齊莊公五十六年(約前723年),管(guan)仲出生(sheng),管(guan)仲的(de)(de)(de)祖先是周穆王的(de)(de)(de)后代,與周王室同宗。父親管(guan)莊是齊國的(de)(de)(de)大夫,后來家道(dao)中衰,導(dao)致管(guan)仲生(sheng)活很貧困(kun)。為了謀生(sheng),聯合好友(you)鮑叔牙合伙做(zuo)生(sheng)意失(shi)敗。管(guan)仲做(zuo)過(guo)當時認(ren)為是微賤的(de)(de)(de)商人。游(you)歷許多(duo)地方,接觸各式各樣的(de)(de)(de)人,見過(guo)許多(duo)世面,從(cong)而積累了豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)社會經驗。當兵(bing)的(de)(de)(de)時候,臨陣(zhen)脫逃(tao)。幾次想當官,但(dan)都沒有成功。
齊(qi)(qi)僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)三(san)十三(san)年(前698年),齊(qi)(qi)僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)駕崩,留下三(san)個兒(er)子(zi)(zi),太子(zi)(zi)諸兒(er)、公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)和公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小白。齊(qi)(qi)僖(xi)公(gong)(gong)死后,太子(zi)(zi)諸兒(er)即位,是(shi)為(wei)齊(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)。當時,管(guan)仲(zhong)和鮑(bao)叔牙分別(bie)輔佐公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)和公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小白。不久(jiu),齊(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)與其(qi)妹魯桓公(gong)(gong)的夫人文姜秘(mi)謀私通,醉(zui)殺(sha)了(le)魯桓公(gong)(gong)。對此,管(guan)仲(zhong)預感到(dao)(dao)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)將會(hui)發(fa)生大(da)亂(luan)。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)的母親是(shi)魯君的女兒(er),因此管(guan)仲(zhong)和召(zhao)忽就(jiu)保護公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)逃到(dao)(dao)魯國(guo)去躲避。
齊(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)十二年(前686年),齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)亂(luan),兩個逃亡(wang)在(zai)外的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi),一見(jian)時機成熟(shu),都想急忙(mang)設法回國(guo)(guo),以便奪取(qu)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)寶座。魯莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)知道齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)無君(jun)后,萬分焦急,立即(ji)派兵護送公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾回國(guo)(guo),后來(lai)發現公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)已經(jing)先出發回國(guo)(guo)。管(guan)仲于是(shi)決定(ding)自(zi)請先行,親率30乘兵車(che)到(dao)莒國(guo)(guo)通往(wang)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)的(de)路上(shang)(shang)去(qu)截擊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)。人馬(ma)(ma)過即(ji)墨30余里,正遇見(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)大隊車(che)馬(ma)(ma)。管(guan)仲等公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)車(che)馬(ma)(ma)走近,就(jiu)操起箭(jian)來(lai)對準射(she)去(qu),一箭(jian)射(she)中(zhong),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)應(ying)聲倒(dao)下(xia)。管(guan)仲見(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)已射(she)死(si),就(jiu)率領人馬(ma)(ma)回去(qu)。其實公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)沒有死(si),管(guan)仲一箭(jian)射(she)中(zhong)他(ta)的(de)銅(tong)制衣(yi)帶(dai)勾上(shang)(shang),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)急中(zhong)生智咬破舌尖裝死(si)倒(dao)下(xia)。經(jing)此一驚,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)與鮑叔(shu)牙(ya)更加警惕(ti),飛速向齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)挺進。當他(ta)們來(lai)到(dao)臨(lin)淄(zi)時,由鮑叔(shu)牙(ya)先進城里勸說,齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)正卿(qing)高氏(shi)和國(guo)(guo)氏(shi)都同意護立公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)為國(guo)(guo)君(jun),于是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)就(jiu)進城,順利(li)地(di)登上(shang)(shang)君(jun)位,這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)歷史上(shang)(shang)有名的(de)齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。
齊(qi)桓年(前(qian)685年),齊(qi)桓公即位后,急需找到有才(cai)干的人(ren)來輔(fu)佐,因此就準備請(qing)鮑叔牙出來任齊(qi)相。但鮑叔牙稱(cheng)自己才(cai)能不如管(guan)仲(zhong),若要使齊(qi)國(guo)稱(cheng)霸,必要用管(guan)仲(zhong)為(wei)相。
