萬歷四十七(qi)年(nian)(1619年(nian)),袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)考(kao)中進士,被任命為福建邵武知縣。在任時喜(xi)歡與(yu)人談論(lun)兵(bing)法,遇見退伍的(de)老兵(bing)時,袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)與(yu)其討論(lun)邊塞(sai)上的(de)事情,所以對邊塞(sai)的(de)狀況(kuang)比較了解,自認(ren)為有鎮守邊關的(de)才(cai)能(neng)。
天啟二(er)年(nian)(1622年(nian)),袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)往(wang)京城覲見(jian)明熹(xi)宗(zong)朱由校,御史侯恂破格提拔袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)在兵(bing)部任職。不久之(zhi)后(hou),廣寧被后(hou)金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)攻陷,于(yu)是朝(chao)廷商議,應該派人鎮守山(shan)海(hai)關。袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)得知(zhi)后(hou),隨即一(yi)個人往(wang)關外(wai)查閱地形。回(hui)朝(chao)之(zhi)后(hou),袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)上言稱:“只(zhi)要(yao)能給(gei)(gei)我足夠的(de)兵(bing)馬(ma)錢糧,我一(yi)個人就(jiu)可以(yi)鎮守山(shan)海(hai)關。”朝(chao)中大臣也夸(kua)贊袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)才能,于(yu)是又(you)破格拔袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)為兵(bing)備(bei)僉事,督關外(wai)軍(jun)(jun),撥(bo)給(gei)(gei)帑金(jin)二(er)十萬,并讓其招兵(bing)買馬(ma)。
時關外地(di)都(dou)被(bei)哈(ha)剌慎諸(zhu)部所據,所以袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)到(dao)任后,駐(zhu)守于關內。沒(mei)多久,哈(ha)剌慎諸(zhu)部歸順,經略(lve)王(wang)(wang)在(zai)晉(jin)令袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)移軍(jun)(jun)駐(zhu)扎中前(qian)(qian)所,督參將周守廉、游擊(ji)將軍(jun)(jun)左輔(fu)的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui),管理(li)前(qian)(qian)屯衛所的(de)(de)事務。之后王(wang)(wang)在(zai)晉(jin)又命袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)前(qian)(qian)往前(qian)(qian)屯安置遼東(dong)的(de)(de)失業(ye)人群,袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)當(dang)即于夜間(jian)出發(fa),冒著被(bei)虎豹襲擊(ji)的(de)(de)危險穿梭于荊棘(ji)之間(jian),四更天入城(cheng)后,將士們都(dou)夸贊袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)有膽量(liang)。王(wang)(wang)在(zai)晉(jin)非常倚(yi)重袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan),上(shang)言提拔(ba)袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)為(wei)寧前(qian)(qian)兵備僉事。但是袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)覺得(de)王(wang)(wang)在(zai)晉(jin)沒(mei)有長遠戰略(lve)目標(biao),所以并不是事事都(dou)遵從(cong)王(wang)(wang)在(zai)晉(jin)。王(wang)(wang)在(zai)晉(jin)在(zai)八里鋪修(xiu)筑城(cheng)墻(qiang),袁(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)認為(wei)此舉不是很好御敵策(ce)略(lve),但他(ta)爭(zheng)辯不過(guo),于是奏書(shu)給首輔(fu)葉向高(gao)。
十(shi)三山(shan)困(kun)有難(nan)(nan)民(min)(min)十(shi)余萬,大學(xue)士(shi)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)巡行邊塞(sai)時,袁崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)請示道(dao):“在寧遠駐(zhu)扎(zha)五千(qian)兵(bing)力,以(yi)壯(zhuang)十(shi)三山(shan)的聲勢(shi),然后派(pai)遣(qian)將領(ling)帶(dai)兵(bing)去救(jiu)援(yuan)十(shi)三山(shan)。寧遠距(ju)離十(shi)三山(shan)只有兩百里,可(ke)以(yi)輕易占據錦州,如(ru)果不行再退守(shou)(shou)寧遠,怎么能放棄十(shi)萬難(nan)(nan)民(min)(min)?”孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)于是與總督王(wang)象(xiang)乾商(shang)議,王(wang)象(xiang)乾認為駐(zhu)扎(zha)關(guan)上的軍隊(dui)剛(gang)剛(gang)打了敗(bai)仗,士(shi)氣(qi)沮(ju)喪,不如(ru)調動(dong)插部護關(guan)的軍隊(dui)三千(qian)人前(qian)(qian)往寧遠,孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)同意后一方(fang)面調兵(bing)前(qian)(qian)往寧遠,一方(fang)面讓王(wang)在晉(jin)去救(jiu)難(nan)(nan)民(min)(min),但(dan)王(wang)在晉(jin)卻救(jiu)援(yuan)失敗(bai),十(shi)萬難(nan)(nan)民(min)(min)只救(jiu)回(hui)六千(qian)人。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)對(dui)此非(fei)常生氣(qi),駁(bo)斥王(wang)在晉(jin)修筑重(zhong)墻的建議,于是召集眾文武將官商(shang)量重(zhong)點(dian)防守(shou)(shou)的地(di)方(fang)。閻(yan)鳴(ming)泰主張(zhang)駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)覺華,袁崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)主張(zhang)駐(zhu)守(shou)(shou)寧遠,而王(wang)在晉(jin)、張(zhang)應吾、邢慎言等(deng)人都持反(fan)對(dui)意見,但(dan)孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)采用(yong)袁崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)的主張(zhang)。孫(sun)(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)自鎮關(guan)門,更加倚重(zhong)袁崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan),袁崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)也不負所望(wang),安撫軍民(min)(min),整備(bei)邊防,功(gong)勞顯著(zhu)。
天啟三年(nian)(1623年(nian))九月,孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)決定鎮守寧遠,僉事萬有孚、劉(liu)詔極(ji)力勸阻,但孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)執意(yi)前往,并命(ming)(ming)滿(man)桂與袁崇煥(huan)一起(qi)前往。袁崇煥(huan)到(dao)任后(hou),發現祖大(da)(da)壽奉(feng)孫(sun)承(cheng)宗(zong)命(ming)(ming)修筑的城墻不(bu)合規格(ge),于是袁崇煥(huan)制定規格(ge)重新修筑,并命(ming)(ming)祖大(da)(da)壽與參將高(gao)見、賀謙督(du)工(gong)。 ?
