劍(jian)舞一名“劍(jian)器舞”亦稱(cheng)“黃倡郎舞”。舞時由四(si)人頭(tou)戴(dai)戰笠身(shen)穿戰服,腰(yao)(yao)纏錢帶對舞,劍(jian)置于舞臺(tai)上(shang)。每兩人東西相對,先跳(tiao)序舞,后彎腰(yao)(yao)拾劍(jian),右(you)手先握,后轉至左手,徐徐站起,揮劍(jian)起舞,還(huan)步推向高潮。整個舞蹈在“燕風臺(tai)舞”(往前后彎腰(yao)(yao)并飛速轉動身(shen)體(ti)的(de)動作)的(de)旋轉中結束。雖說(shuo)是舞劍(jian),卻沒有殺(sha)氣騰騰的(de)氣氛,舞者那端莊、悠然的(de)表(biao)演(yan)給人以美的(de)享(xiang)受。
劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)又稱劍(jian)(jian)(jian)器舞(wu)(wu)(wu),短(duan)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)柄與(yu)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)體(ti)之間有活動(dong)裝置,表演者(zhe)可自由甩動(dong)、旋轉短(duan)劍(jian)(jian)(jian),使其發出有規律的(de)音響,與(yu)優美的(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)姿相輔相成(cheng),造成(cheng)一(yi)種(zhong)戰斗氣氛。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈節奏為“打令”。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)原(yuan)為男性舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈,經長(chang)期流傳(chuan),逐(zhu)漸演變成(cheng)為一(yi)種(zhong)緩慢、典(dian)雅的(de)女性舞(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈。其種(zhong)類(lei)較多,一(yi)般為4人(ren)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)。還有一(yi)種(zhong)由流浪藝人(ren)流傳(chuan)下來的(de)少年劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu),其風(feng)格似武術,具有戰斗性。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)姿矯(jiao)(jiao)健(jian)而(er)奇(qi)妙,杜甫《觀公(gong)孫(sun)大娘弟(di)子舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)器行》描繪此(ci)舞(wu)(wu)(wu):“燿(yao)如(ru)羿(yi)射九日落,矯(jiao)(jiao)如(ru)群帝驂龍翔(xiang)。來如(ru)雷霆收震怒,罷如(ru)江海凝(ning)清(qing)光。”一(yi)說(shuo)(shuo),舞(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)僅是“雄裝,空手而(er)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”;一(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)器類(lei)似流星,即(ji)兩個(ge)圓鐵球系(xi)以丈余彩(cai)帛之類(lei)。亦(yi)有人(ren)認(ren)為劍(jian)(jian)(jian)器是雙劍(jian)(jian)(jian)。但晚唐、宋代(dai)的(de)《劍(jian)(jian)(jian)器舞(wu)(wu)(wu)》確是舞(wu)(wu)(wu)劍(jian)(jian)(jian),宋代(dai)大曲隊舞(wu)(wu)(wu)即(ji)稱為《劍(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)》,舞(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)還有擊刺動(dong)作。
晚(wan)唐(tang)時(shi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)具除劍(jian)(jian)外還有(you)旗幟、火炬(ju)。《劍(jian)(jian)器(qi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》原為(wei)獨舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),晚(wan)唐(tang)時(shi)已是群舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),至宋發展為(wei)宮廷隊舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),按(an)大(da)(da)曲形式演、奏,即(ji)有(you)勾念、自念、對答、歌舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng),演者輪流出(chu)場,并有(you)“鴻門宴”、公孫大(da)(da)娘舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)劍(jian)(jian)、張旭(xu)等(deng)一類簡單(dan)的故事情節(jie)。