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主要經歷

早年經歷

齊莊公(gong)五十六年（約前723年），管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出生(sheng)，管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的祖先(xian)是(shi)周(zhou)穆王的后代(dai)，與周(zhou)王室同宗(zong)。父(fu)親(qin)管(guan)(guan)莊是(shi)齊國(guo)的大(da)夫，后來家道(dao)中衰，導(dao)致(zhi)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)活很貧(pin)困。為(wei)了謀生(sheng)，聯合好友鮑叔(shu)牙合伙做(zuo)生(sheng)意失(shi)敗(bai)。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)做(zuo)過(guo)當時(shi)認為(wei)是(shi)微賤的商人。游歷(li)許多地方，接觸各(ge)(ge)式(shi)各(ge)(ge)樣(yang)的人，見過(guo)許多世面，從而積累了豐富(fu)的社(she)會經驗(yan)。當兵的時(shi)候，臨陣脫逃。幾次想當官，但都沒有成功。

佐公子糾

齊(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十三年（前698年），齊(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)駕崩(beng)，留下三個兒子(zi)(zi)，太子(zi)(zi)諸(zhu)兒、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)。齊(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)死后，太子(zi)(zi)諸(zhu)兒即位(wei)，是(shi)為(wei)齊(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。當時，管(guan)仲和(he)鮑叔(shu)牙分別輔佐公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)和(he)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)。不久，齊(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與其(qi)妹魯桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的夫人文(wen)姜秘謀私通(tong)，醉殺了魯桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。對此，管(guan)仲預感到齊(qi)國將會發生大(da)亂。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)的母親是(shi)魯君的女兒，因此管(guan)仲和(he)召忽就保護公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)逃到魯國去躲避。

齊襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十二(er)年(nian)（前686年(nian)），齊國(guo)內亂(luan)，兩個逃亡在(zai)外(wai)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，一(yi)見時機成熟，都想急(ji)忙設(she)法回(hui)(hui)國(guo)，以便奪取國(guo)君(jun)(jun)的寶座。魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)知道齊國(guo)無君(jun)(jun)后，萬(wan)分焦急(ji)，立即派兵護送公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)糾回(hui)(hui)國(guo)，后來(lai)(lai)發(fa)現公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)已(yi)經先(xian)出發(fa)回(hui)(hui)國(guo)。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)于是決定自(zi)請先(xian)行，親率30乘兵車到莒國(guo)通往齊國(guo)的路上(shang)(shang)去截擊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)。人馬過即墨30余里，正(zheng)遇見公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)的大隊車馬。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)等公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)車馬走近，就操(cao)起箭(jian)來(lai)(lai)對準射(she)去，一(yi)箭(jian)射(she)中(zhong)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)應(ying)聲倒下。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)見公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)已(yi)射(she)死，就率領(ling)人馬回(hui)(hui)去。其實公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)沒有死，管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)一(yi)箭(jian)射(she)中(zhong)他的銅制衣帶勾上(shang)(shang)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)急(ji)中(zhong)生智咬破舌尖(jian)裝死倒下。經此一(yi)驚，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)與鮑叔牙(ya)更(geng)加警(jing)惕，飛速向(xiang)齊國(guo)挺進(jin)。當(dang)他們來(lai)(lai)到臨淄時，由鮑叔牙(ya)先(xian)進(jin)城里勸(quan)說，齊國(guo)正(zheng)卿(qing)高氏(shi)和國(guo)氏(shi)都同意護立公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)為國(guo)君(jun)(jun)，于是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)就進(jin)城，順(shun)利(li)地登上(shang)(shang)君(jun)(jun)位，這(zhe)就是歷史上(shang)(shang)有名的齊桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。

鮑叔舉賢

齊(qi)(qi)桓年（前685年），齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)即位后，急需找到有才干的(de)人來(lai)輔佐，因此(ci)就準備請鮑(bao)叔(shu)(shu)牙出來(lai)任齊(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)。但鮑(bao)叔(shu)(shu)牙稱自己才能不(bu)如管仲，若要使齊(qi)(qi)國稱霸，必(bi)要用(yong)管仲為相(xiang)(xiang)。