管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾一(yi)伙(huo)認為公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小白(bai)已死(si),再沒有(you)人與他爭奪君(jun)位(wei),也就不(bu)急于趕(gan)路。六(liu)天后(hou)才(cai)(cai)到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。一(yi)到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),沒想到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun),新君(jun)正是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小白(bai)。魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)得(de)(de)知齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有(you)新君(jun)后(hou)氣急敗(bai)壞,當即派兵進(jin)攻齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),企圖(tu)武(wu)裝干(gan)涉來奪取(qu)君(jun)位(wei)。雙方在乾時會(hui)戰(zhan),管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)建(jian)議當趁小白(bai)人心(xin)未定速攻,但魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卻(que)說(shuo):“如(ru)果一(yi)切如(ru)你所料,小白(bai)早(zao)就被射死(si)了。”不(bu)聽管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)的話,結果遭遇伏擊,魯(lu)(lu)(lu)軍大(da)(da)敗(bai),公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)隨(sui)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)敗(bai)歸(gui)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)(qi)軍乘勝追擊,進(jin)入魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)境(jing)內(nei)。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為絕(jue)后(hou)患(huan),遣書給(gei)魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong),叫魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)殺(sha)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾,交出管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)和(he)召忽。否則(ze)齊(qi)(qi)軍將(jiang)全面進(jin)攻魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)得(de)(de)知后(hou)與大(da)(da)夫(fu)施(shi)伯商量,施(shi)伯認為齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)要管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)不(bu)是(shi)為了報仇雪恨(hen),而是(shi)為了任用他為政(zheng)。因為管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)的才(cai)(cai)干(gan)世間少(shao)有(you),他為政(zheng)的國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)必然會(hui)富強稱(cheng)霸。假(jia)如(ru)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)被齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)任用,將(jiang)為魯(lu)(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的大(da)(da)患(huan)。因此施(shi)伯主張殺(sha)死(si)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong),將(jiang)尸首還給(gei)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。但鮑叔牙用計稱(cheng)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)恨(hen)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)入骨,一(yi)定要生殺(sha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)。且魯(lu)(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)新敗(bai),聞齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)兵壓境(jing),早(zao)嚇(xia)得(de)(de)心(xin)顫膽寒,沒有(you)聽施(shi)伯的主張。在齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)壓力下(xia),殺(sha)死(si)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾,并將(jiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)和(he)召忽擒住,準備(bei)將(jiang)二人送還齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)發落,以(yi)期退兵。
管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)清楚這是(shi)鮑叔(shu)牙(ya)的計謀,于是(shi)讓(rang)押運(yun)工(gong)人(ren)快馬加鞭趕去齊(qi)國,最后平安到(dao)了(le)(le)齊(qi)國,經鮑叔(shu)牙(ya)的建議,齊(qi)桓公同意(yi)選(xuan)擇吉祥日(ri)子,以非常隆重(zhong)的禮(li)節,親自去迎接管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong),以此(ci)來表(biao)示(shi)對管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)的重(zhong)視(shi)和(he)信任。同時(shi)也(ye)讓(rang)天下(xia)人(ren)都知道齊(qi)桓公的賢達大(da)度。齊(qi)桓公迎接管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)后,一連聊(liao)了(le)(le)三天三夜,句句投機,齋戒三日(ri),拜了(le)(le)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)為(wei)(wei)相,并稱管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)為(wei)(wei)“仲(zhong)父”。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)二年(nian)(nian)(前684年(nian)(nian)),桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)又對管(guan)仲說:“我(wo)想(xiang)加強軍(jun)備。”管(guan)仲又說:“不(bu)(bu)(bu)行。”桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)聽,果然修治軍(jun)備。一次(ci),宋夫人惹怒了齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong),桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)怒對管(guan)仲說:“我(wo)想(xiang)伐(fa)宋。”管(guan)仲說:“不(bu)(bu)(bu)可以,我(wo)認為內政不(bu)(bu)(bu)修,對外用(yong)兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)會成功(gong)。”桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)聽,果然起兵(bing)伐(fa)宋。各諸侯(hou)興兵(bing)救宋,把齊(qi)軍(jun)打(da)得(de)大(da)敗。
齊桓公三年(nian)(前(qian)683年(nian)),管仲建(jian)議出兵(bing)問罪(zui)不遵禮法的譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)。譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)本來很小,力量十(shi)分微(wei)弱,結果很快就(jiu)被齊國(guo)(guo)消滅。齊國(guo)(guo)沒費力氣消滅了譚(tan)國(guo)(guo),擴大了國(guo)(guo)土。
齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)五(wu)年(nian)(前(qian)681年(nian)),在(zai)(zai)管仲(zhong)的(de)建議下,齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)宋、陳、蔡、鄭等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)齊的(de)北杏(今山東(dong)聊城(cheng)東(dong))會盟,商討(tao)安定宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之計(ji)。遂國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(今山東(dong)肥城(cheng)南)也被邀請,但(dan)沒有參加。管仲(zhong)為了(le)提高齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)威望,就出(chu)兵把遂國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)消滅。魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本來(lai)比較強大,但(dan)因接連被齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打(da)敗,又看到諸侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都服從齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),不服從齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)遂、譚兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)又被消滅,所以也屈服了(le)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。不久,齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)好(hao),在(zai)(zai)柯(今山東(dong)東(dong)阿西南)會盟。就在(zai)(zai)這次會盟中,發生了(le)著名的(de)曹(cao)沫(mo)(mo)劫盟事件。曹(cao)沫(mo)(mo)迫使(shi)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歸(gui)還之前(qian)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所有失(shi)(shi)地,齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)事后想反悔,但(dan)是管仲(zhong)用大國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不該失(shi)(shi)信讓齊桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)歸(gui)還了(le)失(shi)(shi)地。
齊桓公六年(前680年),魯、宋、陳、蔡、衛都先后(hou)屈服齊國(guo)(guo)(guo),譚(tan)、遂(sui)兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)早已(yi)消滅,只有鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)還在內亂(luan)。管仲(zhong)因此建議齊桓公出面調解鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內亂(luan),以此來提高(gao)齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)地位,加速實現(xian)做霸主的(de)目的(de)。鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)自(zi)厲公回國(guo)(guo)(guo)殺(sha)了子儀,又殺(sha)了恩(en)人傅瑕,逼死大夫原繁,登(deng)位稱(cheng)君后(hou),為鞏固君位,就(jiu)要(yao)聯合齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)。管仲(zhong)抓(zhua)住這(zhe)一時(shi)機,建議齊桓公聯合宋、衛、鄭(zheng)三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo),又邀請(qing)周王室參加,于(yu)鄄(今山東(dong)鄄城(cheng))會(hui)盟(meng)。
齊桓公七年(nian)(前679年(nian)),管仲(zhong)又讓(rang)齊桓公以(yi)自己名義(yi)召(zhao)集宋、陳(chen)、衛、鄭又在(zai)鄄會盟。
齊(qi)桓公二十四(si)年(前(qian)662年),山戎(rong)攻(gong)打(da)燕(yan)國,燕(yan)國向齊(qi)國求(qiu)救(jiu)(jiu),齊(qi)桓公認為(wei)南(nan)面楚國禍(huo)(huo)害更大,不愿(yuan)出兵(bing)。但(dan)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)認為(wei),當時為(wei)患(huan)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)的(de),南(nan)有(you)楚國,北有(you)山戎(rong),西有(you)狄(di),都是中原諸國的(de)禍(huo)(huo)患(huan)。國君要(yao)想征(zheng)伐(fa)(fa)楚國,必(bi)須先(xian)進(jin)攻(gong)山戎(rong),北方(fang)(fang)安(an)定(ding),才能(neng)專心(xin)去征(zheng)伐(fa)(fa)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)。如今燕(yan)國被(bei)犯,又(you)求(qiu)救(jiu)(jiu)于我(wo)國,舉兵(bing)率先(xian)伐(fa)(fa)夷,必(bi)能(neng)得到各國的(de)擁(yong)戴。齊(qi)桓公深以為(wei)然,遂舉兵(bing)救(jiu)(jiu)燕(yan)。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)隨(sui)軍討伐(fa)(fa)山戎(rong)救(jiu)(jiu)援燕(yan)國,一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)打(da)到孤竹才回師。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十六年(nian)(nian)(前660年(nian)(nian)),當(dang)時(shi)西北(bei)方的(de)(de)(de)狄(di)人(ren)也起兵(bing)(bing)進攻中原,先攻邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)邢(xing)臺(tai))。作(zuo)為霸主的(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong),當(dang)然(ran)不能置之(zhi)不理(li)(li)。管(guan)仲也很關心這個問題,他(ta)向齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)說:“戎狄(di)性情十分殘暴,貪(tan)得(de)無(wu)厭。諸夏各(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)是(shi)親戚(qi),彼(bi)此關心,一(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有難(nan),大家都(dou)應(ying)相(xiang)助,不能袖(xiu)手不理(li)(li)。滿足現(xian)狀的(de)(de)(de)安樂是(shi)很危險(xian)的(de)(de)(de),出兵(bing)(bing)救邢(xing)才是(shi)上策(ce)。”齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)很欣賞(shang)管(guan)仲的(de)(de)(de)想法,就派兵(bing)(bing)救邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo),邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)很快(kuai)得(de)救。