天啟四年(1624年),寧(ning)遠(yuan)城的(de)修筑竣工,在滿(man)桂與袁崇煥的(de)努力下,寧(ning)遠(yuan)被倚為(wei)關外重鎮(zhen),將士們樂于為(wei)其效命,商旅百姓以及流民將寧(ning)遠(yuan)視(shi)為(wei)樂土(tu)。同年九月,袁崇煥偕同大(da)將馬世龍、王世欽率水(shui)陸馬步(bu)軍一萬二千巡視(shi)廣寧(ning),拜謁(ye)北鎮(zhen)祠,經(jing)過十三(san)山(shan),抵達(da)右屯,就由(you)水(shui)路(lu)在三(san)岔(cha)河(he)乘船而(er)回(hui)。以袁崇煥防(fang)守的(de)功勞(lao),先后晉升為(wei)兵備副使、右參(can)政。
天(tian)啟五年(nian)(1625年(nian)),孫承(cheng)宗與袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)定下計策(ce),派遣將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)領占據錦(jin)(jin)(jin)州、松山、杏山、右(you)屯(tun)及(ji)大、小凌(ling)(ling)河等地(di)(di),并修繕城(cheng)防長期駐守(shou),寧(ning)遠(yuan)因此成為內地(di)(di),開疆復土兩(liang)百里(li)。同(tong)年(nian)十月(yue),孫承(cheng)宗遭(zao)到罷(ba)免,高(gao)(gao)第(di)(di)接替其職。高(gao)(gao)第(di)(di)認(ren)為關(guan)外一定會守(shou)不住,命令(ling)軍隊全部(bu)撤(che)出錦(jin)(jin)(jin)州及(ji)右(you)屯(tun)等地(di)(di),督屯(tun)通判金啟倧上書給袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)說(shuo):“錦(jin)(jin)(jin)州、右(you)屯(tun)、大凌(ling)(ling)三城(cheng)都是前(qian)鋒要(yao)(yao)地(di)(di),如果撤(che)兵,已經安居(ju)的百姓將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)再次(ci)(ci)被遷徙,收(shou)回(hui)的疆土再次(ci)(ci)淪陷,關(guan)內外經得住幾次(ci)(ci)退守(shou)?”袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)也(ye)向高(gao)(gao)第(di)(di)極力(li)爭辯:“兵法上說(shuo),有(you)進無(wu)退,收(shou)回(hui)的疆土怎么能輕易放棄(qi)?錦(jin)(jin)(jin)州、右(you)屯(tun)動搖,寧(ning)遠(yuan)便(bian)會難保,進而(er)使關(guan)門(men)失去了保障(zhang)。這些地(di)(di)方(fang)只(zhi)需要(yao)(yao)派遣良將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)守(shou)衛,就不需要(yao)(yao)太多的顧慮。”但高(gao)(gao)第(di)(di)執意要(yao)(yao)撤(che)離(li),并且(qie)想要(yao)(yao)撤(che)掉寧(ning)遠(yuan)的軍隊,但袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)表示寧(ning)愿(yuan)死在(zai)寧(ning)遠(yuan),也(ye)不愿(yuan)撤(che)離(li),高(gao)(gao)第(di)(di)無(wu)法強迫袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan),于是將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)錦(jin)(jin)(jin)州等地(di)(di)軍民(min)(min)盡數撤(che)離(li),丟棄(qi)米(mi)粟(su)十余萬(wan),在(zai)遷徙路(lu)上死亡的人非常多,哭聲震(zhen)野,軍民(min)(min)怨聲載道,袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)于是請(qing)求(qiu)回(hui)家為父守(shou)喪(sang),但遭(zao)到拒絕。同(tong)年(nian)十二月(yue),袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)升為按察使。
天啟(qi)(qi)六(liu)年(1626年)正月,努(nu)爾(er)哈(ha)赤得(de)知(zhi)孫承(cheng)宗被罷免,于是率領大(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)西渡遼河,二十三日,后金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)抵達寧(ning)(ning)遠,經略高第和總兵(bing)楊(yang)麟擁(yong)重兵(bing)于山海(hai)關,不去救援(yuan)寧(ning)(ning)遠。袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥得(de)知(zhi)后,隨即寫下(xia)(xia)血書(shu),與大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)滿桂(gui),副將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)左輔(fu)、朱梅,參將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)祖(zu)大(da)壽,守備何可(ke)綱等(deng)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)士盟誓,以死(si)守城(cheng)(cheng)。袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥一面堅壁(bi)清野,一面讓(rang)同知(zhi)程維(wei)楧盤查奸細(xi),通判金(jin)(jin)(jin)啟(qi)(qi)倧(zong)守護糧草,并(bing)(bing)傳(chuan)檄給前屯守將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)趙率教、山海(hai)守將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)楊(yang)麒,如果有將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)士逃到(dao)這里,可(ke)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)其全(quan)部斬殺。赤將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)抓到(dao)的(de)(de)明(ming)朝百姓放(fang)回(hui)寧(ning)(ning)遠,并(bing)(bing)讓(rang)其勸袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥投降,但(dan)遭到(dao)袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥的(de)(de)拒(ju)絕。于是努(nu)爾(er)哈(ha)赤舉(ju)大(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)攻寧(ning)(ning)遠城(cheng)(cheng),并(bing)(bing)讓(rang)士兵(bing)舉(ju)著盾(dun)牌(pai)攻鑿城(cheng)(cheng)墻。而袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥讓(rang)羅(luo)立等(deng)人指(zhi)揮西洋(yang)巨(ju)炮(pao),炮(pao)轟(hong)后金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),后金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在巨(ju)炮(pao)的(de)(de)攻擊下(xia)(xia)潰不成軍(jun)(jun)(jun),連(lian)續攻城(cheng)(cheng)兩天,損失(shi)慘重,努(nu)爾(er)哈(ha)赤于是下(xia)(xia)令(ling)退軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。但(dan)名將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)金(jin)(jin)(jin)啟(qi)(qi)倧(zong)卻(que)因為點火炮(pao)時引起(qi)自燃而死(si)。寧(ning)(ning)遠保衛戰(zhan)勝(sheng)利后,明(ming)廷舉(ju)朝歡喜,升袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥為右(you)僉都御史。