管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)一(yi)伙認為(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)已(yi)死，再沒有人與他(ta)(ta)爭奪君位，也就(jiu)不急于(yu)趕路。六天后(hou)才(cai)到(dao)(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。一(yi)到(dao)(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，沒想到(dao)(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)有國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君，新(xin)君正是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)。魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)得知齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)有新(xin)君后(hou)氣急敗壞，當即(ji)派兵進攻齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，企圖武裝(zhuang)干涉來(lai)奪取(qu)君位。雙(shuang)方在乾時(shi)會戰，管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)建議(yi)當趁(chen)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)人心未定速(su)攻，但魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卻說：“如(ru)果一(yi)切如(ru)你所(suo)料，小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)早(zao)就(jiu)被射死了。”不聽(ting)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的話，結果遭遇伏擊，魯(lu)軍大敗，公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)和管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)隨魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)敗歸魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍乘勝追(zhui)擊，進入魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)境內。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)絕(jue)后(hou)患，遣書給(gei)魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)，叫魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)殺(sha)(sha)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)，交出管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)和召(zhao)忽(hu)。否則齊(qi)(qi)(qi)軍將全(quan)面進攻魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)得知后(hou)與大夫施伯商量，施伯認為(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)要管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)不是(shi)為(wei)了報(bao)仇雪恨(hen)，而是(shi)為(wei)了任用他(ta)(ta)為(wei)政(zheng)。因為(wei)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的才(cai)干世間少有，他(ta)(ta)為(wei)政(zheng)的國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家必然會富強稱霸。假如(ru)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)被齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)任用，將為(wei)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的大患。因此施伯主(zhu)張(zhang)殺(sha)(sha)死管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)，將尸首還給(gei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。但鮑叔牙(ya)用計稱齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)恨(hen)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)入骨，一(yi)定要生(sheng)殺(sha)(sha)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)。且(qie)魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)新(xin)敗，聞齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大兵壓境，早(zao)嚇得心顫(zhan)膽寒(han)，沒有聽(ting)施伯的主(zhu)張(zhang)。在齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)壓力下(xia)，殺(sha)(sha)死公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)，并(bing)將管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)和召(zhao)忽(hu)擒住，準備將二人送還齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)發(fa)落，以期退兵。

管仲(zhong)清楚這是鮑叔牙的(de)計謀，于是讓押運工人快馬加(jia)鞭趕去齊國，最后平(ping)安到(dao)了(le)(le)齊國，經鮑叔牙的(de)建議(yi)，齊桓(huan)公(gong)同(tong)意(yi)選擇(ze)吉祥(xiang)日子，以(yi)非常隆重的(de)禮節，親自去迎接管仲(zhong)，以(yi)此來表示對管仲(zhong)的(de)重視(shi)和(he)信任。同(tong)時也(ye)讓天(tian)下(xia)人都知道齊桓(huan)公(gong)的(de)賢達(da)大度(du)。齊桓(huan)公(gong)迎接管仲(zhong)后，一(yi)連聊了(le)(le)三(san)天(tian)三(san)夜，句句投機(ji)，齋戒三(san)日，拜了(le)(le)管仲(zhong)為(wei)相，并稱管仲(zhong)為(wei)“仲(zhong)父”。

助齊稱霸

齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)二年（前(qian)684年），桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)又(you)對管仲說：“我(wo)想加強軍備(bei)(bei)。”管仲又(you)說：“不(bu)行。”桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)聽，果(guo)然修治軍備(bei)(bei)。一(yi)次(ci)，宋(song)夫人惹怒(nu)了(le)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)，桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)怒(nu)對管仲說：“我(wo)想伐(fa)宋(song)。”管仲說：“不(bu)可以，我(wo)認(ren)為內政(zheng)不(bu)修，對外用兵不(bu)會成功。”桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)聽，果(guo)然起兵伐(fa)宋(song)。各(ge)諸(zhu)侯(hou)興兵救宋(song)，把(ba)齊(qi)軍打得大敗。

齊桓公三年（前683年），管仲建議出兵問(wen)罪不(bu)遵禮法的譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)。譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)本來很(hen)小，力量十分微弱，結果很(hen)快就被(bei)齊國(guo)(guo)消滅。齊國(guo)(guo)沒(mei)費力氣(qi)消滅了譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)，擴大了國(guo)(guo)土。

齊(qi)桓公五(wu)年(nian)（前681年(nian)），在(zai)管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)建(jian)議下，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)與宋、陳、蔡、鄭等國(guo)(guo)在(zai)齊(qi)的(de)北杏（今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)聊城東(dong)(dong)）會盟(meng)(meng)，商討安定宋國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)計。遂國(guo)(guo)（今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)肥(fei)城南）也被邀請，但沒有(you)參加。管(guan)仲(zhong)為了(le)(le)提(ti)高齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)威望，就(jiu)出兵把遂國(guo)(guo)消滅(mie)。魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)本來比較強大，但因(yin)接連(lian)被齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)打敗，又看(kan)到諸侯國(guo)(guo)都服(fu)從(cong)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)，不(bu)服(fu)從(cong)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)遂、譚(tan)兩國(guo)(guo)又被消滅(mie)，所(suo)以(yi)也屈服(fu)了(le)(le)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)。不(bu)久(jiu)，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)與魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)和好，在(zai)柯（今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)阿西南）會盟(meng)(meng)。就(jiu)在(zai)這次會盟(meng)(meng)中，發生了(le)(le)著(zhu)名的(de)曹沫劫盟(meng)(meng)事(shi)件(jian)。曹沫迫使(shi)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)歸還之(zhi)前魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)所(suo)有(you)失(shi)地，齊(qi)桓公事(shi)后想反(fan)悔，但是管(guan)仲(zhong)用大國(guo)(guo)不(bu)該失(shi)信(xin)讓齊(qi)桓公歸還了(le)(le)失(shi)地。

齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)六年（前680年），魯、宋、陳、蔡、衛(wei)都先后屈服齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，譚、遂兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)早已消滅，只(zhi)有(you)鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)還在內亂(luan)。管(guan)仲(zhong)因此建議齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)出面調解鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內亂(luan)，以此來提高齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)地位(wei)，加速(su)實現做霸主的(de)目的(de)。鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)自厲公(gong)(gong)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)殺了(le)子儀，又殺了(le)恩人傅(fu)瑕，逼死大夫原繁，登位(wei)稱君后，為鞏(gong)固君位(wei)，就要聯(lian)合齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。管(guan)仲(zhong)抓住這一時(shi)機(ji)，建議齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)聯(lian)合宋、衛(wei)、鄭(zheng)三國(guo)(guo)(guo)，又邀請周王室參加，于(yu)鄄（今(jin)山(shan)東鄄城(cheng)）會(hui)盟。

齊桓公七年（前679年），管仲又(you)讓齊桓公以自己名義召集宋、陳、衛、鄭又(you)在鄄會盟。

北戰山戎

齊桓公二(er)十四年（前(qian)662年），山(shan)(shan)戎攻(gong)打(da)燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)，燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)向齊國(guo)(guo)求救，齊桓公認(ren)為(wei)南面楚國(guo)(guo)禍害更大，不愿出兵(bing)。但管仲認(ren)為(wei)，當時為(wei)患一(yi)方(fang)的(de)，南有楚國(guo)(guo)，北有山(shan)(shan)戎，西有狄，都是(shi)中原(yuan)諸國(guo)(guo)的(de)禍患。國(guo)(guo)君要想征(zheng)伐(fa)楚國(guo)(guo)，必須先進攻(gong)山(shan)(shan)戎，北方(fang)安定，才能專心去(qu)征(zheng)伐(fa)南方(fang)。如今燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)被犯，又(you)求救于我國(guo)(guo)，舉兵(bing)率(lv)先伐(fa)夷，必能得到各(ge)國(guo)(guo)的(de)擁(yong)戴。齊桓公深以為(wei)然，遂舉兵(bing)救燕(yan)(yan)。管仲隨軍討伐(fa)山(shan)(shan)戎救援燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)(guo)，一(yi)直打(da)到孤竹才回師。

齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十六年（前660年），當時(shi)西北方的(de)狄(di)(di)人(ren)也起(qi)兵(bing)進攻(gong)中原，先攻(gong)邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)（今(jin)河北邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)臺）。作為霸主的(de)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，當然(ran)不(bu)能置之不(bu)理。管仲也很(hen)關心這個(ge)問題，他(ta)向齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說：“戎(rong)狄(di)(di)性情(qing)十分(fen)殘暴，貪得無厭。諸夏各國(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)親(qin)戚(qi)，彼此關心，一(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有難(nan)，大家都(dou)應(ying)相助(zhu)，不(bu)能袖手不(bu)理。滿足現狀的(de)安樂是(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)危險(xian)的(de)，出(chu)(chu)兵(bing)救(jiu)邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)才是(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)策。”齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)很(hen)欣賞管仲的(de)想法，就(jiu)派兵(bing)救(jiu)邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)很(hen)快得救(jiu)。不(bu)久狄(di)(di)人(ren)又出(chu)(chu)兵(bing)攻(gong)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺，衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)滅亡。狄(di)(di)人(ren)又追趕衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)到黃河沿岸。 宋(song)國(guo)(guo)(guo)出(chu)(chu)兵(bing)救(jiu)出(chu)(chu)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)七百(bai)三(san)十人(ren)。加上(shang)共、滕兩邑的(de)居民一(yi)共五(wu)千人(ren)。就(jiu)在曹邑（今(jin)河南(nan)滑縣）立衛(wei)戴公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)。剛(gang)剛(gang)恢復(fu)的(de)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，處(chu)境十分(fen)困難(nan)。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、管仲派了公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子無虧帶(dai)著五(wu)百(bai)乘(cheng)車馬和三(san)千名甲士來武裝衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，戎(rong)守曹邑。又給(gei)衛(wei)君(jun)帶(dai)來乘(cheng)馬祭(ji)服，還(huan)給(gei)衛(wei)君(jun)夫(fu)人(ren)帶(dai)來乘(cheng)車和錦帛。此外還(huan)有牛羊(yang)豬狗(gou)雞等三(san)百(bai)余只。又幫(bang)助(zhu)修建宮(gong)殿。 邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)還(huan)未恢復(fu)，狄(di)(di)人(ren)又來第二次洗劫。

齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)二十七年（前659年），狄(di)人(ren)攻邢，形(xing)勢十分嚴重(zhong)。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)和(he)管(guan)仲(zhong)立即(ji)聯合宋(song)、曹救邢。當(dang)齊(qi)、宋(song)、曹軍隊到達時，邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)百姓如見親人(ren)，紛(fen)紛(fen)投(tou)奔，狄(di)人(ren)被打(da)退。邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)又被狄(di)人(ren)洗(xi)劫(jie)(jie)一空。于是齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)和(he)管(guan)仲(zhong)同(tong)宋(song)、曹兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，幫助(zhu)邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)把都(dou)城遷到夷儀（今(jin)聊(liao)城西南），這里(li)靠近齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，較為安全。使破亂(luan)的邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)得到安定。 邢、衛兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)遭狄(di)人(ren)洗(xi)劫(jie)(jie)，在齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)、管(guan)仲(zhong)的主持下，得以復國(guo)(guo)(guo)。當(dang)時人(ren)們都(dou)贊賞地說：邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)遷進(jin)新(xin)都(dou)城，好像(xiang)回到了老家；恢復后的衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)，人(ren)們心情高興，也忘記了亡國(guo)(guo)(guo)的悲痛。

齊楚結盟

齊(qi)桓(huan)公二十九年（前657年），楚國(guo)(guo)又出(chu)兵(bing)鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)桓(huan)公與(yu)管仲約(yue)諸侯共同救鄭(zheng)抗楚。由于楚國(guo)(guo)不斷攻鄭(zheng)，齊(qi)桓(huan)公和管仲約(yue)魯、宋(song)、陳、衛、鄭(zheng)、許、曹(cao)等八國(guo)(guo)組(zu)成聯軍(jun)南(nan)下，首先(xian)一舉消滅蔡國(guo)(guo)，直指楚國(guo)(guo)。楚國(guo)(guo)在大(da)軍(jun)壓境的(de)形勢下，派使臣(chen)屈(qu)完出(chu)來談判。

屈完見到齊(qi)桓公就問：“你們(men)(men)(men)住(zhu)在(zai)北海，我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)住(zhu)在(zai)南(nan)海，相(xiang)隔千里，任(ren)何事情都(dou)不相(xiang)干涉。這次(ci)你們(men)(men)(men)到我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)這里來，不知是為(wei)了什么？”

管仲(zhong)在(zai)齊(qi)桓公(gong)身旁，聽(ting)了之后就替齊(qi)桓公(gong)答道：“從(cong)前召(zhao)康(kang)公(gong)奉了周王(wang)(wang)的命令，曾對我們(men)的祖先太公(gong)說(shuo)過(guo)，五等侯九(jiu)級伯，如(ru)不守法你(ni)們(men)都(dou)可以(yi)去征(zheng)(zheng)討(tao)(tao)。東到(dao)海(hai)，西(xi)到(dao)河，南到(dao)穆陵，北到(dao)無隸，都(dou)在(zai)你(ni)們(men)征(zheng)(zheng)討(tao)(tao)范圍內。你(ni)們(men)不向周王(wang)(wang)進貢用于祭(ji)祀的濾(lv)酒的包茅，公(gong)然違反(fan)王(wang)(wang)禮。還(huan)有昭王(wang)(wang)南征(zheng)(zheng)，至今未回，這事也不是與你(ni)們(men)無關。我們(men)興師(shi)來到(dao)這里，正是為了問罪你(ni)們(men)。”

屈完回答說：“多年(nian)沒有進(jin)貢包茅，確(que)實是(shi)我(wo)們的(de)過錯(cuo)。至于昭王(wang)南(nan)征未回是(shi)發生(sheng)在漢水(shui)，你們只(zhi)好去漢水(shui)邊打(da)聽好了(le)。”

齊桓公見楚使屈完的態度不軟不硬，就命令大軍(jun)在(zai)陘(xing)（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)郾城南(nan)）駐(zhu)扎下來。南(nan)北兩軍(jun)相峙，從(cong)春季到夏(xia)季，已經半(ban)年。楚國(guo)又(you)派屈完和齊桓公、管仲談判(pan)(pan)。齊桓公、管仲早就無意打仗(zhang)，只(zhi)是想通過(guo)這次軍(jun)事行動來顯示霸主(zhu)的威風，嚇唬楚國(guo)罷了(le)。所以他(ta)們(men)很快(kuai)就同意與(yu)屈完談判(pan)(pan)，并達成協(xie)議，將軍(jun)隊撤(che)到召陵（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)偃縣）。

齊桓公為了炫耀兵力，就請屈(qu)完(wan)來到軍(jun)(jun)(jun)中與他同車觀看軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊。齊桓公指著(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊對(dui)屈(qu)完(wan)說：“指揮(hui)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊去打仗，什么樣(yang)(yang)的(de)敵人能抵抗得(de)了？指揮(hui)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊去夾攻(gong)城寨(zhai)，有什么樣(yang)(yang)的(de)城寨(zhai)攻(gong)克不下呢？”

