董永,東漢時人,據歷代縣志及(ji)《大清一(yi)統志》所(suo)記,均載為樂安(an)縣人;《搜神(shen)記》記載董永是千乘(cheng)人。
另有傳說董(dong)永(yong)西漢時出生(sheng)在(zai)東臺(tai)市西溪(xi)鎮的董(dong)家(jia)舍。少(shao)年(nian)喪母,與父親(qin)董(dong)公相依(yi)為命。稍長(chang),下(xia)田(tian)勞動,贍養父親(qin)。因(yin)(yin)家(jia)貧經常幫人(ren)做工謀(mou)生(sheng)。農(nong)活忙(mang)時,他常用(yong)小車推著多病的父親(qin)到田(tian)頭樹蔭下(xia),邊(bian)做農(nong)活邊(bian)照應(ying)董(dong)公。后(hou)來,董(dong)公病故(gu),董(dong)永(yong)因(yin)(yin)家(jia)中(zhong)貧困,無(wu)錢(qian)安葬父親(qin),于是就到西溪(xi)鎮上大財主曹長(chang)者家(jia)賣身為奴(nu),得錢(qian)葬父。
董永孝(xiao)賢被列(lie)入漢“二十四(si)孝(xiao)”之一,廣(guang)為傳頌。
1991《孝的故(gu)事》之《董永與七(qi)仙女》(鄧安寧飾(shi)董永);
1998《新天仙(xian)配》(李志(zhi)奇飾(shi)董永(yong));
2004《歡天喜地七仙女》(鄭國霖飾(shi)董(dong)永);
2005《天外飛(fei)仙》(胡歌飾(shi)董永(童遠));
2007《天仙配》(楊(yang)子飾董永)(此版背景(jing)在宋朝(chao))
2011《天地姻(yin)緣七仙(xian)女》(鄭曉東飾董(dong)永);
2015《二(er)十四孝》之《賣(mai)身葬父》(宋晨(chen)飾董永)。
民間傳說中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)董永(yong)故(gu)事(shi)最初只(zhi)是漢(han)代一個(ge)普普通(tong)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)民事(shi)父(fu)至孝(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)孝(xiao)子故(gu)事(shi),但是歷史(shi)卻選(xuan)擇了董永(yong)作為社會孝(xiao)觀念宣傳的(de)(de)(de)典范(fan),一直流傳至今(jin)。在山(shan)東(dong)省嘉祥縣出土的(de)(de)(de)武飼墓漢(han)畫(hua)(hua)像(xiang)石上,就生動地刻載(zai)了董永(yong)“鹿車載(zai)父(fu)”、“肆力田畝”、“象耕鳥耘”的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)事(shi)。該畫(hua)(hua)像(xiang)石上所刻“董永(yong)千乘人(ren)(ren)也”六字,是為“董永(yong)實(shi)有(you)其人(ren)(ren),故(gu)里山(shan)東(dong)博興(xing)”的(de)(de)(de)鐵證。
在流傳過程(cheng)中董永故事(shi)也隨之發生了明顯的變化(hua),即(ji)漸漸由(you)孝子故事(shi)演變為愛情故事(shi)。
傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)董永本為(wei)(wei)千乘(cheng)人(ren)(今山東(dong)博興(xing)),但早在(zai)(zai)(zai)漢代即遷移至(zhi)(zhi)孝(xiao)感(gan)安家(jia)落戶(hu),這(zhe)不僅有(you)(you)史(shi)(shi)籍記載,且與(yu)孝(xiao)感(gan)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)地名的(de)(de)(de)由來(lai)緊(jin)密(mi)相關,還有(you)(you)孝(xiao)感(gan)地區至(zhi)(zhi)今遺留的(de)(de)(de)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)遺跡、地名和(he)民(min)(min)(min)(min)俗可資(zi)佐證(zheng);作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)件口頭語言(yan)藝(yi)術作品,它正是在(zai)(zai)(zai)孝(xiao)感(gan)地區的(de)(de)(de)崇尚(shang)孝(xiao)道的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)文化(hua)生(sheng)態(tai)中,才發育成熟,既凸現(xian)(xian)孝(xiao)道主題(ti),又富有(you)(you)民(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)生(sheng)活情趣,并通過說(shuo)唱、戲(xi)曲等多(duo)(duo)種樣式的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術創(chuang)造走(zou)向全國,產生(sheng)了廣(guang)泛而深遠的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。優美動人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)“董永與(yu)七(qi)仙(xian)女”故(gu)事傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)主要價(jia)值體(ti)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩個(ge)方面(mian):第一(yi)(yi),有(you)(you)關這(zhe)個(ge)故(gu)事傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)資(zi)料和(he)文學(xue)資(zi)料蘊涵著我國各個(ge)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)時期(qi)社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)、政治、文化(hua)包括(kuo)倫理道德、風俗民(min)(min)(min)(min)情、宗教信(xin)(xin)仰、文學(xue)藝(yi)術等方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)豐富信(xin)(xin)息,具有(you)(you)珍貴的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)研(yan)究價(jia)值。第二,該故(gu)事傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)所頌揚的(de)(de)(de)孝(xiao)文化(hua)精(jing)神(shen),在(zai)(zai)(zai)建(jian)設社(she)會(hui)主義精(jing)神(shen)文明、構建(jian)和(he)諧社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)今天,仍具有(you)(you)現(xian)(xian)實實踐價(jia)值。“董永與(yu)七(qi)仙(xian)女”故(gu)事傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo),千百年來(lai)深受人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)群眾(zhong)喜(xi)愛,可謂家(jia)喻(yu)戶(hu)曉,是中華民(min)(min)(min)(min)族廣(guang)為(wei)(wei)流傳(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)著名民(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)之一(yi)(yi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)國外(wai)也有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定影(ying)響。
