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產生方式

當今是互(hu)聯網(wang)的時代，我們(men)仍然對電力有著持續(xu)增(zeng)長的需求，因(yin)為我們(men)發明了(le)電腦、家電等更(geng)多使用電力的產品。不(bu)可否認新(xin)技術的不(bu)斷出(chu)現使得電力成為人們(men)的必需品。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)的(de)產生方式主要有：火力(li)發電(dian)(dian)（煤等(deng)可燃燒物）、太陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)、大(da)容量風(feng)力(li)發電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術、核能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)、氫能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)、水(shui)利發電(dian)(dian)等(deng)。

21世(shi)紀能(neng)(neng)源科學(xue)將(jiang)為人類(lei)文明再創輝(hui)煌，例如(ru)，燃(ran)(ran)料電池(chi)是(shi)將(jiang)氫(qing)、天然(ran)氣(qi)、煤氣(qi)、甲醇、肼(jing)等燃(ran)(ran)料的化學(xue)能(neng)(neng)直接轉換成電能(neng)(neng)的一類(lei)化學(xue)電源；生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)以生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)為載體的能(neng)(neng)量，生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)的高效和清潔利用技術也得到極大發展。

發電方式

火力發電

一、優勢：

燃料(liao)容易(yi)(yi)獲取，熱機效(xiao)率(lv)高，調峰較易(yi)(yi)實現，建設成本(ben)低，容易(yi)(yi)與冶金、化(hua)工(gong)、水泥等高能耗工(gong)業形成共生產業鏈。

二、弊端：

煙(yan)氣污染：煤炭直接燃(ran)燒排放(fang)的(de)SO2、NOx等酸(suan)性(xing)氣體(ti)不斷增長，使我(wo)國很多(duo)地區酸(suan)雨(yu)量(liang)增加。全國每年產生140萬(wan)噸SO2。

粉塵(chen)污染：對電站附近環境造成粉煤灰污染，對人們的(de)生(sheng)活及植物的(de)生(sheng)長造成不良(liang)影響。全國每年產生(sheng)1500萬噸煙(yan)塵(chen)。

資源消(xiao)耗：發(fa)電(dian)的汽(qi)輪機通常選用水作為冷卻介質，一座(zuo)100萬(wan)千瓦火力發(fa)電(dian)廠每(mei)(mei)日(ri)的耗水量約為 十萬(wan)噸。全國每(mei)(mei)年(nian)消(xiao)耗5000萬(wan)噸標(biao)準。

核能發電

一、優勢：基本不受自然資源(yuan)產地限制，運行成本低，無溫室氣體排放。

二、要用反(fan)應堆產(chan)生(sheng)核能，需要解(jie)決(jue)以下(xia)10個問(wen)題：

為核裂變鏈式反應提供必要(yao)的(de)條(tiao)件，使之得以進行。

鏈式(shi)反應必須能(neng)由人通過一(yi)定裝(zhuang)置(zhi)進(jin)行控制。失去控制的裂變能(neng)不僅不能(neng)用于發電，還會釀成(cheng)災害。

裂變反(fan)(fan)應產(chan)生的(de)能量要能從反(fan)(fan)應堆中安全(quan)取(qu)出(chu)。

裂變(bian)反應中產生的(de)中子和放射性物質對(dui)人體危(wei)害很(hen)大，必須設法避免它們對(dui)核電站工作人員(yuan)和附近居(ju)民的(de)傷害。

核能電廠(chang)會產生(sheng)高低(di)階放(fang)射性廢料(liao)，或(huo)者(zhe)是使用過之核燃料(liao)，雖然所占體(ti)積(ji)不大(da)，但因具(ju)有放(fang)射線，故必須(xu)慎重(zhong)處理，且需面對(dui)相當大(da)的(de)政治困擾。

核(he)能發電(dian)廠(chang)熱(re)效(xiao)率較低，因(yin)而比(bi)一(yi)般化石燃料電(dian)廠(chang)排(pai)放更多(duo)廢熱(re)到環(huan)境里，故(gu)核(he)能電(dian)廠(chang)的熱(re)污(wu)染較嚴重(zhong)。

核能電廠(chang)投資成(cheng)本太大，電力公(gong)司的財務(wu)風險較高。

核能電廠較不(bu)適宜做(zuo)尖峰(feng)、離峰(feng)之隨載運轉。

興建(jian)核(he)電廠較易引發政治歧見紛爭。

核電廠的反應器(qi)內有大量的放(fang)(fang)射(she)性(xing)物(wu)質，如果在(zai)事故中釋放(fang)(fang)到外界環境(jing)，會對生態及民(min)眾造成傷害。

核(he)電在(zai)正(zheng)常情況下固然(ran)是干凈(jing)的(de)，但萬一發生核(he)泄漏，后果(guo)同(tong)樣是可怕的(de)。前蘇聯切爾諾貝利核(he)電站事故(gu)，已使900萬人(ren)受到了不同(tong)程度的(de)損害，而且這一影響并未終(zhong)止(zhi)。

水力發電

優勢：幾(ji)乎完(wan)全無(wu)污染(ran)，運營成本低，便于調峰，可再(zai)生，有航運、水利等邊際效益。

弊(bi)端：水力發電要淹沒(mei)大量土地(di)，有可能導致(zhi)生態環境破壞(huai)，而且大型水庫一(yi)旦塌崩(beng)，后(hou)果將不堪設想。另外，一(yi)個國(guo)家的水力資源也是有限的，而且還要受(shou)季節的影響。

風力發電

優(you)勢：無(wu)環境污染，運(yun)行成(cheng)本低，可再生。

弊端：噪聲，視(shi)覺污染。占用大(da)片土地(di)及(ji)林(lin)地(di)，對植被破(po)壞大(da)。不(bu)穩定(ding)，不(bu)可控(kong)。成(cheng)本仍(reng)然很高。

太陽能光伏發電

優(you)勢：運行無(wu)污染，可再生，設備小型化(hua)，適合非集(ji)中供電。

電力輸送

傳輸

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)和變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)起(qi)，構成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的(de)(de)整體功能(neng)。通過(guo)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，把相(xiang)距(ju)甚(shen)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)（可達數千(qian)千(qian)米）發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和負荷中心聯系起(qi)來(lai)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)開發和利用(yong)(yong)超越(yue)地域的(de)(de)限制。和其他能(neng)源的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)(shu)(shu)（如(ru)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)煤、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)油等(deng)）相(xiang)比，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)損(sun)耗小、效益高、靈活方便、易于調(diao)控、環境污(wu)染少(shao)；輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還可以將不同地點的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠連接起(qi)來(lai)，實行峰谷調(diao)節。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)利用(yong)(yong)優(you)越(yue)性的(de)(de)重(zhong)要體現，在現代(dai)化社會中，它是(shi)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)能(neng)源動脈。

輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)按(an)結構形式可分(fen)為架空(kong)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)和(he)地(di)下(xia)(xia)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)。前者由(you)線路(lu)(lu)桿塔、導(dao)線、絕緣子等構成，架設在地(di)面(mian)上；后者主要用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，敷設在地(di)下(xia)(xia)（或水下(xia)(xia)）。輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)按(an)所送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)性質可分(fen)為直流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世(shi)紀(ji)80年代(dai)首先成功(gong)地(di)實現了直流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后因受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提(ti)不(bu)高的(de)(de)(de)限制（輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量大體與輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)平方成比例(li)）19世(shi)紀(ji)末為交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所取代(dai)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)成功(gong)，迎來(lai)了20世(shi)紀(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化時(shi)代(dai)。20世(shi)紀(ji)60年代(dai)以(yi)來(lai)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，直流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又有新發展(zhan)，與交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相(xiang)配(pei)合，形成交(jiao)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)混合的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統。

輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)低是輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)技術發(fa)展(zhan)水平的主要標志(zhi)。到(dao)20世紀90年(nian)代，世界(jie)各(ge)國常用輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有220千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以上的高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)330～765千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)的超高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)，1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以上的特高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)。

變電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠將(jiang)天然的(de)(de)一次能(neng)(neng)源轉變(bian)(bian)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向遠方(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶(hu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為了減(jian)小(xiao)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)損耗(hao)及線路阻抗(kang)壓(ya)降(jiang)，需要(yao)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升高；為了滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶(hu)安全的(de)(de)需要(yao)，又(you)要(yao)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降(jiang)低(di)，并分(fen)配(pei)給各(ge)個用戶(hu)，這就需要(yao)能(neng)(neng)升高和(he)(he)降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，并能(neng)(neng)分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所。所以(yi)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)通過(guo)其變(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、接(jie)受(shou)和(he)(he)分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工裝置，它是聯系(xi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶(hu)的(de)(de)中(zhong)間(jian)環節，同時通過(guo)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所將(jiang)各(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯系(xi)起來(lai)，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所的(de)(de)作用是變(bian)(bian)換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，傳輸和(he)(he)分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置、二次系(xi)統(tong)(tong)及必要(yao)的(de)(de)附(fu)屬設備組成。