不久狄(di)人(ren)又(you)出兵(bing)(bing)攻衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo),衛(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺,衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)滅(mie)亡。狄(di)人(ren)又(you)追趕衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)百(bai)(bai)姓到黃河(he)沿(yan)岸。 宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)出兵(bing)(bing)救出衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)百(bai)(bai)姓七百(bai)(bai)三十人(ren)。加上共、滕兩(liang)邑(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)居民(min)一(yi)共五千(qian)人(ren)。就在曹邑(yi)(yi)(今(jin)(jin)河(he)南滑(hua)縣(xian))立衛(wei)(wei)戴公(gong)(gong)(gong)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)。剛剛恢(hui)復(fu)的(de)(de)(de)衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo),處境十分困(kun)難(nan)。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)、管(guan)仲派了公(gong)(gong)(gong)子無(wu)虧帶著五百(bai)(bai)乘(cheng)車馬和三千(qian)名(ming)甲士來(lai)武裝衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo),戎守曹邑(yi)(yi)。又(you)給衛(wei)(wei)君(jun)帶來(lai)乘(cheng)馬祭服,還給衛(wei)(wei)君(jun)夫人(ren)帶來(lai)乘(cheng)車和錦帛。此外還有牛羊豬狗雞等三百(bai)(bai)余只。又(you)幫助修建(jian)宮殿。 邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)還未恢(hui)復(fu),狄(di)人(ren)又(you)來(lai)第二次洗劫。
齊桓(huan)(huan)公二十(shi)七年(前(qian)659年),狄(di)人(ren)(ren)攻邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),形(xing)勢(shi)十(shi)分嚴重(zhong)。齊桓(huan)(huan)公和(he)管仲(zhong)立即聯合宋(song)(song)、曹救邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。當齊、宋(song)(song)、曹軍隊到達時(shi),邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)百姓如(ru)見親人(ren)(ren),紛紛投奔,狄(di)人(ren)(ren)被打退。邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)又被狄(di)人(ren)(ren)洗劫一空。于是齊桓(huan)(huan)公和(he)管仲(zhong)同宋(song)(song)、曹兩國(guo)(guo)(guo),幫助邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)把(ba)都城遷到夷儀(yi)(今聊城西南),這(zhe)里(li)靠(kao)近齊國(guo)(guo)(guo),較為安全。使破(po)亂的邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)得(de)到安定。 邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、衛兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)都遭狄(di)人(ren)(ren)洗劫,在齊桓(huan)(huan)公、管仲(zhong)的主持下,得(de)以復(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。當時(shi)人(ren)(ren)們都贊賞地(di)說:邢(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)遷進新都城,好像(xiang)回(hui)到了(le)(le)老家(jia);恢復(fu)后(hou)的衛國(guo)(guo)(guo),人(ren)(ren)們心情高興,也(ye)忘記了(le)(le)亡國(guo)(guo)(guo)的悲痛。
齊(qi)桓公二十九年(前657年),楚(chu)國(guo)又出兵鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)。齊(qi)桓公與管(guan)仲(zhong)約諸(zhu)侯共(gong)同(tong)救鄭(zheng)(zheng)抗楚(chu)。由于楚(chu)國(guo)不(bu)斷(duan)攻鄭(zheng)(zheng),齊(qi)桓公和(he)管(guan)仲(zhong)約魯、宋、陳、衛、鄭(zheng)(zheng)、許、曹等八國(guo)組成聯軍(jun)南下,首(shou)先(xian)一舉消滅蔡(cai)國(guo),直指楚(chu)國(guo)。楚(chu)國(guo)在大軍(jun)壓境的形勢(shi)下,派使(shi)臣屈(qu)完出來談(tan)判。
屈完見到齊(qi)桓(huan)公就問:“你們(men)(men)住在北海(hai),我(wo)們(men)(men)住在南(nan)海(hai),相隔(ge)千(qian)里,任何事情都不(bu)(bu)相干(gan)涉。這次你們(men)(men)到我(wo)們(men)(men)這里來,不(bu)(bu)知是(shi)為(wei)了什么?”
管仲在(zai)齊桓公(gong)身旁,聽了(le)之后就替齊桓公(gong)答道:“從前召康公(gong)奉了(le)周(zhou)王(wang)的(de)命令,曾(ceng)對我們的(de)祖先太公(gong)說過,五等侯九(jiu)級伯,如不(bu)守法你們都可以去(qu)征討。東到(dao)海(hai),西到(dao)河,南(nan)(nan)到(dao)穆陵,北到(dao)無(wu)隸,都在(zai)你們征討范圍內。你們不(bu)向(xiang)周(zhou)王(wang)進(jin)貢用于祭祀的(de)濾酒(jiu)的(de)包茅(mao),公(gong)然違反(fan)王(wang)禮。還有昭(zhao)王(wang)南(nan)(nan)征,至今未回,這事也不(bu)是與你們無(wu)關。我們興師來到(dao)這里,正是為了(le)問罪你們。”
屈(qu)完回答說:“多年沒有進貢包茅,確實是我們的(de)過錯。至(zhi)于昭王南征未(wei)回是發生在漢(han)水(shui),你們只好去(qu)漢(han)水(shui)邊打聽(ting)好了。”
齊桓(huan)公(gong)見楚(chu)使屈完(wan)的態度不軟不硬,就命令大軍(jun)(jun)在陘(今河(he)南(nan)(nan)郾城南(nan)(nan))駐(zhu)扎下(xia)來(lai)。南(nan)(nan)北兩軍(jun)(jun)相峙(zhi),從春季到夏季,已經半年(nian)。楚(chu)國又派屈完(wan)和齊桓(huan)公(gong)、管仲談判。齊桓(huan)公(gong)、管仲早就無意打仗(zhang),只是想通過這次軍(jun)(jun)事行動來(lai)顯示(shi)霸主(zhu)的威風,嚇(xia)唬楚(chu)國罷了(le)。所以他們(men)很快(kuai)就同意與屈完(wan)談判,并達成協(xie)議,將軍(jun)(jun)隊撤到召陵(ling)(今河(he)南(nan)(nan)偃縣)。
齊桓(huan)公為了炫耀兵力,就請屈(qu)完來到軍(jun)中與他同車觀看軍(jun)隊(dui)。齊桓(huan)公指著軍(jun)隊(dui)對屈(qu)完說:“指揮這樣的(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)去(qu)打仗,什么樣的(de)敵(di)人能(neng)抵(di)抗得(de)了?指揮這樣的(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)去(qu)夾攻城寨(zhai),有什么樣的(de)城寨(zhai)攻克(ke)不下(xia)呢?”
