三(san)溪村位于福州市長樂區江田鎮。三(san)溪亦名鼎溪,因屏山諸溪流會于石潭,成鼎足三(san)分之(zhi)勢而得名。上(shang)游稱(cheng)潼溪,下(xia)游析(xi)為北(bei)、南(nan)兩溪,北(bei)溪又名祠堂溪,南(nan)溪又叫街當(dang)溪。這里風景(jing)優(you)美(mei),人(ren)文景(jing)觀(guan)頗(po)具特色。
三溪(xi)有(you)詩贊(zan)曰:“列嶂如屏掛望中(zhong),流霞晚罩氣熊熊。斑(ban)斕五色迷(mi)蒼洞,盤郁千層擁碧穹。散綺(qi)遙連江練凈(jing),騰(teng)輝(hui)斜(xie)接(jie)日華紅(hong)。溪(xi)山不數吳航(hang)勝,第(di)一曾(ceng)聞品晦翁。”三溪(xi)開發歷史(shi)(shi)可追溯至(zhi)唐(tang)季,三溪(xi)潘(pan)(pan)姓始祖著作郎潘(pan)(pan)綱(gang)當年(nian)遷居(ju)至(zhi)此。宋(song)(song)(song)時(shi),這里(li)的(de)經濟(ji)文化相當發達(da),宋(song)(song)(song)狀元(yuan)、宰相鄭(zheng)性之(zhi),簽書樞(shu)密事高(gao)應松,監(jian)察御史(shi)(shi)潘(pan)(pan)文卿(qing),太守潘(pan)(pan)斌,理(li)學(xue)宗師朱(zhu)熹等,或傳學(xue)、或游觀,或就(jiu)學(xue)于此地。南宋(song)(song)(song)淳(chun)熙年(nian)間(1174~1189年(nian)),潘(pan)(pan)氏子弟授業(ye)于朱(zhu)熹,受其(qi)影響,連中(zhong)進(jin)士者有(you)10名。早在北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)祥符元(yuan)年(nian)(1008年(nian))潘(pan)(pan)循、潘(pan)(pan)衢兄(xiong)弟同登(deng)進(jin)士;從第(di)四代(dai)(dai)到第(di)七代(dai)(dai),曾(ceng)出5個中(zhong)丞(cheng),故有(you)“二(er)難進(jin)士,四葉中(zhong)丞(cheng)”之(zhi)譽。在宋(song)(song)(song)朝(chao)(chao),僅潘(pan)(pan)姓一族就(jiu)有(you)59人考中(zhong)進(jin)士。現(xian)尚留存許多唐(tang)、宋(song)(song)(song)以來文物(wu)古跡,主要有(you)天龍(long)井、摶紗潭、九仙洞、皈愚洞、龍(long)潭、釣鰲石和宋(song)(song)(song)代(dai)(dai)蘇舜元(yuan)(字才翁)等摩(mo)崖題(ti)刻(ke)。“二(er)難碑(bei)”橫跨北(bei)溪(xi)、南溪(xi)的(de)5座石橋,明代(dai)(dai)朝(chao)(chao)元(yuan)觀和陳省等摩(mo)崖題(ti)刻(ke),潘(pan)(pan)文卿(qing)故居(ju),紫(zi)陽閣遺(yi)址,明南昌知府莊(zhuang)維春故居(ju),潘(pan)(pan)氏宗祠,“鐘秀毓英”石碑(bei)坊及近百方散見(jian)于村(cun)間、廟內、橋邊等珍貴碑(bei)刻(ke),不勝枚舉。
每逢(feng)端午節(jie),總要在(zai)溪中(zhong)競渡龍舟,鑼鼓喧天(tian),頗為熱(re)鬧。近年(nian)來,在(zai)上(shang)級領(ling)導關心支(zhi)持下,對村(cun)莊進(jin)行整修(xiu)、綠化,保(bao)護和(he)修(xiu)復(fu)文物古跡。
1999年,福建省人民(min)政府公布(bu)為第一批省級歷史文(wen)化名村(cun)。
福州市長(chang)樂區江田鎮三溪(xi)(xi)(xi)村(cun)位于;吳航十二景之一“屏嶂鋪霞(xia)”所在的屏山腳下,因潼溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、南溪(xi)(xi)(xi)、北溪(xi)(xi)(xi)匯(hui)集于此而得(de)名。為首批省(sheng)級5個歷史文化名村(cun)之一。距長(chang)樂區城(cheng)區15公里,土地面積16平方公里,總(zong)人口(kou)13700人。
三(san)溪(xi)也稱鼎(ding)溪(xi)。上游(you)為(wei)潼(tong)溪(xi),建(jian)有(you)庫容達千萬方的三(san)溪(xi)水庫;下游(you)分為(wei)南、北(bei)兩溪(xi),南溪(xi)入(ru)海,北(bei)溪(xi)入(ru)閩江口(kou)。南北(bei)雙溪(xi)有(you)唐宋以(yi)來所建(jian)石(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)5座,分別名為(wei):大橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、平橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、小橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、當橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)和下橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。北(bei)溪(xi)的大橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),長(chang)43米,寬(kuan)2.4米,高4.4米,橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面石(shi)板上有(you)“宋咸淳已巳秋重修”的刻字。