但另(ling)一方(fang)面,后金軍(jun)(jun)大肆攻略(lve)覺華島,殺死參將(jiang)金冠及軍(jun)(jun)民數萬(wan)人(ren),而袁崇煥剛(gang)剛(gang)竭盡全(quan)力保全(quan)了寧(ning)遠(yuan),無力救援(yuan)覺華。寧(ning)遠(yuan)大捷(jie)后,經略(lve)高第及楊麟因為不發援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)被罷(ba)官,明廷以王之臣和(he)趙率教將(jiang)其替代。
天啟(qi)六(liu)年(1626年)三月(yue),明廷(ting)(ting)(ting)重新設立遼東巡撫,并以袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥擔任,魏忠賢(xian)派其(qi)黨(dang)羽劉應坤、紀用一同前來(lai)鎮守(shou),袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥上疏(shu)請(qing)求(qiu)將(jiang)其(qi)調離(li),但遭到拒絕,明廷(ting)(ting)(ting)又加(jia)袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥為兵部右侍(shi)郎(lang),子(zi)孫世蔭錦衣千戶。但不(bu)久之后(hou),袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥解了寧遠(yuan)之圍,逐漸驕橫起來(lai),與(yu)大(da)將(jiang)滿桂(gui)(gui)鬧不(bu)和(he),于是(shi)(shi)袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥上疏(shu)請(qing)求(qiu)將(jiang)滿桂(gui)(gui)調往(wang)別處,明廷(ting)(ting)(ting)于是(shi)(shi)召滿桂(gui)(gui)回朝。經略王(wang)之臣(chen)奏(zou)書請(qing)求(qiu)留(liu)住滿桂(gui)(gui),袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥又因(yin)此與(yu)王(wang)之臣(chen)鬧不(bu)和(he)。明廷(ting)(ting)(ting)擔心這(zhe)兩個人鬧矛盾會影響大(da)事,于是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)兩人分開,王(wang)之臣(chen)督(du)關(guan)(guan)內,袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥守(shou)關(guan)(guan)外。
同年八月(yue),努爾哈赤病死,袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)派(pai)遣使(shi)(shi)者前(qian)往吊唁,以(yi)刺探虛實,皇太極遣使(shi)(shi)回(hui)報。袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)想要和后金議(yi)和,于是自寫書一封再次派(pai)遣使(shi)(shi)者前(qian)往。
冬(dong)十月,袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)領劉(liu)應坤、紀用、趙率教(jiao)等(deng)將(jiang)巡視錦(jin)(jin)州、大(da)小凌河(he)等(deng)地,想要大(da)興屯田(tian),恢(hui)復(fu)高第(di)放(fang)棄的疆(jiang)土,魏忠賢、劉(liu)應坤等(deng)人(ren)(ren)的子孫(sun)因(yin)此可(ke)以享受世代蔭(yin)襲(xi)錦(jin)(jin)衣千(qian)戶(hu),袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)從原來的錦(jin)(jin)衣千(qian)戶(hu)進升(sheng)為指揮僉事。他于是上書:“遼東的敗壞,雖(sui)然是人(ren)(ren)心不穩固,也因(yin)為失去了(le)(le)有形的險(xian)要,沒有東西可(ke)用來堅固人(ren)(ren)心。部隊(dui)不利于野戰(zhan),只有依憑堅固的城墻(qiang)和(he)使用大(da)炮一(yi)種方法。如今山海關的四(si)座城池已經修(xiu)復(fu)一(yi)新,應當再修(xiu)松山諸(zhu)城,輪(lun)值的軍隊(dui)四(si)萬人(ren)(ren),缺(que)一(yi)不可(ke)。”皇上回書給袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)(huan)答(da)應了(le)(le)他的請求。
天啟七(qi)年(nian)(1627年(nian))正月,皇太極(ji)同意了袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)的請和,舉兵渡鴨綠江(jiang)征討朝(chao)鮮(xian)。明(ming)廷覺得(de)袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)與王之(zhi)(zhi)臣不(bu)能相互協作,于(yu)是(shi)將王之(zhi)(zhi)臣召回,不(bu)再設立經略一職,關內外盡(jin)屬袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)管理。袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)于(yu)是(shi)趁(chen)皇太極(ji)舉兵朝(chao)鮮(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)際,派人修繕(shan)錦州、中左、大凌三城。而朝(chao)鮮(xian)和毛(mao)文龍同時向(xiang)明(ming)廷告急,明(ming)廷命袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)前往救援(yuan)。袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)派遣水(shui)軍(jun)(jun)增援(yuan)毛(mao)文龍,又派左輔、趙(zhao)率教、朱梅等(deng)人率領九千兵力逼(bi)近三岔河,以牽制后(hou)金軍(jun)(jun)。而朝(chao)鮮(xian)倒向(xiang)清(qing)廷進攻毛(mao)文龍,卻被(bei)毛(mao)文龍擊敗,后(hou)金軍(jun)(jun)也被(bei)毛(mao)文龍擊退,史稱“丁卯之(zhi)(zhi)役”。
同年四月,趙(zhao)率(lv)教在錦州督(du)護城(cheng)防建造工(gong)程,明(ming)廷派尤世(shi)祿前(qian)來接替趙(zhao)率(lv)教,又以(yi)左輔為前(qian)鋒(feng)總兵官,駐扎大凌河(he)。
五月,皇(huang)太極(ji)從(cong)朝鮮退兵(bing)(bing)后,率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)直抵錦(jin)州,將其包圍。趙率(lv)教(jiao)與紀用(yong)一方面閉城(cheng)堅守,一方面派(pai)遣使者議和,想以此拖延時間等(deng)待援(yuan)軍(jun),使者跑(pao)了三個來(lai)(lai)回仍舊(jiu)沒有決定,而后金軍(jun)的(de)攻勢越來(lai)(lai)越猛。袁崇煥以寧(ning)遠的(de)兵(bing)(bing)力不能輕易調動,于是讓尤世祿、祖大壽率(lv)領(ling)精銳騎兵(bing)(bing)四千繞到大軍(jun)后面決戰,另派(pai)遣水軍(jun)從(cong)東面進(jin)行牽制,并(bing)請求薊鎮等(deng)地發(fa)兵(bing)(bing)東護關(guan)門(men)。明(ming)廷(ting)命山海關(guan)的(de)滿桂(gui)移駐前屯,三屯孫祖壽移往(wang)山海關(guan),宣府黑(hei)云龍(long)移往(wang)一片石,薊遼總督閻鳴泰移到關(guan)城(cheng),又調動昌平、天津(jin)、保定的(de)部隊奔赴(fu)上(shang)關(guan);傳檄(xi)山西、河(he)南、山東等(deng)地的(de)守將整備好(hao)兵(bing)(bing)馬聽(ting)候(hou)調遣。
