芒果视频下载

基本結構

電(dian)話機(ji)是通過電(dian)信號雙向傳輸話音的終端(duan)設備。

歷史上對電(dian)話機(ji)(ji)(ji)的改進和發明包(bao)括(kuo)：碳粉(fen)話筒、電(dian)話人工(gong)交換(huan)板、撥號盤、自動電(dian)話交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、程(cheng)控電(dian)話交換(huan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、雙音(yin)多頻(pin)撥號、語音(yin)數(shu)字(zi)采樣等。新技術包(bao)括(kuo)：ISDN、DSL、模擬移(yi)動電(dian)話和數(shu)字(zi)移(yi)動電(dian)話機(ji)(ji)(ji)等。

基本按鍵

電(dian)話電(dian)源線(xian)、電(dian)話線(xian)、收線(xian)開關、受話器、增音(yin)按鈕(niu)、送話器、本機號碼(ma)片、鈴聲及(ji)免提喇叭(ba)、記憶(yi)代碼(ma)鍵(jian)、記憶(yi)號碼(ma)片、數字按鍵(jian)、記憶(yi)取出(chu)鍵(jian)、記憶(yi)儲存鍵(jian)、重(zhong)撥鍵(jian)、工作指示燈、免提鍵(jian)、R鍵(jian)、免提送話器、鈴聲調(diao)(diao)節開關、P/T開關、免提接收音(yin)量調(diao)(diao)節旋鈕(niu)。

工作原理

電(dian)話通信(xin)是通過聲能(neng)與電(dian)能(neng)相(xiang)互轉換、并利用(yong)“電(dian)”這個(ge)媒介來(lai)傳輸語言(yan)的(de)一種(zhong)通信(xin)技術(shu)。兩(liang)個(ge)用(yong)戶要進行通信(xin)，最(zui)簡單的(de)形式就是將兩(liang)部(bu)電(dian)話機用(yong)一對(dui)線路連(lian)接起來(lai)。

當(dang)發話者拿起電話機對(dui)著送話器(qi)講話時，聲帶的振動激勵空氣振動，形成聲波。

聲波作用于送話(hua)器(qi)上，使之產生電流，稱為話(hua)音電流。

話音電流沿著(zhu)線(xian)路傳送(song)到(dao)對方電話機的受話器內(nei)。

而(er)受(shou)話(hua)器(qi)作(zuo)用與送(song)話(hua)器(qi)剛好(hao)相(xiang)反——把電流轉化為聲波，通過(guo)空氣傳至人(ren)的耳朵中(zhong)。

這(zhe)樣，就(jiu)完成了最簡(jian)單的通話過程(cheng)。

發展歷史

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)是美國人A.G.貝爾于(yu)(yu)1876年(nian)發(fa)(fa)明的(de)(de)。他用兩根(gen)導線連接兩個結構完全相同、在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁鐵(tie)上(shang)裝有(you)(you)振動膜片的(de)(de)送話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器和受話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器，首先實現(xian)(xian)兩端通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。但通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)距離短(duan)、效率低。1878年(nian)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了炭精送話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)送話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器效率大(da)大(da)提高。受話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)器結構也(ye)有(you)(you)改進(jin)。最早的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)是磁石(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)，靠自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用手(shou)搖發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)送呼叫信號(hao)(hao)。1880年(nian)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)，改由共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)交(jiao)換機(ji)(ji)集(ji)中供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，省去手(shou)播發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。1891年(nian)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了旋轉撥號(hao)(hao)盤式(shi)自動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)，它可以發(fa)(fa)出(chu)直(zhi)流(liu)撥號(hao)(hao)脈沖(chong)，控制自動交(jiao)換機(ji)(ji)動作，選擇被叫用戶，自動完成(cheng)交(jiao)換功能(neng)。從而把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)通信推(tui)向一個新階段。到20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代末期出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了按鍵式(shi)全電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)。除脈沖(chong)發(fa)(fa)號(hao)(hao)方(fang)式(shi)外，又出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了雙音多(duo)頻（DTMF）發(fa)(fa)號(hao)(hao)方(fang)式(shi)。隨(sui)(sui)著程控交(jiao)換機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，雙音頻按鍵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)已(yi)(yi)逐步普及。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)正在向集(ji)成(cheng)化邁進(jin)，話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)用集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)已(yi)(yi)廣(guang)泛用于(yu)(yu)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)各(ge)組(zu)成(cheng)部分。各(ge)種多(duo)功能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)和特種用途電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)也(ye)應(ying)運而生。到20世紀(ji)90年(nian)代初，已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)了將撥號(hao)(hao)、通話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、振鈴三種功能(neng)集(ji)于(yu)(yu)一塊集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)。隨(sui)(sui)著話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音識別技術(shu)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，直(zhi)接用話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)音“撥號(hao)(hao)”的(de)(de)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)也(ye)正在出(chu)現(xian)(xian)