變(bian)壓器(qi)是變(bian)電(dian)所(suo)(suo)的(de)中心設(she)備，變(bian)壓器(qi)利用的(de)是電(dian)磁感(gan)應原理。配電(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)是變(bian)電(dian)所(suo)(suo)中所(suo)(suo)有的(de)開(kai)關電(dian)器(qi)、載流(liu)導(dao)體輔助(zhu)設(she)備連接(jie)在一起的(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。其作用是接(jie)受(shou)和分配電(dian)能。配電(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)主要由母(mu)線、高壓斷路器(qi)開(kai)關、電(dian)抗器(qi)線圈、互(hu)感(gan)器(qi)、電(dian)力電(dian)容器(qi)、避雷器(qi)、高壓熔斷器(qi)、二次(ci)設(she)備及必(bi)要的(de)其他輔助(zhu)設(she)備所(suo)(suo)組成(cheng)。

二(er)次(ci)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)是指(zhi)一(yi)次(ci)系統(tong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)測量、控制(zhi)、監(jian)察和保護的設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)裝(zhuang)置。由這些設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)構(gou)成的回(hui)路(lu)(lu)叫二(er)次(ci)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)，總稱(cheng)二(er)次(ci)系統(tong)。

二次系(xi)統(tong)的設(she)備包含(han)測(ce)量(liang)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、控制裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、繼電(dian)保護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、自動控制裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、直流系(xi)統(tong)及(ji)必(bi)要的附屬設(she)備。

電壓等級

電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)有220V、380V（0.4 kV）、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)機制造工藝(yi)的(de)提高，10 kV電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機已(yi)批量(liang)生產，所以(yi)(yi)3 kV、6 kV已(yi)較少使(shi)用，20 kV、66 kV也很少使(shi)用。供電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)10 kV、35 kV為(wei)主(zhu)。輸配電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)110 kV以(yi)(yi)上為(wei)主(zhu)。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)廠發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機有6 kV、10 kV與(yu)20kV三種，以(yi)(yi)20 kV為(wei)主(zhu)，用戶均為(wei)220V、380V（0.4 kV）低(di)壓系統(tong)(tong)。

根據(ju)《城(cheng)市(shi)電(dian)力網規定(ding)設(she)計規則》規定(ding)：輸(shu)電(dian)網為1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV，高壓(ya)(ya)配(pei)電(dian)網為110kV、66kV，中壓(ya)(ya)配(pei)電(dian)網為20kV、10kV、6 kV，低壓(ya)(ya)配(pei)電(dian)網為0.4 kV（220V/380V）。

發(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)6 kV或10 kV電，除發(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)自己(ji)用（廠(chang)用電）之外，也可以用10 kV電壓送給(gei)發(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)附近(jin)用戶，10 kV供(gong)電范圍為10Km、35 kV為20~50Km、66 kV為30~100Km、110 kV為50~150Km、220 kV為100~300Km、330 kV為200~600Km、500 kV為150~850Km。

變配電站

電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)各種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等(deng)級(ji)均通過電(dian)(dian)力變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)來轉換，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)升(sheng)高為(wei)升(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)（變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站為(wei)升(sheng)壓(ya)(ya)站），電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降(jiang)低為(wei)降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)（變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站為(wei)降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)站）。一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)另一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的選(xuan)用兩個(ge)線圈(quan)(quan)（繞(rao)組）的雙圈(quan)(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)，一(yi)種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)為(wei)兩種電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的選(xuan)用三(san)個(ge)線圈(quan)(quan)（繞(rao)組）的三(san)圈(quan)(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。

變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)除(chu)升壓(ya)與降壓(ya)之(zhi)分外(wai)，還以規模大小分為樞紐(niu)站(zhan)(zhan)，區域站(zhan)(zhan)與終(zhong)端站(zhan)(zhan)。樞紐(niu)站(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級一般(ban)為三個(ge)（三圈(quan)(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)），550kV /220kV /110kV。區域站(zhan)(zhan)一般(ban)也有三個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級（三圈(quan)(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)），220 kV /110kV /35kV或(huo)(huo)110kV /35kV /10kV。終(zhong)端站(zhan)(zhan)一般(ban)直接接到用戶(hu)，大多數為兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級（兩(liang)圈(quan)(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)）110kV /10 kV或(huo)(huo)35 kV /10 kV。用戶(hu)本(ben)身的變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)一般(ban)只有兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級（雙圈(quan)(quan)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)）110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV，其(qi)中以10kV /0.4kV為最多。

接線方案

1）一(yi)次接線種類

變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站一次回路(lu)接(jie)線(xian)是指(zhi)輸電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)進入變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站之后，所(suo)有電(dian)(dian)力設(she)備（變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)及(ji)進出線(xian)開(kai)關等(deng)）的相互連接(jie)方式。其接(jie)線(xian)方案有：線(xian)路(lu)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)組，橋形接(jie)線(xian)，單母(mu)線(xian)，單母(mu)線(xian)分段(duan)，雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)，雙(shuang)母(mu)線(xian)分段(duan)，環網(wang)供電(dian)(dian)等(deng)。

2）線路變壓器組(zu)

變電(dian)站只有一路進(jin)線(xian)與(yu)一臺變壓(ya)器，而且再無發展(zhan)的(de)情況(kuang)下采(cai)用(yong)線(xian)路變壓(ya)器組接線(xian)。

3）橋形接線

有兩(liang)(liang)路(lu)進(jin)線(xian)、兩(liang)(liang)臺變壓(ya)器(qi)，而且(qie)再(zai)沒有發(fa)展的(de)情況(kuang)下，采(cai)用橋(qiao)形(xing)接(jie)線(xian)。針對變壓(ya)器(qi)，聯絡斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)在兩(liang)(liang)個進(jin)線(xian)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)之(zhi)內為內橋(qiao)接(jie)線(xian)，聯絡斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)在兩(liang)(liang)個進(jin)線(xian)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)之(zhi)外為外橋(qiao)接(jie)線(xian)。

4）單母線

變電(dian)(dian)站進出線(xian)較(jiao)多(duo)時(shi)，采用(yong)單母線(xian)，有兩路進線(xian)時(shi)，一般一路供電(dian)(dian)、一路備用(yong)（不同時(shi)供電(dian)(dian)），二者可(ke)設備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)源互(hu)自投，多(duo)路出線(xian)均由一段母線(xian)引出。

5）單母線分段

有兩(liang)路以上進線(xian)(xian)，多路出線(xian)(xian)時，選用單母線(xian)(xian)分段(duan)，兩(liang)路進線(xian)(xian)分別接到(dao)兩(liang)段(duan)母線(xian)(xian)上，兩(liang)段(duan)母線(xian)(xian)用母聯(lian)開關(guan)連接起來。出線(xian)(xian)分別接到(dao)兩(liang)段(duan)母線(xian)(xian)上。

單母線(xian)分(fen)段運(yun)行(xing)方式比較多。一般(ban)為一路主供，一路備用(yong)(yong)（不合閘(zha)），母聯(lian)合上(shang)，當主供斷電時，備用(yong)(yong)合上(shang)，主供、備用(yong)(yong)與母聯(lian)互鎖。備用(yong)(yong)電源容量較小時，備用(yong)(yong)電源合上(shang)后，要(yao)斷開一些出線(xian)。這是比較常用(yong)(yong)的一種(zhong)運(yun)行(xing)方式。

對于特別(bie)重要(yao)的負荷(he)，兩路(lu)進(jin)(jin)線均為主供，母(mu)聯(lian)開(kai)關(guan)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)，當一路(lu)進(jin)(jin)線斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)時，母(mu)聯(lian)合(he)上(shang)，來電(dian)后(hou)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)母(mu)聯(lian)再合(he)上(shang)進(jin)(jin)線開(kai)關(guan)。

單(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)分(fen)段也有利(li)于變電(dian)站(zhan)內部檢(jian)修(xiu)，檢(jian)修(xiu)時(shi)(shi)可(ke)以停掉一段母(mu)(mu)線(xian)，如果(guo)是單(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)不(bu)分(fen)段，檢(jian)修(xiu)時(shi)(shi)就要全站(zhan)停電(dian)，利(li)用旁路母(mu)(mu)線(xian)可(ke)以不(bu)停電(dian)，旁路母(mu)(mu)線(xian)只用于電(dian)力系統變電(dian)站(zhan)。

6）雙母線

雙母線(xian)(xian)(xian)主要用于發電廠(chang)及大型變電站，每路(lu)(lu)(lu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)都由一個斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器經過(guo)兩(liang)個隔離(li)開(kai)關分(fen)別接(jie)到兩(liang)條母線(xian)(xian)(xian)上，這樣在母線(xian)(xian)(xian)檢修(xiu)(xiu)時，就(jiu)可(ke)以利用隔離(li)開(kai)關將線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)倒在一條件母線(xian)(xian)(xian)上。雙母線(xian)(xian)(xian)也有(you)分(fen)段(duan)與不分(fen)段(duan)兩(liang)種，雙母線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)段(duan)再加旁路(lu)(lu)(lu)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器，接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)式復雜，但檢修(xiu)(xiu)就(jiu)非(fei)常方(fang)便了，停(ting)電范圍可(ke)減少。