尤世祿剛要(yao)整備(bei)出發,后金軍又(you)分兵來攻(gong)寧遠,袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥與劉(liu)應坤、畢自肅(su)率將(jiang)士(shi)登(deng)上城樓(lou)防(fang)守,在濠(hao)溝內排列陣營,用炮遠距(ju)離轟(hong)擊(ji)。而滿桂、尤世祿、祖大壽在城外(wai)與后金軍搏戰,死傷(shang)比較多,滿桂也中箭負傷(shang)。
后金(jin)(jin)軍從寧遠(yuan)撤(che)退后增加(jia)錦州的(de)攻勢,但仍舊(jiu)無法攻克,而(er)且傷(shang)亡慘重,六月,后金(jin)(jin)軍撤(che)兵,史(shi)稱“寧錦大捷(jie)”。而(er)后金(jin)(jin)軍撤(che)兵時順(shun)道毀(hui)壞大小凌河二城。
寧錦(jin)(jin)之(zhi)戰后,滿桂、趙(zhao)率教等人都(dou)得到了應有的(de)賞賜(si),但袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥卻因(yin)為魏(wei)忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)讓他(ta)的(de)黨羽彈劾袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥不救援(yuan)錦(jin)(jin)州,論功行賞時,只給(gei)袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥增加一級官階。尚(shang)書霍維華為此感到不平,上疏(shu)乞求辭去蔭(yin)襲子孫(sun)的(de)賞賜(si),但魏(wei)忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)不許。七月,袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥辭官回鄉。明廷以王(wang)之(zhi)臣接替(ti)袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥為督師兼任遼東(dong)巡撫,駐扎寧遠。
天啟七(qi)年(nian)(1627年(nian)),明熹宗駕(jia)崩(beng),明思宗朱(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)即位,設計(ji)將魏忠賢(xian)除去(qu),并(bing)把之(zhi)前冒領軍(jun)功(gong)的(de)(de)人削職。在朝中大(da)臣(chen)的(de)(de)建議下,袁崇(chong)(chong)煥得(de)以(yi)重新被啟用(yong)(yong),被任命為兵(bing)部(bu)尚(shang)書兼(jian)任右副(fu)都御史,督師薊遼(liao)、兼(jian)督登(deng)萊、天津軍(jun)務。同年(nian)七(qi)月(yue),袁崇(chong)(chong)煥返回京城,上(shang)疏(shu)陳述兵(bing)事(shi)(shi),朱(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)于(yu)平臺召見袁崇(chong)(chong)煥,袁崇(chong)(chong)煥聲稱自(zi)己可(ke)以(yi)五年(nian)復遼(liao),朱(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)對此大(da)加贊(zan)賞。給事(shi)(shi)中許(xu)譽(yu)卿(qing)問袁崇(chong)(chong)煥復遼(liao)的(de)(de)策略,袁崇(chong)(chong)煥卻(que)說(shuo)(shuo)是用(yong)(yong)這種話(hua)安慰皇上(shang)。許(xu)譽(yu)卿(qing)說(shuo)(shuo):“皇上(shang)英明,怎(zen)麼(ma)可(ke)以(yi)隨便應(ying)對。他日按照期限追(zhui)求(qiu)成(cheng)效,你該(gai)怎(zen)麼(ma)辦?”袁崇(chong)(chong)煥也(ye)覺得(de)自(zi)己失言了,于(yu)是上(shang)奏(zou)說(shuo)(shuo):“五年(nian)復遼(liao)的(de)(de)計(ji)劃不容(rong)易(yi)完成(cheng),陛下既然委托(tuo)給臣(chen),臣(chen)怎(zen)麼(ma)敢(gan)推辭這艱難的(de)(de)任務。但是五年(nian)內,戶部(bu)轉運軍(jun)餉(xiang),工部(bu)供應(ying)器械,吏(li)部(bu)用(yong)(yong)人,兵(bing)部(bu)調兵(bing)選將,必須朝廷內外事(shi)(shi)事(shi)(shi)配(pei)合(he),才能有所成(cheng)功(gong)。”朱(zhu)由(you)(you)檢(jian)于(yu)是讓四部(bu)的(de)(de)臣(chen)按照袁崇(chong)(chong)煥的(de)(de)話(hua)辦。
袁崇煥(huan)害怕自(zi)(zi)己去往邊(bian)關(guan)以后(hou),朝廷(ting)中(zhong)難(nan)(nan)(nan)免有(you)人(ren)(ren)會再(zai)次誹謗自(zi)(zi)己,于是(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)(jiang)此(ci)事(shi)告訴(su)朱(zhu)(zhu)由檢(jian),朱(zhu)(zhu)由檢(jian)在大(da)學士劉鴻訓(xun)等人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議下,收回王之(zhi)臣(chen)(chen)、滿桂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尚(shang)方寶劍,將(jiang)(jiang)其賜給(gei)袁崇煥(huan)。鑒于此(ci)前(qian)熊廷(ting)弼、孫承(cheng)宗都(dou)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)受到排擠陷害,使自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)愿難(nan)(nan)(nan)以舒展,袁崇煥(huan)于是(shi)(shi)(shi)又上書說:“恢復(fu)遼地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計策(ce)(ce),不(bu)外乎臣(chen)(chen)往年所(suo)提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以遼人(ren)(ren)守遼土(tu),以遼土(tu)養遼人(ren)(ren),防(fang)(fang)守是(shi)(shi)(shi)正規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)(ce)略(lve),攻戰是(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)(ce)略(lve),和議是(shi)(shi)(shi)輔助策(ce)(ce)略(lve)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法(fa)。執法(fa)在循序漸(jian)進而(er)不(bu)在突(tu)變(bian)猛(meng)進,在追求實(shi)效而(er)不(bu)在貪圖虛名。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)臣(chen)(chen)與諸邊(bian)防(fang)(fang)官(guan)員所(suo)能(neng)做到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。至於(wu)選擇用(yong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)入,與被人(ren)(ren)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)皇上掌握其中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵。怎麼才能(neng)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)而(er)不(bu)三(san)心二(er)意(yi)(yi),相信而(er)不(bu)懷疑?