漢董永(yong),千乘人(ren)。少偏孤,與(yu)父(fu)居(ju),肆力田畝,鹿車載自(zi)隨。父(fu)亡,無以葬(zang),乃自(zi)賣為(wei)(wei)奴(nu),以供(gong)喪(sang)事。主(zhu)人(ren)知其(qi)賢,與(yu)錢一萬,遣之(zhi)。永(yong)行三年(nian)喪(sang)畢。欲還主(zhu)人(ren),供(gong)其(qi)奴(nu)職。道逢一婦(fu)(fu)人(ren)曰:“愿為(wei)(wei)子妻(qi)。”遂(sui)與(yu)之(zhi)俱。主(zhu)人(ren)謂永(yong)曰:“以錢與(yu)君(jun)(jun)矣。”永(yong)曰:“蒙君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)惠(hui),父(fu)喪(sang)收藏。永(yong)雖小人(ren),必(bi)欲服勤致力,以報厚德(de)。”主(zhu)曰:“婦(fu)(fu)人(ren)何能(neng)(neng)?”永(yong)曰:“能(neng)(neng)織(zhi)(zhi)。”主(zhu)曰:“必(bi)爾者,但令(ling)婦(fu)(fu)為(wei)(wei)我(wo)織(zhi)(zhi)縑百匹。”于是永(yong)妻(qi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)人(ren)家織(zhi)(zhi),十日(ri)而(er)畢。女出門,謂永(yong)曰:“我(wo),天之(zhi)織(zhi)(zhi)女也(ye)。緣君(jun)(jun)至孝,天帝令(ling)我(wo)助君(jun)(jun)償債耳。”語畢,凌空而(er)去,不知所在。
漢(han)朝董(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)是千乘人(ren)(ren)。年少(shao)時就(jiu)死了(le)(le)母親(qin),和父(fu)親(qin)住(zhu)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起。(父(fu)子(zi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起)盡(jin)力(li)種地(di),(董(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong))用(yong)(yong)小車載著父(fu)親(qin),自(zi)己跟在后面。父(fu)親(qin)死了(le)(le),沒有什么東西埋(mai)葬,就(jiu)自(zi)己賣(mai)身為奴(nu),用(yong)(yong)(賣(mai)身的(de)(de)(de)錢)供辦喪(sang)事用(yong)(yong)。主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)知(zhi)道他(ta)賢能,給(gei)了(le)(le)他(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)萬錢而(er)且(qie)打發他(ta)自(zi)由地(di)走了(le)(le)。董(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)行(xing)完了(le)(le)三年守喪(sang)之(zhi)禮,要(yao)回到主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)家,再去做奴(nu)仆(pu)。在道上碰見(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個女子(zi)對(dui)(dui)他(ta)說(shuo):“(我(wo)(wo))愿意做你(ni)的(de)(de)(de)妻(qi)子(zi)。”于是董(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)就(jiu)和她一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(到主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)家去了(le)(le))。主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)董(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)說(shuo):“(我(wo)(wo))把(ba)錢給(gei)了(le)(le)你(ni)了(le)(le)。”董(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)說(shuo):“蒙(meng)受(shou)您的(de)(de)(de)恩惠,(使我(wo)(wo))父(fu)得以收葬。我(wo)(wo)雖然(ran)是貧(pin)窮無知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)勤(qin)勞服侍(shi)盡(jin)心盡(jin)力(li),來報答您的(de)(de)(de)大德(de)。”主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)說(shuo):“(這)婦女會做什么?”董(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)說(shuo):“會織(zhi)。”主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)說(shuo):“一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)這樣的(de)(de)(de)話,只讓你(ni)的(de)(de)(de)妻(qi)子(zi)替(ti)我(wo)(wo)織(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百匹細絹(juan)(就(jiu)行(xing))。”于是,董(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)妻(qi)子(zi)給(gei)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)家織(zhi)絹(juan),十天(tian)織(zhi)完了(le)(le)。女子(zi)出(chu)了(le)(le)門,對(dui)(dui)董(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)說(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)是天(tian)上的(de)(de)(de)負責紡織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)仙女。因為你(ni)最孝順,天(tian)帝讓我(wo)(wo)幫助(zhu)你(ni)償還債務(wu)罷(ba)了(le)(le)。”說(shuo)完升上高空而(er)離去,不(bu)知(zhi)道哪兒去了(le)(le)。
選自《搜神記(ji)(ji)》。偏(pian)孤(gu):年幼時死去(qu)了母親(qin)。肆力(li)(li)(li)(li):盡力(li)(li)(li)(li),極力(li)(li)(li)(li)。田畝:種地(di)。鹿車:古(gu)時候一種小(xiao)車。遣:打發走。俱(ju):一起。藏:收(shou)葬。收(shou)藏:收(shou)養。小(xiao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren):貧窮(qiong)無知(zhi)的人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。爾:這樣(yang),如此。縑:細(xi)絹(juan)。緣:因(yin)為。凌空(kong)(kong):升向空(kong)(kong)中。勤服:勤勞服侍。蒙君之惠(hui):蒙受您的恩惠(hui)。供其奴(nu)職:再去(qu)做(zuo)主人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的奴(nu)仆。導(dao)讀這一神話故(gu)事(shi)選自《搜神記(ji)(ji)》,講(jiang)了董(dong)(dong)永(yong)少偏(pian)孤(gu),“與(yu)父居。肆力(li)(li)(li)(li)田畝,鹿車載(zai)自隨。”從小(xiao)勤勞,孝(xiao)敬,為安葬其父,“自賣為奴(nu)”,主人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知(zhi)其賢“與(yu)錢一萬”。董(dong)(dong)永(yong)“行三(san)年喪畢(bi),欲還主人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),供其奴(nu)職”是盡孝(xiao)盡職的重(zhong)要一筆,引出道逢一婦人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),愿做(zuo)他妻,“遂與(yu)之俱(ju)”一事(shi)。而永(yong)妻“為主人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)家織(zhi),十日而畢(bi)”是遂董(dong)(dong)永(yong)孝(xiao)敬之愿。所以故(gu)事(shi)最后(hou)由天(tian)之織(zhi)女道出“緣君至孝(xiao),天(tian)帝令(ling)我助(zhu)君償(chang)債”。