二次回路

1）二次回路(lu)種類

變配電站二次回(hui)(hui)路包(bao)括：測量(liang)、保(bao)護(hu)、控制與(yu)信(xin)號(hao)回(hui)(hui)路部分(fen)。測量(liang)回(hui)(hui)路包(bao)括：計(ji)量(liang)測量(liang)與(yu)保(bao)護(hu)測量(liang)。控制回(hui)(hui)路包(bao)括：就地(di)手(shou)動(dong)合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)、防跳聯鎖(suo)、試驗、互(hu)投聯鎖(suo)、保(bao)護(hu)跳閘(zha)以及(ji)合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)執(zhi)行(xing)部分(fen)。信(xin)號(hao)回(hui)(hui)路包(bao)括開(kai)關運(yun)行(xing)狀態信(xin)號(hao)、事(shi)故跳閘(zha)信(xin)號(hao)與(yu)事(shi)故預告信(xin)號(hao)。

2）測量回路

測量(liang)(liang)回路(lu)(lu)分(fen)(fen)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回路(lu)(lu)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓回路(lu)(lu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)回路(lu)(lu)各種設備串聯于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)器二次(ci)側（5A），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感(gan)器是將原邊(bian)負荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)統一(yi)(yi)變為5A測量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。計量(liang)(liang)與保(bao)護(hu)分(fen)(fen)別用各自(zi)的互(hu)(hu)感(gan)器（計量(liang)(liang)用互(hu)(hu)感(gan)器精度要(yao)求(qiu)高(gao)），計量(liang)(liang)測量(liang)(liang)串接(jie)(jie)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度表(biao)，功率表(biao)與功率因數表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。保(bao)護(hu)測量(liang)(liang)串接(jie)(jie)于(yu)(yu)保(bao)護(hu)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。微機保(bao)護(hu)一(yi)(yi)般將計量(liang)(liang)及保(bao)護(hu)集(ji)中于(yu)(yu)一(yi)(yi)體，分(fen)(fen)別有計量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)與保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)端(duan)子(zi)。

電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)測量回路(lu)，220/380V低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)統直接接220V或380V，3KV以上(shang)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)系(xi)統全部(bu)經過(guo)電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)互感器將各種等級的高電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變為(wei)統一的100V電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)以及電度表(biao)、功率(lv)表(biao)與(yu)(yu)功率(lv)因數表(biao)的電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)線圈經其端子并接在(zai)100V電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)母線上(shang)。微機保(bao)(bao)護單元計量電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)與(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)護電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)統一為(wei)一種電壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)端子。

3）控制回路

（1）合分閘回路

合(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)通(tong)過合(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)轉換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)進(jin)行操(cao)作(zuo)，常規(gui)保護為提示操(cao)作(zuo)人員及事(shi)故(gu)跳閘(zha)(zha)(zha)報(bao)警(jing)需要(yao)，轉換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)選(xuan)用(yong)預合(he)(he)-合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)-合(he)(he)后(hou)及預分(fen)(fen)(fen)-分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)-分(fen)(fen)(fen)后(hou)的多檔轉換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)。以(yi)使利用(yong)不對(dui)應接線進(jin)行合(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)提示與(yu)事(shi)故(gu)跳閘(zha)(zha)(zha)報(bao)警(jing)，國家已有標準圖設計。采用(yong)微機(ji)保護以(yi)后(hou)，要(yao)進(jin)行遠(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)操(cao)作(zuo)后(hou)，還要(yao)到(dao)就(jiu)地進(jin)行轉換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)對(dui)位操(cao)作(zuo)，這(zhe)就(jiu)失去了遠(yuan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)操(cao)作(zuo)的意(yi)義，所(suo)以(yi)應取消不對(dui)應接線，選(xuan)用(yong)中間自復(fu)位的只有合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)與(yu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)的三檔轉換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)。

（2）防跳回路

當合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)出現故(gu)障(zhang)時進行(xing)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，或(huo)(huo)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)事故(gu)未排(pai)除，又進行(xing)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)（誤操作(zuo)(zuo)），這時就(jiu)會出現斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)反復合(he)(he)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，不(bu)僅容易(yi)引(yin)起(qi)或(huo)(huo)擴大事故(gu)，還(huan)(huan)會引(yin)起(qi)設備損壞或(huo)(huo)人身事故(gu)，所以(yi)高壓(ya)開(kai)關控制回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)應設計防跳(tiao)。防跳(tiao)一(yi)般選用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)啟動(dong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持的(de)雙線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)串接(jie)于分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)啟動(dong)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)接(jie)于合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)，當分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)經(jing)分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)起(qi)動(dong)。如(ru)果(guo)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)有故(gu)障(zhang)，或(huo)(huo)處于手動(dong)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)位置，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)起(qi)啟動(dong)并通過(guo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)常開(kai)接(jie)點自保(bao)(bao)(bao)持，其(qi)(qi)(qi)常閉接(jie)點馬上(shang)斷(duan)開(kai)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)證斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)過(guo)程中不(bu)能馬上(shang)再合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)。防跳(tiao)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)還(huan)(huan)可(ke)以(yi)通過(guo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)常開(kai)接(jie)點將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)自保(bao)(bao)(bao)持，這樣(yang)可(ke)以(yi)減輕(qing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)出口接(jie)點斷(duan)開(kai)負(fu)荷，也減少了保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持時間要求。

有(you)些(xie)微(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護裝置自己已具有(you)防跳功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，這樣就(jiu)可以不(bu)(bu)再設計(ji)防跳回路。斷(duan)路器操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)機(ji)構選(xuan)用彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)時，如果選(xuan)用儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)后(hou)可以進行一次(ci)(ci)合(he)閘(zha)與(yu)分閘(zha)的(de)彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)機(ji)構（也(ye)有(you)用于(yu)重(zhong)合(he)閘(zha)的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)后(hou)可以進行二次(ci)(ci)合(he)閘(zha)與(yu)分閘(zha)的(de)彈(dan)簧(huang)(huang)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)機(ji)構），因為儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)一般都要求10秒(miao)左右，當儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)(kai)關經常處(chu)(chu)于(yu)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)位置時，儲(chu)一次(ci)(ci)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，合(he)完之后(hou)，將儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)(kai)關再處(chu)(chu)于(yu)斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)位置，可以跳一次(ci)(ci)閘(zha)；跳閘(zha)之后(hou)，要手動儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)之后(hou)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)進行合(he)閘(zha)，此時，也(ye)可以不(bu)(bu)再設計(ji)防跳回路。

（3）試驗與(yu)互投聯鎖與(yu)控制

對(dui)于手車(che)開關柜，手車(che)推出后要(yao)進(jin)行斷路(lu)器合分閘(zha)(zha)試驗，應(ying)設計合分閘(zha)(zha)試驗按(an)鈕。進(jin)線與(yu)母(mu)聯斷路(lu)，一(yi)般應(ying)根(gen)據要(yao)求進(jin)行互投聯鎖或(huo)控(kong)制(zhi)。

（4）保護跳閘

保護(hu)跳閘出(chu)口經(jing)過(guo)連接(jie)(jie)片接(jie)(jie)于跳閘回路，連接(jie)(jie)片用于保護(hu)調試，或運行過(guo)程中解除某些保護(hu)功能。

（5）合分閘回(hui)路

合(he)分閘(zha)回路為經合(he)分閘(zha)母線為操(cao)作機構提供電源，以及(ji)其控制回路，一般(ban)都應單獨(du)畫出。

4）信號回路

（1）開關運行狀態信(xin)(xin)號由合閘(zha)與(yu)分(fen)閘(zha)指(zhi)示(shi)兩個裝于開關柜(ju)上的信(xin)(xin)號燈組成：經過操(cao)作轉換(huan)開關不(bu)對(dui)應接線(xian)后接到正(zheng)(zheng)電源(yuan)上。采用微機(ji)保(bao)護后，轉換(huan)開關取消(xiao)了不(bu)對(dui)應接線(xian)，所(suo)以信(xin)(xin)號燈正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)可以直接接到正(zheng)(zheng)電源(yuan)上。

（2）事(shi)(shi)故信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)有(you)事(shi)(shi)故跳(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)與(yu)事(shi)(shi)故預告(gao)兩種信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)，事(shi)(shi)故跳(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)報(bao)警也要通過轉化(hua)開關不對(dui)應后(hou)，接(jie)到(dao)(dao)事(shi)(shi)故跳(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)母線上，再引到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。事(shi)(shi)故預告(gao)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)通過信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器(qi)(qi)接(jie)點引到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。采(cai)用微(wei)機保護后(hou)，將(jiang)斷路器(qi)(qi)操(cao)作機構輔助接(jie)點與(yu)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器(qi)(qi)的(de)接(jie)點分別(bie)接(jie)到(dao)(dao)微(wei)機保護單元的(de)開關量輸(shu)入端(duan)子，需要有(you)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)時，如果微(wei)機保護單元可(ke)以提(ti)供事(shi)(shi)故跳(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)(zha)與(yu)事(shi)(shi)故預告(gao)輸(shu)出接(jie)點，可(ke)將(jiang)其(qi)引到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。否則，應利用信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器(qi)(qi)的(de)另一對(dui)接(jie)點引到(dao)(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。