因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)駕馭邊(bian)防(fang)(fang)大(da)臣(chen)(chen)與朝廷(ting)大(da)臣(chen)(chen)不(bu)同,軍中(zhong)可驚可疑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)特別多(duo),只應當談論成敗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)局,不(bu)必(bi)摘取(qu)一言一行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細小過(guo)失。事(shi)情的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)既然重(zhong)大(da),招致怨恨(hen)實(shi)在多(duo)。各種有(you)利於(wu)邊(bian)疆(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情,都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)利於(wu)自(zi)(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。況且謀(mou)取(qu)敵(di)人(ren)(ren)急,敵(di)人(ren)(ren)亦從而(er)離間,因(yin)(yin)此(ci)作邊(bian)疆(jiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)臣(chen)(chen)很難(nan)(nan)(nan)。陛下愛護臣(chen)(chen)了(le)解(jie)臣(chen)(chen),臣(chen)(chen)何必(bi)過(guo)於(wu)疑慮懼(ju)怕,但(dan)心中(zhong)有(you)所(suo)危懼(ju),不(bu)敢不(bu)告訴(su)。”朱(zhu)(zhu)由檢(jian)發優詔(zhao)答覆袁崇煥(huan),并賞賜蟒袍(pao)玉帶、銀幣,但(dan)袁崇煥(huan)上疏推(tui)不(bu)接受辭蟒袍(pao)玉帶。
崇禎二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1629年(nian)(nian)(nian)),駐守(shou)寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)的(de)來自于(yu)川、湖(hu)等地的(de)士兵因(yin)為(wei)軍餉的(de)事(shi)而(er)嘩變(bian),袁(yuan)崇煥(huan)用計將其平定。而(er)后袁(yuan)崇煥(huan)請求將寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan)、錦(jin)州(zhou)合(he)為(wei)一(yi)鎮,讓祖(zu)(zu)大(da)壽鎮守(shou)錦(jin)州(zhou),何可(ke)剛替代朱梅駐寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan),趙(zhao)率(lv)教守(shou)關門(men),袁(yuan)崇煥(huan)自駐寧(ning)(ning)遠(yuan)(yuan),同時上(shang)書(shu)給朱由(you)檢極(ji)力稱贊祖(zu)(zu)大(da)壽等三人的(de)才能,并說自己五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)復(fu)遼的(de)計劃全靠(kao)這(zhe)三人來實(shi)現,如果五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)后沒有實(shi)現,他將親手將這(zhe)三人斬殺,自己到司法部門(men)領(ling)罪服死。朱由(you)檢加封(feng)袁(yuan)崇煥(huan)為(wei)太(tai)子(zi)太(tai)保,并賜給蟒衣銀幣。
崇(chong)(chong)(chong)禎二年(nian)(1629年(nian)),袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)以東江毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)雖然(ran)能(neng)牽制(zhi)后金軍,但毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)耗費的(de)錢糧實在(zai)太大(da),袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)上(shang)書(shu)(shu)請求讓(rang)朝(chao)廷派(pai)人來(lai)管理毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)部的(de)軍餉,毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)不喜歡有文(wen)(wen)官(guan)監制(zhi)著(zhu)自己(ji),于是(shi)上(shang)書(shu)(shu)爭辯。而后毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)前(qian)來(lai)拜謁(ye)袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan),袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)以上(shang)賓之禮接(jie)待毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long),毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)也不謙(qian)讓(rang),袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)煥(huan)于是(shi)決定殺掉毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)(long)。
同(tong)年五月,袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)以閱兵為由(you)去見毛文(wen)(wen)龍(long),毛文(wen)(wen)龍(long)設宴與袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)喝酒(jiu),倆人常常喝到半(ban)夜,毛文(wen)(wen)龍(long)沒有(you)(you)覺察到袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)的來意。袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)提(ti)議更改軍營制度(du),設置監察官員,毛文(wen)(wen)龍(long)對此建(jian)議感(gan)到不高興,袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)用回鄉來打動他(ta),毛文(wen)(wen)龍(long)說:“我向來有(you)(you)這(zhe)個意思,但只有(you)(you)我知曉(xiao)遼東(dong)的事務,遼東(dong)的事情解決后(hou),朝鮮衰弱(ruo),可(ke)以襲擊占有(you)(you)。”袁(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)對毛文(wen)(wen)龍(long)的回答感(gan)到不高興。
而后袁(yuan)崇煥邀請(qing)毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)觀看將士射箭,預先在(zai)(zai)山上設置(zhi)好帳篷,令參將謝(xie)尚政等(deng)率兵埋伏在(zai)(zai)帳外(wai)。毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)到了之后,他的(de)部下沒能(neng)入內(nei)。袁(yuan)崇煥說:“我早晨就走,你擔當海外(wai)的(de)重托(tuo),請(qing)受(shou)我一(yi)(yi)(yi)拜。”毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)回(hui)拜之后倆(lia)人(ren)開始登(deng)山。路(lu)上袁(yuan)崇煥問(wen)隨(sui)從官員的(de)姓(xing)名,大(da)多都(dou)是姓(xing)毛(mao)的(de)。毛(mao)文(wen)(wen)龍(long)說:“這些(xie)都(dou)是我的(de)孫子。”袁(yuan)崇煥笑(xiao)著說:“你們在(zai)(zai)海外(wai)長久(jiu)勞(lao)累(lei),每月祿米(mi)只(zhi)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)斛,說來痛心(xin),也受(shou)我一(yi)(yi)(yi)拜,請(qing)為國家盡力。”眾人(ren)都(dou)叩(kou)頭道謝(xie)。