屈完很沉靜地回(hui)答;“國君,你(ni)(ni)若用(yong)德義來安撫天下諸(zhu)侯,誰敢不服從呢?如果(guo)只憑武力,那(nei)么我們楚國可以把方城山當城,把漢水當池(chi),城這(zhe)么高,池(chi)這(zhe)么深,你(ni)(ni)的兵再多,恐怕也無濟于事。”回(hui)答得委婉有力。
為形勢所迫,齊桓公(gong)同(tong)意與楚國結盟。這樣(yang)南北軍事對峙(zhi)就體面的(de)結束(shu)了。
齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)三十五年(nian)(nian)(前651年(nian)(nian)),周(zhou)惠王(wang)去世。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)會同(tong)各(ge)諸侯國擁(yong)立太子鄭為天(tian)子,這就(jiu)(jiu)是周(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)。周(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)即位后,命(ming)宰孔賜(si)(si)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)文武胙、彤弓(gong)矢、大路,以表彰其功。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)召(zhao)集各(ge)路諸侯大會于葵丘(今河南(nan)蘭考、民權縣(xian)境),舉行(xing)受(shou)(shou)賜(si)(si)典禮(li)。受(shou)(shou)賜(si)(si)典禮(li)上,宰孔請周(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)之(zhi)命(ming),因齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)年(nian)(nian)老(lao)德高(gao),不(bu)必下(xia)拜受(shou)(shou)賜(si)(si)。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)想(xiang)聽從(cong)王(wang)命(ming),管仲從(cong)旁進言道:“周(zhou)王(wang)雖然(ran)謙(qian)讓,臣子卻不(bu)可不(bu)敬(jing)。”齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)于是答道:“天(tian)威不(bu)違顏咫尺(chi),小白(bai)敢貪王(wang)命(ming),而廢(fei)臣職(zhi)嗎?”說罷,只見齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)疾走下(xia)階(jie),再拜稽首,然(ran)后登(deng)堂受(shou)(shou)胙。眾諸侯見此,皆嘆(tan)服齊(qi)君之(zhi)有禮(li)。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)又重申盟好,訂(ding)立了新盟。這就(jiu)(jiu)是歷(li)史上有名的“葵丘之(zhi)盟”。
齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)三(san)十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(前(qian)647年(nian)),周襄王的(de)弟弟叔帶(dai)勾結戎人進攻京城,王室內亂,十(shi)分危機。齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)派管仲(zhong)幫(bang)助襄王平息(xi)內亂。管仲(zhong)完成得很好,獲(huo)得周王贊賞(shang)。周襄王為了(le)表示(shi)尊(zun)重霸主的(de)臣下,準備用上卿禮(li)(li)儀設宴為管仲(zhong)慶功(gong),但管仲(zhong)沒(mei)有接受。最后(hou)他(ta)接受了(le)下卿禮(li)(li)儀的(de)待遇。
齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)四(si)十一年(前645年),管仲臨死(si)前齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)問誰可以替代相(xiang)位,管仲推薦了公(gong)孫隰朋,并(bing)要求(qiu)齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)遠(yuan)離開(kai)方(fang)、豎刁、易(yi)牙(ya)三人,管仲死(si)后,繼任的(de)(de)公(gong)孫隰朋、鮑叔牙(ya)兩位相(xiang)國繼續沿用管仲所留(liu)下的(de)(de)政治制度。管仲的(de)(de)后代被任命為大夫(fu),世(shi)世(shi)代代享受福蔭。
《管(guan)(guan)子(zi)》一(yi)書原為86篇(pian)(pian),至唐又亡佚(yi)10篇(pian)(pian),今本存(cun)76篇(pian)(pian),托名春秋管(guan)(guan)仲著(zhu)(zhu)。其實《管(guan)(guan)子(zi)》同先秦許多典籍一(yi)樣,既非一(yi)人(ren)之著(zhu)(zhu),亦非一(yi)時之書。是一(yi)部稷(ji)下黃老(lao)道家(jia)(jia)學(xue)派的(de)(de)文(wen)集匯編。西(xi)漢國家(jia)(jia)藏書目錄(lu)《漢書·藝文(wen)志(zhi)》,在(zai)“道家(jia)(jia)”類中(zhong)(zhong)著(zhu)(zhu)錄(lu)有管(guan)(guan)仲所著(zhu)(zhu)《管(guan)(guan)子(zi)》85篇(pian)(pian),班固注曰:“名夷吾,相齊桓(huan)公(gong),九(jiu)合(he)諸侯,不(bu)以兵車也。有《列傳》。”今存(cun)76篇(pian)(pian),內容極豐,包含(han)道、儒、名、法(fa)、兵、陰(yin)陽等(deng)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)思(si)(si)(si)想以及天文(wen)、輿地、經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)和(he)農業(ye)等(deng)方面的(de)(de)知識,其中(zhong)(zhong)《輕重》等(deng)篇(pian)(pian),是古代典籍中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)多見的(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)文(wen)作,對生產、分配、交(jiao)易、消費(fei)、財(cai)政、貨幣等(deng)均有論述,是研究我(wo)國先秦農業(ye)和(he)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)珍貴資(zi)料。管(guan)(guan)仲的(de)(de)傳記,載於(wu)《史記·管(guan)(guan)晏(yan)列傳》。其中(zhong)(zhong)以黃老(lao)道家(jia)(jia)著(zhu)(zhu)作最多,其次(ci)法(fa)家(jia)(jia)著(zhu)(zhu)作16篇(pian)(pian),其余各家(jia)(jia)雜(za)之,其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)法(fa)家(jia)(jia)思(si)(si)(si)想是道家(jia)(jia)影響下的(de)(de)法(fa)家(jia)(jia)思(si)(si)(si)維。
