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共(gong)(gong)工(gong)，為氏族名，又(you)稱共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏。為中(zhong)國古代神(shen)話(hua)中(zhong)的水神(shen)。《列子·湯問》：“共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏與顓頊爭為帝，怒而觸不(bu)周之山(shan)，折天柱(zhu)，絕地維(wei)，故(gu)天傾西(xi)北，日月星辰(chen)就焉；地不(bu)滿東南(nan)，故(gu)百川水潦歸(gui)焉。”另(ling)外還有一種說(shuo)法，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏是(shi)軒轅(yuan)裔(yi)黃帝王朝時代的部落名，把共(gong)(gong)工(gong)與驩兜、三苗(miao)、鯀(gun)列入四(si)罪。

主要經歷

此共工(gong)(gong)(gong)并非神(shen)話中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)共工(gong)(gong)(gong)（神(shen)話中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)共工(gong)(gong)(gong)乃伏羲女媧政權時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)物(wu)），乃炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)魁(kui)隗氏(shi)(shi)政權五任帝(di)(di)(di)祝融時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)“水正(zheng)”部落首領的(de)(de)(de)統(tong)稱，也是(shi)炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)魁(kui)隗氏(shi)(shi)政權最后一位統(tong)治(zhi)者七任帝(di)(di)(di)，后被(bei)神(shen)農氏(shi)(shi)擊(ji)敗，帶領部落改名“共工(gong)(gong)(gong)氏(shi)(shi)”。夸(kua)父則為魁(kui)隗氏(shi)(shi)嫡系(xi)九(jiu)世孫(sun)，也是(shi)炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)共工(gong)(gong)(gong)（炎(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)共工(gong)(gong)(gong)只有一人(ren)，所以單(dan)指(zhi)一人(ren)）的(de)(de)(de)曾孫(sun)輩。

《史記：五帝(di)本紀》：昔(xi)帝(di)鴻氏有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)，掩義(yi)隱賊，好行兇(xiong)慝，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)渾沌。少皞氏有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)，毀信惡忠，崇(chong)飾(shi)惡言，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)窮(qiong)奇。顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)氏有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)教訓，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知話言，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梼杌(wu)。此三(san)族(zu)世(shi)憂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)堯，堯未能去。縉云(yun)氏有(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)子(zi)(zi)，貪于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)飲食(shi)，冒于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)貨賄，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饕(tao)餮。天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)惡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，比之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)兇(xiong)。舜賓(bin)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)門，乃流四(si)(si)(si)(si)兇(xiong)族(zu)，遷于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)(si)(si)裔，以(yi)御螭魅，于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是四(si)(si)(si)(si)門辟，言毋兇(xiong)人也。《尚書·堯典》：讙兜(dou)進言共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)，堯曰不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)而(er)試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)(gong)師(shi)，共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)果淫(yin)辟。四(si)(si)(si)(si)岳(yue)舉鯀(gun)治鴻水，堯以(yi)為(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)，岳(yue)強(qiang)請(qing)試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，試(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)無功(gong)，故(gu)(gu)百(bai)姓(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)便。三(san)苗(miao)在江淮(huai)、荊州(zhou)數(shu)為(wei)亂。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是舜歸(gui)而(er)言于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)帝(di)，請(qing)流（帝(di)鴻氏）共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)幽(you)陵，以(yi)變北(bei)狄；放（少皞氏）讙兜(dou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)崇(chong)山(shan)(shan)，以(yi)變南(nan)(nan)(nan)蠻；遷（縉云(yun)氏）三(san)苗(miao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)危，以(yi)變西(xi)(xi)戎；殛（顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)氏）鯀(gun)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山(shan)(shan)，以(yi)變東(dong)夷(yi)：四(si)(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)而(er)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)咸(xian)服(fu)。“流共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)幽(you)州(zhou)，放驩兜(dou)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)崇(chong)山(shan)(shan)，竄三(san)苗(miao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)三(san)危，殛鯀(gun)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)羽(yu)山(shan)(shan)，四(si)(si)(si)(si)罪(zui)而(er)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)咸(xian)服(fu)。”《列子(zi)(zi)·湯問》：“共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏與顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)爭為(wei)帝(di)，（顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)，黃(huang)帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)裔（《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)(hai)經(jing)·海(hai)(hai)內經(jing)》）。故(gu)(gu)此戰(zhan)實(shi)為(wei)黃(huang)炎(yan)戰(zhan)爭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)繼(ji)續(xu)）怒而(er)觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)，折天(tian)(tian)柱，絕地(di)(di)維(wei)，故(gu)(gu)天(tian)(tian)傾西(xi)(xi)北(bei)，日(ri)月星(xing)辰(chen)就焉(yan)；地(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿(man)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)，故(gu)(gu)百(bai)川水潦歸(gui)焉(yan)。”《山(shan)(shan)海(hai)(hai)經(jing)·海(hai)(hai)內經(jing)》：“炎(yan)帝(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)妻，赤水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)，聽沃(wo)生炎(yan)居(ju)(ju)，炎(yan)居(ju)(ju)生節并(bing)，節并(bing)生戲器，戲器生祝融(rong)(rong)，祝融(rong)(rong)降處于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)江水，生共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)。”又《天(tian)(tian)文(wen)訓》、《淮(huai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)子(zi)(zi)》：“昔(xi)者共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)與顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊(xu)爭為(wei)帝(di)，怒而(er)觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)周之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)山(shan)(shan)，天(tian)(tian)柱折，地(di)(di)維(wei)絕。天(tian)(tian)傾西(xi)(xi)北(bei)，故(gu)(gu)日(ri)月星(xing)辰(chen)移焉(yan)；地(di)(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿(man)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)，故(gu)(gu)水潦塵埃(ai)歸(gui)焉(yan)。”

