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產生方式

當今(jin)是互聯(lian)網的(de)時代(dai)，我們仍然對電力有著持續增長的(de)需求，因(yin)為我們發明(ming)了電腦、家電等(deng)更多使(shi)用(yong)電力的(de)產(chan)品。不可否認新技術的(de)不斷出現(xian)使(shi)得(de)電力成為人們的(de)必(bi)需品。

電(dian)力的產(chan)生方式(shi)主要有：火力發(fa)電(dian)（煤等可燃燒物）、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)、大容量風力發(fa)電(dian)技術、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)、氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)電(dian)、水利發(fa)電(dian)等。

21世(shi)紀能(neng)(neng)源科(ke)學將為人類(lei)文明再創輝煌，例如，燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池是將氫、天然氣(qi)、煤氣(qi)、甲醇、肼等燃料(liao)(liao)的化(hua)學能(neng)(neng)直接轉換(huan)成電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的一(yi)類(lei)化(hua)學電(dian)(dian)源；生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)是以生(sheng)物質為載體的能(neng)(neng)量，生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)的高(gao)效和清潔利(li)用技術也得到極(ji)大發展。

發電方式

火力發電

一、優勢：

燃料容易(yi)獲取，熱機效率(lv)高(gao)，調(diao)峰較易(yi)實現，建設成(cheng)本低，容易(yi)與冶(ye)金、化工、水泥(ni)等高(gao)能耗工業形成(cheng)共生產業鏈。

二、弊端：

煙氣(qi)污染：煤炭直接燃燒排放的SO2、NOx等酸性氣(qi)體不斷增長，使我國很多(duo)地區酸雨(yu)量增加。全國每年(nian)產生140萬(wan)噸SO2。

粉(fen)塵污染：對電站附(fu)近環境(jing)造成粉(fen)煤灰污染，對人們的生(sheng)活及植物的生(sheng)長造成不良(liang)影(ying)響(xiang)。全國每年產生(sheng)1500萬噸煙塵。

資源消耗：發電(dian)的汽輪機通常選用水(shui)作為冷卻介質，一座100萬千(qian)瓦火力(li)發電(dian)廠每日的耗水(shui)量約為 十萬噸。全國每年消耗5000萬噸標準。

核能發電

一、優(you)勢：基本(ben)不受自然(ran)資源產地限制(zhi)，運行成本(ben)低，無溫室氣體排放。

二、要用反應堆產生(sheng)核(he)能，需要解決(jue)以下10個問題：

為(wei)核(he)裂(lie)變鏈式(shi)反應提供必要(yao)的條件(jian)，使之(zhi)得以進行。

鏈(lian)式反(fan)應必須能(neng)由人(ren)通(tong)過一定裝置(zhi)進行(xing)控(kong)制。失去(qu)控(kong)制的裂(lie)變能(neng)不僅不能(neng)用于發電(dian)，還會釀成災害。

裂變(bian)反應(ying)產生(sheng)的能量要能從反應(ying)堆中安全取出。

裂變反應(ying)中(zhong)產生的中(zhong)子和放(fang)射性物質(zhi)對人體危害(hai)很大，必須設法避免(mian)它們對核(he)電站工作人員和附近(jin)居民的傷害(hai)。

核(he)能電廠會產生高低階(jie)放射(she)性廢料，或者是(shi)使用(yong)過(guo)之核(he)燃料，雖然(ran)所占體積不大，但因具(ju)有放射(she)線，故(gu)必須慎重處理(li)，且需面對(dui)相當大的政(zheng)治困擾。

核(he)能發電(dian)廠熱(re)效率(lv)較(jiao)低，因而比一(yi)般化石燃(ran)料電(dian)廠排放更多廢熱(re)到環(huan)境里，故核(he)能電(dian)廠的熱(re)污染(ran)較(jiao)嚴重(zhong)。

核能(neng)電廠投資成本太(tai)大，電力公司的財務(wu)風險較(jiao)高。

核(he)能(neng)電廠較不適(shi)宜(yi)做尖(jian)峰(feng)、離(li)峰(feng)之隨載運轉。

興建核電廠(chang)較易引發政(zheng)治(zhi)歧見紛爭。

核電廠(chang)的反應器內有(you)大量(liang)的放(fang)射性物質，如果在事故(gu)中釋放(fang)到外(wai)界(jie)環境(jing)，會對生(sheng)態(tai)及民(min)眾造成傷害(hai)。

核電在(zai)正常情(qing)況下(xia)固然是干凈的(de)，但萬(wan)一(yi)發生核泄漏，后(hou)果同(tong)樣是可怕的(de)。前蘇聯切爾諾貝利核電站(zhan)事(shi)故，已使900萬(wan)人受到了不同(tong)程度的(de)損害，而且這(zhe)一(yi)影響并未終止。

水力發電

優勢(shi)：幾乎完(wan)全無污染，運營(ying)成本低，便于調(diao)峰，可再(zai)生(sheng)，有航運、水(shui)利等邊際效益。

弊端：水(shui)力(li)發電要(yao)淹沒大量(liang)土地(di)，有(you)可能導致生態環境破(po)壞，而(er)且大型(xing)水(shui)庫一(yi)旦塌崩，后(hou)果(guo)將(jiang)不堪設想。另(ling)外，一(yi)個國家(jia)的水(shui)力(li)資源也是有(you)限的，而(er)且還要(yao)受(shou)季節的影響。

風力發電

優勢：無(wu)環(huan)境污染，運行成本低(di)，可再生。

弊端：噪聲，視覺(jue)污(wu)染。占用大(da)片土地及林地，對植被破壞大(da)。不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)，不(bu)可控。成(cheng)本(ben)仍然很高。

太陽能光伏發電

優勢：運行無污染，可再生(sheng)，設備(bei)小型化，適合(he)非(fei)集中供電。

電力輸送

傳輸

電(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)(shu)和(he)變電(dian)、配電(dian)、用電(dian)一(yi)起，構成電(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)(de)整體功(gong)能(neng)。通過(guo)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)，把相距甚遠的(de)(de)（可達數千千米(mi)）發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)和(he)負荷中心聯系(xi)起來，使電(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)開發(fa)和(he)利(li)用超越(yue)地(di)域的(de)(de)限制。和(he)其(qi)他能(neng)源的(de)(de)傳輸(shu)(shu)（如輸(shu)(shu)煤(mei)、輸(shu)(shu)油(you)等(deng)）相比(bi)，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)的(de)(de)損(sun)耗小、效(xiao)益高、靈(ling)活方便、易于調(diao)控、環(huan)境污染少；輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)還(huan)可以將不(bu)同地(di)點的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)連接(jie)起來，實(shi)行峰谷調(diao)節。輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)是(shi)電(dian)能(neng)利(li)用優越(yue)性的(de)(de)重要體現，在現代化社會(hui)中，它是(shi)重要的(de)(de)能(neng)源動脈。

輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路按(an)結構(gou)形式可分為(wei)架(jia)空(kong)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路和地下輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路。前(qian)者(zhe)由線路桿塔、導(dao)線、絕(jue)緣子等構(gou)成(cheng)，架(jia)設在地面上；后者(zhe)主要用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，敷設在地下（或(huo)水(shui)下）。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)按(an)所送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流性(xing)質可分為(wei)直(zhi)流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和交流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。19世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)80年(nian)代(dai)首先(xian)成(cheng)功(gong)地實現了(le)直(zhi)流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后因受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提不(bu)高的(de)限制（輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)大體與(yu)(yu)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)平方(fang)成(cheng)比例(li)）19世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)末為(wei)交流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所取(qu)代(dai)。交流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)成(cheng)功(gong)，迎來(lai)了(le)20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化(hua)時(shi)代(dai)。20世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)60年(nian)代(dai)以(yi)來(lai)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術的(de)發(fa)展，直(zhi)流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又有新發(fa)展，與(yu)(yu)交流輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相配合，形成(cheng)交直(zhi)流混合的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統。

輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電電壓(ya)的(de)高(gao)低是輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電技(ji)術發(fa)展水平的(de)主(zhu)要標志。到(dao)20世紀90年代，世界各國常用輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電電壓(ya)有(you)220千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)上的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電330～765千(qian)伏(fu)的(de)超高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電，1000千(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)上的(de)特高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電。

變電

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)將(jiang)天(tian)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)一次能(neng)源轉變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，向遠方的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，為了減小輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路上的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)損耗及線(xian)路阻抗壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)升高(gao)；為了滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)，又(you)要(yao)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)降低，并(bing)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)給各(ge)個用(yong)戶(hu)，這就需(xu)(xu)要(yao)能(neng)升高(gao)和(he)(he)降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，并(bing)能(neng)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)通過(guo)其變(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、接(jie)受和(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)裝置(zhi)，它是(shi)(shi)聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)間環節(jie)，同時(shi)通過(guo)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)將(jiang)各(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等(deng)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)起來，變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，傳(chuan)輸(shu)和(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器、配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)、二次系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)及必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)附屬設備組(zu)成(cheng)。