行政改革
管(guan)(guan)仲整頓(dun)行政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)理系統(tong),“叁其國(guo)(guo)而伍其鄙(bi)”。所謂“叁其國(guo)(guo)”,就是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)國(guo)(guo)劃分為21鄉,士居(ju)(ju)15鄉,工(gong)居(ju)(ju)3鄉,商(shang)居(ju)(ju)3鄉,分設(she)3官管(guan)(guan)理。所謂“伍其鄙(bi)”,就是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)鄙(bi)野(國(guo)(guo)都(dou)之外的(de)(de)廣大地(di)區(qu))分為5屬,設(she)立(li)5大夫、5正官分管(guan)(guan)。屬下有縣(xian)、鄉、卒、邑4級,分別設(she)立(li)縣(xian)帥(shuai)(shuai)、鄉帥(shuai)(shuai)、卒帥(shuai)(shuai)、司官管(guan)(guan)理。整頓(dun)行政(zheng)系統(tong)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“定(ding)民之居(ju)(ju)”,使士、農、工(gong)、商(shang)各就其業,從(cong)而使部落的(de)(de)殘余影響被徹底(di)革除,行政(zheng)區(qu)域的(de)(de)組織(zhi)結構更加精細化,并且(qie)有效地(di)維護了社會穩(wen)定(ding)。
用人人事
他提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)人原則是:“德(de)義(yi)未(wei)明于(yu)(yu)朝(chao)者,則不(bu)(bu)可(ke)加于(yu)(yu)尊(zun)位;功力未(wei)見于(yu)(yu)國者,則不(bu)(bu)可(ke)授以重祿;臨事不(bu)(bu)信(xin)于(yu)(yu)民者,則不(bu)(bu)可(ke)使任大(da)官。”用(yong)今天的(de)(de)(de)話說就是在任命一切官員時,都必須根據其實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)績,特別是要有取信(xin)于(yu)(yu)民的(de)(de)(de)真實(shi)政(zheng)績,而不(bu)(bu)是虛假的(de)(de)(de)、表面的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)績。此外(wai),他還總結(jie)出(chu)一套對(dui)于(yu)(yu)各(ge)級官員實(shi)行獎懲(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)具體辦(ban)法(fa)。
國中“慈孝(xiao)”、“聰慧”、“拳(quan)勇(yong)”出眾者,由(you)鄉長推薦(jian)試用(yong)(yong),稱職的(de)委任為吏(li),任用(yong)(yong)稱職的(de)又可以(yi)晉升,直(zhi)至升為上卿助理。選賢任能,在一定程度上突破了(le)(le)世(shi)卿世(shi)祿(lu)制,擴大了(le)(le)人才來(lai)源,這(zhe)一制度成為日后科舉(ju)制度的(de)雛(chu)形。
政治主張
管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)注重經(jing)濟和(he)農業,反對(dui)空談(tan)主(zhu)(zhu)義,開(kai)創職業技能(neng)教(jiao)育。主(zhu)(zhu)張改革以富國強兵(bing),他說:“國多財則(ze)(ze)遠者來,地辟舉則(ze)(ze)民(min)留處,倉廩(lin)實(shi)而(er)知(zhi)禮節,衣(yi)食(shi)足而(er)知(zhi)榮辱(ru)”,唯物論中“物質決定(ding)意(yi)識”的觀(guan)念和(he)《管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子》的思想頗為(wei)接(jie)近(jin)。齊(qi)桓(huan)公尊(zun)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)為(wei)“仲(zhong)父”,授權讓他主(zhu)(zhu)持一系列政(zheng)治和(he)經(jing)濟改革:在全國劃分政(zheng)區,組(zu)織軍事編制(zhi),設(she)官吏管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理;建立(li)選拔人才制(zhi)度,士經(jing)三(san)審選,可(ke)為(wei)“上卿之贊”(助理);按土地分等征稅,禁止(zhi)貴族(zu)(zu)(zu)掠奪私產;發展鹽鐵業,鑄(zhu)造貨幣(bi),調劑物價。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)改革的實(shi)質,改革土地和(he)人口制(zhi)度。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)改革成效顯著,齊(qi)國由此國力大振。對(dui)外,管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)最(zui)早提出“華(hua)夷(yi)之辨(bian)”與“尊(zun)王(wang)攘夷(yi)”的民(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)主(zhu)(zhu)義思想。聯合北方鄰國,抵抗山戎族(zu)(zu)(zu)南侵。這一外交戰略也(ye)獲得成功。后來孔子感嘆說:“管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)相桓(huan)公,霸(ba)諸侯,一匡天下,民(min)到于今受其賜。微管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong),吾(wu)其被發左衽矣。豈若匹夫(fu)匹婦之為(wei)諒也(ye),自經(jing)于溝(gou)瀆,而(er)莫之知(zhi)也(ye)?”又說:“桓(huan)公九合諸侯,不以兵(bing)車,管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)之力也(ye)。如其仁(ren),如其仁(ren)。”