（3）中(zhong)央信號(hao)系(xi)統為安裝于值班室內(nei)的集(ji)中(zhong)報警(jing)(jing)系(xi)統，由(you)事故(gu)跳閘與事故(gu)預告兩套(tao)聲光(guang)報警(jing)(jing)組成，光(guang)報警(jing)(jing)用光(guang)字牌(pai)，不用信號(hao)燈，光(guang)字牌(pai)分(fen)集(ji)中(zhong)與分(fen)散(san)兩種。采用變電站綜(zong)合自(zi)動化系(xi)統后，可以不再設計中(zhong)央信號(hao)系(xi)統，或(huo)將其(qi)簡(jian)化，只設計集(ji)中(zhong)報警(jing)(jing)作為計算(suan)機(ji)報警(jing)(jing)的后備(bei)報警(jing)(jing)。

歷史沿革

發展歷史

1875年，巴黎北火車站建成世(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)上第一(yi)(yi)座火電(dian)(dian)廠，為附近照明供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。1879年，美國舊金山實驗電(dian)(dian)廠開始發電(dian)(dian)，是(shi)世(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)上最早出售電(dian)(dian)力的(de)電(dian)(dian)廠。80年代，在(zai)英國和美國建成世(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)上第一(yi)(yi)批(pi)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站。1913年，全世(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)年發電(dian)(dian)量達(da) 500億千(qian)瓦時，電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)已作為一(yi)(yi)個獨立的(de)工業(ye)部門，進入人(ren)類的(de)生產活動領(ling)域。

20世(shi)(shi)紀30、40年(nian)(nian)代，美國(guo)(guo)成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業的(de)先進國(guo)(guo)家(jia)，擁(yong)有20萬(wan)千(qian)瓦的(de)機組31臺，容(rong)量(liang)為30萬(wan)千(qian)瓦的(de)中(zhong)型火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠9座。同(tong)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組達5～10萬(wan)千(qian)瓦。1934年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)開工興建(jian)的(de)大(da)古力水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，計劃容(rong)量(liang)是(shi) 888萬(wan)千(qian)瓦，1941年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，到1980年(nian)(nian)裝機容(rong)量(liang)達649萬(wan)千(qian)瓦 ，至80年(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)期一(yi)(yi)直是(shi)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上最大(da)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。1950年(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)(shi)界(jie)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)至9589億千(qian)瓦時(shi) ，是(shi)1913年(nian)(nian)的(de)19倍(bei)。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)代，平均(jun)年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長率(lv)分別為9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950～1980年(nian)(nian)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)長7.9倍(bei)，平均(jun)年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)長率(lv)7.6%，約相當于(yu)每10年(nian)(nian)翻(fan)一(yi)(yi)番(fan)。1986年(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)(shi)界(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)占(zhan)(zhan) 20.3% ，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)63.7%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)15.6%；美國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)11.4%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)72.1%， 核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)16.0%；前蘇聯水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan) 13.5%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)76.4%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)10.1%；日本水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)12.9%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)61.8%，核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)25.1%；中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)21.0%，火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)79.0%。世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上核(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比重(zhong)最大(da)的(de)是(shi)法國(guo)(guo)，1989年(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)總發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)74.6%。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、水、火電(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)速差異(yi)顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)。國家統(tong)計(ji)局于公布了2010年(nian)1-8月(yue)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)數(shu)據(ju)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)生產與(yu)供應(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體實現利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額936.1億(yi)(yi)，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)119%；細分行業(ye)(ye)(ye)來看(kan)(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額為(wei)220.0億(yi)(yi)，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)-17.8%；水電(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額248.4億(yi)(yi)，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)45.9%；電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供應(ying)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額380.0億(yi)(yi)，同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)655%。從環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)數(shu)據(ju)看(kan)(kan)，2010年(nian)6-8月(yue)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)生產與(yu)供應(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體實現利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額462億(yi)(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)37%；細分行業(ye)(ye)(ye)看(kan)(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額50.5億(yi)(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)下(xia)降56%；水電(dian)(dian)(dian)6-8月(yue)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額206.4億(yi)(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)307%；電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供應(ying)6-8月(yue)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額168.1億(yi)(yi)，環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)28%。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供應(ying)業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)速的大幅度提(ti)高(gao)主要由于09年(nian)四季(ji)度銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的調(diao)整(zheng)以及銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)逐季(ji)增(zeng)加所(suo)導致。從下(xia)游主要耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)來看(kan)(kan)，除鋼鐵外，化工、建材(cai)(cai)、有色(se)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額均顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)超過07-08年(nian)的同(tong)期水平，特別是建材(cai)(cai)。從環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)數(shu)據(ju)看(kan)(kan)，除建材(cai)(cai)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)外，其(qi)他高(gao)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)利(li)潤(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額環(huan)(huan)比(bi)(bi)有所(suo)下(xia)滑。

2010三(san)季度(du)(du)(du)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)利潤大幅度(du)(du)(du)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)。由于(yu)2010年三(san)季度(du)(du)(du)來水(shui)(shui)好于(yu)往年，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量也明(ming)顯增(zeng)(zeng)加，2010年6-8月(yue)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)利潤總額206億(yi)，同比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)96%。隨(sui)著國家(jia)對(dui)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發(fa)正面態(tai)度(du)(du)(du)的明(ming)朗，我們預(yu)計(ji)國家(jia)對(dui)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)開發(fa)的支(zhi)持政(zheng)策(ce)將(jiang)逐(zhu)步(bu)出臺，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)企業投資(zi)價值(zhi)也將(jiang)逐(zhu)步(bu)明(ming)晰。

20世(shi)紀(ji)70年(nian)代，電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業進入(ru)(ru)以(yi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)機(ji)組、大(da)(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)、超高壓(ya)以(yi)至特(te)高壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)，形成以(yi)聯(lian)合(he)系統為特(te)點的(de)新(xin)時期。1973年(nian)，瑞(rui)士(shi)BBC公(gong)司制(zhi)造的(de)130萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)雙軸發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組在美國(guo)(guo)肯勃蘭電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)投入(ru)(ru)運行。蘇聯(lian)于1981年(nian)制(zhi)造并投運世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)120萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)單軸汽(qi)輪發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組。到1977年(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)已有120座(zuo)(zuo)裝機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)百萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)型火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。1985年(nian)，蘇聯(lian)有百萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)59座(zuo)(zuo)。1983年(nian)，日本(ben)有百萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)32座(zuo)(zuo)，其中鹿兒島電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)總(zong)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)440萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa) ，是世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)燃油電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)。世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)設計(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是巴西(xi)和(he)巴拉圭合(he)建的(de)伊泰普水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，設計(ji)(ji)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)1260萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，采(cai)用70萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)機(ji)組，與運行中的(de)世(shi)界(jie)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)美國(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)古力(li)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)世(shi)界(jie)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)水(shui)輪機(ji)組70萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)相(xiang)等。世(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)最大(da)(da)(da)(da)的(de)核電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是日本(ben)福島核電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，容(rong)量(liang)(liang)是909.6萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。

總裝機容(rong)量幾百萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦的(de)大型(xing)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、大型(xing)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和(he)(he)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)建成，促進了(le)超高(gao)、特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)發(fa)展。1935年，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)首次(ci)將輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等級從110～220千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)提高(gao)到287千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)，出(chu)現(xian)了(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)。1952年，瑞典(dian)(dian)建成二分裂導線(xian)(xian)的(de)380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)。1959年，蘇(su)聯建成500千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)，長850千(qian)(qian)米(mi)的(de)三分裂導線(xian)(xian)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)。1965～1969年，加拿大、蘇(su)聯和(he)(he)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)先后建成735 、750和(he)(he)765千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)。1985年，蘇(su)聯首次(ci)建成1150 千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)離(li)890千(qian)(qian)米(mi)，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)正研究1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)和(he)(he)1500千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，意大利研究1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，日本建設250千(qian)(qian)米(mi)長1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)。高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（HVDC），瑞典(dian)(dian)、美(mei)國(guo)(guo)、蘇(su)聯分別采(cai)用±100、±450 、±750千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，后者(zhe)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)距(ju)(ju)離(li)2414千(qian)(qian)米(mi)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)600萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦。到1985年，全世界已有18個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家、32個(ge)直(zhi)流(liu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)投運，總輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送容(rong)量2000萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦。