變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)是(shi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)的(de)中心設備(bei)(bei)，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)利用(yong)的(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)磁感應原(yuan)理。配(pei)電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)所(suo)(suo)中所(suo)(suo)有(you)的(de)開關電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、載流導體輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)設備(bei)(bei)連接(jie)(jie)在一起(qi)的(de)裝置(zhi)(zhi)。其作用(yong)是(shi)接(jie)(jie)受和分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)能。配(pei)電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)(yao)由(you)母(mu)線、高壓(ya)(ya)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)開關、電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)線圈、互感器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、避雷器(qi)、高壓(ya)(ya)熔斷(duan)器(qi)、二次設備(bei)(bei)及(ji)必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)其他輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)設備(bei)(bei)所(suo)(suo)組成。

二次(ci)(ci)(ci)設(she)備是指一(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)系統(tong)狀態測量、控制、監察和(he)保(bao)護的(de)設(she)備裝(zhuang)置。由這些設(she)備構成的(de)回路叫二次(ci)(ci)(ci)回路，總稱二次(ci)(ci)(ci)系統(tong)。

二次系統(tong)的設(she)(she)備包含測量裝(zhuang)置、控(kong)制裝(zhuang)置、繼電保(bao)護裝(zhuang)置、自動控(kong)制裝(zhuang)置、直流系統(tong)及必要的附(fu)屬設(she)(she)備。

電壓等級

電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統電(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)有220V、380V（0.4 kV）、3 kV、6 kV、10 kV、20 kV、35 kV、66 kV、110 kV、220 kV、330 kV、500 kV、750kV、1000kV。隨著電(dian)(dian)機(ji)制造工(gong)藝的提高，10 kV電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)已(yi)批(pi)量生產，所以3 kV、6 kV已(yi)較少使(shi)用，20 kV、66 kV也很少使(shi)用。供(gong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統以10 kV、35 kV為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。輸配電(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統以110 kV以上為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。發電(dian)(dian)廠發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有6 kV、10 kV與20kV三種(zhong)，以20 kV為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，用戶均為(wei)(wei)220V、380V（0.4 kV）低壓系(xi)(xi)統。

根(gen)據《城市電力網規(gui)定設計規(gui)則》規(gui)定：輸電網為(wei)1000kV、500 kV、330 kV、220 kV、110kV，高壓配電網為(wei)110kV、66kV，中壓配電網為(wei)20kV、10kV、6 kV，低壓配電網為(wei)0.4 kV（220V/380V）。

發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)發出6 kV或10 kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，除(chu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)自己用(yong)（廠(chang)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）之外(wai)，也可以用(yong)10 kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓送(song)給發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)附近(jin)用(yong)戶，10 kV供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)范圍為(wei)(wei)10Km、35 kV為(wei)(wei)20~50Km、66 kV為(wei)(wei)30~100Km、110 kV為(wei)(wei)50~150Km、220 kV為(wei)(wei)100~300Km、330 kV為(wei)(wei)200~600Km、500 kV為(wei)(wei)150~850Km。

變配電站

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等級均通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)來轉換，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)升高為升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)（變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)），電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)降(jiang)低為降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)（變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)為降(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)站(zhan)）。一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)為另一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的選用兩個(ge)線圈(quan)（繞組(zu)(zu)）的雙圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)，一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)為兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的選用三個(ge)線圈(quan)（繞組(zu)(zu)）的三圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。

變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)除升(sheng)壓(ya)與降壓(ya)之分(fen)外(wai)，還以規模大(da)小分(fen)為(wei)(wei)樞紐站(zhan)，區(qu)域站(zhan)與終端站(zhan)。樞紐站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級一般為(wei)(wei)三個(ge)（三圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)），550kV /220kV /110kV。區(qu)域站(zhan)一般也有(you)三個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級（三圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)），220 kV /110kV /35kV或110kV /35kV /10kV。終端站(zhan)一般直接(jie)接(jie)到用戶，大(da)多數為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級（兩(liang)圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)）110kV /10 kV或35 kV /10 kV。用戶本身的(de)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)一般只有(you)兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級（雙圈(quan)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)）110 kV /10kV、35kV /0.4kV、10kV /0.4kV，其中以10kV /0.4kV為(wei)(wei)最多。

接線方案

1）一次接線種(zhong)類

變(bian)電(dian)站一次回路(lu)接(jie)線(xian)是指輸電(dian)線(xian)路(lu)進入變(bian)電(dian)站之(zhi)后，所有(you)電(dian)力(li)設備（變(bian)壓(ya)器及進出線(xian)開關等(deng)）的相互(hu)連(lian)接(jie)方(fang)式。其(qi)接(jie)線(xian)方(fang)案有(you)：線(xian)路(lu)變(bian)壓(ya)器組，橋形接(jie)線(xian)，單母(mu)(mu)線(xian)，單母(mu)(mu)線(xian)分(fen)段，雙母(mu)(mu)線(xian)，雙母(mu)(mu)線(xian)分(fen)段，環網(wang)供電(dian)等(deng)。

2）線路(lu)變壓器組

變(bian)電站只(zhi)有一(yi)路(lu)(lu)進線(xian)(xian)與一(yi)臺變(bian)壓器(qi)，而且再無發展的情(qing)況下采(cai)用線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)變(bian)壓器(qi)組接線(xian)(xian)。

3）橋形接線

有(you)兩路(lu)進(jin)(jin)線(xian)、兩臺變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)，而且再沒(mei)有(you)發展的情(qing)況下，采用橋(qiao)形接線(xian)。針對(dui)變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)，聯絡(luo)斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)兩個(ge)進(jin)(jin)線(xian)斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之內為(wei)內橋(qiao)接線(xian)，聯絡(luo)斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)兩個(ge)進(jin)(jin)線(xian)斷路(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之外(wai)為(wei)外(wai)橋(qiao)接線(xian)。

4）單母線

變電(dian)站(zhan)進(jin)出(chu)線(xian)較多(duo)時，采(cai)用單(dan)母線(xian)，有兩路(lu)進(jin)線(xian)時，一般一路(lu)供電(dian)、一路(lu)備(bei)用（不同(tong)時供電(dian)），二者(zhe)可設備(bei)用電(dian)源互自(zi)投(tou)，多(duo)路(lu)出(chu)線(xian)均(jun)由一段母線(xian)引出(chu)。

5）單母線分段

有兩(liang)路(lu)以上(shang)進(jin)線(xian)，多路(lu)出(chu)線(xian)時，選用(yong)單母(mu)線(xian)分(fen)段，兩(liang)路(lu)進(jin)線(xian)分(fen)別(bie)接到兩(liang)段母(mu)線(xian)上(shang)，兩(liang)段母(mu)線(xian)用(yong)母(mu)聯開關連接起來。出(chu)線(xian)分(fen)別(bie)接到兩(liang)段母(mu)線(xian)上(shang)。

單母線分(fen)段運行(xing)方式比較(jiao)多(duo)。一般為一路主供，一路備(bei)用(yong)（不合(he)閘），母聯合(he)上，當主供斷電時，備(bei)用(yong)合(he)上，主供、備(bei)用(yong)與母聯互鎖。備(bei)用(yong)電源容量(liang)較(jiao)小時，備(bei)用(yong)電源合(he)上后，要(yao)斷開一些出(chu)線。這(zhe)是比較(jiao)常(chang)用(yong)的一種運行(xing)方式。

對(dui)于(yu)特別重要的負荷，兩路進(jin)(jin)線(xian)均(jun)為主供，母(mu)(mu)聯(lian)開(kai)關(guan)斷開(kai)，當(dang)一路進(jin)(jin)線(xian)斷電時，母(mu)(mu)聯(lian)合(he)上，來電后斷開(kai)母(mu)(mu)聯(lian)再(zai)合(he)上進(jin)(jin)線(xian)開(kai)關(guan)。

單(dan)母線(xian)分段(duan)也(ye)有利于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)內部檢修，檢修時(shi)可以停(ting)掉一段(duan)母線(xian)，如果是單(dan)母線(xian)不(bu)(bu)分段(duan)，檢修時(shi)就要全站(zhan)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，利用旁路母線(xian)可以不(bu)(bu)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，旁路母線(xian)只用于電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)。

6）雙母線

雙母線(xian)(xian)(xian)主要用(yong)于發電廠(chang)及(ji)大型變電站，每路(lu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)都由一個斷路(lu)器經過(guo)兩(liang)個隔離開關(guan)(guan)分別接到兩(liang)條母線(xian)(xian)(xian)上，這樣(yang)在母線(xian)(xian)(xian)檢(jian)修(xiu)時，就(jiu)可以利用(yong)隔離開關(guan)(guan)將(jiang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)倒在一條件母線(xian)(xian)(xian)上。雙母線(xian)(xian)(xian)也有分段與不分段兩(liang)種，雙母線(xian)(xian)(xian)分段再加旁路(lu)斷路(lu)器，接線(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)式復(fu)雜，但檢(jian)修(xiu)就(jiu)非(fei)常(chang)方(fang)(fang)便了，停電范圍可減(jian)少(shao)。

二次回路

1）二次回路種(zhong)類(lei)