屈完(wan)很(hen)沉靜地回答；“國君，你(ni)若用德義來安撫(fu)天下諸侯，誰敢不服從(cong)呢？如果只(zhi)憑(ping)武力，那么我們楚國可以把方城(cheng)山當城(cheng)，把漢水當池，城(cheng)這(zhe)么高，池這(zhe)么深，你(ni)的(de)兵(bing)再多(duo)，恐怕也無(wu)濟于事(shi)。”回答得委婉有力。

為形勢(shi)所(suo)迫，齊桓(huan)公同(tong)意(yi)與楚(chu)國(guo)結(jie)盟(meng)。這樣南北軍(jun)事(shi)對峙就體(ti)面的結(jie)束了。

葵丘之盟

齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)三十五年（前(qian)651年），周惠(hui)王去(qu)世。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)會(hui)(hui)同各諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)國擁立太子鄭為天子，這就(jiu)(jiu)是周襄(xiang)王。周襄(xiang)王即位后，命宰(zai)(zai)孔(kong)賜(si)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)文武胙、彤弓矢、大路(lu)，以表彰其(qi)功(gong)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)召集各路(lu)諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)大會(hui)(hui)于葵(kui)丘（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)蘭考、民(min)權(quan)縣境(jing)），舉行(xing)受(shou)賜(si)典(dian)禮。受(shou)賜(si)典(dian)禮上，宰(zai)(zai)孔(kong)請周襄(xiang)王之(zhi)命，因齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)年老德高，不必下拜(bai)受(shou)賜(si)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)想(xiang)聽從王命，管(guan)仲從旁進言(yan)道(dao)：“周王雖然謙讓，臣子卻不可不敬。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)于是答道(dao)：“天威不違顏咫尺，小(xiao)白敢貪(tan)王命，而廢臣職嗎？”說罷(ba)，只(zhi)見齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)疾(ji)走(zou)下階，再拜(bai)稽首(shou)，然后登(deng)堂受(shou)胙。眾諸(zhu)侯(hou)(hou)見此(ci)，皆嘆(tan)服齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)君之(zhi)有禮。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)又(you)重申(shen)盟好，訂立了新盟。這就(jiu)(jiu)是歷史上有名的“葵(kui)丘之(zhi)盟”。

齊桓公(gong)三(san)十九(jiu)年（前(qian)647年），周襄(xiang)王的弟弟叔(shu)帶勾結(jie)戎(rong)人進(jin)攻京城(cheng)，王室內(nei)亂(luan)，十分危機。齊桓公(gong)派管仲幫助襄(xiang)王平(ping)息內(nei)亂(luan)。管仲完(wan)成得很好，獲得周王贊賞。周襄(xiang)王為了表示(shi)尊重霸主的臣下，準備用上卿禮(li)儀設宴為管仲慶功，但管仲沒有接受。最后他(ta)接受了下卿禮(li)儀的待(dai)遇。

晚年薦才

齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)四十一年(nian)（前645年(nian)），管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)臨死(si)前齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)問誰可以替(ti)代相(xiang)位，管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)推(tui)薦了(le)公(gong)孫隰朋，并要(yao)求齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)遠(yuan)離開方(fang)、豎刁、易牙三(san)人，管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)死(si)后，繼(ji)任的公(gong)孫隰朋、鮑叔牙兩位相(xiang)國繼(ji)續沿用(yong)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)所留下的政(zheng)治制(zhi)度。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的后代被任命為大(da)夫，世世代代享受福蔭。

主要作品

《管子》一(yi)(yi)書(shu)原為86篇，至唐又(you)亡佚10篇，今本存76篇，托名春秋管仲(zhong)著。其(qi)實《管子》同(tong)先(xian)秦許多(duo)典(dian)籍(ji)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，既非(fei)一(yi)(yi)人之著，亦(yi)非(fei)一(yi)(yi)時之書(shu)。是一(yi)(yi)部(bu)稷(ji)下黃(huang)老(lao)道家(jia)(jia)學派的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)集匯(hui)編。西漢(han)國家(jia)(jia)藏書(shu)目(mu)錄(lu)《漢(han)書(shu)·藝文(wen)(wen)志》，在“道家(jia)(jia)”類中(zhong)著錄(lu)有管仲(zhong)所(suo)著《管子》85篇，班(ban)固注曰：“名夷吾，相齊桓公(gong)，九合(he)諸侯，不以兵車也。有《列(lie)傳》。”今存76篇，內容極豐，包含道、儒(ru)、名、法(fa)、兵、陰陽(yang)等(deng)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)思想以及天(tian)文(wen)(wen)、輿地、經濟和農(nong)業(ye)等(deng)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)知識，其(qi)中(zhong)《輕重(zhong)》等(deng)篇，是古代(dai)典(dian)籍(ji)中(zhong)不多(duo)見的(de)(de)(de)經濟文(wen)(wen)作，對生產、分(fen)配、交易、消(xiao)費(fei)、財政、貨幣(bi)等(deng)均有論述，是研究(jiu)我國先(xian)秦農(nong)業(ye)和經濟的(de)(de)(de)珍貴資料。管仲(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)傳記，載於《史記·管晏列(lie)傳》。其(qi)中(zhong)以黃(huang)老(lao)道家(jia)(jia)著作最(zui)多(duo)，其(qi)次(ci)法(fa)家(jia)(jia)著作16篇，其(qi)余各(ge)家(jia)(jia)雜之，其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)家(jia)(jia)思想是道家(jia)(jia)影(ying)響(xiang)下的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)家(jia)(jia)思維。