高昌,地名。西(xi)漢武帝(di)始屬千乘郡(今山東省濱州市博興縣)。西(xi)漢末(mo)年(nian)有個叫做董(dong)忠的(de)人(ren),因(yin)為告(gao)發別人(ren)的(de)一個陰謀而立功,被漢宣帝(di)封為高昌壯侯。后來他的(de)兒子董(dong)宏、孫子董(dong)武又相繼為侯。西(xi)漢哀帝(di)元(yuan)壽元(yuan)年(nian)(公元(yuan)前2年(nian))因(yin)為董(dong)武的(de)父親(qin)董(dong)宏行(xing)為奸佞邪(xie)惡,朝廷(ting)剝奪董(dong)武父子爵位(wei)。27年(nian)之(zhi)后,東漢光武帝(di)建武2年(nian)(公元(yuan)26年(nian))董(dong)武子董(dong)永又被朝廷(ting)再度封為高昌侯。
董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)早年(nian)(nian)喪(sang)母(mu),與(yu)父(fu)親董(dong)(dong)(dong)還如相依(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)命(ming),以(yi)(yi)種(zhong)田為(wei)(wei)(wei)生。董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)每去田間勞作(zuo),則以(yi)(yi)小車推(tui)著父(fu)親,放到樹蔭下,并備(bei)有(you)水罐,為(wei)(wei)(wei)父(fu)解(jie)渴(ke),過(guo)著父(fu)子相依(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)命(ming)的(de)(de)(de)生活。靈(ling)帝中平年(nian)(nian)間(184~189年(nian)(nian)),山東(dong)青州黃(huang)巾起義,渤(bo)海騷(sao)動,董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)隨父(fu)親為(wei)(wei)(wei)避(bi)亂遷(qian)徙至(zhi)汝南(nan)(今(jin)河(he)南(nan)省(sheng)汝南(nan)一帶(dai)),后(hou)(hou)又流寓安陸(今(jin)湖北(bei)省(sheng)孝感(gan)市)。董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)父(fu)親病亡,無(wu)力埋葬,向(xiang)人(ren)(ren)借錢1萬,言定日后(hou)(hou)做財(cai)主的(de)(de)(de)奴仆,以(yi)(yi)身(shen)抵債(zhai)(zhai)。董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)扶亡父(fu)靈(ling)柩(jiu)回鄉(xiang),葬于(yu)城北(bei)。在返回償(chang)債(zhai)(zhai)途中,路遇一女(nv)子,愿做董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)妻子。二人(ren)(ren)同至(zhi)財(cai)主家(jia),女(nv)子一月之內(nei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主家(jia)織絹300匹,償(chang)還了欠債(zhai)(zhai)。三(san)國時(shi)(shi)詩人(ren)(ren)曹植(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)《靈(ling)芝篇》單詠此(ci)事:“董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)遭(zao)家(jia)貧,父(fu)老財(cai)無(wu)遺,舉假以(yi)(yi)供養,慵作(zuo)致甘肥。債(zhai)(zhai)家(jia)填門至(zhi),不(bu)知何(he)用歸。天靈(ling)感(gan)至(zhi)德,神女(nv)為(wei)(wei)(wei)秉(bing)機。”對于(yu)董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)妻的(de)(de)(de)所為(wei)(wei)(wei),民國廿四年(nian)(nian)《續修(xiu)廣饒縣(xian)志》說:“抑古俠女(nv)者流之行徑”。明(ming)嘉靖三(san)年(nian)(nian)(1524年(nian)(nian)),鄉(xiang)賢祠內(nei)即供有(you)董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)牌位,后(hou)(hou)又在太和村(cun)建董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)祠,董(dong)(dong)(dong)氏(shi)后(hou)(hou)裔歲時(shi)(shi)致祭。董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)后(hou)(hou)裔分三(san)支,長(chang)支在太和村(cun),存有(you)董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)影像;有(you)一支遷(qian)居(ju)博(bo)興縣(xian)壟注河(he)村(cun),故董(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)墓在壟注河(he)。
天仙配的故事(shi)婦孺皆(jie)知,它發源(yuan)于孝感。
位于(yu)孝(xiao)感市孝(xiao)南區中心地段的董永(yong)公(gong)園(yuan),以漢朝孝(xiao)子(zi)董永(yong)賣身葬父、行(xing)孝(xiao)感天、七仙女下(xia)凡配為夫妻的神(shen)奇故(gu)事(shi)為主題,匯集了孝(xiao)感境內(nei)有關“天仙配”故(gu)事(shi)的文物古(gu)跡。園(yuan)內(nei)用亭、臺、樓、閣、橋、榭(xie)組成的仿古(gu)建筑群(qun),在(zai)山和水(shui)的映襯下(xia),別(bie)有一番(fan)趣味。
孝感(gan)市董永公園,國家AA級旅游(you)景(jing)區,位于(yu)孝感(gan)市城區槐蔭大道東(dong)段,距武漢市60公里。孝感(gan)也因董永行(xing)孝感(gan)天而得名。一九八(ba)四年建成,占地(di)75畝,分為三個區域。
園內有孝子祠、仙女池、槐蔭樹、鴛鴦(yang)樓(lou)、理絲橋、滌絲亭、白步梯(ti)和(he)升仙臺等景(jing)點12處。
與七仙女(nv)的傳奇故事(shi)
傳奇故事
西溪,為始建于(yu)西漢中葉的一個古鎮(zhen),在(zai)這塊古老(lao)的土地(di)上流(liu)傳著(zhu)董永與七(qi)仙女(nv)的傳奇(qi)故事。而與這個傳奇(qi)故事有關(guan)的地(di)名傳說卻更為當地(di)群(qun)眾所(suo)津(jin)津(jin)樂道,久傳不衰。
西(xi)溪鎮西(xi)北角有(you)一小村莊,叫(jiao)“董(dong)家(jia)舍”。傳說(shuo),東漢(han)初年董(dong)永就出(chu)生在(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)村子(zi)里。早在(zai)南(nan)宋時(shi)的(de)(de)《方輿勝覽(lan)》中就有(you)記載:“海陵西(xi)溪鎮,漢(han)孝子(zi)董(dong)永故居。”清嘉慶《東臺縣志》詳載:“漢(han)董(dong)永,西(xi)溪鎮人(ren),父亡(wang),貧無以葬,從人(ren)貸錢一萬,以身作傭(yong)……”。所以說(shuo)“董(dong)家(jia)舍”與董(dong)永有(you)關(guan)是有(you)一定依據的(de)(de)。
西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)溪鎮(zhen)(zhen)北有(you)一水(shui)塘,叫(jiao)(jiao)“鳳(feng)凰(huang)池”,昔日(ri)池水(shui)碧波蕩漾,清澈見(jian)底。傳說(shuo)王(wang)母娘娘的(de)(de)七(qi)個女(nv)兒常來(lai)此沐浴。鳳(feng)凰(huang)池后建有(you)“天女(nv)廟(miao)”(久(jiu)廢)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)溪西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南面(mian)有(you)一村(cun)莊(zhuang)叫(jiao)(jiao)“鶴(he)落土(tu)侖”,傳說(shuo)七(qi)仙女(nv)深(shen)為董(dong)永的(de)(de)勤勞和孝心所感動,一日(ri)在眾姐姐的(de)(de)幫助下(xia)(xia),乘鶴(he)下(xia)(xia)凡來(lai)到人間(jian),七(qi)仙女(nv)乘鶴(he)下(xia)(xia)凡之處,得名(ming)“鶴(he)土(tu)侖,即今臺南鎮(zhen)(zhen)社東村(cun),東莊(zhuang)叫(jiao)(jiao)“鶴(he)東”,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)莊(zhuang)叫(jiao)(jiao)“鶴(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)”。七(qi)仙女(nv)下(xia)(xia)凡后,在西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)溪南面(mian)的(de)(de)“十八里(li)(li)河(he)口”與董(dong)永相遇(yu),后在“十八里(li)(li)河(he)口”附近的(de)(de)老槐樹下(xia)(xia),二人拜天地成了親。天長日(ri)久(jiu),十八里(li)(li)河(he)口旁(pang)邊的(de)(de)村(cun)莊(zhuang)也成了“河(he)口”村(cun)(今屬臺南鎮(zhen)(zhen))。