也(ye)有(you)男(nan)女對舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。大(da)(da)曲中的歌辭(ci),有(you)《劍(jian)(jian)器(qi)曲破》和《霜天(tian)曉角》兩種(zhong)。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)民間舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)。歷史悠久,漢(han)唐(tang)時代(dai)(dai)最為流(liu)(liu)行。由于劍(jian)(jian)術(shu)動(dong)作英武、韻(yun)律優美,自古就有(you)搏擊(ji)、健身和抒情(qing)表演的功能(neng);不僅有(you)長(chang)(chang)劍(jian)(jian)之(zhi)舞(wu)(wu),還有(you)短(duan)劍(jian)(jian)之(zhi)戲(百(bai)戲中(zhong)(zhong)的跳劍(jian)(jian)弄(nong)丸)。據《孔(kong)子家語》記載,子路(lu)戎裝見(jian)孔(kong)丘時,曾拔劍(jian)(jian)起舞(wu)(wu);《史記·項(xiang)羽本紀》中(zhong)(zhong)也記載了在(zai)鴻門宴(yan)上,項(xiang)伯與項(xiang)莊(zhuang)對舞(wu)(wu)長(chang)(chang)劍(jian)(jian)的故事。四川漢(han)畫(hua)(hua)像磚有(you)長(chang)(chang)劍(jian)(jian)獨舞(wu)(wu)的畫(hua)(hua)面,山東嘉(jia)祥秋胡山的漢(han)畫(hua)(hua)像磚上有(you)兩人擊(ji)劍(jian)(jian)對舞(wu)(wu)的場面。這些足證(zheng)劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)在(zai)漢(han)代(dai)(dai)已很流(liu)(liu)行。 漢(han)以后,劍(jian)(jian)作為兵(bing)器(qi),漸漸被長(chang)(chang)兵(bing)器(qi)所(suo)代(dai)(dai)替。劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)作為健身和抒情(qing)的技藝(yi),有(you)了很大的發展。到了唐(tang)代(dai)(dai),劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)的流(liu)(liu)行更為廣泛,而且(qie)水平極高(gao)。
著名詩(shi)人(ren)李(li)白、岑參等都有十分雄(xiong)渾悲壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)詩(shi)句描(miao)寫自己以劍舞(wu)抒情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)景。其(qi)中杜(du)甫(fu)的(de)(de)《觀公(gong)(gong)孫大(da)娘(niang)弟子舞(wu)劍器(qi)行(xing)》一詩(shi),千百年來,更(geng)是膾炙人(ren)口(kou),我們從(cong)這首詩(shi)中能窺(kui)見(jian)劍舞(wu)的(de)(de)神采和氣派:“來如雷霆(ting)收震怒,罷如江海凝青光。”而且劍舞(wu)對其(qi)他姊妹藝術(shu)也有很大(da)影響(xiang),據說(shuo)書法家張旭(xu)看了公(gong)(gong)孫大(da)娘(niang)的(de)(de)劍舞(wu),草書大(da)進(jin),畫家吳(wu)道子看了裴將軍的(de)(de)劍舞(wu),“揮毫益進(jin)”。
古代的(de)劍(jian)(jian)器是(shi)權力和地位的(de)象(xiang)征,劍(jian)(jian)器是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)高貴、榮耀的(de)器具。人(ren)們逐漸(jian)認識到(dao)劍(jian)(jian)對(dui)于(yu)強壯身(shen)體的(de)重要作用(yong),后(hou)來也就(jiu)演(yan)變發展成(cheng)鍛煉身(shen)體的(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)手段(duan)——武術(shu)中(zhong)的(de)劍(jian)(jian)術(shu)。練(lian)(lian)劍(jian)(jian)家們在習(xi)武練(lian)(lian)劍(jian)(jian)中(zhong),又(you)(you)把劍(jian)(jian)作為(wei)一種(zhong)(zhong)抒(shu)發感(gan)(gan)情、表達心意(yi)的(de)工具,所以古人(ren)有“舞(wu)以達歡”、“舞(wu)以盡意(yi)”之(zhi)說,又(you)(you)有“詩、書、畫、劍(jian)(jian)、琴、棋”之(zhi)談,劍(jian)(jian)已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)人(ren)們有文化(hua)素養(yang)的(de)標(biao)志之(zhi)一。劍(jian)(jian)舞(wu)起(qi)來應該是(shi)龍形(xing)虎步(bu)(bu),游(you)龍戲鳳。龍形(xing)是(shi)指身(shen)法(fa)(fa)(fa),虎步(bu)(bu)是(shi)批步(bu)(bu)法(fa)(fa)(fa),游(you)龍指的(de)劍(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)(fa),戲鳳則指手腕(wan)。