貢獻影響

政治制度

行政改革

管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)整頓(dun)(dun)行政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，“叁其(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)而伍其(qi)(qi)鄙(bi)”。所(suo)(suo)謂“叁其(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)”，就是(shi)(shi)將國(guo)(guo)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)為21鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，士(shi)居15鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，工居3鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，商居3鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)設3官(guan)管(guan)(guan)理。所(suo)(suo)謂“伍其(qi)(qi)鄙(bi)”，就是(shi)(shi)將鄙(bi)野(ye)（國(guo)(guo)都之外的(de)廣大地區(qu)）分(fen)(fen)(fen)為5屬，設立(li)5大夫、5正(zheng)官(guan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)管(guan)(guan)。屬下有(you)(you)縣、鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、卒(zu)(zu)、邑4級，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別設立(li)縣帥(shuai)、鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)帥(shuai)、卒(zu)(zu)帥(shuai)、司官(guan)管(guan)(guan)理。整頓(dun)(dun)行政(zheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)目的(de)是(shi)(shi)“定民之居”，使士(shi)、農、工、商各就其(qi)(qi)業，從而使部落的(de)殘余影響被(bei)徹底(di)革除，行政(zheng)區(qu)域(yu)的(de)組織結構更(geng)加(jia)精(jing)細化，并且有(you)(you)效地維護了社會穩定。

用人人事

他(ta)提出(chu)的(de)(de)用(yong)人原則是：“德義(yi)未明于(yu)(yu)朝者，則不(bu)可加于(yu)(yu)尊位；功力未見于(yu)(yu)國者，則不(bu)可授以重(zhong)祿；臨事不(bu)信(xin)于(yu)(yu)民者，則不(bu)可使任(ren)大官(guan)。”用(yong)今天的(de)(de)話說就(jiu)是在任(ren)命一(yi)切(qie)官(guan)員(yuan)時，都必須根據(ju)其實際的(de)(de)政績(ji)(ji)，特(te)別是要有取信(xin)于(yu)(yu)民的(de)(de)真(zhen)實政績(ji)(ji),而(er)不(bu)是虛假的(de)(de)、表面的(de)(de)政績(ji)(ji)。此外，他(ta)還總結出(chu)一(yi)套對于(yu)(yu)各級官(guan)員(yuan)實行(xing)獎懲的(de)(de)具體辦法。

國中“慈孝”、“聰慧”、“拳勇(yong)”出眾者(zhe)，由鄉(xiang)長推(tui)薦試用(yong)，稱職的(de)委任為吏(li)，任用(yong)稱職的(de)又可以晉升(sheng)，直至升(sheng)為上卿助(zhu)理。選賢任能，在(zai)一定程度(du)上突破了世卿世祿制，擴(kuo)大了人才來源，這一制度(du)成為日后(hou)科舉(ju)制度(du)的(de)雛形。

政治主張

管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)注重(zhong)經(jing)濟和農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，反(fan)對(dui)空談主義，開創職業(ye)(ye)(ye)技能教育。主張改革以富(fu)國(guo)(guo)強(qiang)兵，他說：“國(guo)(guo)多財則(ze)遠者來(lai)，地(di)辟(pi)舉(ju)則(ze)民(min)(min)留處，倉(cang)廩實而(er)(er)知禮節，衣食足而(er)(er)知榮辱”，唯物論(lun)中“物質(zhi)決定意識”的觀念(nian)和《管(guan)(guan)子》的思(si)想(xiang)頗(po)為(wei)接近。齊(qi)桓公尊管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)為(wei)“仲(zhong)父(fu)”，授權讓他主持一系列政(zheng)治和經(jing)濟改革：在(zai)全國(guo)(guo)劃(hua)分政(zheng)區，組織軍(jun)事編制(zhi)，設官吏管(guan)(guan)理；建立(li)選拔(ba)人才制(zhi)度，士經(jing)三審(shen)選，可(ke)為(wei)“上(shang)卿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贊”（助理）；按土地(di)分等征(zheng)稅，禁止貴族掠奪私產(chan)；發展鹽鐵業(ye)(ye)(ye)，鑄造貨幣，調劑物價。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)改革的實質(zhi)，改革土地(di)和人口制(zhi)度。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)改革成效顯(xian)著，齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)由此國(guo)(guo)力大振。對(dui)外(wai)，管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)最(zui)早(zao)提出“華(hua)夷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辨”與“尊王攘夷”的民(min)(min)族主義思(si)想(xiang)。聯合北(bei)方(fang)鄰國(guo)(guo)，抵(di)抗(kang)山戎族南侵。這(zhe)一外(wai)交戰略也(ye)(ye)獲(huo)得成功。后來(lai)孔子感嘆說：“管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)相桓公，霸(ba)諸侯，一匡天下，民(min)(min)到于今受其(qi)(qi)賜。微管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)，吾其(qi)(qi)被發左衽(ren)矣。豈若匹夫匹婦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)諒也(ye)(ye)，自經(jing)于溝瀆(du)，而(er)(er)莫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)知也(ye)(ye)？”又(you)說：“桓公九(jiu)合諸侯，不以兵車，管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力也(ye)(ye)。如其(qi)(qi)仁，如其(qi)(qi)仁。”