最初的電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)（終端）是由微(wei)型發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)和電(dian)池(chi)構(gou)成的磁石式(shi)(shi)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)，打電(dian)話(hua)(hua)時，使用者用手搖微(wei)型發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)發(fa)(fa)出電(dian)信號呼叫對方(fang)，對方(fang)啟機(ji)后(hou)構(gou)成通話(hua)(hua)回路(lu)。后(hou)來，1877年(nian)愛迪(di)生(sheng)（T.E.Edison）發(fa)(fa)明了(le)碳素送話(hua)(hua)器(qi)和誘導線路(lu)后(hou)通話(hua)(hua)距離延長了(le)。同一年(nian)又發(fa)(fa)明了(le)共電(dian)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)。1891年(nian)終于發(fa)(fa)展到A.B.Strowger發(fa)(fa)明了(le)自(zi)動式(shi)(shi)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)。

基本功能

電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)設置在(zai)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)通信起點和(he)終(zhong)(zhong)點的(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側，是(shi)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)網的(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)終(zhong)(zhong)端(duan)設備(bei)。現(xian)(xian)代的(de)電(dian)話(hua)(hua)機(ji)能夠方便(bian)地(di)實現(xian)(xian)終(zhong)(zhong)端(duan)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)之間的(de)呼叫(jiao)和(he)通話(hua)(hua)，是(shi)經過一(yi)百(bai)多(duo)年來許多(duo)人的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)和(he)無數次(ci)的(de)改進而形成的(de)。盡管它們的(de)式(shi)樣千差萬(wan)別，但一(yi)般都有如下基本功能：

1、聲電互換

因為要(yao)進行(xing)快速的、遠距(ju)離(li)的通信(xin)，不能直接傳送(song)聲音，而(er)必須先(xian)把聲音變(bian)成(cheng)電(dian)信(xin)號（即以(yi)電(dian)作為載體），到對方后再把電(dian)信(xin)號還原成(cheng)為聲音。

2、摘機識別

當(dang)主叫(jiao)方拿起電話(hua)機(ji)時(shi)，交(jiao)換機(ji)應有能知道“有人(ren)要打電話(hua)”的功能，以便(bian)交(jiao)換機(ji)做(zuo)好接續準備(bei)。

3、發送信號

自動電(dian)話機(ji)正是通過(guo)發送撥號(hao)信號(hao)來指揮電(dian)話交(jiao)換機(ji)的(de)(de)工作，并進而建立兩個電(dian)話機(ji)之間(jian)的(de)(de)連(lian)接的(de)(de)。

4、響鈴

即在對方(fang)來電(dian)話(hua)時，電(dian)話(hua)機能以鈴聲告訴主人：“有人來電(dian)話(hua)了。”

5、電接續

電話(hua)機中(zhong)，實現這五大(da)功能的部件依次(ci)是：送(song)受話(hua)器、叉簧、撥號盤(pan)（或按鍵(jian)盤(pan)）、電話(hua)鈴和電話(hua)回路。

主要分類

有線電話

電(dian)(dian)(dian)話機(ji)(ji)具(ju)有(you)將終端的音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)波轉(zhuan)換為電(dian)(dian)(dian)子信號，通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)話線(xian)傳(chuan)(chuan)送(song)到遠距離(li)的對(dui)方(fang)，同時將對(dui)方(fang)傳(chuan)(chuan)送(song)來(lai)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子信號再生(sheng)為語(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)（音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)波），使其(qi)通(tong)話的功(gong)(gong)能，以及發(fa)送(song)可從多(duo)個對(dui)方(fang)中選擇的信號（撥(bo)號脈沖(chong)），告知對(dui)方(fang)的呼叫(jiao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)等(deng)功(gong)(gong)能。電(dian)(dian)(dian)話機(ji)(ji)由將語(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)轉(zhuan)換為電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)發(fa)送(song)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)話線(xian)的送(song)話機(ji)(ji)、將對(dui)方(fang)傳(chuan)(chuan)送(song)來(lai)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)還原為語(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)的受話機(ji)(ji)、呼叫(jiao)對(dui)方(fang)的撥(bo)號或按鈕、發(fa)送(song)呼叫(jiao)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)的鈴聲、將這些連接(jie)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話線(xian)上執(zhi)行其(qi)功(gong)(gong)能的線(xian)路(lu)網等(deng)組成。送(song)話機(ji)(ji)內有(you)裝滿(man)碳素顆(ke)粒的小箱子，其(qi)前方(fang)有(you)薄硬鋁合金振動板。振動板根據語(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)振動，振動碳素顆(ke)粒，碳素顆(ke)粒傳(chuan)(chuan)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，隨著(zhu)顆(ke)粒的接(jie)觸程度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻發(fa)生(sheng)變化，生(sheng)成語(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。受話機(ji)(ji)接(jie)受對(dui)方(fang)的語(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)后，在(zai)線(xian)圈(quan)上生(sheng)成語(yu)(yu)音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)引起(qi)的磁力(li)，振動鐵振動板，發(fa)出聲音(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。

無線電話

無線(xian)環路-無繩電(dian)話

電話子母機

數字無繩電話

模擬無繩電話

移動電話手機

小靈通(tong)（無(wu)線電話(hua)）

智能電話

隨著(zhu)IT技術的不斷(duan)的飛速發展，嵌入式終端設備的處(chu)理(li)能(neng)力(li)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)強，21世紀(ji)初出現了一(yi)種帶(dai)個人數據助理(li)（PDA）的電(dian)話(hua)機“智能(neng)電(dian)話(hua)”。

