用來(lai)(lai)作(zuo)戰(zhan);加之他有勇無謀(mou),只有匹夫之勇。他們(men)(men)(men)雖然擁有精兵(bing)(bing),但不(bu)(bu)值一(yi)擊(ji)(ji)。我們(men)(men)(men)現在(zai)把部隊(dui)分成(cheng)三(san)部,形成(cheng)犄角之勢來(lai)(lai)等待戰(zhan)機。冉(ran)閔(min)(min)有輕捷精銳之兵(bing)(bing),又了(le)解我們(men)(men)(men)軍(jun)隊(dui)的勢力不(bu)(bu)能與他抗(kang)衡(heng)匹敵,一(yi)定會竭盡全(quan)力沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)我們(men)(men)(men)的中軍(jun)。我們(men)(men)(men)現在(zai)穿好鐘甲加固(gu)軍(jun)陣等待他們(men)(men)(men)到(dao)來(lai)(lai),諸君(jun)只需整肅激(ji)勵士兵(bing)(bing),從旁等待他們(men)(men)(men)與我們(men)(men)(men)的中軍(jun)交戰(zhan),夾擊(ji)(ji)他們(men)(men)(men),無往(wang)而不(bu)(bu)勝。”
作戰開始后,打(da)敗了(le)(le)冉閔(min)(min)軍隊,斬首七千(qian)余人,擒獲了(le)(le)冉閔(min)(min),將他遣送,在(zai)(zai)龍城斬殺(sha)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)在(zai)(zai)呼沲屯兵(bing)。冉閔(min)(min)部(bu)將蘇亥派手下(xia)(xia)將領(ling)(ling)金光(guang)率(lv)(lv)領(ling)(ling)數千(qian)騎兵(bing)襲擊慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)迎戰,斬了(le)(le)金光(guang),蘇亥大(da)為恐懼(ju),逃往并州(zhou)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)進(jin)兵(bing)占(zhan)據常山,段(duan)勤畏懼(ju)而(er)請求投降,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)繼而(er)進(jin)兵(bing)攻打(da)鄴(ye)(ye)城。冉閔(min)(min)部(bu)將蔣(jiang)干(gan)關閉城門堅守(shou)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)又派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)評等率(lv)(lv)領(ling)(ling)一(yi)萬騎兵(bing)共同攻打(da)鄴(ye)(ye)城。此(ci)時燕(yan)(yan)子在(zai)(zai)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)正陽殿的(de)(de)(de)西椒(jiao)房上(shang)(shang)筑(zhu)巢,生下(xia)(xia)三只(zhi)雛燕(yan)(yan),脖子上(shang)(shang)有豎(shu)毛(mao);凡城獻上(shang)(shang)怪鳥,身上(shang)(shang)有五(wu)色(se)構成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)圖案。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)對(dui)群官說(shuo):“這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什么征(zheng)兆?”官員們都說(shuo):“燕(yan)(yan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)烏。頭上(shang)(shang)有毛(mao)冠(guan),指(zhi)(zhi)大(da)燕(yan)(yan)如龍騰般興起,毛(mao)冠(guan)豎(shu)指(zhi)(zhi)通天(tian)(tian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)仕宦之冠(guan)的(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)象。在(zai)(zai)正陽殿西椒(jiao)房筑(zhu)巢,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)至尊(zun)的(de)(de)(de)君王親臨(lin)前殿使萬國來朝的(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)象。三只(zhi)雛燕(yan)(yan)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)合了(le)(le)天(tian)(tian)地星三統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)驗(yan)。神鳥由五(wu)種顏(yan)色(se)構成(cheng),指(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)圣明的(de)(de)(de)王朝將繼承上(shang)(shang)天(tian)(tian)賜予的(de)(de)(de)五(wu)行圖讖符(fu)命來統(tong)轄天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)看后非常高(gao)興。不久蔣(jiang)干(gan)率(lv)(lv)領(ling)(ling)五(wu)千(qian)精兵(bing)出城挑戰,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)評等迎擊并戰敗了(le)(le)他們,斬殺(sha)四(si)千(qian)余人,蔣(jiang)干(gan)獨自(zi)騎馬返回鄴(ye)(ye)城。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)群臣勸(quan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)稱帝(di),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)回答說(shuo):“我(wo)原本(ben)屬于(yu)大(da)漠射獵(lie)之鄉,遵從披散頭發、衣襟(jin)朝左的(de)(de)(de)風俗,歷數的(de)(de)(de)圖錄符(fu)命難道有我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)份嗎(ma)!你們如果褒美推舉我(wo),貪求非分的(de)(de)(de)愿望,這(zhe)(zhe)實(shi)在(zai)(zai)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)所應(ying)聽(ting)到的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情(qing)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)、封弈在(zai)(zai)魯(lu)口(kou)討伐王午(wu)(wu),王午(wu)(wu)投降。不久慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)評攻克鄴(ye)(ye)城,把冉閔(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)妻子兒女、屬下(xia)(xia)官吏(li)及(ji)其(qi)文物送到中(zhong)山。