中國電力發展階段

一(yi)(yi)、第(di)一(yi)(yi)階段計(ji)劃經濟(ji)時期（1949-1978年）

自1949年(nian)到1978年(nian)，中國電(dian)力歷(li)史分別(bie)有燃料工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)、電(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)、水利(li)電(dian)力部(bu)三個階段。在(zai)燃料部(bu)與(yu)電(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)階段，電(dian)力管理執行集中管理的方法(fa)；時至水利(li)電(dian)力部(bu)，電(dian)力與(yu)水利(li)又經歷(li)了分散與(yu)集中各兩次不同管理，卻始終擺脫不了一(yi)個魔(mo)咒-----一(yi)分就亂，一(yi)收(shou)就危。

1、燃料工(gong)業部時(shi)期（1949-1955年）。建國后(hou)，在(zai)中央領(ling)導下，電力實(shi)行集中管制與統一(yi)調控。成立了電力工(gong)業部。但(dan)是當時(shi)的電力工(gong)業部只能直接管理少數(shu)電廠(chang)，大(da)部分電廠(chang)都(dou)實(shi)行軍官。有地(di)方各大(da)軍區管理。

1950年左右，各地軍管(guan)(guan)電廠逐步將權(quan)力(li)(li)回歸(gui)到(dao)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部。電力(li)(li)工(gong)業部成立六大區域電力(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)部門，對(dui)電力(li)(li)集中壟斷(duan)垂直管(guan)(guan)理(li)，政企(qi)合一。

2、電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部時期(qi)（1955年(nian)-1958年(nian)）。1955年(nian)7月，全國人大一致通(tong)過(guo)撤銷老燃料工(gong)業(ye)部，成(cheng)立煤(mei)炭、電(dian)力(li)、石油(you)工(gong)業(ye)部。電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部成(cheng)立以后(hou)，各地(di)方(fang)成(cheng)立輔助(zhu)機(ji)構。加強管(guan)理體制。并將水利(li)部門的一些權(quan)力(li)集(ji)中過(guo)來。從而形成(cheng)中央跟地(di)方(fang)雙重領導的格局。

3、水(shui)利電力(li)(li)部時(shi)期（1958-1966年(nian)）。1958年(nian)黨中央(yang)召開會(hui)議(yi)，定(ding)了調(diao)調(diao)。要大力(li)(li)發展水(shui)利工程。在長期發展來(lai)看，認(ren)為(wei)水(shui)利比電力(li)(li)還要重要。于是(shi)順乎時(shi)勢，將(jiang)水(shui)利部與電力(li)(li)部合并(bing)為(wei)電力(li)(li)工業部。

4、"文化(hua)大革(ge)命"時期（1966年(nian)-1978年(nian)）。1966年(nian)"文化(hua)大革(ge)命"開始后，水(shui)利電(dian)力部(bu)再(zai)次實行(xing)軍管(guan)，電(dian)力管(guan)理權力再(zai)一次落入地方(fang)手中。1970年(nian)，軍官結束。水(shui)利電(dian)力部(bu)有革(ge)命委員會領(ling)(ling)導(dao)。1975年(nian)革(ge)委會結束領(ling)(ling)導(dao)，權力再(zai)一次恢復到(dao)水(shui)利電(dian)力部(bu)。

文(wen)革對(dui)電(dian)(dian)力(li)造成(cheng)的(de)破壞應(ying)驗了(le)一(yi)放就(jiu)亂的(de)魔咒。對(dui)中國電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)近乎造成(cheng)了(le)不可(ke)逆轉的(de)傷(shang)害。

1975年水利電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部恢(hui)復后，周總理提出加快發展電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)倡導。為祖國電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)事業撥亂反(fan)正(zheng)，從此電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業再次集中(zhong)的(de)中(zhong)央。

二(er)、第二(er)階段(duan)，摸(mo)著石頭過(guo)河（1979-1997年）

從(cong)1978年黨的(de)十一屆三中全會(hui)以后(hou)，中國的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)(ye)體制進入了改(gai)革探索時(shi)期。在此期間中央(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力管(guan)理部(bu)門又經(jing)過四(si)次(ci)變更，即第(di)二(er)次(ci)成立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)，第(di)二(er)次(ci)成立水(shui)利(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部(bu)，成立能源部(bu)，最后(hou)第(di)三次(ci)成立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理體制改(gai)革方面。曾(ceng)研(yan)究過全面包干經(jing)濟責任制，簡政放權、自負盈虧、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)方案，最后(hou)成立了華能集團公司(si)及各大區的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力集團公司(si)，這(zhe)一時(shi)期的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力改(gai)革朝著國務院提出(chu)的(de)"政企(qi)分開，省為實體，聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，統(tong)一調(diao)度，集資(zi)辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)"的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力體制改(gai)革原則進行。

1、第二次成(cheng)立電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)部（1979-1982年(nian)(nian)）1979年(nian)(nian)2月，國務院決(jue)定撤消水(shui)利(li)電(dian)(dian)力部，成(cheng)立電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)部和(he)水(shui)利(li)部，這是(shi)我國第二次成(cheng)立電(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)部。

2、第二(er)次(ci)成立水利電(dian)力(li)部（1982-1988年）1982年3月，五屆(jie)四次(ci)全國人民代(dai)表(biao)大會再次(ci)將水利、電(dian)力(li)兩(liang)部合(he)并(bing)成立水利電(dian)力(li)部。這(zhe)次(ci)合(he)并(bing)之后，接(jie)受以往的(de)經驗(yan)教(jiao)訓，繼續沿著電(dian)力(li)工業集中統一的(de)方向發展。

在(zai)水利(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部期(qi)間，黨中(zhong)央、國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)十分重(zhong)視電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)和(he)發展，1986年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)召開(kai)(kai)會議研究電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)問題，6月(yue)(yue)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)小組提(ti)出了(le)(le)(le)《加快(kuai)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展的(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)方(fang)案（草案）》的(de)(de)報(bao)告，提(ti)出了(le)(le)(le)五項(xiang)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)措(cuo)施和(he)五項(xiang)政(zheng)策。1987年(nian)9月(yue)(yue)14日，李鵬副總(zong)理提(ti)出了(le)(le)(le)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)原則是(shi)："政(zheng)企(qi)分開(kai)(kai)，省(sheng)為實體(ti)，聯合電(dian)網(wang)，統一調度，集資(zi)辦(ban)電(dian)”和(he)因地制(zhi)宜的(de)(de)方(fang)針。在(zai)此之前，水利(li)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部曾(ceng)提(ti)出全面(mian)包干的(de)(de)經濟責任制(zhi)，簡政(zheng)放權以(yi)(yi)(yi)及自負(fu)盈虧(kui)、以(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)養電(dian)的(de)(de)建議。1988年(nian)7月(yue)(yue)1日起進行(xing)華東電(dian)網(wang)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)試點，分別成立華東電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)聯合公(gong)司(si)和(he)上海市、江(jiang)蘇省(sheng)、浙江(jiang)省(sheng)、安徽省(sheng)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)，同時(shi)保留華東電(dian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)管理局和(he)省(sheng)（市）電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)局名(ming)稱，實行(xing)雙軌制(zhi)運(yun)行(xing)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)創造條件實現政(zheng)企(qi)分開(kai)(kai)。

電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)改革和(he)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)的發(fa)展，需要有相(xiang)應的電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)改革相(xiang)配套，在(zai)這段(duan)時間里，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)投(tou)資(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)最大(da)的變(bian)化(hua)是由撥(bo)款改為(wei)貸款；由于電(dian)價(jia)嚴重偏低，為(wei)了(le)解(jie)決電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)不足，主(zhu)要采取了(le)建(jian)(jian)立電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)基(ji)金、賣用(yong)電(dian)權(quan)和(he)集資(zi)辦電(dian)等辦法。為(wei)節約投(tou)資(zi)，在(zai)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)中普通開展了(le)降低造價(jia)，縮短建(jian)(jian)設(she)周期；基(ji)本建(jian)(jian)設(she)項(xiang)目(mu)投(tou)資(zi)包干責任制(zhi)和(he)招(zhao)投(tou)標制(zhi)度。為(wei)彌補投(tou)資(zi)不足，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)還率(lv)先利用(yong)外資(zi)，成立華能(neng)國(guo)際(ji)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)開發(fa)公司(si)；發(fa)行電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)債券和(he)適當提高(gao)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)折舊。這些(xie)措施打破了(le)獨家(jia)辦電(dian)的局面，出(chu)現了(le)多渠道、多元(yuan)化(hua)投(tou)資(zi)辦電(dian)的局面，加快了(le)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)的發(fa)展。

3、能(neng)源部時期(qi)（1988-1993年）

1988年(nian)5月(yue)，七屆一次全國人民代表大會(hui)決定，撤消(xiao)水(shui)利(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)部，把電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工業管(guan)(guan)理(li)工作(zuo)并入新成(cheng)立(li)的(de)(de)能(neng)源(yuan)部，能(neng)源(yuan)部承擔(dan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)和企業管(guan)(guan)理(li)職能(neng)。1988年(nian)5月(yue)22日，能(neng)源(yuan)部正式成(cheng)立(li)，同年(nian)12月(yue)成(cheng)立(li)中國電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)企業聯(lian)合會(hui)，在網省電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)局(ju)(ju)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工業局(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)基礎上成(cheng)立(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集團公(gong)司(si)和省電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)。由此，實現了電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工業的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理(li)、企業管(guan)(guan)理(li)和行(xing)(xing)(xing)業自律性管(guan)(guan)理(li)職能(neng)的(de)(de)初步分(fen)開，在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)(guan)理(li)體制改革中邁(mai)出了堅實的(de)(de)一步。