變配(pei)電站二次(ci)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)包(bao)括：測量、保(bao)護(hu)、控(kong)制與信(xin)號回(hui)(hui)路(lu)部分(fen)。測量回(hui)(hui)路(lu)包(bao)括：計量測量與保(bao)護(hu)測量。控(kong)制回(hui)(hui)路(lu)包(bao)括：就地手(shou)動合分(fen)閘(zha)、防(fang)跳(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)聯(lian)鎖(suo)、試驗(yan)、互(hu)投聯(lian)鎖(suo)、保(bao)護(hu)跳(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)以(yi)及合分(fen)閘(zha)執行部分(fen)。信(xin)號回(hui)(hui)路(lu)包(bao)括開關運行狀態信(xin)號、事故跳(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)閘(zha)信(xin)號與事故預(yu)告(gao)信(xin)號。

2）測量回路

測量(liang)(liang)回(hui)路分(fen)(fen)為電流(liu)回(hui)路與(yu)電壓(ya)回(hui)路。電流(liu)回(hui)路各種設備串(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)于電流(liu)互(hu)感(gan)器(qi)二(er)次側(ce)（5A），電流(liu)互(hu)感(gan)器(qi)是將原邊負(fu)荷電流(liu)統一(yi)變為5A測量(liang)(liang)電流(liu)。計量(liang)(liang)與(yu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)用(yong)各自(zi)的互(hu)感(gan)器(qi)（計量(liang)(liang)用(yong)互(hu)感(gan)器(qi)精(jing)度要求高），計量(liang)(liang)測量(liang)(liang)串(chuan)(chuan)接于電流(liu)表(biao)以及電度表(biao)，功率(lv)表(biao)與(yu)功率(lv)因數(shu)表(biao)電流(liu)端(duan)(duan)子。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)測量(liang)(liang)串(chuan)(chuan)接于保(bao)(bao)護(hu)繼(ji)電器(qi)的電流(liu)端(duan)(duan)子。微機(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)一(yi)般將計量(liang)(liang)及保(bao)(bao)護(hu)集中(zhong)于一(yi)體，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)有(you)計量(liang)(liang)電流(liu)端(duan)(duan)子與(yu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)電流(liu)端(duan)(duan)子。

電(dian)壓(ya)測量回路(lu)，220/380V低壓(ya)系(xi)統直接接220V或380V，3KV以上(shang)高壓(ya)系(xi)統全部(bu)經過電(dian)壓(ya)互感器將各種(zhong)等級的(de)高電(dian)壓(ya)變為統一(yi)的(de)100V電(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)壓(ya)表以及(ji)電(dian)度表、功率表與功率因數表的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)圈(quan)經其端(duan)子并(bing)接在100V電(dian)壓(ya)母線(xian)上(shang)。微機(ji)保護(hu)單元計(ji)量電(dian)壓(ya)與保護(hu)電(dian)壓(ya)統一(yi)為一(yi)種(zhong)電(dian)壓(ya)端(duan)子。

3）控制回路

（1）合分閘回路

合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)通過合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)進(jin)行操(cao)作(zuo)，常規保護(hu)為(wei)提(ti)示操(cao)作(zuo)人員(yuan)及(ji)事故跳閘(zha)報(bao)警需要(yao)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)選用(yong)預合(he)(he)-合(he)(he)閘(zha)-合(he)(he)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)預分(fen)-分(fen)閘(zha)-分(fen)后(hou)(hou)的多檔(dang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)。以(yi)使利用(yong)不對(dui)應接線進(jin)行合(he)(he)分(fen)閘(zha)提(ti)示與(yu)事故跳閘(zha)報(bao)警，國(guo)家(jia)已有標準圖設計。采用(yong)微(wei)機(ji)保護(hu)以(yi)后(hou)(hou)，要(yao)進(jin)行遠分(fen)合(he)(he)閘(zha)操(cao)作(zuo)后(hou)(hou)，還(huan)要(yao)到就地(di)進(jin)行轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)對(dui)位操(cao)作(zuo)，這就失去了(le)遠分(fen)操(cao)作(zuo)的意義，所以(yi)應取消不對(dui)應接線，選用(yong)中間自復(fu)位的只有合(he)(he)閘(zha)與(yu)分(fen)閘(zha)的三檔(dang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)開(kai)關(guan)。

（2）防跳回路

當合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)出(chu)(chu)現故障(zhang)時進行(xing)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)，或(huo)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)事(shi)故未排(pai)除(chu)，又進行(xing)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)（誤操作(zuo)），這(zhe)時就會出(chu)(chu)現斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)反復合(he)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)，不(bu)僅容易(yi)引起或(huo)擴大事(shi)故，還會引起設備損壞(huai)或(huo)人身事(shi)故，所以(yi)高壓開(kai)關控制(zhi)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)應設計防(fang)(fang)跳。防(fang)(fang)跳一般選用電(dian)(dian)流(liu)啟動(dong)，電(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)持的(de)雙線(xian)圈(quan)繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)線(xian)圈(quan)串接(jie)于(yu)(yu)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)作(zuo)為(wei)啟動(dong)線(xian)圈(quan)。電(dian)(dian)壓線(xian)圈(quan)接(jie)于(yu)(yu)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，作(zuo)為(wei)保(bao)持線(xian)圈(quan)，當分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)時，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)線(xian)圈(quan)經分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)起動(dong)。如果合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)有故障(zhang)，或(huo)處于(yu)(yu)手動(dong)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)位置，電(dian)(dian)壓線(xian)圈(quan)起啟動(dong)并通過(guo)其(qi)常(chang)開(kai)接(jie)點(dian)自保(bao)持，其(qi)常(chang)閉接(jie)點(dian)馬上斷開(kai)合(he)閘(zha)(zha)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，保(bao)證斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)分(fen)閘(zha)(zha)過(guo)程(cheng)中不(bu)能馬上再合(he)閘(zha)(zha)。防(fang)(fang)跳繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)回(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)還可(ke)以(yi)通過(guo)其(qi)常(chang)開(kai)接(jie)點(dian)將電(dian)(dian)流(liu)線(xian)圈(quan)自保(bao)持，這(zhe)樣可(ke)以(yi)減(jian)輕保(bao)護繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)出(chu)(chu)口接(jie)點(dian)斷開(kai)負荷，也減(jian)少了保(bao)護繼(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)保(bao)持時間(jian)要求。

有些微機保(bao)護裝置自己已具有防跳功能，這(zhe)樣(yang)就可(ke)以(yi)不再設(she)計防跳回(hui)路(lu)(lu)。斷路(lu)(lu)器操作機構(gou)選用(yong)彈簧儲(chu)能時(shi)，如果(guo)選用(yong)儲(chu)能后(hou)(hou)可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)一(yi)次合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)與分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)彈簧儲(chu)能操作機構(gou)（也有用(yong)于重合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)儲(chu)能后(hou)(hou)可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)二(er)次合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)與分閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)彈簧儲(chu)能操作機構(gou)），因為儲(chu)能一(yi)般都要(yao)求(qiu)10秒(miao)左右，當儲(chu)能開關(guan)經(jing)常處于斷開位(wei)置時(shi)，儲(chu)一(yi)次能，合(he)(he)完之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，將儲(chu)能開關(guan)再處于斷開位(wei)置，可(ke)以(yi)跳一(yi)次閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)；跳閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，要(yao)手(shou)動儲(chu)能之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)才能進(jin)(jin)行(xing)合(he)(he)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，此(ci)時(shi)，也可(ke)以(yi)不再設(she)計防跳回(hui)路(lu)(lu)。

（3）試(shi)驗與(yu)互投聯鎖與(yu)控制

對于手車開關柜，手車推出后要(yao)進(jin)行斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器合(he)分閘試(shi)驗，應設計合(he)分閘試(shi)驗按鈕。進(jin)線與母聯斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)，一般應根據要(yao)求進(jin)行互投聯鎖(suo)或控制。

（4）保護跳閘

保護跳閘出口經過連接片接于跳閘回(hui)路，連接片用(yong)于保護調試，或(huo)運行過程中(zhong)解除某(mou)些保護功能。

（5）合(he)分(fen)閘回路(lu)

合分閘回(hui)路(lu)為經合分閘母線為操作機構提(ti)供電源，以及其控制回(hui)路(lu)，一般都(dou)應(ying)單(dan)獨畫出。

4）信號回路

（1）開關(guan)運行狀態信(xin)號(hao)由(you)合閘與分閘指示兩個(ge)裝于開關(guan)柜上(shang)的信(xin)號(hao)燈組成：經過操作轉換開關(guan)不對應(ying)接線后接到(dao)正電源(yuan)上(shang)。采用微(wei)機保護后，轉換開關(guan)取消了不對應(ying)接線，所以信(xin)號(hao)燈正極可以直接接到(dao)正電源(yuan)上(shang)。