在(zai)此之前(qian),蔣干把(ba)傳(chuan)國(guo)璽(xi)(xi)送到(dao)(dao)(dao)建鄴(ye),慕(mu)容儁(jun)(jun)想神化(hua)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)事業(ye),說明天象(xiang)運(yun)行所顯示的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)數已(yi)應驗于(yu)自己,就詐稱是冉閔之妻得到(dao)(dao)(dao)傳(chuan)國(guo)璽(xi)(xi)并獻上(shang),賜(si)予“奉璽(xi)(xi)君”之號(hao)(hao),于(yu)同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(352年(nian)(nian))即(ji)皇(huang)帝(di)位,大赦境(jing)內(nei)囚犯,建年(nian)(nian)號(hao)(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)元璽(xi)(xi),設(she)置百官。任封弈為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太尉(wei),慕(mu)容恪為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侍中(zhong),陽騖為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚書(shu)令,皇(huang)甫真為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚書(shu)左仆射,張希為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚書(shu)右仆射,宋活為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)書(shu)監,韓(han)恒為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)書(shu)令,其余官員封官授職各有(you)等級。追尊祖(zu)父慕(mu)容廆(hui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)高祖(zu)武宣皇(huang)帝(di),父親(qin)慕(mu)容皝為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太祖(zu)文(wen)明皇(huang)帝(di)。當時東(dong)晉朝廷派遣使者來見慕(mu)容儁(jun)(jun),慕(mu)容儁(jun)(jun)對使者說:“你回去告訴你們的(de)(de)(de)天子(zi)(zi),我承(cheng)擔了百姓的(de)(de)(de)困苦,被中(zhong)原的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)們推舉,已(yi)經稱帝(di)了。”當初,石虎派人(ren)(ren)去華(hua)山求簽(qian),得到(dao)(dao)(dao)一(yi)塊(kuai)玉(yu)版,上(shang)面的(de)(de)(de)字是:“申(shen)酉之年(nian)(nian),不絕如線(xian)。壬子(zi)(zi)之年(nian)(nian),真人(ren)(ren)顯現(xian)。”到(dao)(dao)(dao)了此時,燕人(ren)(ren)都認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是慕(mu)容儁(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)應兆。改置司州為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)州,設(she)置司隸校(xiao)尉(wei)。群(qun)臣說:“大燕接(jie)受(shou)天命,上(shang)承(cheng)北方(fang)之帝(di)黑精之君,命運(yun)傳(chuan)承(cheng)相連,取代晉執(zhi)掌天下(xia),應該實行夏的(de)(de)(de)歷法,用(yong)周的(de)(de)(de)官冕,旗幟(zhi)崇尚黑色,祭(ji)祀(si)用(yong)牲應為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)玄黑色。”慕(mu)容儁(jun)(jun)同(tong)意了這(zhe)些建議。隨從他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)官武將(jiang)、各藩屬國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)使臣中(zhong)參(can)加(jia)(jia)登基日儀式的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),都升官位三級。泒(gu)河參(can)戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui),守(shou)衛鄴(ye)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui),下(xia)至戰(zhan)士(shi),各有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)賞賜(si)。陣亡(wang)將(jiang)士(shi),將(jiang)士(shi)加(jia)(jia)贈二等,士(shi)卒(zu)則免除(chu)子(zi)(zi)孫的(de)(de)(de)賦稅。殿中(zhong)舊(jiu)時的(de)(de)(de)臣吏都根(gen)據才(cai)能提拔敘用(yong)。立妻子(zi)(zi)可足渾氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)皇(huang)后,世子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)容曄(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)皇(huang)太子(zi)(zi)。
永和(he)九年(353年),東晉寧朔將軍榮(rong)胡以(yi)彭城、魯郡向(xiang)慕容(rong)儁投降。常山(shan)人李犢聚集起數千(qian)人,在普壁壘謀反(fan),慕容(rong)儁派慕容(rong)恪率(lv)領士眾(zhong)討伐他(ta)們并使他(ta)們投降。
當初,冉閔(min)失敗后(hou),王午自封為安國王。王午死(si)后(hou),呂護(hu)又沿襲了他的封號,在魯口駐守自保。慕容恪進軍(jun)(jun)討伐并趕跑了他,派前軍(jun)(jun)悅(yue)綰在野(ye)王(在今河(he)南省沁陽市)追上(shang)呂護(hu),他的部眾全部投降(jiang)。