外交主張

管仲的外交主張，打(da)出“尊王(wang)攘夷”的旗(qi)幟，以(yi)諸侯(hou)長的身份(fen)，挾天子以(yi)伐不敬。

為了(le)使(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成為諸侯之長，管(guan)仲(zhong)在(zai)外交上協助(zhu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)做了(le)許多努力。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十三(san)年(nian)(nian)（前663年(nian)(nian)），山戎(rong)攻打(da)燕國(guo)(guo)，燕向齊(qi)(qi)(qi)求救，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)救燕。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十五年(nian)(nian)（前661年(nian)(nian)），山戎(rong)攻打(da)刑國(guo)(guo)，管(guan)仲(zhong)提出“戎(rong)狄(di)豺狼，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)厭(yan)也；諸夏(xia)親(qin)昵，不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)棄也。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)再次(ci)(ci)發(fa)兵攻打(da)山戎(rong)以(yi)(yi)救邢國(guo)(guo)。打(da)退了(le)毀邢都(dou)城的(de)狄(di)兵，并在(zai)夷儀為邢國(guo)(guo)建立(li)了(le)新(xin)都(dou)。次(ci)(ci)年(nian)(nian)，狄(di)人大(da)(da)舉攻衛，衛懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被(bei)殺(sha)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)率(lv)諸侯國(guo)(guo)替衛國(guo)(guo)在(zai)楚(chu)丘(qiu)另建新(xin)都(dou)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十年(nian)(nian)（前656年(nian)(nian)），管(guan)仲(zhong)讓(rang)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質問楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)為何不(bu)(bu)(bu)按時向周(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)子(zi)進貢祭祀(si)所用的(de)茅(mao)草而導(dao)致祭祀(si)大(da)(da)典無法及時進行(xing)，使(shi)得楚(chu)國(guo)(guo)承認自(zi)己的(de)錯(cuo)誤。前655年(nian)(nian)，周(zhou)(zhou)惠王(wang)有另立(li)太子(zi)的(de)意向。管(guan)仲(zhong)獻計讓(rang)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會集諸侯國(guo)(guo)君于(yu)首止(zhi)(zhi)，與(yu)周(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)子(zi)盟，以(yi)(yi)確定太子(zi)的(de)正統地(di)位(wei)。前654年(nian)(nian)，管(guan)仲(zhong)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)因(yin)鄭文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)首止(zhi)(zhi)逃會，率(lv)聯軍討伐鄭國(guo)(guo)。數年(nian)(nian)后，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)多國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)君與(yu)周(zhou)(zhou)襄王(wang)派來(lai)的(de)大(da)(da)夫會盟，并確立(li)了(le)周(zhou)(zhou)襄王(wang)的(de)王(wang)位(wei)。前651年(nian)(nian)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召集魯(lu)、宋、曹等(deng)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)君及周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)宰(zai)孔會于(yu)葵(kui)丘(qiu)。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宰(zai)代表周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)正式封齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為諸侯長。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)秋，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)霸(ba)主(zhu)身份主(zhu)持了(le)葵(kui)丘(qiu)之盟。此(ci)后遇(yu)到侵犯周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)室權威的(de)事(shi)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)會過問和(he)制止(zhi)(zhi)，此(ci)次(ci)(ci)盟會齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)確立(li)了(le)自(zi)己的(de)霸(ba)主(zhu)地(di)位(wei)。管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)外交戰略獲得了(le)很大(da)(da)成功，使(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)霸(ba)業更加(jia)合(he)法合(he)理，同(tong)時也保護了(le)中原(yuan)經(jing)濟(ji)和(he)文(wen)化的(de)發(fa)展。為華夏(xia)文(wen)明的(de)存(cun)續做出了(le)巨(ju)大(da)(da)貢獻。