（2）事(shi)故(gu)(gu)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)有事(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘與(yu)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)預告兩種信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)，事(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘報警也要通過(guo)轉化開關不對(dui)應后，接(jie)到(dao)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)母線上，再引(yin)(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統。事(shi)故(gu)(gu)預告信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)通過(guo)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器接(jie)點(dian)引(yin)(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統。采用微(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護后，將斷路器操作機(ji)構(gou)輔(fu)助(zhu)接(jie)點(dian)與(yu)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器的(de)接(jie)點(dian)分別(bie)接(jie)到(dao)微(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護單元的(de)開關量(liang)輸入端子，需要有中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統時，如果微(wei)機(ji)保(bao)護單元可以提供事(shi)故(gu)(gu)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘與(yu)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)預告輸出接(jie)點(dian)，可將其引(yin)(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統。否(fou)則(ze)，應利用信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)繼電器的(de)另一對(dui)接(jie)點(dian)引(yin)(yin)到(dao)中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系(xi)(xi)統。

（3）中(zhong)央(yang)信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)為(wei)安(an)裝于值班室內的集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)報警(jing)(jing)(jing)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，由事(shi)故跳(tiao)閘(zha)與事(shi)故預(yu)告兩(liang)套(tao)聲光報警(jing)(jing)(jing)組成，光報警(jing)(jing)(jing)用(yong)光字牌(pai)，不用(yong)信號(hao)燈(deng)，光字牌(pai)分集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)與分散(san)兩(liang)種(zhong)。采用(yong)變電站綜合(he)自動(dong)化系(xi)(xi)統(tong)后，可以不再設(she)計中(zhong)央(yang)信號(hao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，或將其簡化，只設(she)計集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)報警(jing)(jing)(jing)作為(wei)計算機報警(jing)(jing)(jing)的后備報警(jing)(jing)(jing)。

歷史沿革

發展歷史

1875年(nian)(nian)，巴黎北火(huo)車站(zhan)建成世(shi)界上(shang)第一(yi)座火(huo)電(dian)廠，為(wei)附近照明供電(dian)。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國舊(jiu)金(jin)山實(shi)驗電(dian)廠開始發電(dian)，是世(shi)界上(shang)最早出售(shou)電(dian)力(li)的電(dian)廠。80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)，在英國和美國建成世(shi)界上(shang)第一(yi)批(pi)水電(dian)站(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)，全世(shi)界的年(nian)(nian)發電(dian)量達(da) 500億千瓦時，電(dian)力(li)工業已(yi)作為(wei)一(yi)個獨立的工業部門，進入人類的生(sheng)產活動領域。

20世紀(ji)30、40年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)，美國成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業的(de)(de)先進國家，擁(yong)有20萬(wan)千瓦(wa)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)組31臺，容量為30萬(wan)千瓦(wa)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠9座。同(tong)一時(shi)期，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組達(da)5～10萬(wan)千瓦(wa)。1934年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國開工(gong)興建的(de)(de)大(da)(da)古力水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站，計劃容量是(shi) 888萬(wan)千瓦(wa)，1941年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，到1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)裝機(ji)(ji)容量達(da)649萬(wan)千瓦(wa) ，至80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)期一直是(shi)世界上最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站。1950年(nian)(nian)(nian)，全世界發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量增(zeng)(zeng)至9589億千瓦(wa)時(shi) ，是(shi)1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)19倍。50 、60、70年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)，平(ping)均年(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)長率(lv)分別為9.4%、8.0%、5.3% 。1950～1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量增(zeng)(zeng)長7.9倍，平(ping)均年(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)長率(lv)7.6%，約相當(dang)于(yu)每10年(nian)(nian)(nian)翻一番。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)，全世界水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 20.3% ，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)63.7%，核電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)15.6%；美國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)11.4%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)72.1%， 核電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.0%；前蘇聯水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 13.5%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)76.4%，核電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)10.1%；日(ri)本水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)12.9%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)61.8%，核電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)25.1%；中(zhong)(zhong)國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)21.0%，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)79.0%。世界上核電(dian)(dian)(dian)比重最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)是(shi)法國，1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)74.6%。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、水、火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)差異顯(xian)著。國(guo)家(jia)統計局于公(gong)布了2010年(nian)1-8月工業(ye)(ye)企業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)數(shu)據(ju)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)生產(chan)與供(gong)應業(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體實現利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)936.1億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)119%；細(xi)分行業(ye)(ye)來看(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)為220.0億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)-17.8%；水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)248.4億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)45.9%；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)380.0億(yi)，同比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)655%。從環比(bi)(bi)數(shu)據(ju)看(kan)，2010年(nian)6-8月，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)生產(chan)與供(gong)應業(ye)(ye)整(zheng)體實現利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)462億(yi)，環比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)37%；細(xi)分行業(ye)(ye)看(kan)，火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)6-8月利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)50.5億(yi)，環比(bi)(bi)下降56%；水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)6-8月利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)206.4億(yi)，環比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)307%；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應6-8月利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)168.1億(yi)，環比(bi)(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)28%。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)的大幅度(du)提高(gao)主要(yao)由于09年(nian)四季度(du)銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價的調整(zheng)以及銷售(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量逐(zhu)季增(zeng)(zeng)加所導(dao)致。從下游主要(yao)耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行業(ye)(ye)來看(kan)，除鋼鐵外，化工、建材、有色(se)行業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)均顯(xian)著超過07-08年(nian)的同期水平，特別(bie)是建材。從環比(bi)(bi)數(shu)據(ju)看(kan)，除建材行業(ye)(ye)外，其他(ta)高(gao)耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行業(ye)(ye)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)(run)(run)(run)(run)總(zong)(zong)額(e)(e)環比(bi)(bi)有所下滑(hua)。

2010三季度水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)利潤大(da)幅度增長(chang)。由于2010年三季度來水(shui)好于往年，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量也明顯增加，2010年6-8月水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)利潤總額(e)206億(yi)，同比增長(chang)96%。隨著國(guo)家對水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)開發正(zheng)面態(tai)度的(de)明朗，我們(men)預計國(guo)家對水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)開發的(de)支持政(zheng)策將(jiang)逐步(bu)出臺，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業投資價值也將(jiang)逐步(bu)明晰。

20世(shi)紀(ji)70年(nian)代(dai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業進入(ru)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)、大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)、超高(gao)壓(ya)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)至特高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，形成以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聯合系統為特點的(de)(de)(de)新時期。1973年(nian)，瑞(rui)士BBC公(gong)司制造的(de)(de)(de)130萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)雙軸發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)在美(mei)(mei)國(guo)肯勃蘭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)投(tou)入(ru)運(yun)行。蘇(su)聯于1981年(nian)制造并投(tou)運(yun)世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)容(rong)量最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)120萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)單軸汽輪(lun)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。到1977年(nian)，美(mei)(mei)國(guo)已有120座裝機(ji)容(rong)量百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)型火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)。1985年(nian)，蘇(su)聯有百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)59座。1983年(nian)，日本有百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)32座，其(qi)中鹿兒(er)島電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)總容(rong)量440萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa) ，是世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)燃油電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)(chang)。世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)設計容(rong)量最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站是巴西和巴拉(la)圭合建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)伊泰普水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，設計容(rong)量1260萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)，采用70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，與運(yun)行中的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界最(zui)大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站美(mei)(mei)國(guo)大(da)(da)古力水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界最(zui)大(da)(da)水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)容(rong)量相(xiang)等。世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站是日本福島核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，容(rong)量是909.6萬(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)。

總(zong)(zong)裝機容量(liang)(liang)幾百(bai)萬(wan)千瓦的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)型水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、大(da)(da)型火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)和(he)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)，促(cu)進了超高(gao)、特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、直流輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)發展。1935年，美(mei)國(guo)首(shou)次將輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)從(cong)110～220千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)提高(gao)到(dao)(dao)287千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)，出現了超高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)。1952年，瑞(rui)典建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)二分裂導線的(de)(de)(de)380千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)超高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)。1959年，蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)500千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)，長850千米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)三分裂導線輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)。1965～1969年，加拿大(da)(da)、蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)和(he)美(mei)國(guo)先后建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)735 、750和(he)765千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)線路(lu)(lu)。1985年，蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)首(shou)次建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)1150 千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離890千米(mi)(mi)，美(mei)國(guo)正研究1100千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)和(he)1500千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，意大(da)(da)利(li)研究1000千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，日本建(jian)設250千米(mi)(mi)長1000千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)線路(lu)(lu)。高(gao)壓(ya)直流輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)（HVDC），瑞(rui)典、美(mei)國(guo)、蘇(su)(su)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)分別采用±100、±450 、±750千伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，后者輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離2414千米(mi)(mi)，輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)600萬(wan)千瓦。到(dao)(dao)1985年，全(quan)世界已有18個國(guo)家、32個直流輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)投運，總(zong)(zong)輸(shu)(shu)送容量(liang)(liang)2000萬(wan)千瓦。