通(tong)(tong)過帥、柔、矯、脆的(de)造型(xing)和力量,使得“手眼(yan)身(shen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)步(bu)(bu)”高度(du)協調,令人(ren)賞心悅(yue)目,達到(dao)美的(de)享受(shou)。身(shen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)劍(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)訓(xun)練(lian)(lian)的(de)基礎,感(gan)(gan)受(shou)劍(jian)(jian)的(de)協調性是(shi)以身(shen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)為(wei)主的(de)這一基本規律。通(tong)(tong)過練(lian)(lian)習(xi)使學(xue)生初(chu)步(bu)(bu)掌握和感(gan)(gan)受(shou)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)不同劍(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)特點(dian)及力流,逐步(bu)(bu)體會身(shen)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、劍(jian)(jian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、步(bu)(bu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)三者(zhe)的(de)協調規律。
劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)單(dan)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、雙劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)刀型短劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之分(fen)。單(dan)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一般(ban)都帶有(you)(you)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)穗(sui),劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)穗(sui)又(you)有(you)(you)長短之分(fen),長的(de)(de)達1米。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)動起來,劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與(yu)穗(sui)剛柔(rou)相(xiang)濟,變(bian)化多(duo)端,使劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)生色不(bu)少。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姿瀟灑英武(wu),形式絢麗多(duo)彩,從動作(zuo)變(bian)化上看,大體可分(fen)為“站(zhan)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”和(he)“行(xing)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”兩大類。“站(zhan)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”動作(zuo)迅速敏捷,靜止時姿態沉穩(wen)利爽,富有(you)(you)雕塑感;“行(xing)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”動作(zuo)連綿不(bu)斷,如(ru)長虹(hong)游龍(long),首尾相(xiang)繼(ji),又(you)如(ru)行(xing)云流(liu)水,均勻而有(you)(you)韌(ren)性(xing)。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)音樂(le)基本上以“打(da)鈴”節(jie)奏的(de)(de)曲調貫串始終,并(bing)與(yu)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)聲(sheng)相(xiang)諧。民間的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)戰斗性(xing)較強,熟練的(de)(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)術表演(yan)令人眼花繚亂(luan)。流(liu)浪藝人(寺黨)的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈中(zhong)出有(you)(you)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),一般(ban)由少年表演(yan)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)有(you)(you)較多(duo)的(de)(de)武(wu)術技巧成(cheng)分(fen)。