軍事制度

其(qi)(qi)原則(ze)(ze)是“作內政而寄(ji)軍(jun)令”，其(qi)(qi)措施(shi)是“參其(qi)(qi)國而伍其(qi)(qi)鄙(bi)”，其(qi)(qi)內容(rong)為(wei)：將全國分(fen)為(wei)二十(shi)(shi)一(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)，工(gong)商之(zhi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)六(liu)，士鄉(xiang)(xiang)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)。工(gong)商之(zhi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)不從事作戰，實際從事作戰的(de)是士鄉(xiang)(xiang)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)。五(wu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)一(yi)帥(shuai)，有一(yi)萬一(yi)千人。由(you)齊君率為(wei)中(zhong)軍(jun)，兩個上卿各率五(wu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)左右軍(jun)，是為(wei)三(san)軍(jun)，就是“參其(qi)(qi)國”。一(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)有十(shi)(shi)連，一(yi)連有四(si)里，一(yi)里有十(shi)(shi)軌(gui)(gui)，一(yi)軌(gui)(gui)有五(wu)家(jia)，五(wu)家(jia)為(wei)一(yi)軌(gui)(gui)，這就是“伍其(qi)(qi)鄙(bi)”。軌(gui)(gui)中(zhong)的(de)五(wu)家(jia)，因世(shi)代(dai)相(xiang)居(ju)處在一(yi)起，因為(wei)利害禍福相(xiang)同，所(suo)以，“守則(ze)(ze)同固，戰則(ze)(ze)同強”。

這是一(yi)種社會與軍(jun)事相結合的戰(zhan)斗體(ti)制，亦(yi)為后來大規模的戰(zhan)爭作了準備。

人物評價

孔(kong)子：“微管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)，吾其(qi)(qi)被發左(zuo)衽(ren)矣。”（《論語(yu)·憲問篇》）意思是(shi)：管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)輔助齊桓公做諸侯霸主，尊王攘夷，一匡天下。要是(shi)沒(mei)有管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)，我們都(dou)會披散頭發，左(zuo)開衣襟(jin)，成為野蠻人了。又說：“桓公九合(he)諸侯，不以(yi)兵車，管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)之力也，如其(qi)(qi)仁，如其(qi)(qi)仁！”

《淮南子(zi)·泰族訓》：“文王舉(ju)太公(gong)望、召(zhao)公(gong)奭(shi)而(er)王，桓(huan)公(gong)任管仲(zhong)、隰朋而(er)霸，此(ci)(ci)舉(ju)賢以立功也，夫差用太宰嚭而(er)滅，秦任李斯、趙高而(er)亡，此(ci)(ci)舉(ju)所與同。故(gu)觀其所舉(ju)，而(er)治亂可(ke)見也；察其黨與，而(er)賢不(bu)肖可(ke)論(lun)也。”

司馬遷：①”管仲，世所(suo)謂賢(xian)臣，然孔(kong)子小之(zhi)。豈(qi)(qi)以為周(zhou)道衰微，恒公既賢(xian)，而(er)不勉之(zhi)至(zhi)王，乃(nai)稱霸哉？語(yu)曰：將順其美，匡(kuang)救其惡，故上下能(neng)相(xiang)親也。豈(qi)(qi)管仲之(zhi)謂乎？“②“晏子儉矣，夷吾則奢；齊桓以霸，景公以治。”

蜀漢名(ming)相諸葛亮(liang)經常把自己比作管仲，樂毅。歷(li)史上管仲相齊，使齊國成為(wei)春秋五(wu)霸之首(shou)；諸葛亮(liang)相蜀，使劉備(bei)與曹操，孫權三(san)分天下。二人皆嘔心瀝血(xue)，鞠(ju)躬盡瘁，而(er)且(qie)居功(gong)至偉。

房玄齡：“至若夷吾體仁，能相小國，孔(kong)明踐義，善(shan)翊新邦，撫事論情，抑斯之類(lei)也。”

李靖：“若樂毅，管(guan)仲，諸(zhu)葛亮，戰必勝，守必固，此非查天時地利，安能(neng)邇忽？”

劉勰：“古之(zhi)(zhi)將相，疵咎實多。至如管仲孝竊，吳起之(zhi)(zhi)貪淫，陳平之(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)點，絳灌之(zhi)(zhi)讒嫉(ji)，沿茲以下(xia)(xia)，不(bu)可勝數。孔光負衡據鼎，而(er)仄(ze)媚董賢，況(kuang)班馬(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)賤職，潘岳(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)位(wei)哉(zai)？王戎開國上秩(zhi)，而(er)鬻官(guan)囂(xiao)俗；況(kuang)馬(ma)杜之(zhi)(zhi)磬懸(xuan)，丁路之(zhi)(zhi)貧薄(bo)哉(zai)？然子夏無虧(kui)于(yu)名(ming)儒(ru)，浚沖不(bu)塵乎(hu)竹林者，名(ming)崇而(er)譏減也(ye)。若夫屈賈之(zhi)(zhi)忠貞，鄒枚之(zhi)(zhi)機覺(jue)，黃(huang)香之(zhi)(zhi)淳孝，徐(xu)干之(zhi)(zhi)沉默，豈曰文(wen)士，必其玷歟(yu)？”

司(si)馬貞(zhen)：“夷吾成霸，平仲稱賢。粟(su)乃實廩，豆不掩肩。轉禍為福，危言(yan)獲全。孔賴左(zuo)衽(ren)，史忻執鞭。成禮而去，人(ren)望存焉。”