中國電力發展階段

一(yi)、第一(yi)階段計劃經濟時期（1949-1978年）

自1949年到1978年，中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)力(li)歷史分別有燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)、電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)、水(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部(bu)三個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)。在燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)部(bu)與(yu)電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部(bu)階(jie)段(duan)，電(dian)力(li)管(guan)理執行(xing)集中(zhong)管(guan)理的方法；時至水(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部(bu)，電(dian)力(li)與(yu)水(shui)利又經歷了分散與(yu)集中(zhong)各兩次不同管(guan)理，卻始(shi)終擺脫不了一個(ge)魔咒-----一分就亂(luan)，一收(shou)就危。

1、燃料工業部(bu)時期(qi)（1949-1955年）。建(jian)國后，在中(zhong)央領導下，電(dian)力(li)實(shi)行(xing)集中(zhong)管(guan)制(zhi)與統一調控。成立了電(dian)力(li)工業部(bu)。但是當時的電(dian)力(li)工業部(bu)只能直接(jie)管(guan)理少(shao)數電(dian)廠，大部(bu)分(fen)電(dian)廠都實(shi)行(xing)軍官。有地方各(ge)大軍區管(guan)理。

1950年(nian)左右(you)，各地軍管電(dian)廠逐步將權力(li)回(hui)歸到電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部。電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)部成立六大區(qu)域電(dian)力(li)管理部門，對電(dian)力(li)集中壟斷垂直管理，政企合一。

2、電(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)部(bu)(bu)時期（1955年(nian)(nian)-1958年(nian)(nian)）。1955年(nian)(nian)7月，全國人大一致通過撤銷老燃料工業(ye)部(bu)(bu)，成(cheng)立煤(mei)炭、電(dian)力(li)(li)、石油(you)工業(ye)部(bu)(bu)。電(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)部(bu)(bu)成(cheng)立以后，各地(di)(di)方成(cheng)立輔(fu)助機構(gou)。加強管理體制。并將水利部(bu)(bu)門的一些權力(li)(li)集中過來。從而形(xing)成(cheng)中央跟地(di)(di)方雙重領導(dao)的格局。

3、水利(li)電(dian)(dian)力部(bu)時期（1958-1966年(nian)）。1958年(nian)黨中央召開會議(yi)，定了調調。要大力發展(zhan)(zhan)水利(li)工程。在(zai)長期發展(zhan)(zhan)來看，認為(wei)水利(li)比電(dian)(dian)力還要重要。于是順乎(hu)時勢，將水利(li)部(bu)與電(dian)(dian)力部(bu)合并為(wei)電(dian)(dian)力工業部(bu)。

4、"文化大(da)革(ge)命"時期(qi)（1966年-1978年）。1966年"文化大(da)革(ge)命"開(kai)始(shi)后，水(shui)(shui)利(li)電(dian)力部(bu)再次實行(xing)軍管，電(dian)力管理(li)權(quan)(quan)力再一次落入地(di)方(fang)手中(zhong)。1970年，軍官結(jie)束。水(shui)(shui)利(li)電(dian)力部(bu)有(you)革(ge)命委員會(hui)領(ling)導(dao)。1975年革(ge)委會(hui)結(jie)束領(ling)導(dao)，權(quan)(quan)力再一次恢(hui)復到水(shui)(shui)利(li)電(dian)力部(bu)。

文革對電力造成的破(po)壞(huai)應驗了一放(fang)就亂(luan)的魔咒。對中國電力工業(ye)近乎(hu)造成了不可逆(ni)轉的傷害。

1975年水利(li)電力(li)部(bu)恢復后，周總理提出加(jia)快(kuai)發展電力(li)工(gong)業(ye)的倡導。為祖國電力(li)事業(ye)撥亂反(fan)正，從此(ci)電力(li)工(gong)業(ye)再次集中的中央。

二(er)、第二(er)階段，摸著石頭過河（1979-1997年）

從1978年黨(dang)的(de)十一屆三(san)中全(quan)會以后(hou)，中國(guo)的(de)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)進入了改(gai)革(ge)探(tan)索時(shi)期(qi)。在此期(qi)間(jian)中央電力(li)(li)管理部門又經過(guo)四(si)次變更(geng)，即第二次成(cheng)立(li)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部，第二次成(cheng)立(li)水利電力(li)(li)部，成(cheng)立(li)能(neng)源部，最(zui)后(hou)第三(san)次成(cheng)立(li)電力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部。在電力(li)(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)管理體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)方面(mian)。曾(ceng)研究過(guo)全(quan)面(mian)包干(gan)經濟責任(ren)制(zhi)，簡政放權、自負盈虧、以電養電等方案(an)，最(zui)后(hou)成(cheng)立(li)了華(hua)能(neng)集(ji)團(tuan)公司及各大區(qu)的(de)電力(li)(li)集(ji)團(tuan)公司，這(zhe)一時(shi)期(qi)的(de)電力(li)(li)改(gai)革(ge)朝(chao)著國(guo)務院(yuan)提出的(de)"政企分(fen)開，省(sheng)為實(shi)體(ti)，聯(lian)合電網，統一調(diao)度，集(ji)資(zi)辦(ban)電"的(de)電力(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)原則進行。

1、第二(er)次成(cheng)立電(dian)力(li)工業部(bu)(bu)（1979-1982年）1979年2月，國務(wu)院決定撤消水(shui)利電(dian)力(li)部(bu)(bu)，成(cheng)立電(dian)力(li)工業部(bu)(bu)和(he)水(shui)利部(bu)(bu)，這是我國第二(er)次成(cheng)立電(dian)力(li)工業部(bu)(bu)。

2、第二(er)次(ci)(ci)成立水利電(dian)(dian)力部（1982-1988年）1982年3月，五(wu)屆四(si)次(ci)(ci)全國人民(min)代(dai)表大會(hui)再(zai)次(ci)(ci)將水利、電(dian)(dian)力兩部合(he)(he)并(bing)成立水利電(dian)(dian)力部。這次(ci)(ci)合(he)(he)并(bing)之后，接受以往的(de)經驗教(jiao)訓，繼續沿(yan)著電(dian)(dian)力工業集(ji)中統(tong)一的(de)方向發展。

在水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)期(qi)間，黨(dang)中央、國(guo)務院(yuan)十分(fen)(fen)重視(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)改革和發展，1986年5月(yue)(yue)國(guo)務院(yuan)召開(kai)(kai)會議研究電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革問題(ti)，6月(yue)(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革小組提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)《加快電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展的(de)改革方案（草案）》的(de)報告，提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)五(wu)項改革措施和五(wu)項政(zheng)策。1987年9月(yue)(yue)14日(ri)(ri)，李鵬副總理(li)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革的(de)原則(ze)是："政(zheng)企分(fen)(fen)開(kai)(kai)，省(sheng)為實體(ti)，聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，統一調(diao)度，集資辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)”和因地制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜的(de)方針。在此之前，水利電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)曾提(ti)(ti)出(chu)(chu)全面包(bao)干的(de)經濟責任制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，簡政(zheng)放權(quan)以及自負盈虧、以電(dian)(dian)(dian)養電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)建議。1988年7月(yue)(yue)1日(ri)(ri)起(qi)進(jin)行(xing)華(hua)東(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革試(shi)點(dian)，分(fen)(fen)別成立華(hua)東(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)聯合公(gong)司和上海市、江(jiang)蘇(su)省(sheng)、浙江(jiang)省(sheng)、安徽省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)司，同時保留華(hua)東(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)局和省(sheng)（市）電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)局名稱，實行(xing)雙軌制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運行(xing)，以創造條件實現政(zheng)企分(fen)(fen)開(kai)(kai)。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)和電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，需(xu)要(yao)有(you)相(xiang)應的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)相(xiang)配套，在這段時間里，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)建(jian)設(she)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)體(ti)制(zhi)最大的(de)變化是(shi)由撥款改(gai)為貸款；由于電(dian)(dian)價嚴(yan)重偏低(di)(di)，為了(le)(le)解決(jue)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)不足(zu)，主要(yao)采取了(le)(le)建(jian)立電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)建(jian)設(she)基金(jin)、賣用(yong)電(dian)(dian)權(quan)和集資(zi)(zi)(zi)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)等辦(ban)法(fa)。為節約投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)建(jian)設(she)中普通開展(zhan)了(le)(le)降低(di)(di)造價，縮短建(jian)設(she)周(zhou)期；基本建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)包(bao)干責(ze)任制(zhi)和招投(tou)(tou)標(biao)制(zhi)度。為彌(mi)補投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)不足(zu)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業還(huan)率先利用(yong)外(wai)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，成(cheng)立華能國際(ji)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)開發(fa)公司；發(fa)行電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)建(jian)設(she)債券和適當提高電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)折舊。這些措(cuo)施打破了(le)(le)獨家(jia)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)的(de)局(ju)(ju)面，出現了(le)(le)多(duo)渠道、多(duo)元(yuan)化投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)的(de)局(ju)(ju)面，加快(kuai)了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。