西(xi)溪(xi)西(xi)廣福寺(si)后(hou)院內(nei)有一口古(gu)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),叫“繅(sao)絲(si)(si)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”,大旱之年(nian)不涸,傳(chuan)說(shuo)是七仙女(nv)當(dang)年(nian)為幫助董(dong)(dong)永贖身(shen)而替曹長(chang)者家織300匹云錦時汲水(shui)繅(sao)絲(si)(si)的一口井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。清嘉慶《東臺縣志》載(zai):“井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)口小而中宏深(shen),味極甘(gan),大旱不涸,每(mei)至春深(shen),井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)生(sheng)草根(gen)長(chang)丈余,人以為仙跡云”。明英宗天順六年(nian)(1462年(nian)),巡(xun)(xun)宰李誠蒞臨(lin)西(xi)溪(xi),查看了這個(ge)遺跡,建亭(ting)(ting)(ting)其上(shang)。當(dang)年(nian)九月(yue)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)建成,堅樸實得(de)宜。亭(ting)(ting)(ting)的梁柱(zhu)上(shang)還(huan)雕刻(ke)著水(shui)藻形的花紋。興化顧繁(fan)在(zai)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)上(shang)作《繅(sao)絲(si)(si)井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)記》。明萬歷(li)四十年(nian)(1612年(nian)),西(xi)溪(xi)巡(xun)(xun)檢劉(liu)文(wen)奎又在(zai)此(ci)(ci)修亭(ting)(ting)(ting)作記。日軍入(ru)侵(qin)前,井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)上(shang)還(huan)有涼(liang)亭(ting)(ting)(ting),四角凌云,翼然欲飛;井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)旁石碑上(shang)有亭(ting)(ting)(ting)記,日軍入(ru)侵(qin)后(hou),亭(ting)(ting)(ting)毀井(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)存(cun)。傳(chuan)說(shuo),董(dong)(dong)永和七仙女(nv)一月(yue)還(huan)清了曹長(chang)者的債(zhai)務后(hou),夫婦來到西(xi)溪(xi)南面(mian)的“董(dong)(dong)家垛”,安居于“寒窯”,從此(ci)(ci)過上(shang)了男(nan)耕女(nv)織的新生(sheng)活,此(ci)(ci)地(di)也由(you)此(ci)(ci)得(de)名“新生(sheng)”,現為廣山鎮新生(sheng)村。
數月后,玉(yu)皇大帝得知七(qi)(qi)仙(xian)女下(xia)凡之事,大為震怒,遂派天兵天將捉拿七(qi)(qi)仙(xian)女,董永(yong)追趕至西溪“南倉河(he)口”,夫婦二人(ren)(ren)抱(bao)頭痛哭(ku),生離死別。七(qi)(qi)仙(xian)女被天兵天將抓上半空(kong),她扔下(xia)腳上穿(chuan)的(de)一(yi)(yi)雙(shuang)繡花鞋(xie)給董永(yong)留作(zuo)紀念,一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)落河(he)東,一(yi)(yi)只(zhi)落河(he)西,落鞋(xie)處分(fen)別得名(ming)“東鞋(xie)莊”和“西鞋(xie)莊”,兩莊又合稱“雙(shuang)鞋(xie)莊”。為使董永(yong)免遭天兵天將加害(hai),七(qi)(qi)仙(xian)女在(zai)空(kong)中拔(ba)金(jin)釵(chai)(chai)向(xiang)地面(mian)畫出(chu)一(yi)(yi)條河(he),阻擋住追趕的(de)董永(yong),并用雙(shuang)釵(chai)(chai)插地,鑿成兩口井(jing),一(yi)(yi)井(jing)河(he)東,一(yi)(yi)井(jing)河(he)西,以示董永(yong)在(zai)此訣(jue)別,永(yong)無相見(jian)之日。后人(ren)(ren)為懷念善良美麗的(de)七(qi)(qi)仙(xian)女,為井(jing)取名(ming)“雙(shuang)釵(chai)(chai)井(jing)”,又名(ming)“金(jin)釵(chai)(chai)井(jing)”;為河(he)取名(ming)“辭郎河(he)”。
辭郎河(he)(he)邊有個村落(luo),得名“辭郎莊(zhuang)”(今屬廣山鎮)。七仙女別(bie)董永凌云而去(qu),后(hou)人在河(he)(he)上建“鳳(feng)升橋”,俗稱(cheng)“南倉(cang)橋”(即今牛橋,舊(jiu)曾(ceng)為西溪第一橋)旁邊建“凌云亭”,亭久圮。
第二(er)年,七仙女在天(tian)庭為董(dong)永生得(de)一子(zi),玉帝難容,她只好忍(ren)痛把(ba)兒(er)子(zi)送到(dao)十八里河口的(de)老槐樹(shu)下,托夢囑董(dong)永領子(zi)。放孩子(zi)的(de)地方(fang)由此(ci)得(de)名“舍(she)子(zi)頭”(今為臺(tai)南鎮(zhen)杜(du)沈村)。董(dong)永得(de)到(dao)兒(er)子(zi),更加(jia)思念七仙女,天(tian)天(tian)來到(dao)老槐樹(shu)旁遠眺,遙望天(tian)空(kong),殷(yin)(yin)切期盼妻子(zi)回歸(gui),全家團聚,董(dong)永佇(zhu)立之處便(bian)得(de)名“殷(yin)(yin)莊”,今屬(shu)廣山鎮(zhen)。
董永廟
董永(yong)死后,后人有感于董永(yong)的孝心(xin),為(wei)其建“董孝賢祠”,又稱(cheng)“董永(yong)廟”。有磚墻瓦(wa)蓋四合院十余(yu)間,祠內(nei)供董永(yong)塑像,四時香火不斷。院內(nei)有土(tu)(tu)建“董永(yong)墓(mu)”,墓(mu)有石碑,碑文為(wei):“漢董孝子諱永(yong)墓(mu)——道光乙未里人修”。為(wei)了(le)永(yong)久紀念董永(yong),并將(jiang)當地村(cun)莊取名“董家土(tu)(tu)侖”,后又改為(wei)“董賢鄉”,現為(wei)臺南鎮(zhen)“董賢村(cun)”。
董(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)早(zao)年喪母,與(yu)父親(qin)董(dong)(dong)還(huan)如相依為(wei)(wei)命,以(yi)種田為(wei)(wei)生。董(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)每去田間(jian)勞作,則以(yi)小(xiao)車推(tui)著(zhu)父親(qin),放到(dao)樹蔭下,并備有水罐,為(wei)(wei)父解渴,過著(zhu)父子(zi)(zi)(zi)相依為(wei)(wei)命的(de)生活。靈帝中平年間(jian)(184~189年),山東(dong)青州黃巾起義,渤海騷(sao)動(dong),董(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)隨父親(qin)為(wei)(wei)避亂(luan)遷徙至(zhi)汝(ru)南(今河南省汝(ru)南一帶),后又(you)流(liu)寓安陸(今湖(hu)北(bei)省孝感(gan)市)。董(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)的(de)父親(qin)病亡,無力埋葬(zang),向人借錢1萬,言定(ding)日后做財主的(de)奴仆,以(yi)身抵債。