智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電話(hua)(hua)除了有(you)完整的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)電話(hua)(hua)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)外，通常還具(ju)有(you)大容量的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)片(pian)管理(li)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、來去電管理(li)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、防(fang)(fang)止電話(hua)(hua)騷(sao)擾(rao)（電話(hua)(hua)防(fang)(fang)火墻）功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、企業集團電話(hua)(hua)名(ming)片(pian)（內部名(ming)片(pian)）管理(li)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，以及輔助辦(ban)公的(de)(de)(de)許多功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，比(bi)如：日程安排、便(bian)箋、日歷(li)、計算器等(deng)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。早期的(de)(de)(de)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電話(hua)(hua)通過(guo)撥號上(shang)網(wang)，具(ju)有(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息交換(huan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，實現了發送(song)短信(xin)、接收文字信(xin)息的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。隨著固網(wang)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)電話(hua)(hua)在中國近十年的(de)(de)(de)發展，其處(chu)理(li)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力加強，逐(zhu)漸(jian)地增加了智能(neng)(neng)(neng)手機（Smartphone）具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

智能(neng)電(dian)話(hua)已有(you)通過因特網上(shang)(shang)網的(de)能(neng)力及較(jiao)強的(de)多(duo)媒的(de)體功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。可以進行網絡瀏覽、音視頻的(de)播(bo)放、具有(you)電(dian)子書、電(dian)子相框等功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。同時(shi)智能(neng)電(dian)話(hua)在輔助辦公、輔助營銷、娛樂等方(fang)面(mian)的(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)也(ye)有(you)了(le)大大的(de)加強。在對傳(chuan)統(tong)固定(ding)電(dian)話(hua)顛(dian)覆(fu)的(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，實現了(le)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)商務功(gong)(gong)能(neng)和PDA功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。

使用環境

使用條件

環境溫度：-10℃~40℃

相(xiang)對濕度：45%~95%

大氣(qi)壓力(li)：860~1060mbar

環境噪聲(sheng)：≤60dB(A)

技術性能

1、工(gong)作頻率：300~3400HZ

2、脈(mo)沖通斷比(bi)：1.6±0.2∶1

3、雙音頻撥號頻偏：≤±1.5%

4、雙(shuang)音頻信號(hao)電平：①低(di)頻群(qun)：-9±3dB；②高頻群(qun)：-7±3dB；③頻率組合中高頻分量比低(di)頻分量高2±1dB

5、振鈴聲(sheng)級：≥70dB(A)

6、電聲性能：

①在(zai)0公里(li)時，客觀發送(song)參(can)考(kao)(kao)(kao)當(dang)(dang)量≥+3；在(zai)3公里(li)時，客觀發送(song)參(can)考(kao)(kao)(kao)當(dang)(dang)量≤+15；在(zai)5公里(li)時，客觀發送(song)參(can)考(kao)(kao)(kao)當(dang)(dang)量≤+15。

②在(zai)0公(gong)(gong)里(li)時，客觀(guan)接(jie)收(shou)參考當(dang)量(liang)≥－5；在(zai)3公(gong)(gong)里(li)時，客觀(guan)接(jie)收(shou)參考當(dang)量(liang)≤+2；在(zai)5公(gong)(gong)里(li)時，客觀(guan)接(jie)收(shou)摻考當(dang)量(liang)≤+2。

③在(zai)0公里時，客(ke)觀(guan)側音(yin)參(can)考(kao)當(dang)量≥+3；在(zai)3公里時，客(ke)觀(guan)側音(yin)參(can)考(kao)當(dang)量≥+10；在(zai)5公里時，客(ke)觀(guan)側音(yin)參(can)考(kao)當(dang)量≥+10。

未來發展

高科技(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機的(de)(de)(de)發展都是隨(sui)著無線通信的(de)(de)(de)發達而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機的(de)(de)(de)發展趨勢經(jing)過Digital電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)機和PCS后發展到(dao)可(ke)以用衛星通信的(de)(de)(de)IMT-200服務。IMT-200支持信息的(de)(de)(de)高速傳送，Packet，畫像(xiang)等多媒體的(de)(de)(de)服務，將來世(shi)界各個地(di)方都可(ke)以使用所有(you)(you)聲音電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)報用戶直通電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，傳呼和電(dian)(dian)(dian)子郵(you)件(jian)；隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)子郵(you)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)普及(ji)，網絡(luo)(luo)也(ye)日(ri)益(yi)化，網絡(luo)(luo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)已是不(bu)可(ke)阻擋的(de)(de)(de)發展趨勢。現有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)，已經(jing)不(bu)能(neng)提供人們的(de)(de)(de)需要了。未來的(de)(de)(de)固定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)講(jiang)裝備攝(she)像(xiang)頭，帶有(you)(you)色彩的(de)(de)(de)液晶顯示器，我們在接(jie)固定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)時候，都能(neng)夠看到(dao)雙(shuang)方。