唐(tang)代(dai)是(shi)中國藝(yi)術(shu)史(shi)上(shang)百花怒放(fang)的(de)一個極(ji)盛時期。僅以舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)而言.當(dang)時作(zuo)品不少、名(ming)流甚多。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)家(jia)們以他(她(ta))們的(de)高超舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)技和精湛表(biao)演,活躍于大(da)唐(tang)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)臺之上(shang),馳名(ming)于中國之外(wai)。他們為中國舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)史(shi)冊,譜寫了光輝的(de)篇(pian)章,給后世舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)發展(zhan),以巨大(da)的(de)影(ying)響。唐(tang)玄宗開元年間的(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)家(jia)公孫(sun)大(da)娘(niang),就(jiu)是(shi)其(qi)中的(de)一個。公孫(sun)大(da)娘(niang),經常表(biao)演的(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)有《鄰里曲》、《裴將軍》、《滿堂勢(shi)》和《霓裳羽衣舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》等。但最拿手、影(ying)響最大(da)的(de),還是(shi)她(ta)的(de)《劍(jian)器(qi)渾(hun)脫舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)》。何為劍(jian)器(qi)渾(hun)脫。劍(jian)器(qi),當(dang)時武舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)曲,亦即健(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)曲(與健(jian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)相(xiang)對的(de)還有“軟舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者執劍(jian)而舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(一說舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雙劍(jian)),表(biao)現雄(xiong)(xiong)武、戰斗的(de)勢(shi)態(tai),似為獨(du)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。其(qi)衣服、音樂也有記(ji)載:“舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)衣五色,曲中呂宮(gong)”,“女伎(ji)作(zuo)雄(xiong)(xiong)裝”,用(yong)西涼(liang)樂伴奏。渾(hun)脫,亦屬(shu)武舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)態(tai)跟劍(jian)器(qi)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)一樣壯觀(guan)。劍(jian)器(qi)與渾(hun)脫合起(qi)來的(de)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)就(jiu)叫“劍(jian)器(qi)渾(hun)脫舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)“。究竟這種舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)表(biao)演起(qi)來是(shi)個什么樣子,而今已無緣一看了。幸喜有一些史(shi)載作(zuo)注,詩文(wen)作(zuo)釋,墓俑作(zuo)證,人(ren)們還可以順其(qi)筆跡,旁觀(guan)遠視。這也是(shi)一種難(nan)得的(de)藝(yi)術(shu)享受(shou)啊(a)。
詩(shi)(shi)人(ren)杜(du)甫小時(shi)候就看過公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)的(de)《劍(jian)器渾脫(tuo)舞(wu)》,老年時(shi)也(ye)(ye)看過公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)的(de)弟子李十(shi)二娘(niang)(niang)的(de)同名舞(wu)。他(ta)在《觀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)弟子舞(wu)劍(jian)器行》一詩(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)“序”中(zhong),對公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)舞(wu)劍(jian)器渾脫(tuo),作了(le)真實的(de)記載和(he)(he)生動(dong)的(de)描(miao)繪。他(ta)以(yi)“淋漓頓(dun)挫,獨出冠時(shi)”和(he)(he)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)劍(jian)器初第(di)一”等語,給(gei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)以(yi)極高的(de)評價(jia)。