3、能源部時(shi)期(qi)（1988-1993年）

1988年5月，七屆一次(ci)全國(guo)(guo)人民代表大會決定，撤消水利電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)，把電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理(li)工作并入(ru)新成(cheng)立(li)的能源部(bu)，能源部(bu)承擔(dan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)政和企業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理(li)職能。1988年5月22日，能源部(bu)正(zheng)式成(cheng)立(li)，同年12月成(cheng)立(li)中國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)企業(ye)(ye)聯合會，在(zai)網省電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)局、電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)局的基礎上(shang)成(cheng)立(li)電(dian)(dian)力(li)集團(tuan)公司和省電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司。由此，實(shi)現了電(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)(ye)的行(xing)政管(guan)理(li)、企業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理(li)和行(xing)業(ye)(ye)自律性管(guan)理(li)職能的初步分(fen)開(kai)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制改革中邁出了堅實(shi)的一步。

最早組(zu)(zu)建的(de)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)是(shi)全民所有制的(de)實(shi)業(ye)(ye)、金融、貿易、科(ke)技(ji)和服務相結(jie)合的(de)多功能(neng)、綜(zong)合性的(de)企業(ye)(ye)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)。是(shi)由(you)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際電(dian)力(li)開發公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)發電(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)精煤公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)原材料(liao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)（華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)）工(gong)程技(ji)術開發公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)科(ke)技(ji)發展公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)金融公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)綜(zong)合利用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)能(neng)實(shi)業(ye)(ye)開發服務公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)等九個(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)以及原水(shui)電(dian)部(bu)歸口管(guan)理的(de)華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)技(ji)術開發公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)綜(zong)合利用(yong)開發公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)工(gong)程建設公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)、華(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)南方（集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)）等四個(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)基礎上聯(lian)合組(zu)(zu)建的(de)。這個(ge)(ge)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)由(you)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)部(bu)與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家計委共同(tong)管(guan)理，以能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)部(bu)為主(zhu)，是(shi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)力(li)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)1988年組(zu)(zu)建的(de)第一個(ge)(ge)集(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)。

大區和(he)(he)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)化改(gai)(gai)(gai)組分兩步進行(xing)。第一步是從(cong)1988年(nian)開(kai)始到1990年(nian)止，將大區電(dian)(dian)業管(guan)理(li)(li)局改(gai)(gai)(gai)組為(wei)聯合電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，將省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業局改(gai)(gai)(gai)組為(wei)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)。國(guo)務(wu)院電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業管(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)制改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)方(fang)案明確規定：省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)和(he)(he)聯合電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)都是獨立(li)核算、自負盈虧(kui)的(de)(de)實(shi)體(ti)，具(ju)有法(fa)人(ren)地位(wei)。電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)各發(fa)供電(dian)(dian)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)資產關系不變。聯合電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)由(you)能(neng)源部歸口管(guan)理(li)(li)，在國(guo)家計(ji)劃中實(shi)行(xing)單(dan)列。非跨省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)局，要(yao)逐步改(gai)(gai)(gai)建為(wei)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，獨立(li)經營，由(you)能(neng)源部和(he)(he)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)民政府雙(shuang)重領導，并接受委托行(xing)使所在地區電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業行(xing)業管(guan)理(li)(li)職能(neng)。改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)方(fang)案要(yao)求各公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)要(yao)落實(shi)，健全各種形式的(de)(de)承包(bao)經營責任(ren)制，逐步實(shi)行(xing)股(gu)份制，采用售電(dian)(dian)量和(he)(he)物質消耗(hao)工資含(han)量包(bao)干辦(ban)法(fa)。獨立(li)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)均可獨立(li)核算，與電(dian)(dian)網(wang)訂(ding)立(li)經濟合同，接受電(dian)(dian)網(wang)統(tong)一調度，非獨立(li)電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)按現行(xing)規定執行(xing)。這項(xiang)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)到1990年(nian)6月基本完成。

第二步(bu)是(shi)1991年(nian)底到1993年(nian)初，組建(jian)大(da)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)。1991年(nian)12月14日(ri)(ri)國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)批準(zhun)的(de)第一批試點(dian)的(de)55個大(da)型企業集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)中(zhong)(zhong)，能源部(bu)有(you)7個，其中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)占6個，即華(hua)能集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、東(dong)北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)東(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)、華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)和(he)西北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)，全部(bu)都是(shi)跨地區(qu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)企業集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)公司(si)。1992年(nian)10月10日(ri)(ri)，能源部(bu)向國(guo)家(jia)計(ji)委、國(guo)家(jia)體改委、國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)經貿辦(ban)上報關于同意組建(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)東(dong)北(bei)、華(hua)東(dong)、華(hua)北(bei)、華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)的(de)函，隨(sui)后(hou)又報送(song)了同意組建(jian)西北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)的(de)函，經批準(zhun)后(hou)，于1993年(nian)1月11日(ri)(ri)華(hua)北(bei)、東(dong)北(bei)、華(hua)東(dong)、華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)、西北(bei)五大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)宣(xuan)告成立。

4、第三(san)次成立(li)電(dian)力工業部（1993-1997年）

1993年3月，八屆第一(yi)次全(quan)國人民代(dai)表大會通過(guo)決(jue)議，撤消能(neng)源部(bu)(bu)，第三(san)次成立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業部(bu)(bu)。國務院批準的(de)(de)(de)組建(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)指導思(si)想是(shi)(shi)："政(zheng)(zheng)企(qi)職(zhi)責分開，大力(li)(li)簡(jian)政(zheng)(zheng)放權，由部(bu)(bu)門(men)管(guan)(guan)理(li)轉向(xiang)行(xing)業管(guan)(guan)理(li)，加強(qiang)規劃、協調、監督、服務職(zhi)能(neng)；精簡(jian)內設機構和編制(zhi)，合理(li)配置(zhi)職(zhi)能(neng)，提高宏觀(guan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)水平；實事求是(shi)(shi)，平穩過(guo)渡，合理(li)分流富裕人員。"要(yao)(yao)求在堅持(chi)"政(zheng)(zheng)企(qi)分開，省(sheng)為實體，聯合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，統一(yi)調度，集資辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)"和"因地(di)因網(wang)制(zhi)宜"的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)針指引下(xia)，下(xia)放和轉移對企(qi)業人、財、物及(ji)經營管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)能(neng)，加強(qiang)宏觀(guan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)能(neng)，由于國務院批準的(de)(de)(de)文件明確要(yao)(yao)求支持(chi)辦(ban)好五大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)集團，各電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)局和省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局仍(reng)維持(chi)現行(xing)體制(zhi)，所以(yi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業部(bu)(bu)時期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業體制(zhi)改革沒有(you)顯著的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業部成立后，繼續保(bao)留中(zhong)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力企業聯合會，作為(wei)全國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力企業、事業電(dian)(dian)(dian)位的聯合組織，其性質不變(bian)，由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部歸口管理。華(hua)能集團實行以電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部為(wei)主(zhu)與國家(jia)計委雙重領導的體制。另外，在葛洲(zhou)(zhou)壩工程局的基礎上，成立了葛洲(zhou)(zhou)壩集團公司。

為確保三峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的順利進行，1993年1月3日國務院決定成立國務院三峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)委員會，同時成立中國長江(jiang)三峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)開(kai)發總(zong)公司(si)，全面負責三峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)和(he)經營。1994年12月14日，三峽(xia)(xia)工(gong)程(cheng)正式開(kai)工(gong)建(jian)設(she)(she)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工(gong)業(ye)(ye)部成(cheng)立后(hou)，根據國家(jia)體改委等部門有關股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)試點(dian)辦法的規(gui)定，于1993年(nian)9月(yue)印發了《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業(ye)(ye)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)試點(dian)暫行規(gui)定》，規(gui)定明確電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)和發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)都(dou)可以(yi)進行股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)改造，具備條件的經主管部門同意后(hou)，可以(yi)到(dao)國（境）外(wai)(wai)發行股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)票，債券；但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司（指發、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一體的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)）實行股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份制(zhi)(zhi)應以(yi)公(gong)有制(zhi)(zhi)為主體，保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力集(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)司、省（區、市(shi)）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司在企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)中的控股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)地位。1994年(nian)8月(yue)4日，山(shan)東華(hua)能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)份有限公(gong)司股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)票在美國紐約證(zheng)券交易所掛牌(pai)上(shang)市(shi)，成(cheng)為中國首家(jia)直接去美國紐約上(shang)市(shi)的大型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)，隨后(hou)中國有一大批發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)在國內外(wai)(wai)上(shang)市(shi)。

中國(guo)電(dian)力工業經過30年碰壁，與20年摸著石頭過河，最(zui)后終于走上了(le)(le)穩(wen)定發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)道路。時至2013年，電(dian)監會又并(bing)入了(le)(le)能源局(ju)。電(dian)網已拆分(fen)為國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)網與南(nan)方電(dian)網兩家(jia)。已經走上了(le)(le)改放給市場(chang)(chang)的(de)權力放給市場(chang)(chang)，政企分(fen)離的(de)合理(li)發展(zhan)(zhan)道路。 

2015年9月中(zhong)國與伊朗簽署(shu)了(le)大宗電(dian)(dian)力和能源(yuan)合作(zuo)協(xie)議，進(jin)一(yi)步推動雙邊合作(zuo)，尤其是加強在電(dian)(dian)力和能源(yuan)領域的(de)合作(zuo)。 