元(yuan)璽(xi)三年(nian)(354年(nian)),后(hou)秦(qin)姚襄帶著(zhu)梁(liang)國(guo)向慕容(rong)(rong)儁投(tou)降。任(ren)慕容(rong)(rong)評為都(dou)(dou)督秦(qin)、雍、益、梁(liang)、江、揚、荊、徐、兗、豫十州(zhou)河南(nan)諸(zhu)軍(jun)事(shi),暫(zan)時鎮守洛水;慕容(rong)(rong)彊(qiang)任(ren)前鋒都(dou)(dou)督、都(dou)(dou)督荊、徐二州(zhou)緣淮諸(zhu)軍(jun)事(shi),進據黃河以南(nan)。
慕(mu)容儁(jun)自(zi)和龍(long)抵達薊(ji)城,幽冀二州的百(bai)姓以為他(ta)將東遷,互(hu)相驚慌擾亂,在(zai)他(ta)們的所在(zai)地集結。部下請(qing)求(qiu)討伐他(ta)們,慕(mu)容儁(jun)說:“他(ta)們認為朕(zhen)去(qu)東部巡(xun)枧(jian),所以產生(sheng)疑惑。現在(zai)朕(zhen)既已至此,不久他(ta)們會(hui)自(zi)行安定。然而,應(ying)作(zuo)好發生(sheng)意外(wai)(wai)的準備(bei)。”于是,命令內外(wai)(wai)戒嚴。
元璽四年(355年),前(qian)秦苻(fu)生部下河內太(tai)守(shou)王(wang)會、黎陽太(tai)守(shou)韓高(gao)以(yi)所轄(xia)郡歸附(fu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)。東晉(jin)蘭陵太(tai)守(shou)孫黑、濟北太(tai)守(shou)高(gao)柱、建興太(tai)守(shou)高(gao)甕各以(yi)所轄(xia)郡歸附(fu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)。當初,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)的車(che)騎(qi)大將(jiang)軍(jun)、范陽公(gong)劉寧屯兵(bing)蕕城(cheng),向前(qian)秦投降(jiang)。到了此時,率領兩千(qian)戶人到薊(ji)城(cheng)歸附(fu)謝罪,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)以(yi)為后將(jiang)軍(jun)。高(gao)句麗國王(wang)高(gao)釗(zhao)派遣使者(zhe)來謝恩,貢獻地方特產。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)任高(gao)釗(zhao)為都(dou)督營州諸軍(jun)事、征東大將(jiang)軍(jun)、營州刺(ci)史(shi),封樂(le)浪(lang)公(gong)、高(gao)句麗王(wang),同(tong)以(yi)前(qian)一(yi)樣。
當(dang)初(chu),鮮卑(bei)段(duan)(duan)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)段(duan)(duan)蘭的(de)(de)(de)(de)兒(er)子段(duan)(duan)龕趁冉閔之(zhi)(zhi)亂,集聚眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)到(dao)東部(bu)(bu)屯(tun)兵(bing)(bing)廣固(gu)(gu)(gu),自稱(cheng)齊王(wang)(wang),對東晉稱(cheng)藩,送文書呈(cheng)上宮廷內外的(de)(de)(de)(de)禮儀,指責慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁非正統。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)儁派(pai)基(ji)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)塵討伐他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)渡過了(le)黃(huang)河。段(duan)(duan)龕的(de)(de)(de)(de)弟弟段(duan)(duan)羆驍(xiao)勇而(er)(er)有(you)智謀(mou),他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)對段(duan)(duan)龕說(shuo)(shuo):“慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)善于用兵(bing)(bing),加(jia)(jia)上他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)士(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)多氣盛(sheng),恐(kong)怕(pa)(pa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)抵抗。如(ru)若他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)在(zai)城下(xia)聚兵(bing)(bing)圍(wei)(wei)困,盡(jin)管我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)再(zai)請求投降(jiang),恐(kong)怕(pa)(pa)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)終究(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)會同(tong)(tong)意。王(wang)(wang)只需固(gu)(gu)(gu)守,我(wo)(wo)(wo)請求率領(ling)精(jing)銳(rui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隊(dui)伍去(qu)抵御(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)。如(ru)果此(ci)戰(zhan)(zhan)告捷,王(wang)(wang)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)馳馬追擊而(er)(er)來(lai),使他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)連一(yi)匹馬都回不(bu)(bu)(bu)去(qu)。如(ru)果這(zhe)一(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan)打(da)敗了(le),馬上出城請求投降(jiang),也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)失千(qian)戶(hu)侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)身份。”段(duan)(duan)龕不(bu)(bu)(bu)聽從。