最早組(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)的集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)中國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中國(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)全(quan)民所有制的實業(ye)(ye)、金融、貿易、科技(ji)和服(fu)務相結合(he)(he)的多功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、綜合(he)(he)性的企業(ye)(ye)集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)。是(shi)由(you)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)國(guo)際電(dian)力開(kai)發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)精煤公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)原(yuan)材料公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、中國(guo)（華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)）工(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)術開(kai)發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)科技(ji)發(fa)展公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)金融公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)綜合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)實業(ye)(ye)開(kai)發(fa)服(fu)務公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)等(deng)九(jiu)個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)以及原(yuan)水電(dian)部歸口管理的華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)技(ji)術開(kai)發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)綜合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)開(kai)發(fa)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)南方（集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)）等(deng)四個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的基礎(chu)上聯合(he)(he)組(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)的。這個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)由(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源部與國(guo)家(jia)計(ji)委共同(tong)管理，以能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源部為(wei)主，是(shi)我國(guo)電(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)(ye)1988年組(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)的第(di)一個集(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。

大區和省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)化改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)組(zu)分兩(liang)步(bu)進行(xing)(xing)。第一步(bu)是(shi)從1988年(nian)開始到1990年(nian)止，將大區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)(ye)管理局(ju)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)組(zu)為(wei)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，將省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)局(ju)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)組(zu)為(wei)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)。國務院電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)管理體制改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)方案明(ming)確(que)規(gui)定：省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)和聯(lian)(lian)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)都(dou)是(shi)獨(du)(du)(du)立核(he)算(suan)(suan)、自(zi)負盈虧的(de)實體，具有(you)法(fa)(fa)人地(di)位。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網內各發供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)單位的(de)資產關系不(bu)變(bian)。聯(lian)(lian)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)由能(neng)(neng)源部(bu)歸口(kou)管理，在國家計劃(hua)中實行(xing)(xing)單列。非跨(kua)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)局(ju)，要(yao)逐步(bu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)建(jian)為(wei)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，獨(du)(du)(du)立經營，由能(neng)(neng)源部(bu)和省(sheng)人民(min)政府(fu)雙重領導，并接受委托行(xing)(xing)使所在地(di)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)管理職能(neng)(neng)。改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)方案要(yao)求各公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)要(yao)落實，健全各種形式的(de)承包經營責(ze)任制，逐步(bu)實行(xing)(xing)股份制，采用售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和物質消耗工(gong)(gong)資含(han)量包干(gan)辦法(fa)(fa)。獨(du)(du)(du)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)均可獨(du)(du)(du)立核(he)算(suan)(suan)，與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網訂立經濟合(he)同，接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網統一調度，非獨(du)(du)(du)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)按現行(xing)(xing)規(gui)定執行(xing)(xing)。這(zhe)項(xiang)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)到1990年(nian)6月(yue)基本(ben)完成。

第二(er)步是1991年底到1993年初，組(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)大(da)(da)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)。1991年12月14日國務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)批(pi)準(zhun)的第一(yi)批(pi)試(shi)點的55個大(da)(da)型企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)中(zhong)(zhong)，能(neng)源部(bu)(bu)有7個，其中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)占6個，即(ji)華(hua)能(neng)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、東北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)和西(xi)(xi)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)，全部(bu)(bu)都(dou)是跨地區的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)公司。1992年10月10日，能(neng)源部(bu)(bu)向國家(jia)計委、國家(jia)體改(gai)委、國務(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)經貿(mao)辦(ban)上報關于(yu)同意組(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)國東北(bei)、華(hua)東、華(hua)北(bei)、華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)的函，隨后(hou)又報送(song)了同意組(zu)(zu)建(jian)(jian)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)的函，經批(pi)準(zhun)后(hou)，于(yu)1993年1月11日華(hua)北(bei)、東北(bei)、華(hua)東、華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)、西(xi)(xi)北(bei)五大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)宣告成(cheng)立。

4、第三次成立電力工業(ye)部（1993-1997年(nian)）

1993年3月，八屆第(di)一(yi)次全(quan)國(guo)人(ren)民代表大會通過(guo)決議(yi)，撤消能(neng)(neng)(neng)源部(bu)(bu)(bu)，第(di)三次成立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業部(bu)(bu)(bu)。國(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)批準(zhun)的(de)組(zu)建電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)指導思想是(shi)："政(zheng)企職(zhi)責分開，大力(li)(li)簡政(zheng)放(fang)權，由(you)部(bu)(bu)(bu)門管(guan)理(li)轉向行(xing)業管(guan)理(li)，加強(qiang)規劃(hua)、協(xie)調(diao)(diao)、監督(du)、服務(wu)(wu)(wu)職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；精簡內設(she)機構和(he)編制，合理(li)配(pei)置職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，提高宏觀管(guan)理(li)水平(ping)；實事(shi)求是(shi)，平(ping)穩過(guo)渡，合理(li)分流(liu)富裕人(ren)員。"要(yao)求在堅持(chi)"政(zheng)企分開，省(sheng)為實體，聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統一(yi)調(diao)(diao)度，集(ji)資辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)"和(he)"因地因網制宜"的(de)方針(zhen)指引下(xia)，下(xia)放(fang)和(he)轉移對(dui)企業人(ren)、財、物及經(jing)營管(guan)理(li)的(de)職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，加強(qiang)宏觀管(guan)理(li)的(de)職(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，由(you)于國(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)批準(zhun)的(de)文件明確要(yao)求支持(chi)辦好(hao)五(wu)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)團，各(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)局和(he)省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局仍維持(chi)現(xian)行(xing)體制，所以在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業部(bu)(bu)(bu)時期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業體制改革沒有顯著(zhu)的(de)變化。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)成(cheng)立(li)后，繼續保留中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)聯合會(hui)，作為全國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)、事業(ye)電(dian)(dian)位的(de)(de)聯合組織(zhi)，其性(xing)質(zhi)不變，由電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)歸(gui)口管(guan)理。華能集(ji)團實(shi)行(xing)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)為主與國(guo)家(jia)計委雙重領導的(de)(de)體制。另外(wai)，在葛(ge)洲(zhou)壩(ba)工(gong)程局(ju)的(de)(de)基礎上，成(cheng)立(li)了葛(ge)洲(zhou)壩(ba)集(ji)團公(gong)司(si)。

為確(que)保三(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的順利(li)進(jin)行，1993年1月3日國(guo)務院(yuan)(yuan)決定(ding)成(cheng)立國(guo)務院(yuan)(yuan)三(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)委員(yuan)會，同時成(cheng)立中國(guo)長江三(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)開發總公司(si)，全面負(fu)責三(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)和經營。1994年12月14日，三(san)峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)正式開工(gong)建(jian)設(she)(she)。

電(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)部(bu)成立后(hou)，根據國(guo)(guo)家(jia)體改委(wei)等部(bu)門(men)有關股份制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)試點(dian)辦法的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)，于(yu)1993年9月(yue)印發(fa)(fa)了《電(dian)力(li)行業(ye)(ye)股份制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)試點(dian)暫(zan)行規(gui)定(ding)》，規(gui)定(ding)明確電(dian)網企(qi)業(ye)(ye)和發(fa)(fa)電(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)都(dou)可以進行股份制(zhi)(zhi)改造，具備條件的(de)(de)經主管(guan)部(bu)門(men)同意后(hou)，可以到國(guo)(guo)（境）外發(fa)(fa)行股票，債券；但電(dian)網公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)（指發(fa)(fa)、供(gong)電(dian)一(yi)(yi)體的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)）實(shi)行股份制(zhi)(zhi)應(ying)以公(gong)(gong)(gong)有制(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)主體，保證(zheng)電(dian)力(li)集團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)、省（區、市(shi)(shi)）電(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)在(zai)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)控股地位。1994年8月(yue)4日(ri)，山東華能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)股份有限公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)股票在(zai)美國(guo)(guo)紐(niu)約(yue)證(zheng)券交易(yi)所掛牌上市(shi)(shi)，成為(wei)中國(guo)(guo)首(shou)家(jia)直接去(qu)美國(guo)(guo)紐(niu)約(yue)上市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)大型電(dian)力(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)，隨后(hou)中國(guo)(guo)有一(yi)(yi)大批發(fa)(fa)電(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)內外上市(shi)(shi)。

中國電力(li)工業經過(guo)(guo)30年碰(peng)壁，與20年摸著石頭(tou)過(guo)(guo)河，最(zui)后終于走上了穩定發(fa)展的道(dao)路。時至2013年，電監(jian)會(hui)又并入了能源局。電網已拆分為國家電網與南(nan)方(fang)電網兩(liang)家。已經走上了改放給(gei)市(shi)場的權力(li)放給(gei)市(shi)場，政企(qi)分離的合理發(fa)展道(dao)路。 