袁崇煥(huan)接(jie)著說幾件毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)違法做的(de)事,毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)與其(qi)爭辯(bian),袁崇煥(huan)厲聲(sheng)斥(chi)責毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long),下令(ling)將毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)的(de)冠服去除并捆綁起來,毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)表示(shi)不服,袁崇煥(huan)于(yu)是列數(shu)毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)的(de)十二條(tiao)罪狀,拿出尚方寶劍,將毛(mao)文(wen)龍(long)斬殺。
袁崇(chong)煥殺(sha)了毛文龍(long)之(zhi)后,害怕他的(de)部下叛(pan)變,于(yu)是(shi)增加(jia)他們的(de)餉銀,但(dan)是(shi)島上的(de)人(ren)沒有(you)主帥,人(ren)心背離,難以使用,而后會導致叛(pan)離。袁崇(chong)煥上書給明廷(ting):“東江鎮是(shi)牽(qian)制(zhi)敵人(ren)所(suo)必須依托的(de)。現確定兩協的(de)編制(zhi),馬軍十營,步(bu)軍五營,每年餉銀四(si)十二萬,米十三萬六千。”皇帝朱(zhu)由檢對兵(bing)員減少(shao)軍餉卻增加(jia)的(de)事情感到疑(yi)慮,但(dan)是(shi)一看是(shi)袁崇(chong)煥奏請的(de),也就答應了他。
崇(chong)禎二(er)年(1629年)十(shi)一(yi)月(yue),后(hou)金(jin)主皇太極舉兵數十(shi)萬分別(bie)進入龍井關、大安口,袁崇(chong)煥聽(ting)聞后(hou)率領(ling)(ling)祖(zu)大壽、何可剛入關守衛,所經過的薊州、撫(fu)寧(ning)、永平、遷安、豐潤、玉田各城,都分兵留守。皇帝朱由檢得知后(hou)非常高興(xing),下令(ling)嘉(jia)獎袁崇(chong)煥的部下,并讓袁崇(chong)煥統領(ling)(ling)指揮各地(di)援軍(jun)。
但不久之(zhi)后(hou)(hou),遵化、三屯營都被(bei)后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)軍攻破,趙率(lv)教(jiao)也在(zai)遵化戰(zhan)(zhan)役中中流(liu)矢陣亡(wang),巡撫王元雅、總兵朱(zhu)(zhu)國彥(yan)自(zi)盡而(er)死。后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)軍越(yue)過薊州往西,直逼京城,袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)忙率(lv)兵護(hu)衛京師。朱(zhu)(zhu)由檢召見袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan),賞(shang)賜(si)御用(yong)酒菜及貂裘(qiu)慰(wei)勞(lao)袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan),袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)以兵馬長(chang)途奔(ben)波,疲憊(bei)不已(yi),請求入城休整,但遭到拒絕。于(yu)是(shi)袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)駐軍城外(wai),與后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)軍鏖戰(zhan)(zhan),互有勝負。袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)令戴(dai)承(cheng)恩(en)在(zai)廣渠門列(lie)陣,祖大壽(shou)(shou)于(yu)南面列(lie)陣,王承(cheng)胤在(zai)西北(bei)列(lie)陣,袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)在(zai)西面列(lie)陣以備戰(zhan)(zhan),中午時刻,清騎兵從東南面進攻,祖大壽(shou)(shou)率(lv)兵奮力接戰(zhan)(zhan),而(er)王承(cheng)胤卻拔(ba)陣向(xiang)南避戰(zhan)(zhan)。后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)軍力戰(zhan)(zhan)祖大壽(shou)(shou)不下(xia),于(yu)是(shi)撤退,明(ming)將劉應國、羅(luo)景(jing)榮(rong)等人率(lv)兵進行追擊(ji),殺傷后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)軍千余人,而(er)明(ming)軍死傷也很多。收兵后(hou)(hou),朱(zhu)(zhu)由檢用(yong)酒食犒賞(shang)軍隊。 袁(yuan)崇(chong)煥(huan)有派(pai)遣任守忠率(lv)領五百人用(yong)火(huo)炮轟打金(jin)(jin)營,后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)軍撤退,京都之(zhi)圍遂解(jie)。
但后(hou)(hou)金(jin)軍退兵后(hou)(hou),袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)卻被(bei)治(zhi)罪。當初后(hou)(hou)金(jin)軍進入(ru)的關(guan)口是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)屬于薊遼總理劉策(ce)所管轄,而袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)得知后(hou)(hou)金(jin)軍入(ru)關(guan),直逼京城,于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)千(qian)里迢迢趕來救援,自認為有(you)功無罪,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)朝中大臣卻有(you)很(hen)多(duo)人(ren)認為是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)放清兵入(ru)關(guan),于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紛(fen)紛(fen)誹謗袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)與(yu)后(hou)(hou)金(jin)軍有(you)勾(gou)結,朱由(you)檢對此也很(hen)懷疑。此時(shi)后(hou)(hou)金(jin)軍也設計離間,說(shuo)袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)與(yu)后(hou)(hou)金(jin)軍有(you)秘密約(yue)定。十二月,朱由(you)檢將袁(yuan)(yuan)崇(chong)(chong)煥(huan)(huan)(huan)下獄。
魏(wei)忠賢遺黨王永光、高捷、袁(yuan)弘(hong)勛(xun)、史褷等人(ren)想(xiang)趁機給魏(wei)忠賢報(bao)仇,以擅自與后金軍議和、擅殺(sha)毛文龍兩(liang)條罪名定(ding)袁(yuan)崇煥死罪,并(bing)(bing)意圖一并(bing)(bing)殺(sha)死錢龍錫。崇禎三(san)(san)年(1630年)八月,袁(yuan)崇煥被凌遲處死,家(jia)人(ren)被流(liu)徙(xi)三(san)(san)千里(li),并(bing)(bing)抄沒家(jia)產,實則家(jia)無(wu)余財。
努爾哈赤:“朕用兵以來,未有抗顏行者(zhe)。袁崇(chong)煥何人,乃能爾耶!” ?