管(guan)仲(zhong)的外交主張,打出“尊王攘夷(yi)”的旗幟,以諸侯長的身份,挾(xie)天子以伐不敬。
為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)使齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)之長(chang),管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)在(zai)外交(jiao)上協(xie)助齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)做了(le)(le)許多努(nu)力。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十三年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)663年(nian)(nian)),山戎攻打燕(yan)國(guo)(guo),燕(yan)向齊(qi)(qi)求(qiu)救(jiu),齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)救(jiu)燕(yan)。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十五年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)661年(nian)(nian)),山戎攻打刑國(guo)(guo),管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)提(ti)出“戎狄(di)豺狼,不可厭也;諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)夏親昵,不可棄也。”齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)再次(ci)發(fa)兵(bing)攻打山戎以(yi)(yi)救(jiu)邢國(guo)(guo)。打退了(le)(le)毀邢都城的(de)(de)狄(di)兵(bing),并(bing)在(zai)夷儀為(wei)(wei)邢國(guo)(guo)建立(li)了(le)(le)新(xin)都。次(ci)年(nian)(nian),狄(di)人大(da)舉攻衛(wei),衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺(sha)。齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)率諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)替(ti)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)楚丘(qiu)另(ling)建新(xin)都。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三十年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)656年(nian)(nian)),管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)讓齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質問楚國(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)何不按時(shi)向周(zhou)(zhou)天子(zi)進(jin)貢(gong)祭(ji)祀所(suo)用的(de)(de)茅草而導致祭(ji)祀大(da)典無法及時(shi)進(jin)行,使得(de)楚國(guo)(guo)承認自己的(de)(de)錯誤。前(qian)655年(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)惠王有另(ling)立(li)太子(zi)的(de)(de)意向。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)獻計讓齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)集諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)于首(shou)(shou)止,與周(zhou)(zhou)天子(zi)盟(meng),以(yi)(yi)確(que)定(ding)太子(zi)的(de)(de)正統地位。前(qian)654年(nian)(nian),管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong),齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)因鄭(zheng)文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)首(shou)(shou)止逃會(hui),率聯(lian)軍討伐鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)。數年(nian)(nian)后,齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率多國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)與周(zhou)(zhou)襄王派來的(de)(de)大(da)夫(fu)會(hui)盟(meng),并(bing)確(que)立(li)了(le)(le)周(zhou)(zhou)襄王的(de)(de)王位。前(qian)651年(nian)(nian),齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召集魯、宋、曹等國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)及周(zhou)(zhou)王宰(zai)(zai)孔會(hui)于葵丘(qiu)。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宰(zai)(zai)代表周(zhou)(zhou)王正式(shi)封齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)長(chang)。