2015年9月中國與伊朗簽署了大宗(zong)電力(li)和能源合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)協議，進一步推動雙邊合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)，尤其是加強在電力(li)和能源領(ling)域的(de)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)。 

2015年11月18日，中國電機工程學會發(fa)布(bu)了“十(shi)三五”電力科技(ji)重大(da)技(ji)術方向研(yan)究報告，提出未來5年中國電力科技(ji)領域將(jiang)重點(dian)開展9個重大(da)技(ji)術方向、38項關鍵技(ji)術研(yan)究工作。

相關政策

2014年中國(guo)電力市場發展(zhan)戰略(lve)

進(jin)入21世紀以來，電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場就(jiu)面(mian)臨著巨大的(de)(de)沖擊，尤其是在全球金融危機的(de)(de)影響下，電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業所面(mian)對的(de)(de)機遇(yu)和(he)挑(tiao)戰也變(bian)得(de)更多。為(wei)了提高電(dian)(dian)力(li)銷量，保證企業在競爭中(zhong)(zhong)立(li)于不敗之(zhi)地，并對企業進(jin)行(xing)具有前瞻性的(de)(de)分析，國(guo)家(jia)采取有效(xiao)策(ce)略不斷擴(kuo)寬(kuan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場就(jiu)顯(xian)得(de)尤為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)。據中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)產業洞察網(wang)了解(jie)，國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部門(men)已(yi)經逐步認識(shi)到(dao)了電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場實現擴(kuo)大的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)意義，明確了電(dian)(dian)力(li)是國(guo)家(jia)基礎行(xing)業之(zhi)一，并盡可能(neng)的(de)(de)采取行(xing)之(zhi)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)對策(ce)予以完善。

一、轉變思想，樹立(li)競爭(zheng)意(yi)識

企業(ye)生(sheng)存的(de)(de)基礎是市(shi)場，思想(xiang)又是行動的(de)(de)先導，為(wei)了(le)擴展電(dian)力(li)市(shi)場，企業(ye)一定要轉(zhuan)變以往的(de)(de)思想(xiang)觀(guan)念，明確(que)以市(shi)場為(wei)主體(ti)的(de)(de)競(jing)爭策略，堅持市(shi)場的(de)(de)導向(xiang)作用。在(zai)此基礎上(shang)，企業(ye)還要樹立競(jing)爭意(yi)(yi)識(shi)，培(pei)養(yang)效益(yi)觀(guan)念，加強市(shi)場管理(li)，并結合黨中央的(de)(de)政策規章(zhang)，使企業(ye)形成良好的(de)(de)信(xin)譽和形象(xiang)，增強企業(ye)的(de)(de)凝(ning)聚力(li)，讓市(shi)場消費者信(xin)任企業(ye)，從(cong)而最(zui)大(da)限度的(de)(de)拓寬電(dian)力(li)市(shi)場。例如，在(zai)國家提出西部大(da)開(kai)發戰(zhan)略后，云南(nan)某電(dian)力(li)企業(ye)就(jiu)立足整體(ti)，抓住機遇，樹立了(le)競(jing)爭意(yi)(yi)識(shi)，并不斷完善自身的(de)(de)企業(ye)形象(xiang)，在(zai)機遇面前沒有錯(cuo)過，準(zhun)確(que)掌握(wo)了(le)市(shi)場定位，擴寬了(le)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)場，取得了(le)巨大(da)的(de)(de)經濟效益(yi)。

二、健全完(wan)善(shan)電力(li)市場規章(zhang)制度

想(xiang)要(yao)做好任何事情(qing)都要(yao)有(you)健(jian)全完(wan)善的(de)規章(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)度作基礎，電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的(de)有(you)效(xiao)擴展(zhan)(zhan)也(ye)是(shi)如此。由于以(yi)往計(ji)劃經濟體制(zhi)的(de)束縛，再加上人(ren)們思想(xiang)觀念的(de)局(ju)限性(xing)(xing)，就使得我國有(you)關電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的(de)規章(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)度不夠健(jian)全。在新時期背景下，為(wei)了有(you)效(xiao)拓展(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場，黨(dang)和(he)(he)國家一(yi)定要(yao)健(jian)全完(wan)善相應的(de)規章(zhang)(zhang)制(zhi)度，以(yi)《電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)》和(he)(he)相關法(fa)(fa)律為(wei)依據(ju)，結合(he)當(dang)前(qian)的(de)具(ju)體情(qing)況(kuang)予以(yi)進一(yi)步(bu)完(wan)善。具(ju)體來說，要(yao)細化(hua)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的(de)準入規則(ze)，明確(que)電(dian)價，規范(fan)(fan)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)行(xing)為(wei)，并(bing)制(zhi)定配套的(de)監督(du)管理(li)法(fa)(fa)規，明確(que)違法(fa)(fa)的(de)具(ju)體懲罰措施，從而規范(fan)(fan)企(qi)業(ye)行(xing)為(wei)，保證市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的(de)公(gong)開性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)科學性(xing)(xing)，凈化(hua)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場，確(que)保其進一(yi)步(bu)拓展(zhan)(zhan)。

三、建(jian)立以用戶為核(he)心的電力市場并(bing)拓展新(xin)市場

想要(yao)(yao)增加社會用(yong)(yong)電數量(liang)，并逐步(bu)拓展電力(li)市場，就要(yao)(yao)堅持供(gong)(gong)電以客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)為(wei)核心(xin)，根據用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)具體需求構建電力(li)市場。首先(xian)，電力(li)企業要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證供(gong)(gong)電質量(liang)，質量(liang)是市場得(de)以拓寬的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)因素之(zhi)一，質量(liang)過硬，才(cai)能(neng)爭取到更多的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)；其次，在(zai)工作的(de)(de)(de)具體過程中，要(yao)(yao)堅持“預防為(wei)主，安全(quan)第(di)一”的(de)(de)(de)原則，在(zai)保(bao)證電能(neng)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，也要(yao)(yao)確保(bao)安全(quan)生產，定期對供(gong)(gong)電設施進行檢查(cha)維修，避免出現安全(quan)隱患，逐步(bu)提高設施的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)年限(xian)；最后，要(yao)(yao)完善(shan)企業自身的(de)(de)(de)服務(wu)(wu)水平，樹(shu)立為(wei)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)服務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)念(nian)，創新服務(wu)(wu)意識(shi)，并定期對客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)進行走訪調查(cha)，了解(jie)他們對電能(neng)供(gong)(gong)應的(de)(de)(de)滿意度，從而找到企業的(de)(de)(de)不足，滿足客(ke)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)需要(yao)(yao)。

眾所周知，我國(guo)(guo)區域分配不協調(diao)，各地區對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的需求數量存在很大的差異，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使用(yong)的中心集中在東部(bu)和東南沿(yan)海地區。想(xiang)要(yao)拓展電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市場，就一定要(yao)打破這(zhe)種不平(ping)衡的用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結構，開辟新興市場。對(dui)此(ci)，企業可以(yi)(yi)建立跨區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能在不同區域間進行(xing)有(you)效調(diao)節，并加(jia)大宏觀調(diao)控(kong)力(li)度來(lai)平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價。此(ci)外(wai)，企業也可以(yi)(yi)借鑒國(guo)(guo)外(wai)的先進經(jing)驗，開展政(zheng)策(ce)促(cu)銷活動，實(shi)(shi)行(xing)以(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代油(you)、以(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代柴、以(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代煤等形式，并加(jia)強對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車、熱泵(beng)設備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱鍋爐等產品的推廣，從(cong)而逐步增(zeng)加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能在市場消費中的占(zhan)有(you)率。例(li)如，一旦(dan)進入夏季，我國(guo)(guo)長江以(yi)(yi)南地區使用(yong)空調(diao)的數量就會大幅(fu)提高(gao)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況也會增(zeng)加(jia)。國(guo)(guo)家針對(dui)這(zhe)樣(yang)的現象，對(dui)蓄冰制冷空調(diao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價方面實(shi)(shi)行(xing)了相關的優惠政(zheng)策(ce)，企業可以(yi)(yi)利(li)用(yong)這(zhe)一特點逐步拓寬市場，提高(gao)經(jing)濟效益。

四、提高員工素(su)質能力(li)

電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場的(de)(de)有(you)效拓展要依靠企業(ye)員工的(de)(de)業(ye)務能力(li)(li)和綜合(he)素質來(lai)完成，隨著社會主義市(shi)場經濟的(de)(de)全面開放，以及現代化技術的(de)(de)逐步興起，給電(dian)力(li)(li)企業(ye)員工素質能力(li)(li)提(ti)出了更高(gao)的(de)(de)要求。想要有(you)效拓寬電(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)場，企業(ye)就(jiu)一定要培養高(gao)素質、高(gao)能力(li)(li)的(de)(de)員工。