楊惟和:“十(shi)余(yu)年奴氛孔(kong)熾,士卒畏(wei)敵(di),不畏(wei)將帥。袁崇(chong)煥一(yi)振(zhen)起之(zhi),而將士始用(yong)其(qi)(qi)命,軍民始安其(qi)(qi)生,天下壯之(zhi),真今之(zhi)方叔也 ”
余大成:“力捍危疆(jiang),而身(shen)死(si)門滅(mie),其得罪大略相(xiang)似。但武穆有子霖、孫珂,能白其冤。而督師竟允絕,圣世(shi)誰復為《金陀粹(cui)編(bian)》者?可嘆也!”
王在晉(jin):“毛文龍(long)徑襲遼陽,旋兵相應,寧錦之圍解,文龍(long)與有(you)力焉(yan)。此出(chu)于崇煥之自陳,劇稱其牽制之功,則文龍(long)何可殺耶(ye)?文龍(long)殺而虜(lu)直(zhi)犯(fan)京城,明知而故悖(bei)之,崇煥之禍(huo),其真(zhen)自取(qu)耳!”
唐甄:“當(dang)是(shi)之(zhi)時,非無賢(xian)才也,袁崇(chong)煥以間誅,孫傳庭以迫敗,盧象升以嫉喪其(qi)功(gong)。此三人者,皆良(liang)將,國之(zhi)寶也,不(bu)得(de)盡其(qi)才而(er)(er)枉陷于死,使當(dang)日者有一張居正為之(zhi)相(xiang),則間必不(bu)行,師出有時,嫉無所施,各盡其(qi)才,而(er)(er)明之(zhi)天下猶可不(bu)至(zhi)于亡。”
談遷:“初(chu),虜(lu)勢張甚。人心惶駭欲遁。自崇(chong)煥堅拒,氣始振(zhen)。”“藤縣(袁崇(chong)煥)之于東陲(chui),亦(yi)勛勞多(duo)矣!初(chu),經略高第議棄寧前錦右。果(guo)如其說,則遼(liao)西將(jiang)非(fei)國之有也。賴藤縣力(li)持,成寧遠之功,士氣少奮。”
計六奇:“自(zi)遼事者,所用(yong)人鮮有(you)勝任(ren)者。當(dang)時(shi)所望成功者,惟熊廷(ting)弼、袁崇煥、孫承宗。”
張岱:“袁崇煥(huan)短小(xiao)精悍(han),形(xing)如小(xiao)猱(nao),而(er)性極躁(zao)暴。攘臂談(tan)天下事,多大言(yan)不慚(can)。而(er)終日夢(meng)夢(meng),墮幕士云霧中,而(er)不知其著魅魘(yan)也。五年(nian)滅(mie)寇,寇不能滅(mie),而(er)自滅(mie)之矣,嗚(wu)呼!秦檜力主(zhu)和(he)議,緩宋亡且二百(bai)余載。崇煥(huan)以齷齪(chuo)庸才(cai),焉(yan)可上比(bi)秦檜。”
朱舜(shun)水(shui):“奴虜種類,原自不(bu)蕃。先年李寧遠以奴隸兒子(zi)畜之,玩之掌股(gu),使其長養內地,知我虛實情(qing)形;又加以龍(long)虎將軍名號,使得控崇別部,狡焉啟疆,失(shi)于(yu)防御(yu),遂滅北(bei)關、白羊骨(gu)諸(zhu)種,益致(zhi)彼猖。又賊臣楊鎬(hao)、袁崇煥前后(hou)賣國(guo),繼喪遼陽、廣寧,滋蔓(man)難圖;然猶二十年蹂躪,三韓(han)、燕(yan)云(yun)屹然無恙。即(ji)曾兩入(ru)朔易山東,未(wei)敢公然盤踞。祗(zhi)因流寇攻陷京城,慘殺文武。吳(wu)三桂愚(yu)呆豎子(zi),失(shi)于(yu)較(jiao)計(ji),欲報家仇,勾引(yin)入(ru)寇;逆虜遂令三桂為導,乘機掩襲北(bei)京。”
夏(xia)允彝:“自有(you)(you)遼事(shi),所(suo)用(yong)人(ren),鮮(xian)能有(you)(you)勝任者。當時所(suo)望成功,惟熊廷弼、袁崇煥(huan)、孫承宗為庶幾;而武臣如劉綎、杜松(song)、滿桂、祖(zu)大壽、吳(wu)三(san)桂,其(qi)最(zui)著也。”
張廷玉:“崇煥智雖(sui)疏(shu),差(cha)有膽略,莊烈帝又以讒間誅之。” ?