董(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)扶(fu)亡父靈柩回鄉,葬(zang)于城(cheng)北(bei)。在返回償債途中,路遇一女(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi),愿做董(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)的(de)妻子(zi)(zi)(zi)。二人同至(zhi)財主家(jia),女(nv)(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)一月之(zhi)內為(wei)(wei)主家(jia)織絹300匹,償還(huan)了(le)欠債。三國時詩(shi)人曹植的(de)《靈芝(zhi)篇》單(dan)詠此事:“董(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)遭家(jia)貧,父老財無遺,舉假以(yi)供養,慵作致(zhi)甘肥(fei)。債家(jia)填門至(zhi),不知何用歸。天靈感(gan)至(zhi)德,神女(nv)(nv)為(wei)(wei)秉機。”對(dui)于董(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)妻的(de)所為(wei)(wei),民國廿四(si)年《續修(xiu)廣饒縣志》說:“抑古俠女(nv)(nv)者流(liu)之(zhi)行徑(jing)”。
明嘉靖(jing)三(san)(san)年(nian)(1524年(nian)),鄉(xiang)賢祠內即供有(you)董永(yong)(yong)的牌(pai)位(wei),后又在(zai)太(tai)和村建(jian)董永(yong)(yong)祠,董氏后裔歲時致祭。董永(yong)(yong)后裔分三(san)(san)支,長支在(zai)太(tai)和村,存有(you)董永(yong)(yong)影(ying)像;有(you)一支遷居博興縣壟(long)注河(he)(he)村,故董永(yong)(yong)墓(mu)在(zai)壟(long)注河(he)(he)。
傳說
董(dong)永(yong)與七仙女(nv)的傳(chuan)說可(ke)謂家喻戶(hu)曉。
1950年,這(zhe)個(ge)傳說有(you)賴于(yu)(yu)(yu)安(an)慶拍攝的(de)黃(huang)梅(mei)(mei)戲電影(ying)《天仙配》而大揚于(yu)(yu)(yu)天下,黃(huang)梅(mei)(mei)戲是(shi)產生于(yu)(yu)(yu)安(an)徽省(sheng)安(an)慶市的(de)主(zhu)要地(di)方戲曲。2002年10月(yue)26日(ri)中(zhong)國郵(you)政局發(fa)行的(de)一(yi)套郵(you)票《民間(jian)傳說———董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)與七仙女》,更(geng)是(shi)擴大了(le)這(zhe)個(ge)傳說在當(dang)代生活中(zhong)的(de)影(ying)響度(du)。但(dan)是(shi),自古以(yi)來(lai),人(ren)們對傳說中(zhong)的(de)兩個(ge)主(zhu)人(ren)公董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)與七仙女的(de)來(lai)源則(ze)不(bu)(bu)甚清楚,一(yi)般認為(wei)(wei)故事成型于(yu)(yu)(yu)戲曲勝地(di)懷寧黃(huang)梅(mei)(mei)山區流(liu)行的(de)傳奇《董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)遇仙》。董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)一(yi)角(jiao)是(shi)來(lai)源于(yu)(yu)(yu)歷史人(ren)物還僅是(shi)傳說人(ren)物?唐宋以(yi)來(lai),博興、廣饒(rao)、孝感、丹陽、東臺、通州、蒲州、河間(jian)、汝南等地(di)都稱有(you)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)遺跡(ji),可見人(ren)們并不(bu)(bu)認為(wei)(wei)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)是(shi)可考(kao)的(de)歷史人(ren)物。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)七仙女,至今仍有(you)人(ren)將之混同為(wei)(wei)織女,到頭來(lai),董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)與牛郎(lang)之間(jian)的(de)關系便難(nan)以(yi)理(li)清。
董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)遇仙傳說發(fa)生于東(dong)漢中葉,支(zhi)持(chi)這個結論的(de)(de)可靠材料過去(qu)只發(fa)現了三條(tiao),第(di)(di)一(yi)條(tiao)見(jian)(jian)于東(dong)漢桓帝建和元年(公元147年)修(xiu)建的(de)(de)今山東(dong)嘉祥縣境(jing)內的(de)(de)武梁(liang)祠石(shi)刻(ke),該石(shi)刻(ke)上(shang)有(you)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)孝養父親的(de)(de)畫像,但是畫像中還沒(mei)有(you)出現仙女(nv)的(de)(de)蹤(zong)影(ying)。第(di)(di)二條(tiao)是魏曹植(zhi)樂(le)府詩(shi)《靈(ling)芝篇》:“董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)遭家(jia)貧,父老無(wu)財(cai)遺。舉假以供(gong)養,傭作致甘肥。責家(jia)填(tian)門(men)至,不(bu)知(zhi)何用歸。天靈(ling)感至德,神女(nv)為秉機。”第(di)(di)三條(tiao)見(jian)(jian)于東(dong)晉(jin)干寶《搜神記》卷1:“漢董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong),千乘人。少偏孤,與(yu)父居。肆力田畝,鹿車載(zai)自(zi)隨。父亡(wang),無(wu)以葬,乃(nai)自(zi)賣為奴,以供(gong)喪事。”董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)上(shang)工的(de)(de)路上(shang)遇到一(yi)個女(nv)子,那女(nv)子要與(yu)他成親,董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)推脫(tuo)不(bu)了,便一(yi)同來(lai)到主(zhu)人家(jia)。婦人“能織(zhi)”,“一(yi)旬織(zhi)縑百匹(pi)”。幫(bang)助董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)償(chang)清債務后,便與(yu)之告別了。臨行之時(shi),她向董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)交了底:“我,天之織(zhi)女(nv)也,緣君至孝,上(shang)帝令我助君償(chang)債爾(er)。”
在中原(yuan),關于董永(yong)和七仙(xian)女的(de)傳說很(hen)多很(hen)多,而(er)在豫南的(de)駐馬店(dian)市(shi),董永(yong)與(yu)七仙(xian)女的(de)傳說故事,似乎更具(ju)有人性味。
據(ju)說董永的老家(jia)在山東青州(zhou),因為兵災,母(mu)(mu)親(qin)不(bu)幸死去(qu)。臨(lin)死前,母(mu)(mu)親(qin)囑咐(fu)董永,趕(gan)快用(yong)車(che)(che)子推著(zhu)父(fu)(fu)親(qin)回到(dao)(dao)中原去(qu),到(dao)(dao)姥娘家(jia)生活。董永就用(yong)小推車(che)(che)推著(zhu)父(fu)(fu)親(qin),一(yi)路顛沛流離來到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)汝(ru)南(nan)郡。由于父(fu)(fu)親(qin)體弱多病,加上長途勞累(lei),一(yi)進(jin)汝(ru)南(nan)便撒手人寰(huan)。董永身上沒有一(yi)分錢,為了(le)(le)埋(mai)葬父(fu)(fu)親(qin),最后董永把自(zi)(zi)己賣給了(le)(le)財主裴氏(shi),用(yong)賣自(zi)(zi)己的銀子埋(mai)葬了(le)(le)父(fu)(fu)親(qin)。