前人(ren)有(you)(you)一(yi)幅對聯概括這里的山(shan)水風光(guang):“屏(ping)(ping)嶂鋪霞(xia)山(shan)積(ji)錦,龍潭印月(yue)水浮珠”。朱子嘗游覽和傳學于此,勒“溪山(shan)第一(yi)”四字。可見三溪的自(zi)然景觀之(zhi)優美(mei)。三溪的屏(ping)(ping)山(shan)高(gao)不(bu)(bu)過百(bai)米(mi),但登山(shan)途中景觀美(mei)不(bu)(bu)勝(sheng)收。山(shan)上(shang)大小巖石(shi)(shi)千姿百(bai)態。如猴頭、豬首、母(mu)雞下蛋、五(wu)蛇聚會等(deng),栩栩如生,維妙維肖。山(shan)腰(yao)有(you)(you)一(yi)個“皈愚(yu)洞”,由三塊(kuai)巖石(shi)(shi)頂托一(yi)25米(mi)長6米(mi)寬的巨(ju)石(shi)(shi)構成。周圍古樹(shu)參天(tian),是村民避(bi)暑納涼的好去(qu)處(chu)。附近還有(you)(you)“九(jiu)(jiu)仙洞”,天(tian)成石(shi)(shi)門供人(ren)出入,十幾平方(fang)米(mi)的方(fang)形巖洞內供奉著(zhu)“九(jiu)(jiu)仙君”,不(bu)(bu)少香客從老遠跑到這個洞里“祈(qi)夢”。山(shan)巔巨(ju)巖有(you)(you)一(yi)深不(bu)(bu)知底(di)的“天(tian)龍井(jing)”,傳說一(yi)只小牛(niu)伸頭向洞中喝水,不(bu)(bu)慎跌入井(jing)中不(bu)(bu)見,次日(ri)在海(hai)邊發現小牛(niu)的尸體
站在山(shan)顛平坦寬(kuan)闊(kuo)的“龍(long)背”上極(ji)目遠(yuan)眺,大(da)海與(yu)藍天相接,煙波浩渺,北至機場南(nan)至牛角山(shan),長樂南(nan)鄉一帶的村落盡(jin)收(shou)眼底,足令游客心曠神怡,流(liu)連(lian)忘返。三溪水庫邊山(shan)頂有兩(liang)塊巨石重(zhong)疊,上面(mian)的一塊有賈慶林題刻“中丞”二字(zi),在兩(liang)石相接縫(feng)隙塞入硬幣,大(da)風(feng)過(guo)后會被軋扁。
三(san)溪美(mei)麗(li)(li)的(de)(de)山(shan)水(shui)風(feng)光吸引了無數名宦雅(ya)士前(qian)來游覽(lan),留下眾多吟詠三(san)溪景色(se)的(de)(de)佳作(zuo)名篇,藝術水(shui)準(zhun)很(hen)高的(de)(de)摩崖石(shi)刻比比皆是,成為三(san)溪一(yi)道瑰麗(li)(li)的(de)(de)人文景觀。村北柏山(shan)的(de)(de)仙字巖為上下兩(liang)塊巨(ju)巖重疊而成。上面(mian)(mian)一(yi)塊刻有“釣(diao)鰲”兩(liang)字楷(kai)書,每(mei)字80厘(li)米見(jian)方(fang);下面(mian)(mian)一(yi)塊刻有“慶歷丁亥(hai)秋(qiu),颶(ju)風(feng)起(qi),余涉(she)是山(shan)巔,觀海(hai)波也(ye),才翁(weng)題”,篆書。才翁(weng)姓蘇名舜元,時(shi)任福(fu)建觀察(cha)使(shi),著名書法家。巨(ju)巖右(you)方(fang)還有2首五言律(lv)詩篆書,記述宋(song)時(shi)當地(di)“颶(ju)風(feng)掀漲海(hai),淠鹵灌低原”和(he)(he)海(hai)嘯災情,分別為宋(song)熙寧年間福(fu)州(zhou)知府廉(lian)轉運使(shi)張徽和(he)(he)福(fu)建轉運判官蔣之奇題。這些摩崖石(shi)刻為研(yan)究宋(song)代篆書風(feng)格和(he)(he)長(chang)樂市的(de)(de)歷史地(di)理變遷提(ti)供(gong)了珍貴(gui)資料。
植柱(zhu)廟(miao)(miao)、朝(chao)元(yuan)觀、鷲嶺祠等始建(jian)于宋代的(de)寺廟(miao)(miao)亭閣(ge),依山傍巖,錯落有致。最(zui)早也(ye)是最(zui)大的(de)是唐咸通(tong)六年(nian)(nian)(878年(nian)(nian))所建(jian)的(de)當陽寺,雖因戰亂圮毀(hui),但遺(yi)址(zhi)尚存巨大的(de)石柱(zhu)石槽等建(jian)筑(zhu)材料。三溪(xi)宗教寺廟(miao)(miao)的(de)文化主旨(zhi)及以(yi)懲惡揚(yang)善(shan)為主題的(de)傳說故(gu)事(shi),讓游客在(zai)(zai)明山秀水中感(gan)受至(zhi)善(shan)至(zhi)美的(de)人性。紫陽閣(ge)(俗稱朱子祠)旁有株墨竹,相傳是朱熹(xi)殘(can)墨潑(po)在(zai)(zai)竹上染(ran)成(cheng)黑色,千百年(nian)(nian)來這株神(shen)奇的(de)墨竹依然挺拔茁壯。
自古龍(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)日(ri)競(jing)渡(du),獨(du)有三溪夜賽航。這里的(de)龍(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)夜渡(du)是我省獨(du)有的(de)鄉土風情。從村(cun)中穿過的(de)南溪,每年(nian)端(duan)午(wu)節(jie)夜間燈光輝映,溪中龍(long)(long)舟(zhou)(zhou)競(jing)發(fa),兩岸及橋上(shang)人潮如涌,熱鬧非凡。
三溪(xi)以其山水交融、自然奇秀和歷史悠久、人(ren)文(wen)薈(hui)萃,造就了文(wen)化品(pin)位較高的旅(lv)游(you)資源,開發利用潛力很大。近(jin)年(nian)來,歷史文(wen)化名村管(guan)委會采取有力措施保護山上(shang)(shang)的摩崖題刻不再被(bei)人(ren)開采,并在山坡(po)溪(xi)畔(pan)植(zhi)樹綠化和防止(zhi)溪(xi)流遭受污(wu)染。已(yi)經疏(shu)浚南北雙溪(xi)河(he)道,游(you)客可以劃龍(long)舟從水上(shang)(shang)進(jin)入景區游(you)覽。