乾隆帝(di):“袁崇煥督師(shi)薊遼,雖(sui)與我朝為難(nan),但尚能忠于所(suo)事,彼(bi)時主(zhu)暗(an)政昏,不能罄其忱悃(kun),以致身罹重(zhong)辟,深(shen)可憫惻。”
汪(wang)榮寶:“明自用兵以(yi)來(lai),督師者如熊廷弼、袁(yuan)崇煥、孫承宗輩,皆以(yi)蓋世之才,能(neng)稱其職;而諸(zhu)將委身(shen)許國,效死(si)不屈(qu)者亦(yi)前后(hou)相望。”
韓(han)文舉(ju):“以(yi)(yi)叔季衰亡之(zhi)國,攖(ying)犬(quan)羊暴(bao)起(qi)之(zhi)眾,自有(you)歷史(shi)以(yi)(yi)來,未(wei)有(you)能取(qu)(qu)勝者(zhe),能取(qu)(qu)勝自督(du)師(shi)始。且不徒取(qu)(qu)勝而已,實足制敵死命(ming)而無(wu)難(nan)(nan)(nan),是中經營(ying)慘淡,殆非(fei)(fei)尋常英雄所能勝任(ren)。夫知(zhi)敵所長而避之(zhi),偵敵所短而乘之(zhi),難(nan)(nan)(nan)矣;然猶非(fei)(fei)至(zhi)難(nan)(nan)(nan)也(ye)。大敗之(zhi)后,人無(wu)固志,胡塵乍起(qi),望(wang)風(feng)而逃(tao),于(yu)此而欲振作士氣(qi),俾將(jiang)卒去(qu)其畏敵之(zhi)心,起(qi)其滅敵之(zhi)望(wang),寧非(fei)(fei)難(nan)(nan)(nan)中之(zhi)至(zhi)難(nan)(nan)(nan)者(zhe)哉(zai)?以(yi)(yi)此而論督(du)師(shi),殆天(tian)人不可及歟!” ?
康有為:“夫袁督師(shi)之(zhi)雄(xiong)才大略,忠烈(lie)武棱,古今寡(gua)比。其遺文(wen)雖(sui)寥落(luo),而(er)(er)奮揚(yang)蹈厲(li),鶴立虹布,猶想見(jian)魯陽(yang)揮(hui)戈(ge)、崆(kong)峒倚劍之(zhi)神采焉(yan)。”“若吾粵(yue)袁督師(shi)之(zhi)喪于讒(chan)間(jian)也,天下(xia)震動,鬼(gui)神號泣,明(ming)社遂屋(wu),余禍烈(lie)烈(lie),波(bo)蕩至今。嗚(wu)呼,天下(xia)才臣名將多矣,讒(chan)死亦至伙,而(er)(er)惻惻于人心,震惕于敵國(guo),非止以一(yi)身之(zhi)生死系一(yi)姓之(zhi)存(cun)亡(wang),實以一(yi)身之(zhi)生命關中(zhong)國(guo)之(zhi)全局,則豈惟杜郵、鐘(zhong)室、涼風、金牌之(zhi)凄感(gan)也。……假若間(jian)不行而(er)(er)能盡其才,明(ming)或不亡(wang)。”
梁(liang)啟超:“使(shi)(shi)督(du)(du)師(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)前而(er)有(you)(you)(you)督(du)(du)師(shi)(shi)其人者(zhe),則滿(man)洲軍將(jiang)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)越(yue)(yue)遼河一步(bu),使(shi)(shi)督(du)(du)師(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)后而(er)能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)督(du)(du)師(shi)(shi)其人者(zhe),則滿(man)洲軍猶不(bu)能(neng)(neng)越(yue)(yue)榆(yu)關一步(bu),故袁督(du)(du)師(shi)(shi)一日不(bu)去,則滿(man)洲萬不(bu)能(neng)(neng)得志(zhi)于中(zhong)國,后金軍之(zhi)處心積慮,以(yi)(yi)謀督(du)(du)師(shi)(shi)宜也(ye)。而(er)獨怪乎明(ming)之(zhi)朝廷自壞長城,為(wei)敵(di)復(fu)仇(chou),以(yi)(yi)快(kuai)群(qun)小一日之(zhi)意見(jian),而(er)與(yu)之(zhi)俱(ju)盡,古今冤(yuan)獄雖多,語其關系之(zhi)重大,殆未(wei)有(you)(you)(you)袁督(du)(du)師(shi)(shi)若者(zhe)也(ye)。”“若夫以(yi)(yi)一身(shen)之(zhi)言(yan)動、進(jin)退、生死,關系國家之(zhi)安危、民族之(zhi)隆替者(zhe),于古未(wei)始(shi)有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)。有(you)(you)(you)之(zhi),則袁督(du)(du)師(shi)(shi)其人也(ye)。” ?
蕭一山:“熊廷弼、袁崇(chong)煥、孫(sun)承宗,皆以蓋世之才(cai),治(zhi)遼事而(er)有余(yu),然或內毀于閹黨,外(wai)罹于反間(jian),不終其位(wei)。” ?
李濟深:“論明清間事者(zhe),僉(qian)以為督(du)師不死,滿(man)清不能入主中原。”
孟森:“庶知(zhi)三百年公論不(bu)定,一翻明末人(ren)(ren)當(dang)時之(zhi)記載,愈墜(zhui)云霧(wu)中。論史者(zhe)將謂今日(ri)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)應妄斷古人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)獄,惟(wei)有求之(zhi)故紙,憑耳目所及(ji)(ji)者(zhe)之(zhi)言以為信。豈知(zhi)明季(ji)之(zhi)事(shi),惟(wei)耳目相(xiang)及(ji)(ji)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),恩(en)怨是非尤為糾葛(ge)。” ?
金(jin)庸:“袁(yuan)崇煥(huan)真(zhen)像是一個(ge)古(gu)希臘的(de)(de)悲劇英雄,他有巨大的(de)(de)勇(yong)氣,和敵人作(zuo)戰的(de)(de)勇(yong)氣,道德上(shang)的(de)(de)勇(yong)氣。他沖天的(de)(de)干(gan)勁(jing),執(zhi)拗的(de)(de)蠻勁(jing),剛(gang)烈的(de)(de)狠(hen)勁(jing),在當時猥瑣萎靡(mi)的(de)(de)明末朝廷中(zhong),加倍的(de)(de)顯得突出。”
遲浩田:“袁崇煥是(shi)(shi)我(wo)們中華(hua)民族的一個(ge)偉(wei)大英雄,我(wo)們岳飛、袁崇煥都是(shi)(shi)在中華(hua)民族歷史(shi)上有褒有貶(bian),經(jing)歷坎(kan)坷(ke),但是(shi)(shi)最終一條,人民的眼睛是(shi)(shi)雪亮的,歷史(shi)是(shi)(shi)公(gong)正的。”