董永向(xiang)姥(lao)娘家趕去的時候(hou),走到(dao)(dao)(dao)村(cun)南邊(bian)的一(yi)座小石橋(qiao)上(shang)(shang),橋(qiao)上(shang)(shang)站著一(yi)位美麗的姑(gu)娘。董永問,你(ni)(ni)攔(lan)我(wo)做什么?姑(gu)娘嫣然一(yi)笑說,我(wo)要嫁(jia)給(gei)你(ni)(ni),和你(ni)(ni)做夫(fu)妻(qi)。姑(gu)娘的話把董永嚇得魂飛魄(po)散,趕忙(mang)調頭下橋(qiao),繞到(dao)(dao)(dao)村(cun)后(hou)進(jin)村(cun)。誰知(zhi)迎面又(you)碰上(shang)(shang)了(le)那位姑(gu)娘攔(lan)住去路,董永千般央求,讓姑(gu)娘放過自己。姑(gu)娘爽(shuang)快地說,我(wo)是王母娘娘的七女(nv)兒,叫七仙(xian)女(nv),在天上(shang)(shang)看到(dao)(dao)(dao)你(ni)(ni)賣身行孝的事(shi),我(wo)很感動。如今世上(shang)(shang)很難找到(dao)(dao)(dao)像(xiang)你(ni)(ni)這樣孝順的人了(le)。所以,我(wo)背著爹娘來到(dao)(dao)(dao)凡間,下嫁(jia)給(gei)你(ni)(ni),幫(bang)你(ni)(ni)還(huan)債。
一席話說得(de)董(dong)永感激萬分,再三思量,遂決定帶姑娘(niang)回姥娘(niang)家成親。成親后的董(dong)永和(he)七仙女(nv)(nv)恩(en)恩(en)愛(ai)愛(ai),男耕女(nv)(nv)織,很快就還清(qing)了裴財(cai)主的錢,并生下一個兒子,取名叫董(dong)仲。
后來,董永與七仙女(nv)在村前相會的(de)地(di)方,叫前董會,在村后相會的(de)地(di)方叫后董會。二人(ren)相會的(de)石橋(qiao),叫遇仙橋(qiao),據說橋(qiao)上還留有七仙女(nv)的(de)腳印。
如今(jin),在駐馬店市(shi)的(de)宿鴨(ya)湖西岸,仍(reng)有前(qian)董(dong)會(hui)和后董(dong)會(hui)這兩個自然村,村里(li)的(de)人們仍(reng)堅信(xin)這里(li)就是(shi)董(dong)永(yong)和七仙女相會(hui)的(de)地方。
歷代史料的四個董(dong)永:
其(qi)實,董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)是實有(you)其(qi)人的(de)(de)。筆者發(fa)現,歷(li)代史(shi)料中(zhong)(zhong)至少記(ji)(ji)錄了四個(ge)(ge)(ge)名叫(jiao)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)人。第一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)記(ji)(ji)在《漢書(shu)(shu)》卷(juan)17《景武(wu)昭宣元(yuan)成功臣(chen)表》中(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)叫(jiao)做董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)忠(zhong)的(de)(de)人,因(yin)為(wei)(wei)告發(fa)別(bie)人的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)陰(yin)謀(mou)而(er)立功,被(bei)漢宣帝封(feng)為(wei)(wei)高昌(chang)壯侯(hou)。后來他的(de)(de)兒(er)子董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)宏、孫子董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)武(wu)又相繼為(wei)(wei)侯(hou)。西漢末(mo)年(nian),董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)武(wu)為(wei)(wei)王莽所(suo)(suo)廢。幸(xing)運的(de)(de)是,27年(nian)之(zhi)后,東漢光武(wu)帝為(wei)(wei)了收(shou)買人心,復封(feng)被(bei)王莽所(suo)(suo)廢的(de)(de)西漢故侯(hou)時,建(jian)武(wu)2年(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)26年(nian))高昌(chang)侯(hou)第四代(玄孫)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)又被(bei)朝廷找到,再度(du)封(feng)侯(hou)。《漢書(shu)(shu)》明(ming)確(que)記(ji)(ji)載,董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)生活(huo)(huo)于(yu)“千(qian)乘(cheng)”(今山(shan)東青州(zhou),即高昌(chang)侯(hou)國所(suo)(suo)在地(di)),與《搜神記(ji)(ji)》所(suo)(suo)記(ji)(ji)完全一(yi)(yi)(yi)致:“漢董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong),千(qian)乘(cheng)人。”因(yin)這條材(cai)料記(ji)(ji)在《表》中(zhong)(zhong),且(qie)非常簡略:“侯(hou)永(yong)(yong)(yong)紹封(feng)”,歷(li)來不(bu)為(wei)(wei)人所(suo)(suo)知。第二(er)個(ge)(ge)(ge)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)生活(huo)(huo)在東漢末(mo)年(nian)。最早記(ji)(ji)下(xia)這個(ge)(ge)(ge)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)名姓的(de)(de)材(cai)料首(shou)見(jian)于(yu)南宋(song)(song)人婁機所(suo)(suo)撰的(de)(de)《漢隸(li)字原》卷(juan)1:“孟郁(yu)堯廟碑(bei)(bei)陰(yin)。碑(bei)(bei)云:刊碑(bei)(bei)勒諜。碑(bei)(bei)皆載仲氏父祖兄弟(di)子孫所(suo)(suo)歷(li)所(suo)(suo)終之(zhi)官(guan),獨(du)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)為(wei)(wei)異姓。”若(ruo)此碑(bei)(bei)文所(suo)(suo)錄不(bu)誤(wu),可(ke)以確(que)定,公(gong)元(yuan)167年(nian)左右今山(shan)東曹縣(濟陰(yin))之(zhi)地(di)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)位大約(yue)五十(shi)上下(xia)的(de)(de)鄉(xiang)紳(shen)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)其(qi)人。第三個(ge)(ge)(ge)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)在唐代,《新(xin)唐書(shu)(shu)·孝友(you)傳》記(ji)(ji)載河間有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)孝子董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong),曾受到朝廷旌表。第四個(ge)(ge)(ge)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)在宋(song)(song)代,《宋(song)(song)史(shi)·董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)槐傳》的(de)(de)傳主董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)槐是南宋(song)(song)的(de)(de)名相,他的(de)(de)父親叫(jiao)董(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)永(yong)(yong)(yong)。
以上四個董永(yong),只有(you)兩漢之間的(de)(de)那個董永(yong)最有(you)可能(neng)是傳說(shuo)主角的(de)(de)歷史(shi)原(yuan)型。董武被廢后(hou)不久(jiu),正(zheng)逢亂世,山東猶受其害,董武父(fu)(fu)子生(sheng)活艱(jian)難自不必說(shuo),即所謂(wei)“董永(yong)遭(zao)家(jia)(jia)貧,父(fu)(fu)老無財遺”。所謂(wei)“遭(zao)”家(jia)(jia)貧,只能(neng)說(shuo)明原(yuan)先董永(yong)并(bing)不家(jia)(jia)貧,后(hou)來因發生(sheng)變故,所以致(zhi)貧;如若原(yuan)就(jiu)貧寒,父(fu)(fu)老豈有(you)“遺財”?董永(yong)在貧寒中能(neng)“舉假以供(gong)養(yang),傭作致(zhi)甘(gan)肥(fei)”正(zheng)是他孝行的(de)(de)體(ti)現。