第(di)一(yi)，企業要提高企業人員(yuan)的技(ji)術(shu)水平，堅(jian)持先進設(she)備的引進，并逐步完善(shan)(shan)他(ta)們的技(ji)術(shu)能(neng)力(li)。第(di)二，堅(jian)持實施“引進來與走出去(qu)”并存的發展戰略，加強(qiang)員(yuan)工之間的交流(liu)和合作，派(pai)遣有能(neng)力(li)的員(yuan)工對(dui)外學(xue)習(xi)交流(liu)。第(di)三，企業要定期組織人員(yuan)培訓，做好崗位選拔工作，在保證員(yuan)工具有高能(neng)力(li)的基礎(chu)上(shang)，還要完善(shan)(shan)他(ta)們的道德(de)素(su)質，樹立他(ta)們為(wei)企業服務(wu)的理念，從而(er)進一(yi)步拓(tuo)展電力(li)市場。 [4]

電力發展“十三五”規劃

11月(yue)7日，《電力發展“十三(san)五(wu)”規(gui)劃》發布，對我們有以下指導意義。

要(yao)(yao)科學認識我國(guo)的(de)電力發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)空(kong)間(jian)：根據《規劃(hua)(hua)》，到2020年(nian)，我國(guo)人(ren)均(jun)裝機突破1.4千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)，人(ren)均(jun)用電量5000千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)左(zuo)右，接(jie)(jie)近中等(deng)發(fa)達國(guo)家水(shui)平。電力在能(neng)源中的(de)比重應(ying)該越來越大，也就是(shi)能(neng)源要(yao)(yao)走向(xiang)電氣化，特別在終(zhong)端能(neng)源中，以電的(de)形式用能(neng)比重要(yao)(yao)提(ti)高，而非(fei)電的(de)形式如直接(jie)(jie)燃(ran)煤等(deng)則不斷減少(shao)。《規劃(hua)(hua)》提(ti)出的(de)2020年(nian)人(ren)均(jun)用電量5000千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)左(zuo)右與2020年(nian)GDP水(shui)平相(xiang)適應(ying)，今后還有一定的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)空(kong)間(jian)。

未來煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發展應趨嚴：在(zai)經(jing)濟新(xin)常(chang)態(tai)下，能(neng)源(yuan)也(ye)進入(ru)新(xin)常(chang)態(tai)，表現是能(neng)源(yuan)隨著經(jing)濟的增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)也(ye)在(zai)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)，但(dan)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)速度趨緩(huan)。我們(men)要認識到，可再生能(neng)源(yuan)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)及天(tian)然氣發電(dian)(dian)(dian)等低碳能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)的提(ti)高，應該能(neng)滿足新(xin)常(chang)態(tai)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)的需求(qiu)。退(tui)一步(bu)而言(yan)，假(jia)若低碳能(neng)源(yuan)能(neng)力(li)不足，仍需增(zeng)加煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量，提(ti)升煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)小時數也(ye)能(neng)做到。

把儲(chu)(chu)能技(ji)(ji)術(shu)基礎研究(jiu)做扎實(shi)：儲(chu)(chu)能技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在能源(yuan)(yuan)科技(ji)(ji)上堪稱顛覆性的(de)且是占領戰略制高點(dian)的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。儲(chu)(chu)能技(ji)(ji)術(shu)如果在未來(lai)有(you)實(shi)質(zhi)性的(de)進展(zhan)，就可(ke)以(yi)有(you)效(xiao)解(jie)決(jue)棄(qi)(qi)風、棄(qi)(qi)光甚至棄(qi)(qi)水(shui)的(de)問題。要使間歇(xie)式的(de)可(ke)再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)實(shi)現規模化發(fa)展(zhan)，儲(chu)(chu)能是關鍵，而(er)且高能量、高密度的(de)儲(chu)(chu)能非常利于新能源(yuan)(yuan)汽車的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。另外，儲(chu)(chu)能對微網建設也至關重要。至此，我(wo)們應該充分認識到(dao)：儲(chu)(chu)能是可(ke)以(yi)實(shi)現多(duo)方面用(yong)途的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。

清(qing)潔(jie)、低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)、綠(lv)(lv)色(se)是(shi)這(zhe)輪變革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要方(fang)向(xiang)：“十(shi)(shi)二五”期間我國(guo)(guo)提出了(le)(le)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)革(ge)命，經過兩年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)革(ge)命已經取得(de)了(le)(le)重(zhong)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進展(zhan)。因此(ci)，“十(shi)(shi)三五”將(jiang)在這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)基礎(chu)之上不斷推進能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變革(ge)，基本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求就是(shi)使能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)更加清(qing)潔(jie)、綠(lv)(lv)色(se)、低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)。而(er)且(qie)，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)變革(ge)不僅是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)發(fa)展(zhan)到現階段提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必然要求，也是(shi)全球能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)變革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)。在我看(kan)來(lai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔(jie)、低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)、綠(lv)(lv)色(se)包含兩層含義：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)對煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔(jie)化利用(yong)和改(gai)造(zao)；二是(shi)盡可能(neng)(neng)(neng)多(duo)地增加可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量。總體(ti)而(er)言，對煤炭(tan)進行清(qing)潔(jie)化利用(yong)是(shi)較低層次(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決方(fang)案，更高層次(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解決方(fang)案是(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)替代(dai)煤炭(tan)。不過，從(cong)較低層次(ci)(ci)轉向(xiang)更高層次(ci)(ci)需要一(yi)(yi)個過程，這(zhe)中間需要適度增加天然氣(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)來(lai)作(zuo)為過渡，再發(fa)展(zhan)到大規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，逐步形成綠(lv)(lv)色(se)低碳(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)體(ti)系。

碳(tan)(tan)排放將成(cheng)為重要(yao)(yao)控(kong)制指標(biao)(biao)：碳(tan)(tan)排放將成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)力行業(ye)一(yi)個(ge)很(hen)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)控(kong)制指標(biao)(biao)。《規劃》中(zhong)提出了煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組二氧化碳(tan)(tan)排放強度降至(zhi)865克/千瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)的(de)目標(biao)(biao)。此外，《“十三五”控(kong)制溫室氣體排放工(gong)作方案(an)》里也(ye)提到(dao)(dao)，到(dao)(dao)2020年，大型發電(dian)(dian)集團單位供(gong)電(dian)(dian)二氧化碳(tan)(tan)排放控(kong)制在550克二氧化碳(tan)(tan)/千瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)以內。這意味著我(wo)國一(yi)大部分(fen)發電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)的(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)比(bi)例不(bu)能超(chao)過50%，這個(ge)要(yao)(yao)求是很(hen)高的(de)。總體來看，五大發電(dian)(dian)集團由(you)于近年來已經在大力布局可再生能源，要(yao)(yao)完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)這個(ge)任務(wu)基本沒(mei)有(you)太大難度，但一(yi)些地方電(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司可能就(jiu)壓力比(bi)較大。如果完(wan)(wan)不(bu)成(cheng)，到(dao)(dao)時(shi)(shi)候就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)通過購買碳(tan)(tan)指標(biao)(biao)、參與碳(tan)(tan)交易的(de)方式(shi)來完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)任務(wu)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)是(shi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)進(jin)(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)現：《規劃》重(zhong)(zhong)點提(ti)到(dao)，到(dao)2020年電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)占終端能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)費比重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)提(ti)升至27%。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，燃(ran)燒(shao)煤炭、石(shi)油是(shi)造(zao)成大(da)(da)氣污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)因素，尤其散煤燃(ran)燒(shao)危害(hai)更(geng)大(da)(da)。每噸散煤燃(ran)燒(shao)排放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污染物是(shi)火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)燃(ran)煤排放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)5~10倍，對大(da)(da)氣污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻率高(gao)(gao)達(da)50%左右。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面，天然(ran)氣雖(sui)然(ran)較煤炭而言更(geng)為清潔，但它(ta)在利用過程中也(ye)會釋(shi)放一(yi)(yi)部分氮氧化(hua)物，氮氧化(hua)物也(ye)是(shi)形成灰霾(mai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)原因之一(yi)(yi)。因此，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在終端能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利用，對防治大(da)(da)氣污染確(que)實(shi)大(da)(da)有裨(bi)益(yi)。另外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)不僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)在能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)費終端比重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，更(geng)是(shi)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)進(jin)(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)現。從發(fa)達(da)國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終端用能(neng)(neng)(neng)來看，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占比也(ye)非常高(gao)(gao)。我國(guo)要(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)入現代(dai)(dai)(dai)化(hua)社(she)會，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系統、用能(neng)(neng)(neng)方(fang)(fang)式也(ye)要(yao)(yao)和發(fa)達(da)國(guo)家接近。“十一(yi)(yi)五(wu)(wu)”、“十二(er)五(wu)(wu)”時(shi)期，我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)精力(li)(li)是(shi)解決用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題(ti)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)已經做到(dao)了寬裕(yu)，這(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)候提(ti)出大(da)(da)規模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)(dai)也(ye)具備現實(shi)基礎。