段(duan)(duan)羆執意要求出兵(bing)(bing),段(duan)(duan)龕一(yi)怒之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)斬(zhan)殺了(le)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),率領(ling)三萬士(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)(zhong)來(lai)抵御(yu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)與段(duan)(duan)龕在(zai)濟水南遭遇,與之(zhi)(zhi)相戰(zhan)(zhan),把他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)打(da)得(de)慘敗,斬(zhan)了(le)段(duan)(duan)龕之(zhi)(zhi)弟段(duan)(duan)欽,俘虜了(le)全部(bu)(bu)士(shi)(shi)眾(zhong)(zhong)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)進(jin)兵(bing)(bing)包圍(wei)(wei)廣固(gu)(gu)(gu),諸位將(jiang)領(ling)勸他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)應(ying)(ying)該迅(xun)速(su)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)城,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)說(shuo)(shuo):“作戰(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)勢有(you)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)以(yi)(yi)等待來(lai)制服敵(di)人(ren),有(you)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)迅(xun)速(su)戰(zhan)(zhan)勝他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)。如(ru)果對方和我(wo)(wo)(wo)方勢均力敵(di),而(er)(er)且他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)有(you)強大的(de)(de)(de)(de)后援,考(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)腹背受(shou)敵(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)困難形勢,我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)必(bi)須(xu)急速(su)進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong),迅(xun)速(su)得(de)到(dao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)果。如(ru)果我(wo)(wo)(wo)強敵(di)弱,又沒(mei)有(you)外來(lai)敵(di)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)援,我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力量足以(yi)(yi)制勝的(de)(de)(de)(de)話,應(ying)(ying)當(dang)防守控制他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men),等待他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)自己困乏。兵(bing)(bing)法(fa)(fa)上有(you)十圍(wei)(wei)五(wu)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)(fa),說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)這(zhe)個意思。段(duan)(duan)龕靠小恩惠集結起黨(dang)羽(yu),眾(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)并(bing)(bing)沒(mei)有(you)離散之(zhi)(zhi)心,濟南一(yi)戰(zhan)(zhan),并(bing)(bing)非他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men)兵(bing)(bing)力不(bu)(bu)(bu)精(jing)銳(rui),只是(shi)用兵(bing)(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)術有(you)誤,而(er)(er)導致失敗。現(xian)在(zai)固(gu)(gu)(gu)守天險,上下(xia)同(tong)(tong)心,攻(gong)(gong)(gong)守都會力量倍增(zeng),這(zhe)是(shi)軍事(shi)常用之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)。如(ru)果我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)急速(su)進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)過幾(ji)十天,必(bi)定可(ke)以(yi)(yi)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)克(ke),但(dan)恐(kong)怕(pa)(pa)會對我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)(bing)造(zao)成(cheng)死傷。自從發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)戰(zhan)(zhan)事(shi)以(yi)(yi)來(lai),士(shi)(shi)卒不(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)安(an)寧,想到(dao)這(zhe)些,我(wo)(wo)(wo)常常無法(fa)(fa)安(an)睡,為(wei)(wei)什么如(ru)此(ci)輕視人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命呢!我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)用持(chi)久之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)來(lai)取得(de)勝利。”諸將(jiang)都說(shuo)(shuo):“這(zhe)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)(wo)們(men)(men)(men)所不(bu)(bu)(bu)曾考(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。”于是(shi)筑(zhu)造(zao)房屋(wu)屯(tun)田(tian)耕種(zhong),嚴密地加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)包圍(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壁壘。