唐(tang)朝前,三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)建置(zhi)不(bu)詳(xiang)。唐(tang)時,劃(hua)長(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi)鄉,三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)屬(shu)安時鄉歸(gui)義(yi)里。宋大中祥符元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1008年(nian)(nian)(nian)),潘循、潘衢同(tong)榜進士,鄉人(ren)以此為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)榮,改(gai)安時鄉為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二難鄉,改(gai)歸(gui)義(yi)里為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同(tong)榮里。二難鄉轄(xia)(xia)(xia)二、三(san)(san)(san)(san)、四、五(wu)、六、七(qi)、八(ba)都(dou)。八(ba)都(dou)轄(xia)(xia)(xia)二圖八(ba)村(cun)(cun):一(yi)圖有(you)石門、嶺兜、嶺寺、硋窯,二圖、三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)有(you)邦上(shang)、新(xin)田(tian)(tian)(tian)、阮山。元、明(ming)、清至(zhi)民國(guo)初期沿(yan)用宋制。民國(guo)23年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1934年(nian)(nian)(nian))7月(yue)(yue),福(fu)建省設(she)十個行(xing)政(zheng)督察區(qu)(qu)(qu),第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)督察區(qu)(qu)(qu)行(xing)署(shu)駐(zhu)長(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le),時稱(cheng)長(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)專署(shu),長(chang)(chang)樂(le)(le)縣屬(shu)之。三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)設(she)聯(lian)保(bao)處(chu),駐(zhu)三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)營田(tian)(tian)(tian)陳(chen)氏(shi)宗祠(ci),轄(xia)(xia)(xia)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)保(bao)、溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北保(bao),三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)警察所設(she)在(zai)潘氏(shi)宗祠(ci),附設(she)監獄(閘仔)。聯(lian)保(bao)處(chu)后(hou)改(gai)稱(cheng)保(bao)甲處(chu)。抗日戰爭前后(hou),溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)保(bao)一(yi)度改(gai)稱(cheng)棋山保(bao),轄(xia)(xia)(xia)境稍有(you)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)。中華人(ren)民共(gong)和國(guo)成(cheng)立后(hou),全縣設(she)立五(wu)個區(qu)(qu)(qu),三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)二區(qu)(qu)(qu)駐(zhu)地(di),轄(xia)(xia)(xia)古槐至(zhi)松(song)下各(ge)(ge)村(cun)(cun)。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue),全縣第(di)(di)(di)二次(ci)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua),增(zeng)設(she)2個區(qu)(qu)(qu)。全縣劃(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)7個行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu),原來(lai)的(de)第(di)(di)(di)二區(qu)(qu)(qu)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)七(qi)區(qu)(qu)(qu),駐(zhu)地(di)由三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)遷往江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian),后(hou)又(you)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。原三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮(zhen)和石門鄉,三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮(zhen)轄(xia)(xia)(xia)三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、東(dong)嶺、心(xin)田(tian)(tian)(tian)、滿山4村(cun)(cun)。