高昌侯董(dong)永與傳說中的董(dong)永
之(zhi)間(jian)至少有五點(dian)重要的(de)(de)(de)吻合之(zhi)處:(一(yi))二(er)(er)(er)人(ren)姓(xing)名相同。(二(er)(er)(er))從(cong)(cong)時(shi)間(jian)上看(kan),前者(zhe)與武梁(liang)祠壁畫(hua),曹植、干(gan)寶的(de)(de)(de)記載均不(bu)矛盾(dun)。(三(san))從(cong)(cong)地點(dian)上看(kan),前者(zhe)與武梁(liang)祠畫(hua)像題記、干(gan)寶《搜神記》所(suo)記完(wan)全一(yi)致(zhi),皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)“千(qian)乘人(ren)”。(四)二(er)(er)(er)人(ren)都與“孝(xiao)(xiao)”有關。盡管高(gao)昌(chang)侯董(dong)永(yong)的(de)(de)(de)孝(xiao)(xiao)行(xing)只是(shi)筆者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)推測,但“孝(xiao)(xiao)”作為(wei)(wei)高(gao)昌(chang)侯的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)家(jia)寶卻是(shi)史實,所(suo)以(yi)(yi)這(zhe)種推測有合情合理的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)面。(五)二(er)(er)(er)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)生活條件有相似(si)之(zhi)處。高(gao)昌(chang)侯董(dong)永(yong)在(zai)父(fu)親被廢之(zhi)后、自己未(wei)封之(zhi)前,有27年的(de)(de)(de)貧(pin)寒生活經(jing)歷;傳(chuan)說(shuo)中董(dong)永(yong)家(jia)境(jing)本來似(si)乎不(bu)貧(pin),后來才破財(cai)。因(yin)此可(ke)以(yi)(yi)認為(wei)(wei),董(dong)永(yong)遇仙(xian)傳(chuan)說(shuo)極有可(ke)能是(shi)以(yi)(yi)兩漢(han)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)歷史人(ren)物高(gao)昌(chang)侯董(dong)永(yong)行(xing)孝(xiao)(xiao)、封侯的(de)(de)(de)史實為(wei)(wei)材料,雜糅(rou)東漢(han)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)神仙(xian)觀念(nian)而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)后人(ren)不(bu)知它的(de)(de)(de)歷史淵源(yuan),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)傳(chuan)播過程中,逐漸失真,以(yi)(yi)致(zhi)到了東晉時(shi),干(gan)寶只聽說(shuo)董(dong)永(yong)“少偏孤,與父(fu)居”的(de)(de)(de)故事,而對他的(de)(de)(de)家(jia)世則一(yi)無所(suo)知了。
至于七仙女(nv),曹植之(zhi)詩稱她為“神(shen)女(nv)”,《搜(sou)神(shen)記(ji)》中她自稱“天之(zhi)織女(nv)”。而(er)在《搜(sou)神(shen)記(ji)》成書的(de)(de)(de)東晉時期,牛郎織女(nv)的(de)(de)(de)傳說(shuo)已經(jing)成熟并得到廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)(de)傳播。今存(cun)晉代到唐代的(de)(de)(de)董(dong)永(yong)(yong)遇(yu)仙傳說(shuo)材料幾(ji)乎是(shi)空白,也許(xu)正好說(shuo)明(ming)牛女(nv)傳說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)巨大影(ying)響抑(yi)制(zhi)了董(dong)永(yong)(yong)傳說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)傳播。之(zhi)所以會這樣,一個(ge)重要原因就(jiu)在于,既(ji)然牛郎已經(jing)與織女(nv)結緣(yuan),那么(me)董(dong)永(yong)(yong)怎(zen)能再與之(zhi)結為夫婦呢?
敦煌殘卷(juan)《董(dong)(dong)永(yong)變(bian)(bian)文》是(shi)一(yi)(yi)篇重要的(de)文獻。變(bian)(bian)文有一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)重要的(de)變(bian)(bian)化是(shi),織女已(yi)經從(cong)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)演變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)了(le)!董(dong)(dong)永(yong)的(de)兒(er)子董(dong)(dong)仲長(chang)到(dao)七歲,受人(ren)(ren)羞辱,要找母親,一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)道士孫賓告(gao)訴(su)他說:“阿耨池邊(bian)澡浴來,先(xian)于(yu)樹下(xia)隱(yin)潛藏。三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)女人(ren)(ren)同作伴,奔波直(zhi)至水邊(bian)旁(pang)。脫卻天(tian)衣便(bian)入水,中心抱取紫(zi)衣裳(shang)。此者(zhe)便(bian)是(shi)董(dong)(dong)仲母,此時縱(zong)見(jian)小兒(er)郎。”織女變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)的(de)契機(ji),一(yi)(yi)方面是(shi)為了(le)與(yu)牛(niu)女傳說劃清界限,另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面也是(shi)以(yi)天(tian)上星(xing)(xing)象為依據的(de)。織女星(xing)(xing)本有三(san)(san)顆,位于(yu)銀河岸邊(bian),三(san)(san)星(xing)(xing)呈(cheng)三(san)(san)角形排列。雖然有了(le)三(san)(san)個(ge)(ge)織女,到(dao)底(di)還(huan)不(bu)能與(yu)牛(niu)郎之(zhi)妻(qi)截然分開,也不(bu)能確認哪一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)織女是(shi)董(dong)(dong)永(yong)之(zhi)妻(qi)。到(dao)了(le)宋(song)代,這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)問題才得以(yi)徹底(di)解決。
董永遇仙傳
明代人所編的一(yi)(yi)部載錄宋元舊話本(ben)的小說集(ji)《清(qing)平(ping)山堂(tang)話本(ben)》在中國(guo)早已失(shi)傳,20世紀初由日本(ben)傳回國(guo)內,書中保存(cun)著一(yi)(yi)篇完整的話本(ben)小說《董(dong)永遇仙(xian)傳》。董(dong)永的兒子(zi)董(dong)仲舒為了(le)(le)尋母(mu),道(dao)士嚴君平(ping)指點道(dao):“難得(de)這(zhe)般孝心。我與你(ni)(ni)說,可到(dao)七(qi)(qi)月(yue)七(qi)(qi)日,你(ni)(ni)母(mu)親同眾仙(xian)女(nv)(nv)下凡太白山中采(cai)藥,那第(di)七(qi)(qi)位穿黃的便是(shi)。”董(dong)永所遇的仙(xian)女(nv)(nv)第(di)一(yi)(yi)次成了(le)(le)“七(qi)(qi)仙(xian)女(nv)(nv)”。從(cong)此(ci)之后,明清(qing)以來的各種地方(fang)戲中,董(dong)永所遇的仙(xian)女(nv)(nv)都叫七(qi)(qi)仙(xian)女(nv)(nv)了(le)(le)。織女(nv)(nv)一(yi)(yi)下子(zi)變成了(le)(le)七(qi)(qi)位,那么在天上,她們(men)又是(shi)什么星宿(su)的化身(shen)呢?