段(duan)(duan)龕所任命的(de)(de)(de)(de)徐州刺史王(wang)(wang)騰、索頭單于薛云向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)投降(jiang)。段(duan)(duan)龕被圍(wei)(wei)困,派(pai)使者到(dao)建鄴去(qu)請求救援。晉穆帝派(pai)遣北中(zhong)郎(lang)將(jiang)荀羨(xian)(xian)趕赴那里,荀羨(xian)(xian)害怕(pa)(pa)敵(di)虜勢力強大徘徊不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢前進(jin)。攻(gong)(gong)(gong)克(ke)陽都,斬(zhan)了(le)王(wang)(wang)騰后返回。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)于是(shi)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)克(ke)了(le)廣固(gu)(gu)(gu),授段(duan)(duan)龕為(wei)(wei)伏順將(jiang)軍,把鮮卑(bei)胡羯三千(qian)余戶(hu)遷到(dao)薊,留(liu)下(xia)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)塵鎮(zhen)守廣固(gu)(gu)(gu),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)整隊(dui)班師。
元璽五年(nian)(356年(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁的太(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)曄(ye)去世,謚(shi)號獻懷太(tai)子(zi)。元璽六年(nian)(357年(nian))二月(yue),又立次子(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐為皇(huang)太(tai)子(zi),在境內實(shi)行大赦(she),改元光壽。
四月(yue),慕容(rong)(rong)儁派遣(qian)撫軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕容(rong)(rong)垂、中(zhong)軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕容(rong)(rong)虔與護軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)平熙等人(ren),率領八萬步(bu)卒(zu)騎(qi)兵到(dao)塞北地(di)區討伐丁零敕勒部,大敗敵(di)方,斬殺俘(fu)獲(huo)共十(shi)余萬人(ren),繳獲(huo)十(shi)三萬匹馬,牛羊不計其數。
及后(hou),匈奴(nu)單于賀賴(lai)頭率領三萬(wan)五千(qian)名(ming)同部落士卒向慕(mu)容儁(jun)投降(jiang),慕(mu)容儁(jun)以為寧(ning)西將(jiang)軍(jun)、云(yun)中郡公,安置在代郡平舒城(cheng)。
光壽二年(358年)十月,東晉(jin)太山太守(shou)諸葛攸(you)討伐(fa)東郡(jun)。慕容儁派(pai)慕容恪抵御迎戰(zhan),大敗晉(jin)軍。東晉(jin)北(bei)中(zhong)郎將(jiang)謝萬(wan)原先據(ju)守(shou)梁州和宋州,因(yin)害怕而(er)跑回。慕容恪進犯(fan)黃河以南地區(qu),汝、潁、譙、沛全(quan)都(dou)攻克,設置了地方(fang)長官(guan)而(er)返回。
常煒進言
廷(ting)尉監常(chang)煒進言說(shuo):“大燕雖然改換朝代(dai)(dai)創建制度(du),至于(yu)朝廷(ting)考核選拔人才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)(fa),也(ye)大多(duo)因循魏(wei)晉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)(fa),惟有(you)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)為祖父(fu)和(he)(he)父(fu)親殮尸下(xia)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人,才(cai)(cai)不(bu)(bu)允(yun)許在(zai)清明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朝廷(ting)躋身(shen)為官,這(zhe)是(shi)王道教化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)要原則,是(shi)不(bu)(bu)可刪(shan)改的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制度(du)。然而禮儀貴在(zai)適(shi)應時勢(shi),每一朝代(dai)(dai)都有(you)增有(you)減,因此漢(han)高祖率兵(bing)入咸陽時約法(fa)(fa)三(san)章,而秦人安(an)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。自近(jin)來中原遭(zao)到戰亂(luan),連年打仗,有(you)時遭(zao)遇城池淪陷,全軍覆滅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)災禍,軍隊士(shi)卒被坑(keng)埋水淹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi),常(chang)常(chang)發生。家中僅剩下(xia)孤苦伶仃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兒孫(sun),十(shi)家中有(you)九家如(ru)(ru)此。加之(zhi)三(san)方對峙如(ru)(ru)山頭聳(song)立,父(fu)子處(chu)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邦域,存亡(wang)吉兇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音訊(xun),杳然如(ru)(ru)隔天(tian)(tian)外。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)從(cong)簡操辦,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依照(zhao)季札于(yu)異(yi)鄉(xiang)蠃(luo)博(bo)之(zhi)間葬(zang)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)做法(fa)(fa),孝子粉身(shen)碎骨也(ye)無(wu)補益,賢孫(sun)肝腸寸斷也(ye)挽救(jiu)不(bu)(bu)及,雖然可以(yi)用(yong)(yong)招魂以(yi)形式上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)葬(zang)來表達無(wu)盡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)哀思,但禮法(fa)(fa)上沒(mei)有(you)招魂安(an)葬(zang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條文,法(fa)(fa)令上不(bu)(bu)登載這(zhe)一類(lei)(lei)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)。