“昔(xi)有佳人(ren)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏,一舞(wu)劍(jian)器動(dong)四(si)方。觀者如(ru)山色沮喪(sang),天地為之(zhi)久低昂。一如(ru)羿射(she)九日(ri)落(luo),矯(jiao)如(ru)群帝驂龍(long)翔。來(lai)如(ru)雷霆收(shou)震(zhen)怒,罷如(ru)江海凝清(qing)光。”這(zhe)是(shi)杜(du)甫追(zhui)述(shu)、描(miao)繪公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)舞(wu)劍(jian)器的(de)生動(dong)詩(shi)(shi)句,也(ye)(ye)是(shi)他(ta)激動(dong)不巳的(de)觀后(hou)感。從中(zhong)人(ren)們可以(yi)領略到(dao)這(zhe)位(wei)女舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)家健(jian)美的(de)舞(wu)姿,高超(chao)的(de)舞(wu)技.豪放的(de)風格和(he)(he)感人(ren)的(de)藝術魅力。其舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)之(zhi)概貌,也(ye)(ye)躍然于眼前。你看,臺上(shang)劍(jian)光閃閃,如(ru)日(ri)落(luo)大(da)(da)地;舞(wu)姿矯(jiao)健(jian)輕捷,如(ru)同群仙駕(jia)龍(long)飛翔一般;舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi),前奏的(de)鼓聲頓(dun)然休止,好象雷公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)停止了(le)震(zhen)怒;舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao)結束時(shi),手中(zhong)的(de)劍(jian)影卻如(ru)江海面(mian)上(shang)平靜下(xia)來(lai)的(de)波(bo)光。哪粗獷(guang)雄壯,驚魂(hun)動(dong)魄,竭力抒發戰(zhan)斗豪情的(de)舞(wu)蹈(dao)(dao),使臺下(xia)的(de)觀眾看著如(ru)山失色,神怡目眩,覺得連天地都旋轉起來(lai)了(le)。讀(du)著這(zhe)些詩(shi)(shi)句,仿佛(fo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)大(da)(da)娘(niang)(niang)在臺上(shang)還正為人(ren)們翩翩起舞(wu)呢。
象杜甫這樣給以極高(gao)贊美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),在(zai)當時(shi)大(da)(da)有(you)(you)人在(zai),直到晚(wan)唐時(shi)期,她(ta)(ta)還為(wei)不少詩(shi)人所稱(cheng)頌。鄭(zheng)踽(ju)《津陽門詩(shi)》有(you)(you)“公(gong)孫(sun)劍(jian)伎(ji)方神奇”句,司空圖《劍(jian)器(qi)詩(shi)》有(you)(you)“樓下公(gong)孫(sun)昔擅場(chang),空叫女子愛軍裝”句,都是歌頌公(gong)孫(sun)大(da)(da)娘(niang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。就連被譽(yu)(yu)為(wei)“草(cao)圣”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)書法家張旭(xu),其“草(cao)書長進,豪蕩感激”,也是在(zai)看了(le)她(ta)(ta)那(nei)矯(jiao)捷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)蹈后,從(cong)中(zhong)(zhong)受(shou)到啟(qi)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。時(shi)隔三(san)百余年,到了(le)南宋,有(you)(you)出舞(wu)(wu)劇《劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu)》,據說演(yan)鴻(hong)門宴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事(shi),一(yi)男一(yi)女,上場(chang)對舞(wu)(wu)。男角(jiao)扮漢時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項伯,女角(jiao)卻(que)扮唐時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)孫(sun)大(da)(da)娘(niang)。有(you)(you)辭曰:“項伯有(you)(you)功扶帝業,大(da)(da)娘(niang)馳(chi)(chi)譽(yu)(yu)滿文(wen)場(chang)。合茲二妙(miao)甚奇特,欲使嘉賓(bin)斛(hu)一(yi)觴。”漢唐兩人合場(chang),卻(que)演(yan)漢事(shi),自然謊誕乖戾,但(dan)文(wen)人如此安排,且贊曰“大(da)(da)娘(niang)馳(chi)(chi)譽(yu)(yu)滿文(wen)場(chang)”,卻(que)也說明公(gong)孫(sun)大(da)(da)娘(niang)在(zai)文(wen)人伶優心(xin)目中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崇高(gao)地位(wei)和她(ta)(ta)對后世的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)遠影響。