2015年(nian)11月18日，中國(guo)電(dian)機工程學會(hui)發布了(le)“十三五”電(dian)力科技重大(da)技術(shu)(shu)方向研(yan)究報(bao)告，提(ti)出未來5年(nian)中國(guo)電(dian)力科技領(ling)域將(jiang)重點開展(zhan)9個(ge)重大(da)技術(shu)(shu)方向、38項關鍵技術(shu)(shu)研(yan)究工作。

相關政策

2014年(nian)中(zhong)國電力市場(chang)發展(zhan)戰略(lve)

進入21世(shi)紀以來，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)場就面(mian)臨著巨大的(de)沖擊，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)全(quan)球金(jin)融危機(ji)的(de)影響(xiang)下，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)所面(mian)對的(de)機(ji)遇和挑(tiao)戰也(ye)變得更多。為了提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)銷(xiao)量，保(bao)證企業(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)競爭中(zhong)立(li)于(yu)不敗之(zhi)地，并(bing)對企業(ye)(ye)(ye)進行(xing)具有(you)(you)前瞻性(xing)的(de)分析，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)采取有(you)(you)效(xiao)策(ce)略不斷(duan)擴(kuo)寬電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)場就顯得尤(you)為重(zhong)要(yao)。據(ju)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)洞(dong)察網了解，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部門已經逐步認識到了電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市(shi)場實現(xian)擴(kuo)大的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)意義(yi)，明(ming)確了電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)基礎(chu)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)一(yi)，并(bing)盡可能(neng)的(de)采取行(xing)之(zhi)有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)對策(ce)予(yu)以完善。

一、轉(zhuan)變(bian)思想，樹立競爭意識

企(qi)(qi)業(ye)生存的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎是(shi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)，思(si)想又是(shi)行動的(de)(de)(de)(de)先導，為了擴(kuo)(kuo)展電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)一定要(yao)轉(zhuan)變以(yi)往(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想觀(guan)念，明確(que)以(yi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)為主體的(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)策略，堅持市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導向作用。在此(ci)基(ji)礎上，企(qi)(qi)業(ye)還要(yao)樹(shu)立競(jing)爭(zheng)意(yi)(yi)識，培養效益觀(guan)念，加強市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)管理，并結合(he)黨(dang)中(zhong)央的(de)(de)(de)(de)政策規章，使企(qi)(qi)業(ye)形成良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)信譽和形象(xiang)，增強企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)凝聚力，讓(rang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)消費者信任企(qi)(qi)業(ye)，從而(er)最大限度的(de)(de)(de)(de)拓寬電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)。例(li)如(ru)，在國(guo)家提出西部(bu)大開(kai)發戰略后，云南某電(dian)力企(qi)(qi)業(ye)就立足整體，抓住機(ji)遇，樹(shu)立了競(jing)爭(zheng)意(yi)(yi)識，并不斷完善自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)形象(xiang)，在機(ji)遇面前沒有錯過，準確(que)掌握了市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)定位(wei)，擴(kuo)(kuo)寬了電(dian)力市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)，取得了巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益。

二、健全完善電力市場規章制(zhi)度

想要(yao)做好(hao)任何事情(qing)都(dou)要(yao)有健全(quan)完善的(de)規(gui)(gui)章制(zhi)度作(zuo)基(ji)礎，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)有效(xiao)擴(kuo)展(zhan)也(ye)是如(ru)此。由于以(yi)往計劃經濟體制(zhi)的(de)束縛，再(zai)加上(shang)人們思想觀念(nian)的(de)局(ju)限性(xing)(xing)，就使得我國(guo)(guo)有關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)規(gui)(gui)章制(zhi)度不夠(gou)健全(quan)。在新時(shi)期背景下，為(wei)了有效(xiao)拓(tuo)展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，黨和國(guo)(guo)家一定要(yao)健全(quan)完善相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)規(gui)(gui)章制(zhi)度，以(yi)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)法(fa)(fa)》和相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)法(fa)(fa)律為(wei)依(yi)據，結合當(dang)前的(de)具體情(qing)況予以(yi)進一步完善。具體來說(shuo)，要(yao)細化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)準入規(gui)(gui)則，明確(que)(que)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，規(gui)(gui)范(fan)企業的(de)行(xing)為(wei)，并(bing)制(zhi)定配套的(de)監督管(guan)理法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)，明確(que)(que)違法(fa)(fa)的(de)具體懲罰(fa)措施，從而(er)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)企業行(xing)為(wei)，保證(zheng)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)公開性(xing)(xing)和科學(xue)性(xing)(xing)，凈(jing)化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)，確(que)(que)保其進一步拓(tuo)展(zhan)。

三、建立(li)以(yi)用戶為核心的電力(li)市(shi)場并拓展新(xin)市(shi)場

想要(yao)增加(jia)社會用(yong)電數量(liang)，并(bing)逐(zhu)(zhu)步(bu)拓(tuo)展電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)，就要(yao)堅持供(gong)電以客戶(hu)為(wei)核(he)心，根據用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)具體(ti)需求構建電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)。首先，電力(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)要(yao)保證供(gong)電質(zhi)量(liang)，質(zhi)量(liang)是市(shi)場(chang)得以拓(tuo)寬的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)因素(su)之(zhi)一(yi)，質(zhi)量(liang)過硬(ying)，才能爭(zheng)取(qu)到更多的(de)(de)用(yong)戶(hu)；其次(ci)，在工作(zuo)的(de)(de)具體(ti)過程中，要(yao)堅持“預防(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)，安(an)全(quan)(quan)第(di)一(yi)”的(de)(de)原則(ze)，在保證電能質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)基礎上，也要(yao)確保安(an)全(quan)(quan)生產，定(ding)期對(dui)供(gong)電設施進(jin)行檢查維修(xiu)，避(bi)免出現(xian)安(an)全(quan)(quan)隱患，逐(zhu)(zhu)步(bu)提高設施的(de)(de)使用(yong)年限；最后(hou)，要(yao)完善企(qi)業(ye)(ye)自身的(de)(de)服務(wu)水(shui)平(ping)，樹立為(wei)用(yong)戶(hu)服務(wu)的(de)(de)觀念，創新服務(wu)意識，并(bing)定(ding)期對(dui)客戶(hu)進(jin)行走訪調(diao)查，了(le)解他們對(dui)電能供(gong)應的(de)(de)滿意度，從而找到企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)不足，滿足客戶(hu)需要(yao)。

眾所(suo)周(zhou)知，我國(guo)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)分(fen)配不協調(diao)，各地區(qu)(qu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)需求數量存在很大的(de)差異，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)使用的(de)中心集中在東部(bu)和東南(nan)沿(yan)海(hai)地區(qu)(qu)。想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)拓(tuo)展電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)，就(jiu)一定要(yao)(yao)打(da)破這種(zhong)不平衡(heng)的(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結構，開辟新興市場(chang)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)此，企(qi)業可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)建(jian)立跨區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)在不同(tong)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)間進(jin)行(xing)有效調(diao)節，并(bing)(bing)加(jia)大宏觀(guan)調(diao)控力度來平衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價。此外，企(qi)業也(ye)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)借鑒(jian)國(guo)外的(de)先進(jin)經驗，開展政策促銷活(huo)動，實行(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代油、以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代柴(chai)、以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)代煤等(deng)形式，并(bing)(bing)加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車、熱(re)(re)泵設備、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)(re)鍋爐等(deng)產(chan)品的(de)推廣(guang)，從(cong)而逐步增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)在市場(chang)消費中的(de)占(zhan)有率。例如，一旦進(jin)入夏季(ji)，我國(guo)長江以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)南(nan)地區(qu)(qu)使用空調(diao)的(de)數量就(jiu)會大幅提高，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況也(ye)會增加(jia)。國(guo)家針對(dui)(dui)(dui)這樣的(de)現象，對(dui)(dui)(dui)蓄冰制冷空調(diao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價方面實行(xing)了相關的(de)優惠政策，企(qi)業可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)利用這一特點逐步拓(tuo)寬市場(chang)，提高經濟效益。

四(si)、提高(gao)員工(gong)素質(zhi)能(neng)力(li)

電力市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)有效拓展(zhan)要(yao)(yao)依靠企(qi)業(ye)員工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)務(wu)能(neng)力和綜(zong)合素(su)(su)質來(lai)完成(cheng)，隨著社會主義市場(chang)經濟的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)面開放，以及現(xian)代(dai)化技術的(de)(de)(de)逐(zhu)步(bu)興起，給(gei)電力企(qi)業(ye)員工(gong)(gong)素(su)(su)質能(neng)力提(ti)出(chu)了更(geng)高的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求。想要(yao)(yao)有效拓寬電力市場(chang)，企(qi)業(ye)就一定要(yao)(yao)培養高素(su)(su)質、高能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)員工(gong)(gong)。