如(ru)(ru)遇到這(zhe)種情況,負有(you)琳瑯般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)才(cai)(cai)華而無(wu)處(chu)施(shi)展,懷著(zhu)杰出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)才(cai)(cai)智卻不(bu)(bu)能(neng)列于(yu)官位,這(zhe)實在(zai)值(zhi)得(de)痛惜。恐怕不(bu)(bu)合乎明察薦舉(ju)出(chu)身(shen)微(wei)陋(lou)之(zhi)人,務求充分利用(yong)(yong)當代(dai)(dai)賢才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)人之(zhi)道。吳(wu)起、二陳之(zhi)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人才(cai)(cai),終將沒(mei)有(you)機(ji)會施(shi)展才(cai)(cai)干(gan)。漢(han)高祖為什么(me)能(neng)解(jie)脫平城之(zhi)圍?郅支的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)級怎樣懸掛到了漢(han)關(guan)?我(wo)恭謹地認為《戊辰詔(zhao)書》,蕩滌(di)了瑕(xia)疵污(wu)穢,天(tian)(tian)下(xia)更新(xin),以(yi)昭(zhao)明共創新(xin)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吉慶之(zhi)情。五六(liu)年間,轉(zhuan)而互相抵觸(chu),對于(yu)以(yi)天(tian)(tian)為法(fa)(fa),我(wo)暗(an)中認為不(bu)(bu)甚(shen)安(an)妥。”慕(mu)容儁說(shuo):“常(chang)煒是(shi)德高望重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大儒,精通(tong)刑法(fa)(fa),觀察他所陳述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法(fa)(fa),非常(chang)值(zhi)得(de)采納。現在(zai)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)尚未(wei)安(an)寧,喪(sang)亂(luan)還(huan)未(wei)平息,又正值(zhi)搜尋提拔非凡人才(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候,不(bu)(bu)可能(neng)才(cai)(cai)能(neng)和(he)(he)品(pin)行兼備,暫且(qie)除(chu)去這(zhe)一條規定(ding)(ding)(ding),到天(tian)(tian)下(xia)統(tong)一后再重(zhong)新(xin)商議。”
當初,冉閔(min)僭稱(cheng)王號(hao)時,石(shi)虎部將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)李(li)歷(li)、張(zhang)平(ping)、高昌(chang)等(deng)(deng)都(dou)帶領所(suo)轄的(de)(de)隊(dui)伍向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)自稱(cheng)藩屬,派遣各自的(de)(de)兒子入慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)處(chu)侍(shi)奉,甚至向建(jian)鄴投(tou)(tou)(tou)誠,與(yu)苻堅結交為(wei)奧援,都(dou)接受了爵位,控制局勢(shi)固守。雖然向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)進貢的(de)(de)使者來(lai)往不(bu)絕,但并(bing)未極盡忠誠之禮。呂(lv)護(hu)逃到(dao)(dao)(dao)野王,派弟弟手(shou)捧奏表向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)謝罪,拜為(wei)寧(ning)南(nan)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)、河(he)內太守。另外,上(shang)(shang)黨馮(feng)(feng)鴦自領太守,依(yi)附(fu)于張(zhang)平(ping),張(zhang)平(ping)多次為(wei)他說話,慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)因(yin)為(wei)張(zhang)平(ping)的(de)(de)緣(yuan)故(gu),赦免了馮(feng)(feng)鴦的(de)(de)罪過,以為(wei)京兆太守。呂(lv)護(hu)和(he)馮(feng)(feng)鴦暗(an)中與(yu)東晉的(de)(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)有(you)聯系(xi)。張(zhang)平(ping)跨踞新(xin)興、雁(yan)門、西(xi)(xi)河(he)、太原(yuan)、上(shang)(shang)黨、上(shang)(shang)郡(jun)之地,有(you)三百余(yu)處(chu)防(fang)守工事,十(shi)余(yu)萬(wan)戶胡人(ren)(ren)和(he)晉人(ren)(ren),又授官設置征(zheng)東、鎮(zhen)西(xi)(xi)等(deng)(deng)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)的(de)(de)稱(cheng)號(hao),形成鼎(ding)立對峙的(de)(de)局面。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)派司(si)徒慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評討(tao)伐張(zhang)平(ping),領軍(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)輿根討(tao)伐馮(feng)(feng)鴦,司(si)空陽(yang)騖討(tao)伐高昌(chang),撫(fu)軍(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)臧攻打(da)李(li)歷(li)。并(bing)州投(tou)(tou)(tou)降的(de)(de)防(fang)御堡壘(lei)有(you)一百余(yu)處(chu),任命尚書(shu)右(you)仆射悅(yue)綰為(wei)安西(xi)(xi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)、兼(jian)護(hu)匈奴中郎將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、并(bing)州刺史來(lai)安撫(fu)他們。