姜亮夫《 楚辭通故 · 燭龍》 所據材料全(quan)抄(chao)自俞氏(shi)， 但其(qi)說卻大相(xiang)徑庭， 他(ta)認(ren)為“ 燭龍”即“ 祝融” 之音轉

《山海經(jing)·海內(nei)經(jing)》：祝融降處于江水，生共工。此祝融是離(li)朱(zhu)也叫離(li)婁。江水即泗(si)水，今(jin)

.天泗水流域的(de)(de)邾婁(lou)便是祝融(rong)離朱生共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)地方。《山海(hai)經·大(da)荒東(dong)經》：東(dong)海(hai)之(zhi)外(wai)大(da)壑，少昊之(zhi)國(guo)。少昊孺帝(di)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊于此。少昊之(zhi)都在(zai)曲(qu)阜，距離共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)出生地邾婁(lou)非常近(jin)。所以(yi)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊與(yu)共(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)原本是鄰居關(guan)系，他們共(gong)(gong)同(tong)的(de)(de)領(ling)袖(xiu)是強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)少昊。

顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊與共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)原本應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可以和(he)睦相(xiang)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于(yu)少(shao)昊(hao)(hao)統治后(hou)期少(shao)昊(hao)(hao)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衰落(luo)(luo)，加上(shang)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)一(yi)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崛(jue)(jue)起。原本江水流(liu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統治者少(shao)昊(hao)(hao)已經沒有(you)能力約束崛(jue)(jue)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)，共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)因此(ci)向少(shao)昊(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統治權發起了挑戰。這正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)《國語·楚語》里面記載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：少(shao)昊(hao)(hao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之衰也(ye)，九黎(li)(li)亂德，其后(hou)三苗復九黎(li)(li)之德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)件。歷(li)史上(shang)，共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)也(ye)稱帝江，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)江水之帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含義。面對共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)崛(jue)(jue)起，少(shao)昊(hao)(hao)指定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承人顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊自然不(bu)服(fu)氣，于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)乃命重(zhong)(zhong)黎(li)(li)對抗共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)。重(zhong)(zhong)黎(li)(li)即重(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)和(he)黎(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)。重(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao)昊(hao)(hao)之子(zi)，也(ye)在江水流(liu)域；黎(li)(li)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊妻子(zi)女(nv)(nv)祿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)娘家部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)，女(nv)(nv)祿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祿是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)黎(li)(li)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通假。女(nv)(nv)祿所(suo)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)也(ye)叫滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)祝融(rong)離(li)朱后(hou)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)支。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)叫滕(teng)(teng)(teng)奔氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，奔是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)濆(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通假。濆(fen)(fen)字就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴(pen)(pen)泉(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思，滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)即滕(teng)(teng)(teng)涌(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噴(pen)(pen)泉(quan)。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)在今.天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山東滕(teng)(teng)(teng)州(zhou)，滕(teng)(teng)(teng)州(zhou)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因滕(teng)(teng)(teng)涌(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)噴(pen)(pen)泉(quan)而(er)得名(ming)。黎(li)(li)(祿)姓滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)地理位置在今.天(tian)滕(teng)(teng)(teng)州(zhou)一(yi)帶，與他祖先祝融(rong)所(suo)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邾婁很近，女(nv)(nv)祿與顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代也(ye)有(you)一(yi)部(bu)(bu)分稱祝融(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。滕(teng)(teng)(teng)濆(fen)(fen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)本和(he)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)同族(zu)，但(dan)因兄弟分家不(bu)愉(yu)快所(suo)以也(ye)出(chu)來(lai)支持顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊攻打(da)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)。