筆者發現,在中(zhong)(zhong)國古代星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)象學中(zhong)(zhong),天(tian)(tian)上(shang)以“七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)”命名的(de)一(yi)共有十三(san)組:北斗七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、紫(zi)微垣(yuan)華(hua)蓋七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、太微垣(yuan)常陳七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、天(tian)(tian)市(shi)垣(yuan)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)公七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)亢宿(su)(su)(su)折(zhe)威七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、北方(fang)(fang)(fang)女(nv)宿(su)(su)(su)扶筐七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、北方(fang)(fang)(fang)危宿(su)(su)(su)車府七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)奎(kui)宿(su)(su)(su)外屏(ping)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)奎(kui)宿(su)(su)(su)天(tian)(tian)溷七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)昴宿(su)(su)(su)昴七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、南方(fang)(fang)(fang)鬼(gui)宿(su)(su)(su)天(tian)(tian)狗七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、南方(fang)(fang)(fang)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)宿(su)(su)(su)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、南方(fang)(fang)(fang)軫宿(su)(su)(su)青(qing)丘七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。這些星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)宿(su)(su)(su)都有自己的(de)特定功(gong)能,其中(zhong)(zhong)北方(fang)(fang)(fang)女(nv)宿(su)(su)(su)扶筐七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)功(gong)能是:“東(dong)七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)曰扶筐,盛(sheng)(sheng)桑(sang)之(zhi)器,主(zhu)勸蠶也(ye)。”(《晉書·志一(yi)》、《隋書·志十四》)、“扶筐七(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),為盛(sheng)(sheng)桑(sang)之(zhi)器,主(zhu)勸蠶也(ye),一(yi)曰供奉后與夫人之(zhi)親蠶。明,吉(ji);暗(an),兇;移徙,則女(nv)工失業。彗星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)犯,將叛。流星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)犯,絲綿大(da)貴。”(《宋史(shi)·志三(san)》)
得(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)較(jiao)遲的“扶筐(kuang)七(qi)星(xing)”,首(shou)見于《晉(jin)書》,而《晉(jin)書》、《隋書》均為唐人所(suo)修,則(ze)此星(xing)大致得(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)于六朝之(zhi)(zhi)后。唐宋(song)(song)時(shi)期(qi),扶筐(kuang)七(qi)星(xing)的主(zhu)功能(neng)是(shi)(shi)非常明確,為人間(jian)桑(sang)蠶、紡織(zhi)的主(zhu)星(xing)神(shen)。因(yin)七(qi)星(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)圍如采桑(sang)之(zhi)(zhi)提筐(kuang),所(suo)以得(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)“扶筐(kuang)”,即“盛桑(sang)之(zhi)(zhi)器”。《宋(song)(song)史(shi)(shi)·志(zhi)三》還說(shuo)(shuo):“織(zhi)女(nv)足常向(xiang)扶筐(kuang),則(ze)吉(ji);不向(xiang),則(ze)絲綿大貴。”元(yuan)人所(suo)修的《宋(song)(song)史(shi)(shi)》對(dui)之(zhi)(zhi)記錄甚明,可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)當宋(song)(song)末元(yuan)初扶筐(kuang)七(qi)星(xing)主(zhu)桑(sang)蠶之(zhi)(zhi)功能(neng)在民(min)間(jian)定有流播。而首(shou)出(chu)七(qi)仙(xian)(xian)姑(gu)的《董(dong)永遇仙(xian)(xian)傳》正出(chu)于宋(song)(song)元(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)際。可(ke)(ke)知(zhi),扶筐(kuang)七(qi)星(xing)的紡織(zhi)功能(neng)及吉(ji)兇預兆上的反映正是(shi)(shi)七(qi)星(xing)姑(gu)形(xing)成的星(xing)辰源(yuan)典。這種民(min)俗認定與宋(song)(song)元(yuan)話本《董(dong)永遇仙(xian)(xian)傳》中首(shou)次出(chu)現七(qi)仙(xian)(xian)女(nv)身(shen)影在時(shi)間(jian)與寓意上都(dou)是(shi)(shi)非常吻合的。因(yin)此,唐宋(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)后,民(min)間(jian)觀念(nian)中織(zhi)女(nv)與七(qi)仙(xian)(xian)女(nv)才(cai)能(neng)不相(xiang)(xiang)混同(tong),牛女(nv)傳說(shuo)(shuo)與董(dong)永傳說(shuo)(shuo)則(ze)自然分離(li)開了。
不(bu)過,今天民間觀(guan)念中的(de)所謂“姑兒(er)星(xing)”,其(qi)實(shi)指(zhi)的(de)是昴(mao)七星(xing)(昴(mao)星(xing)團(tuan)),但在唐宋時代(dai),這種觀(guan)念還沒有形(xing)成(cheng)。唐代(dai)人張守節的(de)《史記正義》說(shuo):“昴(mao)七星(xing)為(wei)(wei)髦頭,胡(hu)星(xing),亦為(wei)(wei)獄(yu)(yu)事。明,天下獄(yu)(yu)訟平(ping);暗為(wei)(wei)刑罰濫(lan)。六星(xing)明與大星(xing)等(deng),大水且至,其(qi)兵(bing)大起;搖動(dong)若跳躍(yue)者(zhe),胡(hu)兵(bing)大起;一星(xing)不(bu)見,皆兵(bing)之憂也。”可能(neng)是,后來人們因(yin)為(wei)(wei)找(zhao)不(bu)著“七仙女”的(de)星(xing)宿身(shen)份,便將之附會到看上去擠(ji)成(cheng)一團(tuan)的(de)昴(mao)七星(xing)身(shen)上。