張(zhang)平(ping)所(suo)任命的(de)(de)征(zheng)西(xi)(xi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)諸葛(ge)驤、鎮(zhen)北將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)蘇象、寧(ning)東將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)喬(qiao)庶、鎮(zhen)南(nan)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)石(shi)賢等(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)以防(fang)御堡壘(lei)中的(de)(de)一百三十(shi)八(ba)處(chu)投(tou)(tou)(tou)降了慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun),慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)非常高興,讓他們都(dou)恢復(fu)了官職和(he)爵位。不(bu)久,張(zhang)平(ping)帶領三千(qian)士眾(zhong)(zhong)逃到(dao)(dao)(dao)平(ping)陽(yang),馮(feng)(feng)鴦逃到(dao)(dao)(dao)野王,李(li)歷(li)逃到(dao)(dao)(dao)滎陽(yang),高昌(chang)逃到(dao)(dao)(dao)邵陵(ling),部眾(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)部投(tou)(tou)(tou)降了慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)(jun)(jun)。
光(guang)壽三(san)年(nian)(359年(nian)),慕容儁圖謀再度(du)侵犯東晉(jin),并(bing)企圖消(xiao)滅前秦,就下(xia)令各州郡清點(dian)檢查現有的兵丁,檢查核實戶(hu)口,一律(lv)各家各戶(hu)僅留一成年(nian)人(ren),其(qi)他全(quan)部(bu)征(zheng)發入伍,想使步卒達到一百五(wu)十萬,希(xi)望第(di)二年(nian)會合(he)(he)全(quan)部(bu)兵力(li),準備(bei)進軍洛陽,能指揮調度(du)三(san)方力(li)量(liang)。武(wu)邑人(ren)劉貴(gui)上書極力(li)勸諫(jian),陳說百姓(xing)(xing)生(sheng)活困乏,征(zheng)兵不合(he)(he)乎(hu)法律(lv),恐怕(pa)百姓(xing)(xing)不堪承受(shou),發生(sheng)土(tu)崩瓦解的大(da)禍,并(bing)且陳述當(dang)時不適合(he)(he)時勢的政治事(shi)務十三(san)件(jian)。慕容俊(jun)讀完諫(jian)書同(tong)意劉豈的意見,交付(fu)公卿廣泛商議。劉貴(gui)所言之事(shi)多(duo)數采用,于是(shi)改為五(wu)丁抽(chou)三(san)制,放寬一周的戰(zhan)備(bei)時間,命令他們在第(di)二年(nian)冬末全(quan)部(bu)趕赴鄴都集結(jie)。
不(bu)久,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁病重,對(dui)弟弟慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)說(shuo):“我體虛(xu)弱,恐怕(pa)不(bu)行(xing)了。人(ren)(ren)生的(de)長短(duan),是命中注(zhu)定的(de),還有什么遣憾呢!只是兩方敵(di)寇還未消滅,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐年(nian)齡幼小,恐怕(pa)無力承受過(guo)多的(de)苦難。我想遠追宋宣公(gong)的(de)后塵,把(ba)國家(jia)交(jiao)給你。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)說(shuo):“太子(zi)雖然(ran)年(nian)幼,但(dan)天性聰慧,必定能遏(e)制兇殘的(de)敵(di)人(ren)(ren),使天下安定刑法措置不(bu)用(yong),不(bu)能亂了正統。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁生氣地(di)說(shuo):“兄弟之間(jian)哪里用(yong)得著說(shuo)客(ke)氣話!”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)說(shuo):“陛(bi)下如(ru)果認為(wei)我能夠承擔天下重任(ren),我怎能不(bu)輔(fu)佐少主呢!”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁說(shuo):“如(ru)果你如(ru)周公(gong)那樣輔(fu)政,我還憂慮什么呢!李績清(qing)廉方正忠誠坦蕩,能夠勝任(ren)大事(shi),你要善待他。”
光(guang)壽四年(nian)(360年(nian))正(zheng)月二(er)十日,慕(mu)容儁在鄴城對軍隊進(jin)行(xing)大檢閱,想(xiang)讓大司(si)馬(ma)慕(mu)容恪、司(si)空陽(yang)鶩統領軍隊進(jin)犯(fan)東(dong)晉。恰(qia)好這時病(bing)情加重,立即召來慕(mu)容恪、司(si)空陽(yang)鶩、司(si)徒慕(mu)容評、領軍將軍慕(mu)輿(yu)根等人,接受遺詔(zhao)輔(fu)佐朝政。正(zheng)月二(er)十一日,慕(mu)容儁去世,時年(nian)四十二(er)歲(sui),共(gong)在位(wei)十一年(nian),謚號景昭皇帝(di),廟(miao)號烈祖,葬于龍(long)陵(ling)。
父親
父親:慕容皝,前燕(yan)初代國君,史稱燕(yan)文(wen)明(ming)帝。
妻妾
可足(zu)渾(hun)皇(huang)后(hou),幽帝(di)踐(jian)祚尊為(wei)皇(huang)太后(hou),后(hou)被廢庶人。
段(duan)昭儀,成武帝(di)踐(jian)祚謚為景德皇后。
兒子
慕容曄,獻懷太(tai)子(zi)。
慕容臧,樂安(an)王。
慕容暐,前燕末代皇帝(di),稱(cheng)燕幽帝(di)。
慕容亮,鎮東將軍、渤海王。
慕容溫,冀州刺史、樂浪悼王。
慕容涉,漁(yu)陽王。
慕容泓(hong),西燕(yan)(yan)第一位國君,稱(cheng)燕(yan)(yan)烈文帝(di)。
慕容(rong)沖,西(xi)燕第二(er)位(wei)君主,稱(cheng)燕威帝。
女兒
慕容氏,封清河公主。為秦宣昭帝苻堅(jian)嬪妃。
慕容廆(hui):“此兒骨相不恒,吾(wu)家得之矣。”