就這(zhe)樣得(de)到了江水流域重和(he)(he)黎部落的支持，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊實力大增，把共工(gong)逼走。《文子(zi)》曰：“共工(gong)為(wei)水害，故顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊誅之(zhi)。”此時共工(gong)依然(ran)強大，為(wei)了取得(de)長久的和(he)(he)平，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊與共工(gong)還搞了聯(lian)姻(yin)關系(xi)，顓(zhuan)(zhuan)頊和(he)(he)女(nv)祿的后代老童(tong)娶了共工(gong)大臣根水氏和(he)(he)竭水氏為(wei)妻。

《山海經》中(zhong)也有記(ji)載：“朝陽(yang)之(zhi)谷(gu)，神曰天吳，是為(wei)(wei)水伯”。帝(di)顓(zhuan)頊時(shi)期(qi)（約(yue)(yue)公元前(qian)25世紀），顓(zhuan)頊部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)與共工部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)原地(di)區（今河南(nan)(nan)(nan)北部(bu)）作戰。原始社(she)會晚(wan)期(qi)，相傳黃帝(di)之(zhi)孫顓(zhuan)頊號高陽(yang)氏(shi)，繼黃帝(di)為(wei)(wei)該部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)首領(ling)。他生(sheng)于若水而居(ju)帝(di)丘（今河南(nan)(nan)(nan)濮陽(yang)東南(nan)(nan)(nan)），正(zheng)處黃河（約(yue)(yue)當今衛河）東岸附近(jin)。炎帝(di)共工的(de)后裔(yi)為(wei)(wei)炎帝(di)族分支共工氏(shi)部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)的(de)首領(ling)，居(ju)住在(zai)(zai)九州黃河中(zhong)游河西(xi)地(di)區（約(yue)(yue)在(zai)(zai)今河南(nan)(nan)(nan)輝縣境），在(zai)(zai)顓(zhuan)頊部(bu)落(luo)(luo)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盟(meng)的(de)上流。在(zai)(zai)顓(zhuan)頊高陽(yang)氏(shi)政權取(qu)得(de)黃帝(di)（黃帝(di)并非(fei)一人(ren)，為(wei)(wei)一個時(shi)期(qi)的(de)政權領(ling)導統稱）之(zhi)位時(shi)，顓(zhuan)頊以借口帶領(ling)軍隊南(nan)(nan)(nan)征(zheng)北戰，降(jiang)服各路諸侯，共工氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)其中(zhong)之(zhi)一。

人物評價

據說(shuo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏姓姜，是(shi)炎帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)氏是(shi)神(shen)農(nong)(nong)氏之后(hou)(hou)，又一個(ge)為發(fa)展農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產做出過(guo)重要貢獻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。他發(fa)明了筑堤蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)。關(guan)于他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳說(shuo)，幾乎全與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)有關(guan)，有名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事是(shi)：共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)怒觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)周山。黃(huang)河的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)常泛濫威(wei)脅到了部落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生存，共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)率領大(da)(da)家與(yu)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)英(ying)勇搏斗，他們采取“堵”而(er)不(bu)是(shi)“疏”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)來治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，未能(neng)根治(zhi)(zhi)洪水(shui)(shui)(shui)，但(dan)是(shi)為后(hou)(hou)人(ren)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)積累了經(jing)驗。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)是(shi)華(hua)夏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)英(ying)雄，被(bei)后(hou)(hou)世尊為水(shui)(shui)(shui)神(shen)。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)表現出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)永(yong)不(bu)言(yan)敗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)神(shen)，是(shi)中華(hua)民族寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)神(shen)財富。之后(hou)(hou)與(yu)顓頊爭(zheng)(zheng)奪(duo)部落盟主地位，而(er)顓頊則利用民眾迷信的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理，聲(sheng)稱共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)會“觸(chu)(chu)怒上天(tian)”，導致共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)失去支(zhi)持，最終失敗。而(er)共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)為捍衛自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)大(da)(da)業(ye)，撞山自殺，以表示“看，這樣都沒(mei)有‘觸(chu)(chu)怒上天(tian)’”。共(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)與(yu)顓頊爭(zheng)(zheng)奪(duo)帝位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故事，后(hou)(hou)被(bei)演繹(yi)成“怒而(er)觸(chu)(chu)不(bu)周之山”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)話。