同年(nian)(nian)秋,齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)霸(ba)主身份主持(chi)了(le)(le)葵丘(qiu)之盟(meng)。此后遇到侵(qin)犯周(zhou)(zhou)王室權威(wei)的(de)(de)事,齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都會(hui)過問和制止,此次(ci)盟(meng)會(hui)齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)確(que)立(li)了(le)(le)自己的(de)(de)霸(ba)主地位。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)(de)外交(jiao)戰(zhan)略獲(huo)得(de)了(le)(le)很大(da)成(cheng)功(gong),使齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)霸(ba)業(ye)更加合法合理,同時(shi)也保護(hu)了(le)(le)中原經濟和文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。為(wei)(wei)華夏文(wen)(wen)明的(de)(de)存續做出了(le)(le)巨大(da)貢(gong)獻。
其(qi)原則是“作(zuo)內政而寄軍(jun)令”,其(qi)措(cuo)施是“參(can)(can)其(qi)國(guo)而伍其(qi)鄙”,其(qi)內容(rong)為(wei)(wei):將全國(guo)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)二十(shi)一(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang),工(gong)商(shang)之鄉(xiang)六,士鄉(xiang)十(shi)五。工(gong)商(shang)之鄉(xiang)不從事作(zuo)戰(zhan),實際從事作(zuo)戰(zhan)的(de)是士鄉(xiang)十(shi)五。五鄉(xiang)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)帥,有一(yi)(yi)萬一(yi)(yi)千(qian)人(ren)。由齊君率為(wei)(wei)中軍(jun),兩個上(shang)卿各率五鄉(xiang)為(wei)(wei)左右軍(jun),是為(wei)(wei)三(san)軍(jun),就是“參(can)(can)其(qi)國(guo)”。一(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)有十(shi)連,一(yi)(yi)連有四里,一(yi)(yi)里有十(shi)軌,一(yi)(yi)軌有五家(jia),五家(jia)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)軌,這就是“伍其(qi)鄙”。軌中的(de)五家(jia),因(yin)(yin)世代(dai)相居處在一(yi)(yi)起(qi),因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)利害禍福相同(tong),所以,“守(shou)則同(tong)固,戰(zhan)則同(tong)強”。
這(zhe)是一種社會(hui)與軍事相(xiang)結合的(de)戰(zhan)斗體制,亦為后(hou)來大(da)規模的(de)戰(zhan)爭作了準備。
孔子:“微管(guan)仲(zhong),吾其被(bei)發(fa)左衽矣。”(《論語·憲問篇》)意思是:管(guan)仲(zhong)輔助齊桓(huan)公做諸(zhu)侯(hou)霸(ba)主(zhu),尊(zun)王攘夷,一(yi)匡天(tian)下。要是沒有管(guan)仲(zhong),我(wo)們(men)都(dou)會(hui)披散頭發(fa),左開衣(yi)襟(jin),成為野蠻(man)人了。又說:“桓(huan)公九合(he)諸(zhu)侯(hou),不以兵車(che),管(guan)仲(zhong)之力也,如其仁(ren),如其仁(ren)!”
《淮(huai)南子(zi)·泰族訓(xun)》:“文王舉太公(gong)望、召公(gong)奭而(er)王,桓(huan)公(gong)任管仲、隰朋而(er)霸,此(ci)舉賢(xian)以立功也(ye),夫差用太宰嚭(pi)而(er)滅,秦任李(li)斯、趙高而(er)亡,此(ci)舉所與同。故觀其所舉,而(er)治亂可(ke)見也(ye);察其黨與,而(er)賢(xian)不肖可(ke)論也(ye)。”
司(si)馬遷:①”管仲,世所(suo)謂賢臣,然孔子小(xiao)之。豈以為周道衰微,恒公既賢,而不勉之至王,乃稱霸哉(zai)?語(yu)曰:將順其美,匡救其惡,故上下能相(xiang)親也。豈管仲之謂乎(hu)?“②“晏子儉矣,夷吾則奢;齊桓以霸,景公以治(zhi)。”
蜀漢名(ming)相(xiang)(xiang)諸葛(ge)亮經常把自(zi)己比作管仲(zhong),樂毅。歷史上管仲(zhong)相(xiang)(xiang)齊,使齊國成為春秋五(wu)霸之首(shou);諸葛(ge)亮相(xiang)(xiang)蜀,使劉(liu)備(bei)與(yu)曹操,孫權三分天下。二人皆嘔心(xin)瀝血,鞠躬(gong)盡瘁,而且居功至偉。
房玄齡:“至若夷吾(wu)體(ti)仁,能相小國,孔明踐義,善(shan)翊新邦,撫事論(lun)情,抑斯之類也。”
李(li)靖:“若樂毅,管仲,諸葛亮,戰必勝(sheng),守必固,此非查天(tian)時地利,安能邇忽(hu)?”
劉勰:“古之(zhi)(zhi)將相,疵咎實(shi)多。至如管仲孝竊,吳(wu)起之(zhi)(zhi)貪淫,陳平之(zhi)(zhi)污點,絳灌(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)讒嫉(ji),沿茲以下(xia),不可勝數。孔光負衡據鼎,而仄(ze)媚董賢,況班馬之(zhi)(zhi)賤職,潘岳(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)位哉(zai)?王戎開國上秩,而鬻官囂(xiao)俗;況馬杜之(zhi)(zhi)磬懸(xuan),丁路之(zhi)(zhi)貧薄(bo)哉(zai)?然子(zi)夏無虧于名儒(ru),浚沖不塵乎(hu)竹林(lin)者(zhe),名崇而譏減也。若夫屈賈之(zhi)(zhi)忠(zhong)貞,鄒枚之(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)覺,黃香之(zhi)(zhi)淳孝,徐(xu)干之(zhi)(zhi)沉默,豈曰文士,必其玷歟?”
司馬貞:“夷吾成(cheng)霸(ba),平仲稱賢。粟乃實(shi)廩,豆不掩肩。轉(zhuan)禍(huo)為福(fu),危言獲全。孔(kong)賴左衽(ren),史忻執(zhi)鞭。成(cheng)禮而去,人望(wang)存焉(yan)。”