房(fang)玄齡等《晉書》:①“宣英文武兼(jian)優,加之(zhi)以機斷,因(yin)石(shi)氏之(zhi)釁,首圖中(zhong)原,燕士協其(qi)籌,冀馬為其(qi)用,一戰而(er)平(ping)巨寇(kou),再舉而(er)拔堅城,氣(qi)詟傍鄰,威加邊服(fu)。便謂(wei)深(shen)功被物,天數在躬(gong),遽竊(qie)鴻名,偷安寶錄(lu)。猶將席(xi)卷京(jing)洛,肆其(qi)蟻聚之(zhi)徒;宰割(ge)黎(li)元(yuan),縱其(qi)鯨吞之(zhi)勢。使江(jiang)左疲于奔命,職此之(zhi)由(you)。非夫天厭素靈而(er)啟異類,不然者(zhe),其(qi)鋒何以若(ruo)斯!”;②“俊(jun)雅好文籍(ji),自(zi)初即位(wei)至末年,講論(lun)不倦,覽政之(zhi)暇,唯與侍臣錯(cuo)綜義(yi)理,凡所著述四十(shi)余篇。性嚴重,慎威儀,未曾以慢服(fu)臨朝(chao),雖閑居(ju)宴(yan)處亦無懈怠之(zhi)色云。”;③“身(shen)長八尺(chi)二寸(cun),姿貌魁(kui)偉,博觀圖書,有文武干略。”
慕容俊依靠慕容恪、悅(yue)綰、慕容評等一干宗室(shi)、名將,趁(chen)著石趙(zhao)崩壞(huai)后中原的(de)紛亂,派兵南(nan)下,滅冉(ran)魏、段齊(qi),在軍事征服中屢(lv)屢(lv)獲勝,極大地擴展(zhan)了前燕(yan)慕容氏的(de)版圖。但(dan)窮兵黷武的(de)舉動,使燕(yan)國百(bai)姓負擔增重。
當初(chu),慕容(rong)(rong)廆有一匹(pi)駿(jun)馬(ma)(ma)名叫(jiao)赭(zhe)白,外觀奇特足力超群。石虎(hu)討(tao)伐棘城(cheng)(cheng)時,慕容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)準備出城(cheng)(cheng)避難,想騎這匹(pi)馬(ma)(ma),馬(ma)(ma)放(fang)聲悲嗚又踢又咬,沒有人能夠(gou)接近它(ta)。慕容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)說:“這匹(pi)馬(ma)(ma)在(zai)前(qian)朝就(jiu)被枧為(wei)奇馬(ma)(ma),我常依(yi)靠它(ta)度過難關,現在(zai)不(bu)愿意(yi)(yi)讓我乘騎,大概是先父的意(yi)(yi)思吧!”于(yu)是打消了(le)出城(cheng)(cheng)的念頭(tou)。石虎(hu)不(bu)久(jiu)撤兵,慕容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)更加(jia)認為(wei)此(ci)馬(ma)(ma)不(bu)凡(fan)。到了(le)此(ci)時,馬(ma)(ma)已四十九歲(sui),但奔(ben)馳疾速不(bu)減(jian)當年(nian),慕容(rong)(rong)儁將其(qi)比作從前(qian)鮑氏曾三(san)代(dai)同乘的一匹(pi)馬(ma)(ma),下令(ling)鑄這匹(pi)馬(ma)(ma)的銅(tong)像(xiang),親自為(wei)之寫了(le)銘文贊辭(ci),刻在(zai)銅(tong)像(xiang)旁(pang)邊,把銅(tong)像(xiang)立在(zai)薊城(cheng)(cheng)東掖門。當年(nian),銅(tong)像(xiang)鑄成而(er)這匹(pi)馬(ma)(ma)死(si)去(qu)。
光壽三(san)年(359年),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁在(zai)蒲池宴請群臣,談到(dao)周朝(chao)太子(zi)(zi)晉時(shi),他潸(shan)然(ran)淚下(xia),說(shuo):“有(you)(you)(you)才華(hua)的(de)(de)兒(er)子(zi)(zi)難得。自從(cong)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)曄死后,我(wo)鬢發已經半白。你(ni)(ni)們說(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)曄怎樣?”司徒左長(chang)史李績(ji)回答說(shuo):“獻懷(huai)太子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)曄在(zai)東宮的(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou),我(wo)為(wei)(wei)中庶子(zi)(zi),太子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)志向(xiang)業績(ji),我(wo)怎敢(gan)說(shuo)不清楚呢!太子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)大德表現在(zai)八個方面(mian):其(qi)(qi)一,至孝;其(qi)(qi)二,聰(cong)(cong)明敏銳;其(qi)(qi)三(san),沉著堅毅;其(qi)(qi)四,痛恨阿諛,喜(xi)歡剛直;其(qi)(qi)五,好學;其(qi)(qi)六,多才多藝;其(qi)(qi)七,謙恭;其(qi)(qi)八,喜(xi)歡施惠(hui)于(yu)人。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁說(shuo):“你(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)贊(zan)譽雖說(shuo)有(you)(you)(you)點過分,但如果此兒(er)健(jian)在(zai),我(wo)便(bian)死而無憂了。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)怎么樣?”當時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)正陪從(cong)在(zai)旁邊(bian),李績(ji)說(shuo):“皇太子(zi)(zi)天資(zi)聰(cong)(cong)慧,雖然(ran)已有(you)(you)(you)具備八德的(de)(de)聲譽,但尚有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)方面(mian)的(de)(de)缺憾未能彌補(bu),喜(xi)歡游玩、打獵和絲竹器樂,這就是導致他有(you)(you)(you)所不如的(de)(de)原(yuan)因。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁看著慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)說(shuo):“李績(ji)的(de)(de)話,是苦口良藥,你(ni)(ni)應(ying)該引以為(wei)(wei)誡。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)卻(que)忿(fen)忿(fen)不平。
光壽三年(359年),慕(mu)(mu)容儁(jun)夢(meng)見后趙武帝石虎咬(yao)他(ta)的(de)臂膀,便掘開石虎的(de)墳墓,尋找他(ta)的(de)尸體,但(dan)沒有找到,于(yu)是懸賞百金搜(sou)求(qiu)。鄴(ye)城(cheng)的(de)女(nv)子李菟知道(dao)下落,告(gao)訴(su)了慕(mu)(mu)容儁(jun),在(zai)東明觀下找到尸體。尸體僵而(er)不(bu)(bu)腐。慕(mu)(mu)容儁(jun)踩著(zhu)尸體罵道(dao):“死胡(hu)人,竟敢嚇唬活天子!”接著(zhu)歷(li)數石虎的(de)殘暴(bao)罪行,又用(yong)鞭(bian)子抽打尸體,最后投進漳水之(zhi)中,但(dan)尸體卻倚靠(kao)在(zai)橋柱邊(bian)而(er)不(bu)(bu)漂走。等(deng)到前(qian)秦滅掉(diao)了前(qian)燕,王猛為此殺掉(diao)李菟,將石虎的(de)遺骸收拾起來(lai)安葬(zang)了。