1955年(nian)(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue),全縣第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)次(ci)行(xing)政(zheng)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua),將9個行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)合并成(cheng)6個區(qu)(qu)(qu),各(ge)(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)以駐(zhu)地(di)冠名,即鶴上(shang)、金峰、營前、東(dong)渡、潭頭、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu),三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)屬(shu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)(yue),第(di)(di)(di)四次(ci)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua),江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)不(bu)變(bian)。1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)6月(yue)(yue),第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)次(ci)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua),撤(che)區(qu)(qu)(qu)設(she)鄉,江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)委改(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)鄉,三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)劃(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)感恩(en)鄉管轄(xia)(xia)(xia)。但不(bu)久人(ren)民公(gong)社(she)化,又(you)劃(hua)歸(gui)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)公(gong)社(she)管轄(xia)(xia)(xia),溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北、溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山、石門、港西(xi)4個高級(ji)社(she)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮(zhen),后(hou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮(zhen)被撤(che)銷(xiao),直屬(shu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)公(gong)社(she)管轄(xia)(xia)(xia)。1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月(yue)(yue),公(gong)社(she)改(gai)鄉,江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)人(ren)民公(gong)社(she)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)鄉,轄(xia)(xia)(xia)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)、三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、長(chang)(chang)林、溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山、邦上(shang)、石門等14個村(cun)(cun)。1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月(yue)(yue),江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)鄉改(gai)鎮(zhen)。1999年(nian)(nian)(nian),經省人(ren)民政(zheng)府批(pi)準,將溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山、三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、邦上(shang)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)歷史文化名村(cun)(cun),統稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)文化村(cun)(cun)。
董、陳(chen)、潘諸姓(xing)在這里繁(fan)衍生息。古代三(san)溪曾居住王姓(xing)人(ren)家(jia)幾十近百(bai)戶(hu),傳說有(you)(you)(you)富翁“王百(bai)萬”因犯法(fa)被(bei)斬,財產沒(mei)收(shou),此后王姓(xing)人(ren)家(jia)日(ri)漸衰敗。民(min)國(guo)初僅余王永光(guang)1戶(hu),其子遷福州,下落不(bu)明。今尚(shang)有(you)(you)(you)王氏(shi)宗祠遺址。古時尚(shang)有(you)(you)(you)廖(liao)姓(xing)20多戶(hu),遷往金(jin)峰集仙(xian)村。經過漫長的歷史發展,有(you)(you)(you)的姓(xing)氏(shi)遷出(chu),有(you)(you)(you)的姓(xing)氏(shi)遷入。三(san)溪文化(hua)村現居住有(you)(you)(you)潘、陳(chen)、楊(yang)、林(lin)、丁、劉(liu)、曹、周、蔣、王(另地(di)遷入,與原來王氏(shi)不(bu)同族)、董、侯、郭、李、謝、姜(jiang)、吳、戴(dai)、鄭等姓(xing)。