第(di)一(yi)，企業要(yao)(yao)提高(gao)(gao)企業人(ren)員的(de)技(ji)術水平，堅持先進設備的(de)引進，并逐(zhu)步完善(shan)他(ta)們的(de)技(ji)術能力(li)。第(di)二，堅持實施“引進來與(yu)走出去”并存的(de)發展(zhan)戰略，加強員工(gong)之間的(de)交流和合作，派遣有(you)能力(li)的(de)員工(gong)對(dui)外學(xue)習交流。第(di)三(san)，企業要(yao)(yao)定(ding)期(qi)組織人(ren)員培訓，做(zuo)好崗位選(xuan)拔工(gong)作，在保證(zheng)員工(gong)具有(you)高(gao)(gao)能力(li)的(de)基(ji)礎上，還要(yao)(yao)完善(shan)他(ta)們的(de)道德素(su)質，樹立他(ta)們為企業服務的(de)理念，從(cong)而(er)進一(yi)步拓展(zhan)電(dian)力(li)市場。 [4]

電(dian)力發展(zhan)“十三(san)五”規劃

11月7日，《電力發展“十三(san)五”規劃》發布，對我們(men)有以下指導意義(yi)。

要科(ke)學認識我國(guo)的(de)(de)電力發(fa)展空間：根據《規劃(hua)》，到2020年(nian)，我國(guo)人均裝機突破1.4千(qian)(qian)瓦，人均用(yong)電量5000千(qian)(qian)瓦時左(zuo)右，接(jie)近中等(deng)發(fa)達國(guo)家水(shui)(shui)平(ping)。電力在能源(yuan)中的(de)(de)比重應該(gai)越來(lai)越大，也就是能源(yuan)要走向電氣(qi)化(hua)，特別在終(zhong)端能源(yuan)中，以(yi)電的(de)(de)形式用(yong)能比重要提(ti)高，而非電的(de)(de)形式如(ru)直接(jie)燃煤等(deng)則不斷(duan)減少。《規劃(hua)》提(ti)出的(de)(de)2020年(nian)人均用(yong)電量5000千(qian)(qian)瓦時左(zuo)右與2020年(nian)GDP水(shui)(shui)平(ping)相適應，今(jin)后還有一定的(de)(de)發(fa)展空間。

未來煤電(dian)(dian)發(fa)展(zhan)應趨嚴：在經濟新(xin)常(chang)態下，能(neng)源(yuan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)進入新(xin)常(chang)態，表現是能(neng)源(yuan)隨著經濟的(de)(de)增(zeng)長(chang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)在增(zeng)長(chang)，但增(zeng)長(chang)速度趨緩(huan)。我(wo)們要(yao)認識到，可再生能(neng)源(yuan)、核電(dian)(dian)以(yi)及天然氣(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)等低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力的(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)高，應該能(neng)滿足新(xin)常(chang)態下電(dian)(dian)力增(zeng)長(chang)的(de)(de)需求。退一步(bu)而(er)言，假(jia)若低碳(tan)能(neng)源(yuan)能(neng)力不(bu)足，仍需增(zeng)加煤電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)，提(ti)(ti)升煤電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)小(xiao)時數也(ye)(ye)(ye)能(neng)做到。

把儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術基礎研(yan)究做扎實(shi)：儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術在能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)科(ke)技上堪(kan)稱顛(dian)覆性的(de)(de)(de)(de)且(qie)是占領戰略制高(gao)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術。儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術如(ru)果在未來有(you)實(shi)質性的(de)(de)(de)(de)進展，就可以有(you)效(xiao)解決棄風、棄光(guang)甚(shen)至棄水的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。要使間歇式的(de)(de)(de)(de)可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)實(shi)現規模(mo)化發展，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是關鍵，而(er)且(qie)高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)、高(gao)密度的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)非常(chang)利于(yu)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)汽車(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。另外，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)對(dui)微網建設也至關重(zhong)要。至此，我們應(ying)該充分認識(shi)到：儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是可以實(shi)現多方面用途的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術。

清(qing)潔、低碳(tan)、綠色(se)是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)輪變革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)：“十二(er)五”期間(jian)我(wo)國(guo)提(ti)出(chu)了(le)能(neng)(neng)源革(ge)(ge)(ge)命，經過(guo)兩(liang)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)，能(neng)(neng)源革(ge)(ge)(ge)命已經取得了(le)重(zhong)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進展(zhan)。因此，“十三五”將在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)基礎(chu)之上(shang)不斷推進能(neng)(neng)源領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)變革(ge)(ge)(ge)，基本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)就是(shi)(shi)使(shi)能(neng)(neng)源更加(jia)清(qing)潔、綠色(se)、低碳(tan)。而(er)且，這(zhe)一(yi)變革(ge)(ge)(ge)不僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)發展(zhan)到現階段(duan)提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必然(ran)要求(qiu)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)全(quan)球(qiu)能(neng)(neng)源變革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。在(zai)我(wo)看(kan)來(lai)，電力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔、低碳(tan)、綠色(se)包含兩(liang)層(ceng)含義(yi)：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)煤(mei)電的(de)(de)(de)(de)清(qing)潔化利(li)用和改造；二(er)是(shi)(shi)盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)多地增(zeng)加(jia)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源發電量(liang)。總體(ti)而(er)言，對(dui)煤(mei)炭(tan)進行清(qing)潔化利(li)用是(shi)(shi)較低層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案，更高層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案是(shi)(shi)發展(zhan)綠色(se)低碳(tan)能(neng)(neng)源替代煤(mei)炭(tan)。不過(guo)，從較低層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)(ci)轉向(xiang)(xiang)更高層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)(ci)需要一(yi)個過(guo)程，這(zhe)中間(jian)需要適度增(zeng)加(jia)天然(ran)氣發電來(lai)作為過(guo)渡，再發展(zhan)到大(da)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源，逐步形成綠色(se)低碳(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源體(ti)系(xi)。

碳(tan)(tan)排放(fang)將(jiang)成為重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)標：碳(tan)(tan)排放(fang)將(jiang)成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行業一(yi)個很重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)標。《規劃》中提出(chu)了煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)二氧化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)排放(fang)強度(du)降至865克/千瓦時的(de)(de)(de)目標。此外(wai)，《“十三五”控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)溫室氣體(ti)排放(fang)工作方案》里也提到(dao)，到(dao)2020年(nian)(nian)，大(da)(da)型發電(dian)(dian)(dian)集(ji)團單(dan)位(wei)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)二氧化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)排放(fang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在550克二氧化(hua)碳(tan)(tan)/千瓦時以內。這(zhe)意味(wei)著我國(guo)一(yi)大(da)(da)部分發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業的(de)(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)比例不能超過50%，這(zhe)個要(yao)(yao)求是很高的(de)(de)(de)。總體(ti)來看(kan)，五大(da)(da)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)集(ji)團由于近年(nian)(nian)來已經在大(da)(da)力(li)(li)布局(ju)可再生能源(yuan)，要(yao)(yao)完成這(zhe)個任(ren)務基(ji)本沒有太大(da)(da)難(nan)度(du)，但(dan)一(yi)些地方電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公司可能就壓力(li)(li)比較(jiao)大(da)(da)。如果完不成，到(dao)時候就要(yao)(yao)通過購(gou)買碳(tan)(tan)指(zhi)標、參(can)與碳(tan)(tan)交(jiao)易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)方式來完成任(ren)務。

電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代是時代進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)體現：《規劃》重點(dian)提(ti)(ti)到(dao)，到(dao)2020年電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)占終(zhong)端(duan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)費(fei)比(bi)重要(yao)提(ti)(ti)升至(zhi)27%。一(yi)方面(mian)，燃(ran)燒煤炭、石油是造(zao)成大(da)氣(qi)污染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)因(yin)素，尤(you)其散(san)煤燃(ran)燒危害(hai)更大(da)。每噸(dun)散(san)煤燃(ran)燒排放的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染(ran)物是火(huo)電(dian)(dian)燃(ran)煤排放的(de)(de)(de)(de)5~10倍，對大(da)氣(qi)污染(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢獻(xian)率高達50%左(zuo)右(you)。另一(yi)方面(mian)，天然(ran)氣(qi)雖(sui)然(ran)較煤炭而言更為清(qing)潔，但它在(zai)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)過程中也會釋放一(yi)部分氮氧化物，氮氧化物也是形成灰霾(mai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)原因(yin)之一(yi)。因(yin)此，提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)終(zhong)端(duan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，對防治大(da)氣(qi)污染(ran)確實(shi)(shi)大(da)有裨益。另外，電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代不僅僅是一(yi)個(ge)提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)(dian)力在(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)費(fei)終(zhong)端(duan)比(bi)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，更是時代進(jin)步的(de)(de)(de)(de)體現。從發達國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)終(zhong)端(duan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)來看，電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)占比(bi)也非常(chang)高。我國(guo)要(yao)進(jin)入現代化社會，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源系(xi)統、用(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)方式也要(yao)和發達國(guo)家接近(jin)。“十(shi)一(yi)五”、“十(shi)二五”時期，我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)精力是解決(jue)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)問題(ti)，電(dian)(dian)力已經做到(dao)了寬裕，這個(ge)時候提(ti)(ti)出大(da)規模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)替(ti)代也具備現實(shi)(shi)基礎。