公孫(sun)大娘不(bu)只以自己獨到的(de)舞(wu)(wu)技“冠絕(jue)一時(shi)”,而且言傳身教(jiao),培養了(le)許(xu)多得意(yi)門(men)生(sheng),李十二(er)娘便是其(qi)中之一。她繼承了(le)公孫(sun)的(de)技藝而青出于藍,亦為(wei)時(shi)人(ren)稱絕(jue)。杜(du)甫贊嘆道:“臨(lin)穎美人(ren)在(zai)白帝(di),妙(miao)舞(wu)(wu)此曲神揚(yang)(yang)揚(yang)(yang)。”這不(bu)僅是對李十二(er)娘的(de)贊美,而且也是對她的(de)老師(shi)教(jiao)學成績的(de)頌揚(yang)(yang)。很(hen)難說.今日舞(wu)(wu)臺上為(wei)單人(ren)、雙(shuang)人(ren)所舞(wu)(wu)的(de)《劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu)》,就是一千多年前公孫(sun)大娘舞(wu)(wu)《劍(jian)器(qi)渾脫》的(de)那(nei)個(ge)樣子,但其(qi)承傳關系,則是不(bu)應懷疑的(de)。中國許(xu)多傳統劇(ju)目和現代舞(wu)(wu)劇(ju)(如《貂蟬(chan)》、《紅燈照》)中,穿(chuan)插(cha)劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu)者甚(shen)廣,可能也是那(nei)種劍(jian)器(qi)藝術傳統的(de)影響(xiang)所致(zhi)吧。
多謝杜(du)甫這等(deng)偉(wei)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)人(ren)(ren),他(ta)們(men)(men)以(yi)現實主義的(de)(de)(de)(de)態度(du),揮筆(bi)著文,為(wei)地居下層的(de)(de)(de)(de)女伎(ji)公(gong)孫大(da)娘們(men)(men)歌(ge)功頌德,樹碑立傳.使(shi)人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)才(cai)得(de)以(yi)借(jie)詩(shi)觀舞(wu)(wu)、享受其美的(de)(de)(de)(de)可能。同時,人(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)也憎恨“四人(ren)(ren)幫”這些民族敗類(lei),他(ta)們(men)(men)竟(jing)連(lian)大(da)家這等(deng)藝(yi)術(shu)享受的(de)(de)(de)(de)權利也要剝奪。在他(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)淫威統治之(zhi)下,古典舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)被(bei)取締,民族舞(wu)(wu)隊被(bei)打散,留(liu)了個“梨(li)園弟子散入煙,女樂余姿映(ying)寒日(ri)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)凄慘景象(xiang)。粉碎“四人(ren)(ren)幫”,古舞(wu)(wu)得(de)新生。滔滔奔流的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)長河,豈能為(wei)一小撮丑類(lei)所阻遏。看今日(ri)舞(wu)(wu)臺上,劍光閃(shan)閃(shan),氣沖牛斗,中國年輕一代的(de)(de)(de)(de)男(nan)女演員,著戎裝,執(zhi)雙劍,又在創造性地表(biao)演起(qi)表(biao)現我中華民族果敢頑(wan)強(qiang)、所向(xiang)無(wu)敵、氣魄浩壯的(de)(de)(de)(de)《劍器(qi)渾脫》來了。杜(du)甫哀嘆(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“玳(dai)筵(yan)急(ji)管曲(qu)復終,樂極哀來月東出,老夫不(bu)知其所往,足繭荒山轉愁疾”的(de)(de)(de)(de)悲慘時代已經一去不(bu)復返,迎來的(de)(de)(de)(de)卻是百花盛開的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)春天。
“一舞劍(jian)器動四方(fang)”。公孫(sun)大娘,舞技長存。公孫(sun)大娘,后繼有人。從(cong)琳瑯滿目的各(ge)種現代劍(jian)舞的技藝中,我看到了在古代優秀民族(zu)舞蹈遺產影響下,中國社會主義舞蹈創作的光輝前景了。
中國近代戲曲舞(wu)蹈(dao)中,梅蘭芳借(jie)鑒太極劍創造了《霸王別姬》中的劍舞(wu);中國舞(wu)劇《小刀會》、《盜仙草》中的劍舞(wu),有獨舞(wu),也有群舞(wu),舞(wu)蹈(dao)編排豐富多變。
劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞中(zhong)的(de)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有單劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、雙(shuang)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和刀型短劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)分。單劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)般都(dou)帶有劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)穗,劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)穗又有長短之(zhi)分,長的(de)達(da)1米。舞動(dong)起來(lai),劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)與穗剛(gang)柔相濟(ji),變(bian)化(hua)多端,使劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞生色(se)不少。劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)舞舞姿瀟灑英(ying)武,形式絢麗多彩,從動(dong)作變(bian)化(hua)上看(kan),大體可分為“站(zhan)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”和“行(xing)(xing)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”兩大類。“站(zhan)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”動(dong)作迅速敏捷,靜止(zhi)時姿態(tai)沉穩(wen)利爽,富有雕塑感;“行(xing)(xing)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)”動(dong)作連綿不斷(duan),如長虹游龍,首尾相繼,又如行(xing)(xing)云流(liu)水,均(jun)勻而有韌(ren)性。
中(zhong)國近(jin)代戲曲舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)中(zhong),梅蘭芳借鑒太極劍(jian)創造了霸王別(bie)姬(ji)中(zhong)的(de)劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu);中(zhong)國舞(wu)(wu)劇(ju)《小刀會》、《盜仙草(cao)》中(zhong)的(de)劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu),有獨舞(wu)(wu),也有群舞(wu)(wu),舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)編排豐富多變。
公(gong)孫(sun)大娘(niang)是史料記載(zai)中(zhong)多(duo)處可(ke)見的(de)(de)擅長劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)好(hao)手,描述(shu)公(gong)孫(sun)大娘(niang)舞(wu)(wu)劍(jian)中(zhong)較具象(xiang)的(de)(de)有杜(du)甫(fu)的(de)(de)詩《觀(guan)(guan)公(gong)孫(sun)大娘(niang)弟(di)子舞(wu)(wu)劍(jian)器行》,此詩主要是講(jiang)公(gong)孫(sun)所(suo)舞(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu)《劍(jian)舞(wu)(wu)》。其中(zhong)生動描述(shu)了當時的(de)(de)表演情景(jing):公(gong)孫(sun)大娘(niang)穿著(zhu)經(jing)過藝術(shu)加工的(de)(de)美麗軍裝,舞(wu)(wu)姿穩健娑爽(shuang),杜(du)甫(fu)筆下形容:舞(wu)(wu)者在進退回旋之間,在急(ji)促飛快(kuai)的(de)(de)舞(wu)(wu)動中(zhong),顯現條(tiao)條(tiao)光芒,伴(ban)著(zhu)隆(long)隆(long)鼓聲,來(lai)到雷霆收震怒,罷如江海凝(ning)清光,觀(guan)(guan)者均為之變色。
公孫大(da)娘還(huan)擅長跳一(yi)(yi)種叫《裴(pei)將軍(jun)滿(man)堂勢》的劍舞(wu)(wu),所謂(wei)“滿(man)堂勢”可能是一(yi)(yi)種位置調(diao)度很大(da),舞(wu)(wu)蹈時充滿(man)整個場(chang)地,動作豪邁、靈(ling)活,技(ji)巧很深(shen)的舞(wu)(wu)蹈。
裴(pei)旻(min)劍(jian)舞被(bei)譽為(wei)唐代(dai)三(san)絕(jue)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)絕(jue)。開元年間裴(pei)旻(min)喪母,特(te)請名家(jia)吳道子在天宮(gong)寺(si)畫幾(ji)幅壁畫,以度亡母,吳道說:常聽(ting)說將軍善(shan)舞劍(jian),請為(wei)我(wo)舞劍(jian)一(yi)(yi)曲(qu),觀豪壯氣概(gai)。可助我(wo)作畫。裴(pei)旻(min)立即下(xia)孝服,欣(xin)然起舞,記載(zai)中(zhong)提到,裴(pei)旻(min)舞中(zhong)有極精彩的特(te)技表演,比如他突然擲劍(jian)入云,高達數十丈,接著,劍(jian)象一(yi)(yi)道電光一(yi)(yi)樣從空中(zhong)投射下(xia)來,裴(pei)旻(min)手執劍(jian)鞘接劍(jian),劍(jian)準確地插入鞘中(zhong)。
《渾(hun)脫(tuo)(tuo)》是(shi)從(cong)西域傳來(lai)的(de)風俗性舞蹈,《劍器》與(yu)《渾(hun)脫(tuo)(tuo)》本是(shi)兩個(ge)不同民(min)族的(de)傳統樂舞,所(suo)謂(wei)《劍器渾(hun)脫(tuo)(tuo)》是(shi)兩種樂舞相互吸收融(rong)合而成,就此可(ke)見(jian)唐時期劍舞在(zai)各民(min)族之間(jian)的(de)流行與(yu)融(rong)合。